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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Rent (Economic theory)"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 4 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Rent (Economic theory)":

Tollison, Robert D. "The economic theory of rent seeking." Public Choice 152, no. 1-2 (May 16, 2012): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11127-011-9852-5.

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McChesney, Fred S. "Rent Extraction and Rent Creation in the Economic Theory of Regulation." Journal of Legal Studies 16, no. 1 (January 1987): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/467825.

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Ivanenko, Olesya. "The Land Rent Theory Evolution in Sustainable Development Paradigm." E3S Web of Conferences 105 (2019): 04025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910504025.

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The problem of land rent is directly related to the achievement of the limit of land involvement in agricultural production. In turn, the paradigm of sustainable development includes the issues of the constant growth of the food security of the people of the Earth, the fight against hunger, etc. The theoretical and methodological foundations of land rent are considered in the paradigm of sustainable development, in relation to the evolution of the concepts of leading scientific schools. The nature of land rent is described, its main types and sources of genesis are revealed. From the point of view of the institutional approach, land rent is considered as an institutional relation. The category of the land rent institution has been clarified. The role of land rent in ensuring sustainable development in the understanding of various schools of economics is shown; conclusions are drawn that make it possible to distinguish the features of basic approaches to determining land rent from the perspective of key sustainable development issues studied by schools of economics. It is concluded that it is necessary to use an integrated approach to the study of the category of land rent as a combination of environmental, cognitive, economic and institutional relations.

Ginsburg, Douglas, and Fred S. McChesney. "A New Economic Theory of Regulation: Rent Extraction Rather than Rent Creation." Michigan Law Review 97, no. 6 (May 1999): 1771. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1290228.

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Sergiy Bardash, Alexander Petruk, and Tatiana Osadcha. "IDENTIFICATION OF FINANCIAL RENT: FROM THEORY OF RENT TO ITS ACCOUNTING." European Cooperation 1, no. 41 (January 29, 2019): 18–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32070/ec.v1i41.19.

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Research of issues related to financial leasing has occupied a prominent position in economic science since the mid-20th century in countries with market economies due to the growing role of financial capital and formation of the stock market. Due to its significance, the concept of financial rent was investigated in the context of the development of neoclassical economic theory, its modern modifications, as well as the management theory. Some issues of financial rent were developed within the classical theory - the concept of ideal capital markets. The issues of the nature and types of financial rent are covered from the standpoint of financial mathematics. Some scientists believe that financial rent is a type of economic rent, so it should be reflected in the accounting. Inadequate attention to rent significantly increases the risk of an uncertain estimate of the financial condition of enterprises, and affects the objectivity and efficiency of making managerial decisions. As a result, there is a need for the development of theoretical and methodological, organizational and practical provisions of rent accounting, which will allow forming comprehensive and reliable information for management of a business entity.

Sergiy Bardash and Tatiana Osadcha. "INTEGRATED RENTAL CLASSIFICATION OF SUBJECTS OF ECONOMIC RELATIONS." European Cooperation 2, no. 46 (April 30, 2020): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32070/ec.v2i46.81.

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The authors of the article have found that the vast majority of scientists, who study the rental relation problems in the economies of the post-Soviet countries adhere to the opinion on the validity of combining existing types of rent into two large groups by resources: natural and economic rents. Based on the results of the study, it is proposed to consider natural rent as a form of economic rent. Given the essence and economic nature of rent, and considering the need for its accounting representation, it is established that economic rent should be classified with a division into forms (absolute, differential of the 1st and 2nd kind, monopoly), types (natural and other resource rents) and subtypes based on the “way of using the rental resource”, “industry of formation”. The obtained scientific results will allow to consider the main provisions of the sustainable development concept and can be used as a basis for improving the theory and methodology, as well as the development of the organization and accounting methods for economic rent. The regulation of rental relations in the business sector determines the search for ways to reflect rent in accounting and management reporting, however, the solution to this problem is significantly hindered by the complexity of identifying and evaluating rent. Another problem is that today there is some inconsistency between the concept of "rent" and other derivative concepts, in particular, such as: "ground rent", "economic rent". Against the background of the existing scientific discussion on streamlining the essential differences between these concepts, the debate continues and the validity of the allocation of other types of rent, as well as the feasibility of introducing into the scientific circulation such concepts as “quasi-rent” and “anti-rent”. The authors have proposed to reflect in the enterprise accounting the economic rent according to its forms and types based on the resources used in economic activity. The proposed classification allows to consider the main provisions of the sustainable development concept and can be used as a basis for improving the theory and methodology, as well as the development of the organization and accounting methods for economic rent

Gilmintinov, Roman R. "POLITICAL ECONOMY OF SPACE: THE PROBLEM OF RENT AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE USSR’S ECONOMIC THOUGHT IN THE 1930–1950s." Ural Historical Journal 75, no. 2 (2022): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-59-68.

