Готові списки джерел за темами / Reverse load

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Reverse load"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022
Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Reverse load"

1

Abdulla, Irfan, Daniel G. Langohr, Joshua W. Giles, James A. Johnson, and George S. Athwal. "The effect of humeral polyethylene insert constraint on reverse shoulder arthroplasty biomechanics." Shoulder & Elbow 10, no. 1 (April 5, 2017): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1758573217701065.

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Background There is little information on the effects of altering reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) polyethylene constraint on joint load, load angle and deltoid force. The present biomechanical study aimed to investigate the effects of changing RSA polyethylene constraint on joint load, load angle, deltoid force and range of motion. Methods A custom RSA implant capable of measuring forces across the joint with varying polyethylene constraint was tested in six cadaveric shoulders. Standard-, low- and high-constraint (retentive) polyethylene liners were tested, and joint kinematics, loads and muscle forces were recorded. Results When polyethylene constraint was altered, joint load and load angle during active abduction were not affected significantly ( p > 0.19). Additionally, the force required by the deltoid for active abduction was not affected significantly by cup constraint ( p = 0.144). Interestingly, active abduction range of motion was also not affected significantly by changes in cup constraint ( p > 0.45). Conclusions Altering polyethylene cup constraint in RSA to enhance stability does not significantly alter resultant joint loads and deltoid forces. Surprisingly, terminal abduction range of motion was also not significantly different with varying cup constraint, indicating that terminal impingement may be tuberosity related rather than polyethylene.
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2

KATO, S. "Load Balancing Routing Algorithm for Reverse Proxy Servers." IEICE Transactions on Communications E88-B, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 3693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ietcom/e88-b.9.3693.

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3

Yu, Ming-xin, Lin Wang, Jia-huan Yu, and Nan Yang. "Research on seismic properties of steel reinforced PP ECC column." E3S Web of Conferences 136 (2019): 04052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913604052.

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The mechanical property of steel reinforced PP ECC columns under reverse cyclic load is investigated and results are presented in this paper. The influence of reinforcement ratio, curing age and volume fraction of PP fiber on load bearing capacity, energy dissipation and stiffness degradation is investigated. The results highlighted the positive contribution of PP ECC to enhance strength and energy dissipation capacity which is important to evaluate the performance of structures subjected to reverse cyclic loads. According to the experimental study on mechanical behavior of steel reinforced PP ECC columns under reverse cyclic loading, the formula of model parameters related to reinforcement ratio are proposed，it is founded that the restoring force model established is of a certain degree of adaptability.
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4

Wei, Zhi Qiang. "Design and Application of Large Torque Electrical Load Simulator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 427-429 (September 2013): 660–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.427-429.660.

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In order to meet the testing requirement of positive and reverse operation large torque load for new rudder, an electrical load simulator is designed. The system mathematical model is established and the feedforward compensation control of torque and rudder angle is adopted to restrain the surplus torque according to the principle of invariance. The high precision large torque load under positive and reverse operation for rudder is realized by torque and position hybrid control. The practical application shows that the proposed method can effectively restrain surplus torque and the system meets the high precision torque load under positive and reverse operation for rudder very well.
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5

Yorino, N., A. Funahashi, H. Sasaki, and F. D. Galiana. "On reverse control action of on-load tap-changers." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 19, no. 8 (November 1997): 541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-0615(97)00026-4.

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6

Guo, Zherui, James Zheng, and Weinong Chen. "Reverse ballistics penetration of Kevlar® fabric with different indenters at different loading rates." Textile Research Journal 87, no. 10 (May 16, 2016): 1165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516648513.

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In this study, the mechanical load on a bullet-shaped indenter when impacted by a single-ply Kevlar fabric was experimentally investigated using a reverse ballistics method at both quasi-static and dynamic rates. Different indenter geometries, namely the 9-mm Luger, .223 Remington, and .308 Winchester bullet geometries, were used. The penetration load of the stationary indenter was measured using a force transducer located behind the indenter, and the penetration load was then plotted against the impact velocity of the fabric sample. Different mechanisms of penetration were observed at different impact velocities. Penetration mechanisms were also found to be highly dependent on projectile nose geometry. A modified method to obtain an approximate ballistic limit based on the impact loads was used to compare the efficacy of different geometry types.
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7

ChiaHwan, Yaw, and Han JianBo. "The Mechanical Behavior of Fiber Reinforced PP ECC Beams under Reverse Cyclic Loading." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/159790.

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When a structure is hit by earthquake, tremendous amount of seismic energy is released and structure is subjected to reverse loads. The mechanical properties of FRP reinforced PP ECC beams and coupon RC beam under reverse cyclic load controlled by displacement are investigated. Curing ages, reinforcement ratio, and volume fraction of PP fiber are parameters under survey. It is shown that multiple saturated cracking occurred in PP ECC beam and no crushing appeared. The PP ECC can enhance strength and energy dissipation capacity which are important to evaluate the performance of structures subjected to reverse cyclic loading.
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8

Tho, K. K., S. Swaddiwudhipong, Z. S. Liu, K. Zeng, and J. Hua. "Uniqueness of reverse analysis from conical indentation tests." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 8 (August 2004): 2498–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.0306.

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The curvature of the loading curve, the initial slope of the unloading curve, and the ratio of the residual depth to maximum indentation depth are three main quantitiesthat can be established from an indentation load-displacement curve. A relationship among these three quantities was analytically derived. This relationship is valid for elasto-plastic material with power law strain hardening and indented by conical indenters of any geometry. The validity of this relationship is numerically verified through large strain, large deformation finite element analyses. The existence of an intrinsic relationship among the three quantities implies that only two independent quantities can be obtained from the load-displacement curve of a single conical indenter. The reverse analysis of a single load-displacement curve will yield non-unique combinations of elasto-plastic material properties due to the availability of only two independent quantities to solve for the three unknown material properties.
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9

Wei, Jiufu, Zhenxiao Li, and Baoming Li. "Investigation of Reverse Recovery Current of High-Power Thyristor in Pulsed Power Supply." Electronics 9, no. 8 (August 12, 2020): 1292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081292.