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The article analyzes the development of the rent theory in the Soviet Union in the 1930–1950s which would later become a conceptual basis for the environmental economics in the USSR. Its primary goal is to answer the question of why, after heated debates of the NEP era, the issue of rent completely disappeared from the academic discourse for almost fifteen years. The answer I offer is based on the analysis of the end of history ideologeme — the utopian idea that the development of planning by itself solves all economic and social problems in the country, including all forms of rent. The return of the rent problem back in the economic discourse in the late Stalin period should be understood in the context of the emergent political economy of socialism, a discipline aimed at the overcoming the utopian and antiscientific nature of the end of history ideology. This research also analyzes in a great detail the key article for the development of the rent theory in that period — I. D. Laptev’s “The collective farms’ revenue and differential rent” (1944). The result of the work is the conclusion that the reemergence of the rent theory in the Soviet economic discourse of the Stalin period was accompanied by its normalization — whereas in the 1920s, rent was understood as a heritage of capitalism violating such a key principle of socialism as the distribution according to labor, for I. D. Laptev, it was nothing but a “gift of nature”.

Sękowski, Stefan. "The pros and cons of rent-seeking: Political rent in various research paradigms." Studia z Polityki Publicznej 8, no. 2(30) (July 29, 2021): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kszpp/2021.2.1.

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This article shows that how we look at political rent and rent-seeking depends on our position on state interference in the economy and which theory of regulation we are familiar with. Although the theory of rent-seeking is in accordance with the paradigm of the private interest (economic) theories of regulation, the researcher also needs an insight based on the public interest theories of regulation if he wants to judge the impact of rent-seeking and the creation of political rent on social well-being properly. The paper is also a conceptualization of political rent. It describes forms of rent-seeking and economic systems most amenable to it.

von Seekamm, Kurt. "A Note on the Modeling of Rent Seeking." Review of Radical Political Economics 49, no. 4 (September 29, 2017): 599–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0486613417717047.

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Rent seeking has once again become an important topic in economics. However, rent seeking poses challenges that standard economic theory is not well equipped to handle. This paper develops a working definition of rent seeking that can be applied to post-Keynesian growth models. The main finding is that, in a post-Keynesian framework, rent seeking will have an effect on income distribution and average productivity. In addition, increases in rent seeking can have undesirable effects on the distribution of talent.

Guo, Yong, and Angang Hu. "The administrative monopoly in China’s economic transition." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 37, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 265–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2004.03.005.

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Corruption in transition economies has become the very focus of many recent discussions on politics and economics. However, the existing research has not taken full account of the experience of the gradual transition countries, especially China, and the incentives for rent creation in the transition process. Based on existing studies in this field, this paper addresses a new category of corruption in transition economies. In the context of the rent seeking theory, the authors examine what they regard as a unique type of corruption in China—administrative monopoly (AM), and outline its essence, causes, forms, features, the scale of the rent created, and the dissipation of the rent.

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Дисертації з теми "Rent (Economic theory)":

Choi, Myung Ju. "Import regimes and rent seeking : the case of South Korea." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334092.

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Ustaoğlu, Eda. "Hedonic price analysis of office rents : a case study of the office market in Ankara /." Ankara : METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1079342/index.pdf.

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Clark, Derek John. "Rent-seeking, learning and the dynamics of reputation in the international credit market." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1992. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/58471/.

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Most reputation-based models of sovereign debt assume that a default on a loan obligation leads to the imposition of an immediate and permanent credit embargo. The first part of this thesis examines the case in which the length of exclusion is endogenously determined and may consequently be finite or infinite. In this way, lulls in activity followed by enthusiastic lending in the international credit market can be modelled. Additionally, examining the optimal exclusion strategy of the creditor allows investigation of the consequences of `excusing' default. By not punishing a defaulter immediately, it is more likely that a complete loan embargo will be imposed in the future. The effect of excusing default on the expected value of the credit relationship to the country is also examined. A negative externality can arise in the relationship between a sovereign borrower and a creditor due to the existence of countries which repeatedly default on their debt: a default by one country may make the creditor more cautious in lending to others. The effects of this externality are examined in a dynamic model in which the bank does not know the type of customer it faces, but can learn its identity over time. The equilibrium actions of the players then depend crucially on the borrower's reputation for creditworthiness. Even a country which is not an inherent defaulter may be tempted to repudiate its debt obligations with this type of incomplete information structure. Each successive default causes reputation to fall until a critical level is surpassed, at which point a permanent lending embargo is imposed. In this dynamic model of debtor reputation, borrowers face an additional problem as they do not always possess the funds needed to make a repayment and thus reveal their type. In recognizing that borrowing countries can be different by nature, the final part of this thesis examines an economy which is driven to borrow externally as an endogenous outcome of a political system in which interest groups lobby political parties. The amount of borrowing is shown to depend upon the number of redistributive policies the parties can use and the attitude of the voters to external borrowing. A proposal is put forward for linking debt forgiveness in this type of lobbying economy to the level of rent-seeking carried out by the interest groups. lt is demonstrated that this proposal is capable of improving the well being of the ordinary citizens of the economy who share the repayment cost but may not enjoy the benefits of external borrowing.