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The instantaneous overvoltages from the load side can cause damages of high-power thyristors in conventional pulsed power supply topologies, especially in cases of numerous pulse-forming units that operate together with discharge time intervals. The instantaneous overvoltages from the load side, which leads to high reverse recovery currents in high-power thyristors, can be induced by load mutations in the electromagnetic launching field. This paper establishes circuit models of PPS topologies, and investigates effects of the initial voltage of the energy-storage capacitor, the discharge time intervals, and the load resistance on the reverse recovery currents in high-power thyristors. To overcome the shortcomings of conventional PPS topologies, an improved PPS topology is developed. The improved PPS topology applies coupling inductor and resistance-capacitance snubber techniques, which can absorb the surge energy from the load side and reduce the reverse recovery currents in high-power thyristors. The simulation technique has been applied to validate theoretical analysis and the proposed model.
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10

Bognar, K., R. Pohl, and F. Behrendt. "Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) as deferrable load in micro grids." Desalination and Water Treatment 51, no. 4-6 (January 2013): 1190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.715093.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Reverse load"

1

Corrigan, Gary E. "Evaluation of reverse transcriptase assay for viral load monitoring /." Stockholm, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-207-1/.

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2

Closen, Max. "Self-tapping screw assemblies under monotonic and reverse cyclic load." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42780.

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In the past century old-growth forests in Canada and the USA provided sufficiently large, clear wooden construction material which have been extensively used. Today, the importance of high-quality structural timber and wood products has increased by far. This increase in demand for high-quality timber and wood products can only be satisfied with second-growth wood, some remaining old-growth forests, and of course engineered wood products. The performance of these materials in structures is, however, largely influenced by the capacity of connections. The envelope in timber construction can only be pushed forward if research on mechanical fasteners and connections that are strong, reliable and cost efficient is conducted. Primary focus of research must address the inherent tensile and shear weaknesses of wood perpendicular and parallel to the wood grain. The thesis presented here experimentally investigates the performance of newly evolved structural self-tapping full thread wood screws as a primary fastener in Canadian Douglas-fir glulam and Cross-Laminated-Timber. The screws as primary fasteners were investigated in a commonly used shear connection and a recently developed moment resisting assembly under reverse cyclic load. Both connection systems utilize the high withdrawal resistance and tensile strength of the fastener with inclined (screw-in angles between 30° and 45°) arrangements. The inclined arrangement allows force transfer along the fastener axis and therefore reduces perpendicular to grain splitting and parallel to grain shear failure and provides high connection capacities and stiffness. The results show that structural self-tapping wood screws can effectively be used as primary connector under reverse cyclic loading conditions. In addition to the screw’s superior withdrawal resistance and tensile strength the research showed that self-tapping screws can be applied efficiently with commonly available machinery and tools.
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3

Mitchell, Gregory R. "Shipboard fluid system diagnostics using non-intrusive load monitoring." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2997.

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CIVINS
Systems on modern naval vessels are becoming exclusively dependent on electrical power. One example of this is the replacement of distilling and evaporator plants with reverse osmosis units. As the system is in continuous operation, it is critical to have remote real-time monitoring and diagnostic capabilities. The pressure to reduce shipboard manning only adds to the difficulties associated with monitoring such systems. One diagnostic platform that is particularly well suited for use in such an environment is the non-intrusive load monitor (NILM). The primary benefit of the NILM is that it can assess the operational status of multiple electrical loads from a single set of measurements collected at a central point in a ship's power-distribution network. This reduction in sensor count makes the NILM a low cost and highly reliable system. System modeling, laboratory experiments, and field studies have all shown that the NILM can effectively detect and diagnose several critical faults in shipboard fluid systems. For instance, data collected from the reverse osmosis units for two U.S. Coast Guard Medium Endurance Cutters indicate that the NILM can detect micron filter clogging, membrane failures, and several motor-related problems. Field-tested diagnostic indicators have been developed using a combination of physical modeling and laboratory experiments.
CIVINS
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4

Bernica, Andrew. "Rational load rating of deck-girder bridges with girder end shear cracks in reverse orientation." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32559.

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Master of Science
Civil Engineering
Hayder Rasheed
Reverse diagonal shear cracking at the supports of many reinforced concrete girders is a phenomenon affecting a number of KDOT’s low-volume bridges built in the early-to-mid 1900’s. This phenomenon is not addressed in the AASHTO Bridge Design Manual (2002) or ACI specifications. This study investigates the causes of this cracking and creates BRIDGE (Bridge Rating of Inclined Damage at Girder Ends), an Excel-based software to determine the load rating of a user specified bridge exhibiting reverse diagonal shear cracking at the girder supports. A user-interface is created which allows a user to create a grillage model of an existing bridge and to place various rating trucks on the bridge. Equivalent flexibility analysis is used to distribute the truck live loads from within the deck panels to the surrounding girders and diaphragms. Stiffness matrices are utilized to find the nodal displacements then the reactions at the girder supports caused by the truck live loads and bridge dead load. These reactions are checked against RISA software models to test the accuracy of the stiffness matrix application. ABAQUS FE models and Mohr’s circle stress distribution is used to find the driving and clamping forces on the crack. These forces are caused by resolving the dead and live load reactions and the friction force generated between the concrete girder and the rusty steel bearing pad along the shear crack orientation. These clamping and driving forces are used, along with the simplified modified compression field theory to determine the shear capacity of each girder at the reverse cracks. A modified version of Equation 6B.4.1 from the Manual for Bridge Evaluation (2011) is used to find the operating and inventory rating factors for the bridge.
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5

Aghniaey, Nima. "Behaviour of Self Consolidating Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams Under Reversed Cyclic Loading." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23785.

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Concrete is a very weak and brittle material in tension. It has been shown in previous researches that the addition of steel fibers to a concrete matrix can improve this behavior. The ability of fibers to control and redistribute stresses after cracking results in a number of improvements in the structural behaviour of concrete. A review of existing literature shows that the addition of steel fibers enhances concrete’s tensile resistance, crack control properties, ductility and damage tolerance. In beams, fibers can transform brittle shear response into a flexural response and promote ductility, thereby allowing for a full or partial replacement of traditional shear reinforcement. The enhanced shear capacity, ductility and damage tolerance of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SFRC) can also potentially be used to relax seismic detailing requirements in frames by partially replacing the required transverse reinforcement in the plastic hinge regions of RC beams. One of the drawbacks associated with SFRC is that the addition of steel fibers to a traditional concrete mix at high fiber contents can result in workability problems. The combined use of Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC) and fibers can solve this problem and facilitate placement for a wider range of structural applications. Although several studies have been conducted on the behaviour of SFRC beams subjected to monotonic loading, there is limited research on the behaviour of SFRC beams under cyclic or reverse-cyclic loading. This thesis presents the results of an experimental and analytical study conducted on nine SFRC beam specimens tested under load reversals. The main objective of this research program was to investigate the effect of fibers on structural behaviour and to examine the ability of steel fibers to replace transverse reinforcement. The experimental and analytical results show that use of fibers results in several improvements in behaviour, including enhanced damage tolerance and post-peak ductility. The results also show that steel fibers can potentially be used to allow for a reduction of transverse reinforcement in beams, however further research is required.
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6

Malmsten, Anders. "Reverse Transcriptase Activity Assays for Retrovirus Quantitation and Characterization." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Genetics and Pathology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4737.

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Reverse transcriptase (RT) is a crucial enzyme for retrovirus replication, and its presence in the virion is indispensable for infectivity. This thesis illustrates the use of RT activity assays as tools for quantitation and characterization of different retroviruses, particularly HIV.

A non radioactive assay, using microtiter plates, for the RT of Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMuLV) was developed. Assay conditions for MMuLV and HIV-1 RT, together with isozyme specific RT activity blocking antibodies, were shown useful for discrimination between RTs from different retrovirus genera. RT activity assay for HIV-1 was found to quantitate different subtypes more equally efficient than p24 antigen assays did.

Viral load (VL), the amount of HIV particles in the blood, is an important marker of the clinical status of an infected person. A method for VL determination based on RT activity (ExaVir Load) was developed. After plasma pretreatment, to inactivate cellular DNA polymerases, virions in patient plasma were immobilized on a gel, which was washed to remove disturbing factors. The virions were lysed with a detergent containing buffer and the lysate eluted. Finally, the RT activity in the lysate was determined and found to correlate strongly to VL by RNA according to a PCR based standard method (Roche Amplicor 1.5). The second version of the method was able to measure VL down to approximately 400 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml. The usefulness of RT from the VL procedure for determination of susceptibility towards anti-HIV drugs was demonstrated, and the results were in agreement with genotypic data.

Due to its technical simplicity, and ability to detect a broad range of HIV-1 subtypes, ExaVir Load and the drug susceptibility application are interesting for clinical use, particularly but not only in resource limited settings. The concept is also potentially useful for research purposes, e.g. in combination with specific RT assay conditions.

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7

Jafarian, Mostafa. "Behaviour of reverse channel connection to concrete filled hollow tube columns under fire conditions." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/behaviour-of-reverse-channel-connection-to-concrete-filled-hollow-tube-columns-under-fire-conditions(f60a80b2-a053-49d7-bbaf-22de4291a8e3).html.

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This thesis presents the results of a research project to investigate the behaviour of the two components of a reverse channel connection to concrete filled tubular sections: the reverse channel and the steel tubular section, at both ambient and elevated temperatures. This research forms part of a European Union funded project on the robustness of joints to composite columns under fire conditions. The specific objectives of this research are to develop methods of quantifying the load-deformation behaviour at various temperatures of the two components. This research has been carried out through a combination of experiments, numerical simulations and analytical developments. Two series of tests have been carried out at different elevated temperatures, one for the reverse channels with lateral loads to the web applied as tensile loads through bolts and one for the concrete filled tubular sections under lateral loads applied through two steel plates (simulating the legs of a reverse channel) in the longitudinal direction of the section. These tests have been used to provide data for the validation of the numerical models based on using the general finite element package ABAQUS. The validated numerical models have been used to conduct a number of parametric studies to provide extensive data for the development of analytical methods to determine the load-deflection characteristics of the two components. For the reverse channel web, the load-deflection relationship consists of two parts and this research has developed analytical equations to predict initial stiffness, yield and ultimate resistance. The initial stiffness is based on extending and simplifying the Timoshenko solution for a plate under a block of lateral loads. The yield resistance is based on the yield line solution that the failure patterns were chosen based on the results attained from test and simulations. The ultimate resistance was calculated based on virtual work principle for the patterns considered in the yield resistance part. For the rectangular concrete filled tubular sections under lateral pulling forces applied through two plates, the load-deflection curve consists of two parts, depicting a linear phase followed by a nonlinear part. This research has developed expressions to calculate initial stiffness, yield resistance, and ultimate resistance. The initial stiffness is formulated according to the Timoshenko solution for a partially loaded plate. The yield resistance is determined by employing yield line solution for the yield patterns obtained from both the test and FE modelling. The ultimate resistance is evaluated by implementing the virtual work principle to the patterns considered in former part. The analytical load-deflection solutions have been compared with the numerical simulation and the experimental results and the agreement is generally satisfactory.
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8

Costa, BÃrbara Cristina Alves da. "Load measurement error influence on friction factor calibration of pipe water distribution networks through do reverse transient method and genetic algorithm." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=13621.