Brown, David W. "Why governments fail to capture economic rent : the unofficial appropriation of rain forest rent by rulers in insular southeast Asia between 1970-1999 /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10754.

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Edimon, 1965. "The economy-wide effects of reducing rent-seeking activity : tax evasion in a developing country." Monash University, Dept. of Economics, 1998. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8664.

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Ali, Nasrul. "Corruption and its impact on economic growth : is East Asia special?" University of Western Australia. Economics Discipline Group, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0099.

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[Truncated abstract] The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis raised serious questions about the nature of East Asia's rise to economic prosperity, once labelled as a 'miracle' by the World Bank. In particular, East Asian governments were criticised for allowing rampant corruption to pervade their economies. At a conceptual level, the overwhelming majority of studies argue that corruption, defined as the misuse of public office for private gain, has impeded growth. Empirically, many studies have shown the detrimental impact of corruption on economic growth but few have analysed the particular effect of corruption on East Asia's economic growth in the years leading up to the 1997 Crisis, a period characterised by superior economic growth rates against the backdrop of corruption. This study seeks to fill that gap. By virtue of its clandestine nature, any study on corruption is subject to measurement limitations and this study is no exception. The only available data on corruption are indices published by a handful of various international organisations. Each of these indices follows a similar format: they are based partly or wholly on surveys of the corporate sector in each of the sample countries, the results of which are converted into corruption scores and used to rank the sample countries. Although there is a general consistency in rankings across the different indices, the survey questions tend to equate corruption with bribery. In one survey which questioned respondents about corruption and bribery in separate questions, the results indicated that the two are not necessarily synonymous at least in the minds of respondents. A brief analysis of the nature of corruption within East Asia reveals why the tendency to equate corruption with bribery can be misleading, and therefore raises doubts about the credibility of the aforementioned corruption indices. Many countries in East Asia are shown to harbour a network of patron-client relationships within a centralised framework. ... When using the available corruption indices as measures of corruption in a corruption-growth model that is applied to cross-sectional data covering 141 countries in 1996, corruption is found to have a significant positive relationship with economic growth for two of the corruption indices. However, no particular significant relationship is found to exist for East Asian countries within the sample. The corruption indices are then combined to produce a single index of corruption which is then used in a corruption-growth model and applied to panel data covering 33 countries over a twenty year period from 1984 to 2003. This time the corruption variable is found to have a significant positive relationship with economic growth for East Asian countries (excluding Singapore) during 1986-1996. Finally, the concept of rent-seeking is examined as an alternative to the typical principal-agent model of corruption used in the literature, based on its strong resonance with the particular nature of corruption in East Asia. A measure of rent-seeking is developed, and using cross-sectional data for 57 countries in 1996 reveals that rent-seeking has a significant positive relationship with economic growth.

Hemmings, Philip J. "Regional earnings : comparison of earnings in Scotland and the rest of Great Britain, 1970-1982." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1988. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU009729.

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Recent economic debate has focused upon regional labour markets, with particular reference to unemployment, earnings and apparent rigidity in the labour market. In the regional context, two sources of labour market rigidity have been proposed, firstly through wage rigidity, and secondly through mobility costs and cost-of-living differences generated by the housing market. Using unique data from the New Earnings Survey (NES), the earnings differential between Scotland and the rest of Great Britian is shown to consist of both long-run ('equilibrium') factors and short-run ('disequilibrium') factors. Further spatial disaggregation has highlighted Greater London and the South East of England as particularly distinctive in terms of labour market behaviour and characteristics. Use of the NES database has also enabled analysis of female employees, who have hitherto been overlooked by analysis of regional labour markets. In general female employees, especially non-manual, are shown to have fewer characteristics of competitive regional market behaviour than males. This implies that previous analysis may have under-estimated the rigidity of regional labour markets. Confirming previous studies, evidence from NES data for Scotland (using both time-series and cross-section analysis) only weakly supports evidence of regional wage rigidity, however there is strong evidence supporting the influence of the housing market on regional labour markets. Cost-of-living differences and mobility costs are further fuelled in the U.K. by considerable tax relief incentives in the housing market. The immediate policy prescription is therefore reduction of these incentives and general attention to mobility costs of both employees and employers.

Arikan, Ilgaz T. "Essays on the theory of auctions and economic rents." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5num=osu1086212289.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 179 p. : ill. Advisor: Oded Shenkar, Business Administration Graduate Program. Includes bibliographical references (p. 128-153).

Hodler, Roland. "Rent seeking, windfall gains and economic development /." Berlin : dissertation.de, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/393809293.pdf.

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Araji, Salim M. "Essays on the macroeconomic effect of natural resource rents." Thesis, The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3633226.