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O estudo de redes hidrÃulicas para fins de operaÃÃo ou anÃlise de viabilidade para ampliaÃÃo ou recuperaÃÃo das mesmas à iniciado pela calibraÃÃo, neste contexto, entendida como identificaÃÃo de parÃmetros tais como: fator de atrito, rugosidade e diÃmetro. O MÃtodo Transiente Inverso em conjunto com Algoritmo genÃtico se mostra eficiente nessa tarefa. O referido mÃtodo emprega o MÃtodo das CaracterÃsticas na soluÃÃo das equaÃÃes de movimento para escoamento transiente em tubos de redes e a otimizaÃÃo das soluÃÃes à baseada na Teoria Evolutiva e avaliada por uma funÃÃo objetivo, que neste estudo à o somatÃrio do mÃdulo da diferenÃa entre as cargas medidas e calculadas pelo modelo para cada conjunto de soluÃÃes. Considerando que o objetivo do desenvolvimento de modelos matemÃticos para a calibraÃÃo de redes hipotÃticas à a utilizaÃÃo dos mesmos em redes reais, e que nessas, a coleta de dados de carga està sujeita a erros de mediÃÃo, seja devido a defeitos nos equipamentos seja por condiÃÃes ambiente desfavorÃveis ou outros efeitos aleatÃrios e tendo em vista a relevÃncia dos fatores de atrito nas tubulaÃÃes, pela sua relaÃÃo com perdas de carga que devem ser controladas para um Ãtimo funcionamento de redes, garantindo um abastecimento contÃnuo em quantidade e condiÃÃes de funcionamento adequados, este trabalho propÃe-se a verificar a interferÃncia da presenÃa de erros de mediÃÃo de carga transiente na identificaÃÃo dos fatores de atrito em duas redes hidrÃulicas hipotÃticas. As mesmas sÃo de portes diferentes com relaÃÃo ao nÃmero de anÃis, nÃs e tubos. Ambas sÃo alimentadas por um reservatÃrio cada. As condiÃÃes transientes sÃo atribuÃdas a uma manobra de vÃlvula instalada em um dos nÃs de cada rede. A coleta de dados de carga à restrita a 20% dos nÃs de cada rede, sendo que um deles à o nà onde se encontra a vÃlvula. O tempo de observaÃÃo do transiente hidrÃulico à restrito ao tempo da manobra de vÃlvula, 20s, e ocorre em intervalos de 0,1s, resultando em 200 registros de carga. A condiÃÃo permanente das redes à inicialmente desconhecida o conhecimento acerca da mesma à restrito a carga nos reservatÃrios e demandas nos nÃs, bem como diÃmetros dos tubos, os fatores de atrito sÃo inicialmente estipulados. A determinaÃÃo das condiÃÃes permanente e transiente bem como a identificaÃÃo dos fatores de atrito à realizada com a utilizaÃÃo de um modelo hidrÃulico e geram cargas transientes que sÃo consideradas convencionalmente verdadeiras, essas entÃo recebem incrementos de diversos erros sistemÃticos e aleatÃrios, que geram novas cargas e essas sÃo consideradas coletadas com erros de mediÃÃo. A partir dessas novas cargas sÃo realizadas identificaÃÃes de fatores de atrito, os quais sÃo comparados com os que foram obtidos considerando um caso ideal de cargas sem erros de mediÃÃo. A referida comparaÃÃo à realizada atravÃs do Erro MÃdio Relativo e da FunÃÃo Objetivo Ãtima. Os resultados encontrados demonstram que os erros de mediÃÃo interferem na identificaÃÃo dos fatores de atrito apesar de nÃo ser possÃvel delinear uma relaÃÃo entre os mesmos.
The study of hydraulic networks for operation purposes or viability analysis for extension or renovation of the same is started the calibration in this context understood as identification parameters, such as friction coefficient, surface roughness and diameter. The Transient Inverse Method in conjunction with genetic algorithm is efficient in this task shows. This method employs the method of characteristics in the solution of the equations of motion for transient flow in networks of pipes and the optimization of solutions is based on Evolutionary Theory and evaluated by an objective function, which in this study is the sum of the difference between the module loads measured and calculated by the model for each set of solutions. Whereas the objective of the development of mathematical models for calibration hypothetical networks is their use in real networks, and that these, the collection of payload data is subject to measurement errors, is due to defects in the equipment or by conditions unfavorable environment or other random effects and taking into account the relevance of friction factors in pipelines, by their relationship to head losses that must be controlled to a great operation of networks, ensuring a continuous supply in quantity and appropriate operating conditions, this work is proposed to verify the influence of the presence of transient load measurement errors in the identification of friction factors in two hypothetical hydraulic networks. They are of different sizes with the number of rings, knots and tubes. Both are each fed by a reservoir. The transient conditions are assigned to a valve maneuver installed in one of the nodes of each network. The load data collection is restricted to 20% of the nodes in each network, one of which is the node where the valve is located. The hydraulic transient observation time is restricted to the valve maneuver time, 20s, and occurs at intervals of 0.1s, resulting in 200 charge records. The permanent condition of networks is initially unknown knowledge about the same is restricted to load in the reservoirs and demands on us as well as pipe diameter, the friction factors are initially stipulated. The determination of the permanent and transient conditions and the identification of the friction factors is performed using a hydraulic model and generate transient loads which are conventionally considered true, then these various steps of receiving systematic and random errors, which generate new burdens and these are considered collected with measurement errors. From these new loads are carried IDs friction factors, which are compared with those obtained considering an ideal case with no measurement errors loads. This comparison is performed using the mean relative error and function great goal. The results show that measurement errors in the identification of interfering friction factors although not possible to draw a relationship between them.
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9

Бабак, Антон Миколайович. "Малоциклова втома поверхнево зміцнених конструктивних елементів з врахуванням пошкоджуваності". Thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2020. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/38385.