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This dissertation comprise of two chapters on the macroeconomic effect of natural resource rents. Specifically, we focus on the effect of resource rents on human capital accumulation. In chapter one, we present a new mechanism for the curse of natural resources, i.e., "why natural resource rents if distributed as transfers to individuals' income might retard economic growth and development: their effect on incentives to invest in human capital". Extending an OLG model for this purpose, we show that the windfall rents from natural resources, when transferred directly to citizens distort their incentives away from accumulating the optimum level of human capital and thus from economic growth. This increases the chance of a low-level equilibrium trap and reduces the chance of converging to a higher income per capita in the long run.

In chapter two, we present a dynamic panel data model, and a cross section model to see the effect of transfers in countries with high natural resource rents per person on human capital accumulation. We use tertiary education as a human capital indicator, since at this educational level, people choose to accumulate professional skills and direct their talents to sectors with the highest expected return. Using a dynamic panel data model for five years averages of tertiary education, one can see that the combined effect of government transfers and natural resource rents per labor have a negative and significant effect on human capital. However, using a cross section analysis for the same purpose, one can see that not only the combined effect of resource rents per labor and government transfers have a negative and significant effect on tertiary education, but also resource rents per labor alone have a negative and significant effect on tertiary education. Our cross section results coincide with the natural resource curse literature as it shows that resource rents have a long-term negative effect on social capital investments such as tertiary education.

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Книги з теми "Rent (Economic theory)":

Tullock, Gordon. Rent seeking. Aldershot, Hants, England: E. Elgar, 1993.

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Chakraborty, Shankha. Rent seeking. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund, IMF Institute, 2005.

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Appelbaum, Elie. Fully contestable rent seeking. Toronto: Department of Economics, York University, 1985.

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D, Tollison Robert, and Congleton Roger D, eds. The economic analysis of rent seeking. Aldershot, Hants, England: E. Elgar, 1995.

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A, Lockard Alan, and Tullock Gordon, eds. Efficient rent-seeking: Chronicle of an intellectual quagmire. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.

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Anam, Mahmudul. Rent seeking and second best economics. Toronto, Ont: York University, Dept. of Economics, 1987.

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Kershaw, Rowley Charles, Tollison Robert D, and Tullock Gordon, eds. The Political economy of rent-seeking. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988.

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Congleton, R. D. Companion to the political economy of rent seeking. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015.

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S, Ivanov A., ed. Lit︠s︡om k arende. Moskva: Politizdat, 1990.

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Vasilʹevich, Valovoĭ Dmitriĭ, Parfenov Vasiliĭ Aleksandrovich та Platoshkin A. N, ред. Arenda--arkhimedov rychag: Materialy "Kuglogo stola," "Delovykh klubov" "Pravdy," a takzhe statʹi, analizirui͡u︡shchie opyt podri͡a︡da i arendy. Moskva: Izd-vo "Pravda", 1988.

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Частини книг з теми "Rent (Economic theory)":

Samuels, Warren J. "A Critique of Rent-seeking Theory." In Essays on the Economic Role of Government, 111–28. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12377-3_6.

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Mihályi, Péter, and Iván Szelényi. "Rent in Classical Economic, Social, and Political Theory." In Rent-Seekers, Profits, Wages and Inequality, 25–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03846-5_2.

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McChesney, Fred S. "Rent Extraction and Rent Creation in the Economic Theory of Regulation." In The Political Economy of Rent-Seeking, 179–96. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1963-5_15.

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Mcchesney, Fred S., and John M. Olin. "Rent extraction and rent creation in the economic theory of regulation." In 40 Years of Research on Rent Seeking 2, 313–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79247-5_17.

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Bhattacharyya, Sambit. "A Unified Theory of Rent, Elite Feud, and Imperial Expansion." In Frontiers in Economic History, 11–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58736-9_2.

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Gehrke, Christian. "Rent, as Share of Produce, Not Governed by Proportions." In Sraffa and the Reconstruction of Economic Theory: Volume Three, 261–80. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137314048_13.

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Sandemose, Jørgen. "Karl Marx’s theory of ground rent – historical elements in economic interplay." In Class and Property in Marx's Economic Thought, 44–65. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge frontiers of political economy; 242: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351006989-5.

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Sandemose, Jørgen. "Karl Marx’s theory of ground rent – historical elements in economic interplay." In Class and Property in Marx's Economic Thought, 66–94. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge frontiers of political economy; 242: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351006989-6.

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Jevons, W. Stanley. "Theory of Rent." In The Theory of Political Economy, 210–21. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137374158_6.

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Posnett, Hutcheson Macaulay. "The Ricardian Theory of Rent." In Irish Political Economy, 258–83. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003100874-18.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Rent (Economic theory)":

Mihailov, Penyu. "LAND RENT AS A SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETERMINATION." In SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT - CURRENT PRACTICES AND SOLUTIONS 2019. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/slm2019.26.