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Дисертаційна робота присвячена оцінюванню довговічності при малоцикловій втомі поверхнево зміцнених конструктивних елементів. Проаналізовано існуючі роботи різних авторів що присвячені даній тематиці по оцінці довговічності при малоцикловій втомі елементів конструкцій з концентраторами напруження у вигляді функціональних отворів елементів конструкції відбувається пружно-пластичні деформації при яких виникає явище деградації механічних характеристик за рахунок виникнення та накопичення пошкоджуваності. В результаті проведено комплекс експериментальних досліджень для алюмінієвого сплаву Д16чТ, були отримані механічні характеристики при статичному навантаженні для суцільних зразків та кінетику накопичення пошкоджень через зміну характеристик пружності від рівня пластичної деформації. Було проведено чисельне моделювання процесу дорнування та отримано розподіл полів пошкоджуваності у зоні функціонального отвору для різних рівнів пластичного деформування. Розроблена методика визначення (оцінки) кількості циклів до руйнування в залежності від ступеня пластичної деформації та рівня максимального напруження алюмінієвого сплаву Д16чТ. Було встановлено , що наявність концентратора при відповідному рівні величини дорнування, не впливає на експлуатаційний ресурс.
The dissertation work is devoted to the estimation of durability at low - cycle fatigue of superficially strengthened constructive elements. After analysing existing works of various authors devoted to the topic on the assessment of durability in low-cycle fatigue for structural elements with stress concentrators in the form of structural holes. It was found that in existing approaches to assess durability, the damage is not taken into account. Which leads to less accurate results. It is known that during the operation of structural elements there are elastic-plastic deformations. In which there is a phenomenon of degradation of mechanical characteristics due to the occurrence and accumulation of damage. The concept and essence of damage were laid down, even L.M. Kachanov and Y.M. Rabotnov as microstructure changes in structural materials caused by inverted processes from the action of loads of different nature. The use of this parameter, the damage, in the calculations can be used as a vector, scalar or tensor. It allows the introduction of this parameter in a large number of existing models. Moreover, in the study of the analyzed works, it was shown that not all calculations for low-cycle fatigue for structural elements with stress concentrator take into account hardening due to surface plastic deformation. That occurs due to technological processes such as stamping holes of segmental configuration, rolling and mandrel. After analyzing the presented technological processes, it is determined that the dormant process is widespread due to its simplicity, economy and reliability. Thus, taking into account the damage and the study of the presented factors in creating a new model for predicting the durability of surface-reinforced structural elements under low-cycle load gives more approximate results in relation to the actual values. A set of experimental studies for aluminum alloy D16chT. Due to its prevalence among metallic materials in modern aircraft and machine-building complex. Mechanical characteristics of structural material under static load for solid samples were received. Also, under static loading for solid samples for the presented material, the dependence of the modulus of elasticity of the first kind E, volume modulus K, Poisson's ratio μ for aluminum alloy D16hT depending on the level of inverted plastic deformation was experimentally obtained using the unloading method. According to the experimental results, the kinetics of damage accumulation due to the change of the modulus of elasticity of the first kind E and the Poisson's ratio μ depending on the level of inverted plastic deformation was obtained. The dependence of the change in microhardness along the radius on the center of the hole on the surface of the material of aluminum alloy D16chT for perforated samples at 1%, 2%, 3% level of inverted plastic deformation was obtained. From the obtained results, three different areas of the hardness level of the material are shown. The zone of a sharp change in the value of microhardness, the zone of moderate change of microhardness and the zone of stabilization of microhardness caused by the mandrel process. Experimental studies were performed to determine the number of cycles before fracture and crack formation, in samples with concentrators in the form of holes. Which were previously surface plastically strengthened at 1%, 2%, and 3% of the level of inverted plastic deformation, by the mandrel, at different values maximum stresses and in a symmetrical load cycle. Numerical simulation of the diving process was performed using the numerical package Abaqus Student Edition. It is determined that the level of maximum damage is in the area of the mandrel out of the hole. Damage in the middle of the hole is 2-5 times less (depending on the level of pre-deformation) relative to the maximum value. To assess the impact of operating loads on the strength of power structural elements with a hole after dunking. To the preliminary results of the calculation of the dredging process, we apply an additional stage of loading, corresponding to the operating load. As a result of the calculations, the residual stress fields were obtained, they are presented in equivalent stresses according to 4 strength theory (Mises stress). It is estimated that as a result of mandreling in the area of the functional hole there are significant compressive stresses at all levels of plastic hardening. A method for determining (estimating) the number of cycles until failure depending on the degree of plastic deformation and the level of maximum stress of the aluminium alloy D16chT was developed, it was found that the mandreling process has a positive effect on the service life. Plastic strengthening of the surface of technological openings creates a local zone of compressive residual stresses. As a result, the absorption of stress concentration around the process hole during the pulsating load cycle decreases and the level of maximum loads that the structure can withstand increases. The regularities of the influence of residual stresses on the strength of power structural elements with a hole after mandrel are established. The regularities of the influence of the level of residual stresses after mandreling on the number of cycles before failure were experimentally established. It is shown that for samples with a hole after mandrel at 3% residual plastic deformation for stresses up to and at 2% residual plastic deformation for stresses up (for a given material), the stress concentrator does not affect durability. According to the developed model, a generalizing surface of low-cycle fatigue of structural elements (in the form of samples with a hole) made of aluminium alloy D16chT with pulsating tension (T = 293K) is constructed.
Диссертационная работа посвящена оценке долговечности при малоцикловой усталости поверхностно упрочненных конструктивных элементов. При исследовании работ, было показано, что не все расчеты при малоцикловой усталости для элементов с концентратором напряжений учитывают величину упрочнения за счет поверхностно - пластического деформирования, которые возникают во время технологических процессов. В результате численных расчетов было получено поля остаточных напряжений, они представлены в эквивалентных напряжениях согласно 4 теории прочности (напряжение по Мизесу). Также оценили НДС дорнированых функциональных отверстий под действием эксплуатационных нагрузок в зависимости от уровня пластического деформирования и величины эксплуатационной нагрузки. Установлены закономерности влияния остаточных напряжений на прочность силовых конструктивных элементов с отверстием после дорнования. Используя разработанную модель построено граничную поверхность малоцикловой усталости, которая учитывает величину ППД и величину напряжений с учетом кинетики накопления повреждений.
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Ni, Chun. "Behavior of nailed timber joints under reversed cyclic load." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq23869.pdf.

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Книги з теми "Reverse load"

1

Dana, Carpender, ed. The glycemic load diet: Lose weight and reverse insulin resistance with this powerful new program. Emmaus, Pa: Rodale, 2011.

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Dana, Carpender, ed. The glycemic-load diet cookbook: 150 recipes to help you lose weight and reverse insulin resistance. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009.

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Piscatella, Joseph C. Take a load off your heart: 109 things you can actually do to prevent, halt, or reverse heart disease. New York: Workman Pub., 2003.

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Lane, Allison. Lord Avery's Revenge. New York: Signet, 1997.

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5

Lake, Nick. Lord Oda's revenge. London: Corvus, 2012.

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6

Chŏ chʻulsan, koryŏnghwa sahoe rŭl wihan yŏk mogijiron: Reverse morgage loan. Kyŏnggi-do Pʻaju-si: Hanʼguk Haksul Chŏngbo, 2006.

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London, Julia. The revenge of Lord Eberlin. New York: Pocket Books, 2012.

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London, Julia. The revenge of Lord Eberlin. Waterville, Me: Thorndike Press, 2012.

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National Regulatory Research Institute (Ohio State University). An examination of the application of peak methods to allocate a revenue requirement for intrastate telephone services. Columbus, Ohio: The Institute, 1990.

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10

Lake, Nick. Blood ninja II: The revenge of Lord Oda. New York: Simon and Schuster Books for Young Readers, 2010.

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Частини книг з теми "Reverse load"

1

Kim, Yongmin, Munhwan Kim, and Hongchul Lee. "A Load Optimization Considering Reverse Synergy that May Occur with Mixed Load." In Progress in Systems Engineering, 241–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08422-0_36.

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2

Khoshaba, Oleksandr, Vitalii Lytvynov, Viktor Grechaninov, and Kostiantyn Zavertailo. "Performance of the Reverse Load Balancer Method in Cluster and Cloud Infrastructures." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 186–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58124-4_18.

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3

Sweller, John, Paul Ayres, and Slava Kalyuga. "The Expertise Reversal Effect." In Cognitive Load Theory, 155–70. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8126-4_12.

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4

Ersoy, U., and T. Tankut. "Jacketed columns subjected to combined axial load and reversed cyclic bending." In Earthquake Engineering, edited by Shamim A. Sheikh and S. M. Uzumeri, 631–38. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781487583217-080.

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5

Panagiotopoulos, C. G., Y. Petromichelakis, and C. Tsogka. "Time Reversal and Imaging for Structures." In Dynamic Response of Infrastructure to Environmentally Induced Loads, 159–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56136-3_9.

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6

Mabe, James, Brian Fischer, and Darren Hartl. "Characterization and Modeling of Trained Nitinol Torsional Actuators Under Reverse Bias Loads." In TMS2013 Supplemental Proceedings, 987–98. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118663547.ch122.

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7

Shumilina, Vera, and Sergey Nikitin. "BANKRUPTCY IN SMALL BUSINESS IN CONNECTION WITH THE PANDEMIC." In Business security management in modern conditions, 229–39. au: AUS PUBLISHERS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/chapter_60258635e9e650.37516173.