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The issues of land rents are of particular importance today, the new times have brought them to the fore, now they are new dimensions. Previously in the works of Plato, Xenophon and others it was mentioned but not used as a term. With the entry of capitalism into agricultural politics - everyone talks about it. Agriculture became the main branch of social production, and rent became the object of study. Contribution to the development of the problem have: У. Petit, Fr. F. P?ti, F. Kenet, A. Smith, D. The work of Marx is indisputable. The neoclassical theory advocates a subjective treatment of the problem -opposed to Marx. The reasons are to be sought in the following circumstances: capitalism has undergone fundamental changes; it has entered a stage of global integration; the scientific-technical revolution has raised it to a greater height; new technologies have entered the economy; electronization, robotization, computerization, science has penetrated all spheres of life, has become an immediate productive force; it is rising to a higher level; production is being naturalized, it is becoming a field of application of science. History, however, follows its own logic. The immature economic forms of production do not submit to exact theoretical reflections; as they change, so do our ideas about them.

Uslu, Kamil, and Mustafa Batuhan Tufaner. "Effects of the Theory of Regulation on Financial Crisis." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01369.

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The role of the financial sector in the financial crisis occurring in the world economy and market failures throughout history, has brought the debate over financial regulation. Systemic risk cases, which plays a major role in the occurrence of the financial crisis, to ensure efficiency and stability of financial markets has revealed the need for regulations. The aim of this study is to evaluate how the impact of the financial crisis on the regulation theory. Financial crisis, leading to market failures, moral hazard problems and rent-seeking activities, economic and social structure has created negative. In this context, the pre-crisis and post-crisis regulatory measures can be taken, it is possible to say that the country would have a positive effect on macroeconomic fundamentals.

Vasileva, Yu P. "Distribution Of Natural Oil Rent In The Russian Economy." In 18th International Scientific Conference “Problems of Enterprise Development: Theory and Practice”. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.04.57.

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Maklakova, Elena, and M. Sysoev. "COMPARISON OF VIEWS OF ADAM SMITH, ALFRED MARSHALL, DAVID RICARDO." In Manager of the Year. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/my2021_157-161.

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The article presents the theoretical views of the founders of theoretical economics A. Smith, A. Marshall and D. Ricardo on basic economic concepts. These eminent scientists also laid the foundation for political economics and had a tremendous impact on the main directions of the further development of economic science. The economic ideas of the classical school have not lost their significance to this day. The doctrines of surplus value, profit, taxes, land rent are still relevant today. The study and analysis of this historical heritage is necessary not only for obtaining fundamental knowledge in the field of economic science, but also for its further development.

Şaykol, Ediz. "On the Economical Impacts of Cloud Computing in Information Technology Industry." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00851.

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Cloud computing, as defined by United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), “... is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.” Goal of the study is to highlight the positive economical impacts of cloud computing for companies, which can be assessed by focusing on their business goals to make more profit. Under the cloud computing model, firms can rent as many virtual machines as they need at any given time, and either design or use off-the-shelf solutions to integrate company-wide data and then easily distribute access to users within and outside of the company. Hence, cloud computing converts fixed capital costs to variable costs, prevents under or over provisioning, and allows minute by minute flexibility. Hence, the companies concentrate on their own business goals on top on a stable and effective information technology backbone. Most literature on cloud computing reside in computer science resources. However, there is little work focusing on the social and economic significance of cloud computing in the economics literature. Hence, this paper first discusses the basics of the cloud computing along with its implications on information technology (IT) field, with paying special attention to economical aspects. Then, empirical results and elaborations are to be given to yield a conclusion.

CZYŻEWSKI, Bazyli, Sebastian STĘPIEŃ, and Jan POLCYN. "PAYMENTS FOR PUBLIC GOODS UNDER THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY VERSUS MARKET FAILURES." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.008.

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In the reality of the marketplace, a situation often arises where an economic surplus (rent) achieved by agricultural producers is partly taken over by related non-agricultural sectors. In this sense the category of economic rent embraces market failures related to such factors as price flexibility, and thus represents an effect of the misallocation of resources in the agricultural sector. The question therefore arises of whether there exists a developmental model of agriculture in which such market failures would be reduced. Apparently the only coherent response to this need is action taken under the paradigm of sustainable agriculture. This type of model for the sector’s functioning is supported by the objectives of the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), including through support for the supply of public goods in rural areas. This article addresses the question of whether CAP payments for public goods are a desirable systemic solution serving to reduce market failures. It is hypothesised that the financing of activity relating to the supply of public goods lessens the negative impact of the “market treadmill”, since it reduces the unexpected outflows of economic surplus away from farms, caused by agricultural prices. To verify the hypothesis, a panel regression analysis was performed on three sets: the EU-15 countries, the EU-12 countries, and – within Poland – subsectors of farms from six standard output classes. The analysis covered the years 2004–2012. The results of the computations provided confirmation of the hypothesis. It may be stated that an increase in the level of payments for public goods, as a percentage of total subsidies to agriculture, leads on average to a reduction in the drainage of economic rents through prices. It was also found that the financing of public goods under the CAP is more effective in reducing market failures in the EU-15 countries than in the EU-12.