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The coronavirus pandemic has had serious economic consequences. As a result, the demand for consumer goods and services has fallen sharply, and the service sector is suffering huge losses. Accordingly, revenue also fell, while the mandatory costs remained unchanged: loan payments, rent payments, salaries, taxes and social contributions. The resulting cash gap is likely to lead to massive bankruptcies.
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Choi, Chang Sik. "Improvement of Earthquake-Resistant Performance of Squat Shear Walls under Reversed Cyclic Loads." In Fracture and Damage Mechanics V, 535–38. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-413-8.535.

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9

Mellaoui, Wahiba, Richard Posso, Yodit Gebrealif, Erik Bock, Jörn Altmann, and Hyenyoung Yoon. "Knowledge Management Framework for Cloud Federation." In Economics of Grids, Clouds, Systems, and Services, 123–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92916-9_10.

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AbstractA cloud federation (CF) is an alliance of cloud service providers (CSPs) working together to overcome scalability and portability barriers. However, there are some business challenges (e.g., lack of trust, lack of schemes for revenue sharing, and lack of schemes for resource sharing) and technological challenges (e.g., missing schemes for resource provisioning, lack of coordinated resource management, and little load balancing), causing instability in CFs. As CF alliances pursue strategic goals, they require intensive knowledge sharing. In fact, practitioners have confirmed a positive impact of knowledge management on stability and success of strategic alliances (SA). According to the literature, SAs may also face learning issues such as non–controlled information revelation or unbalanced dissemination of core competencies. These findings pose challenges about the nature of the knowledge and how to share it within a CF. Nonetheless, there is only scarce literature on KM in CF. Thus, the purpose of the paper is to propose a KM framework for CFs with the aim of strengthening stability and potential CF commercialization.
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10

Ouyang, Jun. "Drug-to-Antibody Ratio (DAR) and Drug Load Distribution by Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography and Reversed Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 275–83. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-541-5_17.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Reverse load"

1

Wixon, A., K. Venkataraman, P. Newman, and K. Maleka. "Load blinding stabilisation for DOC relays subjected to reverse load flow." In 12th IET International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection (DPSP 2014). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2014.0077.

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Nguyen, H. X., P. K. Kreitz, O. J. Hahn, L. C. Chow, and M. J. Morgan. "Heat Pipe Response to Pulse Forward and Reverse Heat Load." In Aerospace Atlantic Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/911187.

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Takenaka, T., S. Kato, and H. Okamoto. "Adaptive load balancing content address hashing routing for reverse proxy servers." In 2004 IEEE International Conference on Communications (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37577). IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icc.2004.1312765.

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4

Karimi, M., A. M. Sodagar, M. E. Mofrad, and P. Amiri. "Auxiliary-carrier load-shift keying for reverse data telemetry from biomedical implants." In 2012 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/biocas.2012.6418457.

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5

Segawa, Kiyoshi, Shigeki Senoo, Hisashi Hamatake, Takeshi Kudo, Tateki Nakamura, and Naoaki Shibashita. "Steady and Unsteady Flow Measurements Under Low Load Conditions in a Low Pressure Model Steam Turbine." In 2012 20th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering and the ASME 2012 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone20-power2012-54862.

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Four-stage low pressure model steam turbine tests are carried out under the low load conditions of 0% to 20% load. In such low load conditions, the reverse flow is generated from turbine exit. Steady pressure measurements using multi-hole pneumatic probes are made to specify the outer boundary of the reverse flow region. The reverse flow regions are determined from the flow angles measured by the multi-hole pneumatic probes, traversing in the radial direction which rotates 360 deg around the longitudinal axis. The outer boundary of the reverse flow regions varies depending on turbine loads and has good agreement with the results of the numerical analyses. The pressure fluctuations are measured using unsteady pressure transducers installed on both the inner and outer side walls of the outlet stage and on the next-stage stationary blade surfaces to investigate the relation between pressure fluctuation and volumetric flow. It is found that the pressure fluctuations, which are defined by the standard deviation of unsteady pressure, become larger with decreased volumetric flow at the outer side as well as the inner side which is the same as the tendency seen for blade dynamic stress characteristics. The authors have previously reported good agreement between the experimental and numerical results. The unsteady pressure probe as another measurement technique is employed to investigate the spanwise pressure fluctuations at the outlet of the moving blade. The results show that as the load decreases, large pressure fluctuations are observed in the vicinity of the outer side after the stages where the reverse flow is observed. This is the same tendency as the results of wall pressure measurements. The generation of large pressure fluctuations, detected by the two different measurement techniques, might have a relationship with the effects of not only the vortex motion in the reverse flow region but also the overall flow field (including main forward flow) oscillated by the multiple vortex motions in the reverse flow region as seen in both experiments and computations. The large pressure fluctuations in the vicinity of the outer side after the blade lead to the increase of exciting force and vibration stress on moving blades. Detailed aerodynamic investigations of these part-load conditions are needed to analyze a blade excitation for further improvement of reliability and availability of steam turbines. The complicated flow structures at low load conditions in a steam turbine can be understood with the aid of both the steady and unsteady flow measurements and calculations.
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6

Zekas, B. Michael, and Andrew N. Schultz. "Unique Reverse and Maneuvering Features of the AOE-6 Reverse Reduction Gear." In ASME 1997 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-gt-515.

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A unique Reverse Reduction Gear system is being utilized on the U.S. NAVY AOE-6 Class ships. The AOE-6 is the first of (4) Fast Combat Support ships being built by National Steel and Shipbuilding Company (NASSCO) in San Diego, Ca. The principal characteristics of the AOE-6 Class ships are as follows: Length Overall - 753 Feet 8.5 Inches Beam - 107 Feet Mean Draft (Full Load) - 37 Feet 10 Inches Displacement - 48,500 Long Tons Total Shaft Horsepower - 100,000 HP The ships are powered by (4) General Electric LM2500 gas turbine engines, driving thru (2) main reduction gears manufactured by the Cincinnati Gear Co., to (2) shafts fitted with fixed pitch propellers. Each main reduction gear utilizes (2) SSS-TOSI Reversible Coupling Converters (RCC’s) to provide reversing and slow speed maneuvering capability for each propulsion shaft. The RCC is a fluid coupling/torque converter that has (26) insertable stator vanes positioned around the periphery of the rotor circuit. These stator vanes, when inserted, reverse fluid flow inside the RCC, and consequently reverse the direction of rotation of the RCC output (turbine) rotor. The RCC was tested extensively by the Naval Surface Warfare Center (formerly NAVSSES) in Philadelphia, Pa. This paper provides an overview of the RCC design and operating principles; highlights of the prior testing accomplished; and an informative brief that details the successful integration, operation, and performance of the RCC aboard these new U.S. Naval vessels.
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Kastner, Oliver, and Graeme J. Ackland. "Load-Induced Martensitic Transformations in Pseudo-Elastic Lennard-Jones Crystals." In ASME 2008 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2008-413.

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We present molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of a load-induced martensitic phase transformation in pseudo-elastic Lennard-Jones crystals. The model material exhibits martensitic transformations between cubic and hexagonal lattice structures in 2D which represent austenite and martensite. Under axial loading two martensite variants are favoured out of four generic variants possible with this model. In nucleation-and-growth processes the formation of martensite domains are observed in MD simulations and the reverse process upon unloading. Two possible re-transformation mechanisms are identified, a reversible and a reconstructive type. Reversible re-transformations conserve the reference unit cells, while the reconstructive mechanism involves the generation of dislocation motions which destroy the reference unit cells by slip. Both types re-establish the square lattice. While the reversible type represents the predominant reverse transformation mechanism, the reconstructive type is of special importance because it produces lattice defects, and plastic deformation which change both the evolution of subsequent transformation cycles and the magnitude of the phase transformation load.
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8

Harrewijn, T. L., R. P. H. Vergoossen, and E. O. L. Lantsoght. "Reverse engineering of existing reinforced concrete slab bridges." In IABSE Congress, Christchurch 2021: Resilient technologies for sustainable infrastructure. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/christchurch.2021.0140.

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<p>Most bridges in the Dutch infrastructure are built before 1985 and have experienced increasing traffic intensities and loads. On the other hand, the structural (design) codes have changed over the years. A frequently faced problem in practice is that the original design calculations and technical drawings of a large percentage of the existing bridge stock are unknown or lost. Therefore, the current capacity of the bridge is unknown. The currently used method to map the reinforcement dimensions and amounts in an existing bridge is by (X-ray) scanning. As an alternative, this work proposes Reverse Engineering of the existing bridges, by redoing (a correct) former bridge design with a known design year and load class as a starting point. Consequently, the Reverse Engineered bridge design can be assessed according to the current Eurocodes. A parametric study reveals different capacity margins in bridge design than expected beforehand.</p>
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9

Jeong, Sehwan, Hyun-su Kim, Sang-beom Shin, and Tae-jong Park. "Effect of Reverse Bending Method on Pre-Crack Straightness in CTOD Test of Welded Thick Steel Plates." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37909.

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This study deals with the reverse bending method as a residual stress modification technique for CTOD test of the thick weld. In the reverse bending method, the residual stress around the notch tip of the specimen is redistributed by compressive plastic deformation by reverse bending load. The reverse bending method requires a smaller level of applying load comparing to the local compression method. However, the excessive reverse load may introduce the excessive plastic deformation in way of notch tip which can affect the CTOD value of the weld. So, this study investigates how to establish the proper bending load for ultra-thick weld. In order to do it, stress intensity factor was determined by the plastic zone size around the notch tip by 3-dimensional finite element analysis. The validation of the reverse bending method was verified by examining the configuration of pre-crack at CTOD weld test specimen with various thickness and strength.
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Toso, Alessandro, Bruno Darnis, Bill Prescott, and Joris De Cuyper. "Integration of Time Waveform Replication Process in a Multibody Software for Reverse Load Identification." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48539.

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In the automotive industry, the need to meet the durability requirements in a very early stage of the development of a new vehicle model is becoming more and more crucial. This is a key factor that can reduce the time to market and avoids modifying substantially the design if a component fails earlier than expected. This is also a challenging task for several reasons; in the early phase the primary design suffers from a lack of knowledge about the loads that the new vehicle will experience in its life. In literature ([1][2][5][6][7]) several methods have been proposed; for instance the so-called digital test track approach ([1]) is a CAE-based tool in which the vehicle and the road are modeled in a multibody environment together with a detailed representation of the tire and the driver in order to perform a replication of a test drive. This predictive method is very valuable but still requires a lot of information about the vehicle’s components that is usually not available at this stage of the vehicle development. On the other hand a pure test-based procedure suffers from other problems such as the need of a mule vehicle and long and costly test campaigns that need to be repeated at each component’s modification. A hybrid approach has then been proposed and implemented successfully by LMS on industrial size cases. This approach known as Time Waveform Replication (TWR) ([2]) relies on a set of test data and multibody model available from test drives carried out on a predecessor or a vehicle similar to the one that is being currently designed. The data collected on a road test is used to back-calculate the equivalent spindle displacements that will cause the same forces on the multibody model that are experienced in the test sessions. This approach has several beneficial aspects with respect to the two mentioned before. The tire model does not need to be accurate since the displacement are applied directly to the spindles (but the application can be easily extended to “road profile identification” if a detailed tire model is available). Moreover it is well known that if the forces measured at the spindles are applied directly to the unconstrained multibody model, it will result in an undesired drift of the model due to a mismatch in the mass and inertial properties between the real vehicle and its model. This is even more important when measured forces are applied to a new vehicle model that is only similar to the tested one. The TWR approach relies on a linearized model of the vehicle that is derived directly from its multibody representation. Then the spindle displacements are back-calculated by pseudo-inversion of the Frequency Response Function of the system and the application of the desired target signals. This method gives a direct result only if the system is linear; this is typically not the case in the field of vehicle dynamics where the geometry of the suspension, the non-linear properties of the dampers and bushings together with the intrinsic non-linear nature of the constrained equation of motion implies that the linearized model used by TWR is valid only for small changes to the configuration at the instant of linearization. To cope with this problem, the TWR sets up an iterative process that uses the output error to update the input. In case of high non-linearities or large changes in the configuration the linearized model can be also updated. In this paper the integration of the TWR process in a multibody code such as LMS Virtual.Lab Motion is described. In particular a new tool named LMS Motion-TWR has been developed. The application guides the engineer in setting up the models inputs and outputs, allows to drive the multibody code to compute the linearized model and the association between the test data and the numerical responses of the model. The computation of the driving signals is performed by TWR core solver as a background process allowing the user to focus on the analysis of the results rather than spending time in dealing with file conversion and transfer from one software to another as was done in the past. Moreover several post-processing tools are available such as time and frequency domain plots, RMS error and X-Y plots. Finally this paper describes the application of the tool in an industrial case scenario using a model of a quad. A quad was equipped with several sensors and driven on a test track. The collected data is then used in the Motion TWR software to compute the equivalent spindle displacements. Since some of the front suspension parts are modeled as flexible bodies the reverse load identification analysis is completed by a durability calculation.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Reverse load"

1

DeAnna, Dixon, and Hodo Wayne. Finite element analysis of quoin block deterioration and load transfer mechanisms in miter gates : pintle and pintle connections. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40842.