Alawi Kazim, Kamil. "Fiscal policy in Iraq in light of the shocks after 2003." In 11th International Conference of Economic and Administrative Reform: Necessities and Challenges. University of Human Development, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicearnc/30.

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The Iraqi economy suffers from a triple shock, the first shock represented by the demonstrations that erupted in November 2019, the second shock related to the collapse of oil prices and the reduction of its production under the OPEC + agreement, and the third shock represented by the Corona pandemic and the resulting shock of supply and demand at the same time, and then led to slowing economic growth. The problems of the Iraqi economy are related to the rentier economy, which made the state control its relations with society with the presence of oil rents and dependence on it, which made it move away from its society, and thus weakened the effectiveness of the role of civil society institutions or their supervisory role, especially in the economic issue. The Iraqi economy's dependence on oil in its movement has become sensitive to external and internal shocks, so the research will focus on the development of fiscal policy in Iraq after 2003 in light of the shocks it has been exposed to and their effects on economic activity.

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Zyablova, A., E. Yakovleva, and Anna Ilunina. "ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF RECOVERING RESOURCES FROM FOOD WASTE IN A CIRCULAR ECONOMY." In Manager of the Year. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/my2021_67-70.

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The aim of the study was to examine the foreign experience of halving food waste per capita in retail and at the consumer level and finding the most efficient way to dispose of food waste, which causes the least harm to the environment and the economy. Nowadays, about a third of food destined for human consumption is lost in food supply chains, and the loss of embedded resources is gaining increasing attention worldwide. Currently, more than half of UK households are dumped or incinerated, with the rest being anaerobically digested, composted or used as animal feed. While these methods help manage existing waste while simultaneously recovering energy and resources, they also generate additional environmental impacts and economic costs. Considering environmental impact and cost are equally important, incineration is the most sustainable option per ton of waste treated. For the annual volume currently processed in the UK, anaerobic digestion would be more sustainable than incineration. Thus, the most realistic scenario for increasing the sustainability of household food waste is to further favor incineration rather than landfilling, while increasing and promoting the segregated collection of food waste for treatment only through anaerobic digestion.

Vesić, Milena, and Nenad Kojić. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WEB APPLICATION PERFORMANCE IN CASE OF USING REST VERSUS GRAPHQL." In Fourth International Scientific Conference ITEMA Recent Advances in Information Technology, Tourism, Economics, Management and Agriculture. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/itema.2020.17.

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Web applications are the most common type of application in modern society since they can be accessed by a large number of users at any time from any device. The only condition for their use is an Internet connection. Most applications run using the HTTP protocol and client-server architecture. This architecture is based on the use of API (Application programming interface), most often REST architecture (Representational State Transfer). If there are several different functionalities on the website that fill their content with data from the web server, for most of them a special HTTP request must be generated with one of the existing methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE). This way of communication can be a big problem if the connection to the Internet is weak, there are a lot of HTTP requests because you have to wait for each request to be executed and for the web server to return the data. In this paper, one implementation of GraphQL is presented. GraphQL is an open-source data query and manipulation language for APIs. GraphQL enables faster application development and has less server code. The key advantage is the number of HTTP requests because all the desired data of the page is obtained with one request. This paper will show a comparative analysis on the example of a real website in the case of using the REST architecture and GraphQL in the case of different qualities of Internet connections, code complexity and the number of required requests.

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Papadopoulos, Yannis. Ethics Lost: The severance of the entrenched relationship between ethics and economics by contemporary neoclassical mainstream economics. Mέta | Centre for Postcapitalist Civilisation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55405/mwp1en.

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In this paper we examine the evolution of the relation between ethics and economics. Mainly after the financial crisis of 2008, many economists, scholars, and students felt the need to find answers that were not given by the dominant school of thought in economics. Some of these answers have been provided, since the birth of economics as an independent field, from ethics and moral philosophy. Nevertheless, since the mathematisation of economics and the departure from the field of political economy, which once held together economics, philosophy, history and political science, ethics and moral philosophy have lost their role in the economics’ discussions. Three are the main theories of morality: utilitarianism, rule-based ethics and virtue ethics. The neoclassical economic model has indeed chosen one of the three to justify itself, yet it has forgotten —deliberately or not— to involve the other two. Utilitarianism has been translated to a cost benefit analysis that fits the “homo economicus” and selfish portrait of humankind and while contemporary capitalism recognizes Adam Smith as its father it does not seem to recognize or remember not only the rest of the Scottish Enlightenment’s great minds, but also Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments. In conclusion, if ethics is to play a role in the formation of a postcapitalist economic theory and help it escape the hopeless quest for a Wertfreiheit, then the one-dimensional selection and interpretation of ethics and morality by economists cannot lead to justified conclusions about the decision-making process.

Koessl, Gerald. The system of limited-profit housing in Austria. Liège: CIRIEC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25518/ciriec.wp202204.

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Limited-profit housing plays a significant role in Austria’s housing market. Around a quarter of all households live in homes owned or managed by a limited-profit housing association (LPHA). These associations are characterised by a distinct business model, based on the premise of cost-recovery and revolving funds. By deviating both from the logic of for-profit housing and from public housing, LPHAs occupy a distinct ‘Third Sector’ role in Austria’s housing market. This paper describes the key mechanisms and principles of limited-profit housing, including how they are financed, how rents are set, what components are included in price calculations and how they use revolving funds to finance future affordable housing construction. The paper also elaborates the impact of the limited-profit business model on rent levels and draws on a recent study to demonstrate their wider economic impacts.

Kelbesa, Megersa. Digital Service Taxes and Their Application. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.135.

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Many developing economies have seen a rise in e-commerce activity within their borders, and a decline in income from traditional industries as a result of COVID-19, meaning the digital economy offers a potentially unexploited source of tax revenue. . As a result, more developing countries may soon begin adopting some sort of digital tax. The economic activities which may be subject to the Digital Services Tax (DST) may vary from country to country. It will, therefore, be necessary for businesses operating in multiple jurisdictions across developing countries to keep up with the changes in digital taxes. Before implementing a DST scheme, developing countries are advised to perform an in-depth cost-benefit analysis and due considerations. Some developing (and several developed) countries have already unilaterally implemented a “provisional” DST system. Other developing countries are on the process of implementing DST or have simply announced that they will implement a DST soon. Although most of the countries so far actively working on DST (are rich countries, a growing list of developing countries are joining the process. Some examples include the following: Malaysia, Indonesia, Kenya, Nigeria, Argentina and, Chile. It is important to mention that the literature on DST is very limited – although growing, and the evidence base around the economic impacts is particularly scarce. This is partly due to the quite recent nature of DST implementation. The evidence is even scarcer for developing countries – Due to these limitations, this rapid evidence review looks at different types of available literature – including reports and blogs issued by international financial institutions and development agencies. The rest of the report will give an overview of key proposed approaches to tax the digital economy, provide a very brief account of the economic impact of DST, provide a brief mapping of the implementation of digital service taxes in developing countries, provide a brief description of each DST system and about the economic impact of the DST, finally a brief account or attributes of a “good” DST system.

Chinsinga, Blessings, and Mirriam Matita. The Political Economy of the Groundnut Value Chain in Malawi: Its Re-Emergence Amidst Policy Chaos, Strategic Neglect, and Opportunism. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.010.

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This paper explores the political economy of the groundnut value chain in Malawi. The paper uses a combination of insights from the theoretical perspectives of political settlement, rents and policymaking to examine this value chain. Fused together, these theoretical perspectives underpin a political economy analysis framework, which entails systematically mapping all key actors in an issue area; identifying their interests and recognising their forms of power (political, economic, social, and ideological); understanding their relationships with each other; and appreciating the issues, narratives, and ideas that shape how and why they interact with each other.

Goya, Daniel. Marshallian and Jacobian Externalities in Creative Industries. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003992.

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Marshallian externalities are the benefits obtained by a sector due to geographical agglomeration, and Jacobian effects are spillovers related to the novel combinations that can occur in cities with diversified economic activities. This paper argues that most of the quantitative literature on creative industries is asking whether they are a source of Marshallian or Jacobian effects, inasmuch as a stronger creative sector is a direction of diversification that is likely to have positive spillovers to the rest of the economy. Exploring both questions under a common framework, the results are consistent with the existence of Marshallian but not of Jacobian effects, which calls to caution when making policy suggestions regarding the sector. The degree of specialization in creative sectors is associated with higher sales and a higher number of rms in those sectors, albeit at a decreasing rate. A similar relationship is found for specialization in creative occupations and the incomes of those workers. Though there is no evidence of spillovers from creative industries in general to the rest of the economy, analyses at a more disaggregated level could produce different results and useful insights for policy.

Andrian, Leandro Gaston, Oscar Valencia, Jorge Hirs, and Ivan Leonardo Urrea Rios. Fiscal Rules and Economic Cycles: Quality (Always) Matters. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004570.

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Governments can issue public debt for both good and bad reasons. The former include intertemporal tax smoothing, fiscal stimulus, and asset management. In contrast, the bad reasons, which generate higher indebtedness, are mainly associated with political cycles, rent capture, intergenerational transfers, and common pool problems. Fiscal rules aim to eliminate the problem of time inconsistency of public finances and minimize debt accumulation by setting debt limits. Despite the theoretical relevance of fiscal rules and institutions to the proper management of fiscal processes in different countries, the evidence indicates mixed results regarding the effectiveness of this type of mechanism for fiscal performance. To understand the effect that fiscal rules have on public debt, this paper studies the effect of different types of rules on debt behavior and their differential effects with respect to the economic cycle. Using a dynamic panel, which enables us to control for endogeneity problems, and the use of a fiscal rule quality index (Schaechter et. al., 2012), this paper finds that fiscal rules only have a significant effect on the reduction of public debt during the positive side of the economic cycle if adequate institutional arrangements accompany them. Furthermore, only some types of fiscal rules (expenditure rules) show a significant effect during the negative part of the cycle. These results have relevant policy implications, as they underscore the importance of (1) developing institutional arrangements that promote the proper functioning of fiscal rules and (2) considering economic cycle asymmetries in order to ensure the appropriate operation of fiscal rules and the fulfillment of policy objectives.