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The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) currently operates and maintains approximately 193 commercially active lock sites with 239 locks and dams spanning nearly 12,000 miles. These networks of water channels are used to transport 600 million tons of domestic cargo, generating $405 billion in revenue annually. Nearly 60% of these structures in operation are over 50 years old and have reached design life. A failure of the miter gates could result in a major negative impact on the economy and on the ability to maintain flood control. Administrators need recommendations to better prioritize maintenance and repair of the USACE miter gates. This work investigated the influence of miter gate’s quoin block degradation on load transfer to the pintle and/or pintle connections. Results of finite element analysis are reported for the quoin block degradation simulated levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%. The parametric study shows the overstressed regions are the pintle neck and bolt-hole regions. To improve pintle designs so they may better mitigate detrimental environmental based deterioration effects, this work recommends (1) increasing the thickness of the bolt-hole connection region and (2) adding ribbing reinforcement around the neck area of the pintle.
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2

Albrecht, Jochen, Andreas Petutschnig, Laxmi Ramasubramanian, Bernd Resch, and Aleisha Wright. Comparing Twitter and LODES Data for Detecting Commuter Mobility Patterns. Mineta Transportation Institute, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2037.

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Local and regional planners struggle to keep up with rapid changes in mobility patterns. This exploratory research is framed with the overarching goal of asking if and how geo-social network data (GSND), in this case, Twitter data, can be used to understand and explain commuting and non-commuting travel patterns. The research project set out to determine whether GSND may be used to augment US Census LODES data beyond commuting trips and whether it may serve as a short-term substitute for commuting trips. It turns out that the reverse is true and the common practice of employing LODES data to extrapolate to overall traffic demand is indeed justified. This means that expensive and rarely comprehensive surveys are now only needed to capture trip purposes. Regardless of trip purpose (e.g., shopping, regular recreational activities, dropping kids at school), the LODES data is an excellent predictor of overall road segment loads.
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3

Cavaille, Charlotte, Federica Liberini, Michela Redoano, Anandi Mani, Vera E. Troeger, Helen Miller, Ioana Marinescu, et al. Which Way Now? Economic Policy after a Decade of Upheaval: A CAGE Policy Report. Edited by Vera E. Troeger. The Social Market Foundation, February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/978-1-910683-41-5.

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Most, if not all advanced economies have suffered gravely from the 2008 global financial crisis. Growth, productivity, real income and consumption have plunged and inequality, and in some cases poverty, spiked. Some countries, like Germany and Australia, were better able to cope with the consequences but austerity has taken its toll even on the strongest economies. The UK is no exception and the more recent period of economic recovery might be halted or even reversed by the political, economic, and policy uncertainty created by the Brexit referendum. This uncertainty related risk to growth could be even greater if the UK leaves the economic and legal framework provided by the EU. This CAGE policy report offers proposals from different perspectives to answer the overarching question: What is the role of a government in a modern economy after the global financial crisis and the Brexit vote? We report on economic and social challenges in the UK and discuss potential policy responses for the government to consider. Foreword by: Lord O’Donnell of Clapham.
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4

Chandra, Shailesh, Mehran Rahmani, Timothy Thai, Vivek Mishra, and Jacqueline Camacho. Evaluating Financing Mechanisms and Economic Benefits to Fund Grade Separation Projects. Mineta Transportation Institute, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1926.

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Investment in transportation infrastructure projects generates benefits, both direct and indirect. While emissions reductions, crash reductions, and travel time savings are prominent direct benefits, there are indirect benefits in the form of real estate enhancements that could pay off debt or loan incurred in the improvement of the infrastructure itself. Studies have shown that improvements associated with rail transportation (such as station upgrades) trigger an increase in the surrounding real estate values, increasing both the opportunity for monetary gains and, ultimately, property tax collections. There is plenty of available guidance that provides blueprints for benefits calculations for operational improvements in rail transportation. However, resources are quite limited in the analysis of benefits that accrue from the separation of railroad at-grade crossings. Understanding the impact of separation in a neighborhood with high employment or population could generate revenues through increased tax collections. In California, the research need is further amplified by a lack of guidance from the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) on at-grade crossing for separation based on revenue generated. There is a critical need to understand whether grade separation projects could impact neighboring real estate values that could potentially be used to fund such separations. With COVID-19, as current infrastructure spending in California is experiencing a reboot, an approach more oriented to benefits and costs for railroad at-grade separation should be explored. Thus, this research uses a robust benefits-to-cost analysis (BCA) to probe the economic impacts of railroad at-grade separation projects. The investigation is carried out across twelve railroad-highway at-grade crossings in California. These crossings are located at Francisquito Ave., Willowbrook/Rosa Parks Station, Sassafras St., Palm St., Civic Center Dr., L St., Spring St. (North), J St., E St., H St., Parkmoor West, and Nursery Ave. The authors found that a majority of the selected at-grade crossings analyzed accrue high benefits-to-cost (BC) ratios from travel time savings, safety improvements, emissions reductions, and potential revenue generated if property taxes are collected and used to fund such separation projects. The analysis shows that with the estimated BC ratios, the railroad crossing at Nursery Ave. in Fremont, Palm St. in San Diego, and H St. in Chula Vista could be ideal candidates for separation. The methodology presented in this research could serve as a handy reference for decision-makers selecting one or more at-grade crossings for the separation considering economic outputs and costs.
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5

Research Department - Government Finance - Statements of Revenue and Expenditure - Statements of Consolidated Revenue & Expenditure & Loan Fund Accounts (Niemeyer Statements) - File 3 - Tasmania - July 1949 - June 1955. Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/17175.

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6

Research Department - Government Finance - Statements of Revenue and Expenditure - Statements of Consolidated Revenue & Expenditure & Loan Fund Accounts (Niemeyer Statements) - File 2 - NSW - July 1950 - July 1955. Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/17167.

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7

Research Department - Government Finance - Statements of Revenue and Expenditure - Statements of Consolidated Revenue & Expenditure & Loan Fund Accounts (Niemeyer Statements) - File 2 - Queensland - July 1949 - June 1955. Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/17172.

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8

Research Department - Government Finance - Statements of Revenue and Expenditure - Statements of Consolidated Revenue & Expenditure & Loan Fund Accounts (Niemeyer Statements) - File 3 - Victoria - July 1949 - June 1955. Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/17169.

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9

Research Department - Government Finance - Statements of Revenue and Expenditure - Statements of Consolidated Revenue & Expenditure & Loan Fund Accounts (Niemeyer Statements) - File 3 - South Australia - July 1949 - June 1955. Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/17174.

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10

Research Department - Government Finance - Statements of Revenue and Expenditure - Statements of Consolidated Revenue & Expenditure & Loan Fund Accounts (Niemeyer Statements) - File 1 - Western Australia - July 1949 - June 1955. Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/17170.

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