Carrasquilla-Barrera, Alberto, Arturo José Galindo-Andrade, Gerardo Hernández-Correa, Ana Fernanda Maiguashca-Olano, Carolina Soto, Roberto Steiner-Sampedro, and Juan José Echavarría-Soto. Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia - July 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep-eng.07-2020.

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In Colombia, as well as in the rest of the world, the Covid-19 pandemic has seriously damaged the health and well-being of the people. In order to limit the damage, local and national authorities have had to order large sectors of the population to be confined at their homes for long periods of time. An inevitable consequence of isolation has been the collapse of economic activity, expenditure, and employment, a phenomenon that has hit many countries of the world affected by the disease. It is an unprecedented crisis in modern times, not so much for its intensity (which is undoubtedly immense), but because its origin is not economic. That is what makes it so unpredictable and difficult to manage. Naturally, its economic consequences are enormous. Governments and central banks from all over the world are struggling to mitigate them, but the final solution is not in the hands of the economic authorities. Only science can provide a way out. In the meantime, the economic indicators in Colombia and in the rest of the world cause concern. The output falls, the massive loss of jobs, and the closure of businesses of all sizes have become daily news. Added to this, there is the deterioration in global financial conditions and the increase in the risk indicators. Financial volatility has increased and stock indexes have fallen. In the face of the lower global demand, export prices of raw materials have fallen, affecting the terms of trade for producing countries. Workers’ remittances have declined due to the increase of unemployment in developed countries. This crisis has also generated a strong reduction of global trade of goods and services, and effects on the global value chains. Central banks around the world have reacted decisively and quickly with strong liquidity injections and significant cuts to their interest rates. By mid-July, such determined response had succeeded to revert much of the initial deterioration in global financial conditions. The stock exchanges stopped their fall, and showed significant recovery in several countries. Risk premia, which at the beginning of the crisis took an unusual leap, recorded substantial corrections. Something similar happened with the volatility indexes of global financial markets, which exhibited significant improvement. Flexibilization of confinement measures in some economies, broad global liquidity, and fiscal policy measures have also contributed to improve global external financial conditions, albeit with indicators that still do not return to their pre-Covid levels.

Meneses, Juan Francisco, and José Luis Saboin. Growth Recoveries (from Collapses). Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003419.

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This paper analyzes the behavior of a long list of economic variables during episodes of recovery from an economic collapse. A set of stylized facts is proposed so as to depict what in this work is called \saygrowth recoveries. Through different estimation techniques, it is inferred under which conditions and policies the likelihood of experiencing a growth recovery increases. The results of the paper indicate that collapses tend to occur in countries with high dependence on natural resource rents, macroeconomic mismanagement, low levels of democratic accountability and rule of law and high levels of conflict. Recoveries, on the other hand, tend to be longer than collapses and are more likely to occur in contexts of: improved external conditions, less natural resource rents, balanced fiscal accounts, where the exchange rate corrects but within a more fixed exchange rate regime and a more restricted financial account, and where there are: rebounds in private consumption, increases in international trade and improvements on property rights.

Amaza, Paul, Sunday Mailumo, and Asenath Silong. The Political Economy of the Maize Value Chain in Nigeria. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.015.

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The aim of this case study is to understand the underlying political economy dynamics of the maize value chain in Nigeria, with a focus on how this can contribute to comprehending the drivers and constraints of agricultural commercialisation. The study is informed by theories of political settlements, rents, and policy processes. It asks questions around (1) the key actors and interests: who participates and how do they benefit? (2) Rules and policies: who makes the rules, and who wins and loses? And (3), what are the implications across different social groups?

Chinsinga, Blessings, and Lars Otto Naess. The Political Economy of Agricultural Commercialisation: Insights from Crop Value Chain Studies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2022.014.

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This paper is a synthesis of findings from 11 value chains case studies in six countries across sub- Saharan Africa, carried out as part of the APRA programme during 2020–21. The countries and their respective value chains case studies included: Ethiopia (rice), Ghana (oil palm and cocoa), Malawi (groundnuts), Nigeria (maize, cocoa and rice), Tanzania (rice and sunflower) and Zimbabwe (tobacco and maize). A political economy analysis (PEA) framework was used to examine the performance of the selected value chains in the six countries. The starting point for the studies was that the success of the value chains is driven by a combination of several factors, in particular related to the relative importance of a crop in the country’s political settlement, the relative influence of different actors, and, ultimately, its ability to generate and distribute rents. In this synthesis, we ask the following questions: (1) What are the drivers and obstacles to commercialisation in the value chains? (2) What are the key factors affecting rents and outcomes, and for whom? And, (3) what are the future prospects for the value chains?