Готові списки джерел за темами / Renewable gase

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Renewable gase"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Renewable gase"

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Meng, Jie, Jiajun Wang, Jianing Wang, Qunxiang Li та Jinlong Yang. "β-SnS/GaSe heterostructure: a promising solar-driven photocatalyst with low carrier recombination for overall water splitting". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 10, № 7 (2022): 3443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta10074b.

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Dalsaniya, Madhavi H., Trupti K. Gajaria, Narayan N. Som, Prafulla K. Jha, Piotr Śpiewak, and Krzysztof J. Kurzydłowski. "Type-II GeAs/GaSe heterostructure as suitable candidate for solar power conversion efficiency." Solar Energy 223 (July 2021): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.05.034.

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Al-Hattab, Mohamed, L'houcine Moudou, Mohammed Khenfouch, Omar Bajjou, Younes Chrafih, and Khalid Rahmani. "Numerical simulation of a new heterostructure CIGS/GaSe solar cell system using SCAPS-1D software." Solar Energy 227 (October 2021): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.08.084.

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Judd, Harold T., and Kathleen Liakos. "Electricity-renewables & transmission: Hidden challenges and increasing rewards of renewable procurement." Natural Gas & Electricity 28, no. 7 (January 30, 2012): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.21587.

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Templeman, Andre, Rohit Ogra, Mark Struk, and Bryan Crosby. "Financing-Renewables: Renewable Energy Markets Challenged, but Strategies for Profit Still Exist." Natural Gas & Electricity 29, no. 11 (May 21, 2013): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.21692.

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Mostow, Peter D. "Renewables-Marketing: Armed Forces' Gigawatt Initiative for Renewable Energy Creating Great Interest." Natural Gas & Electricity 29, no. 11 (May 21, 2013): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.21694.

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O'Connor, Craig. "Renewables-Finance: Export-Import Bank Has Major Role in Financing Renewable Energy." Natural Gas & Electricity 30, no. 2 (August 22, 2013): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.21712.

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Ponkratov, Vadim V., Alexey S. Kuznetsov, Iskandar Muda, Miftahul Jannah Nasution, Mohammed Al-Bahrani, and Hikmet Ş. Aybar. "Investigating the Index of Sustainable Development and Reduction in Greenhouse Gases of Renewable Energies." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 10, 2022): 14829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214829.

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Considering the limited resources of fossil energy and the problems caused by the emission of greenhouse gases, it is necessary to pay more attention to renewable energies, because in this way, the goals of sustainable development can be achieved. The importance of renewable energies in sustainable development, reducing greenhouse gases and increasing energy security on the one hand, and the need for financial resources and large investments for renewable energy projects on the other hand, doubles the role and importance of financial development in the development of renewable energies. Considering the importance of this issue, the present study examines the impact of the development of modern facilities and renewable energy technology. In this study, dynamic interactions in the Sustainable-Energy-Energy Development Pattern of carbon dioxide are investigated using the Bayesian Vector Auto Regression (BVAR) method. One of the most important indicators for evaluating sustainable development is the modified pure arrangement (GS). For this purpose, this index was used as a sustainable development index. The results indicate that the effect of positive impulse on renewable and renewable energy consumption on sustainable development in Uganda is positive. In addition, the positive shock of renewable and renewable energy consumption increases the emissions of carbon dioxide pollutants to a different extent. In addition, the effect of the growth of sustainable development index on renewable energy consumption and renewal energy consumption is (CO2) negative. The research results show that based on the RMSE criterion, the former SSVS-Full function was used to investigate the impact of renewable energy consumption on sustainable development and the independent Normal-Wish art function was used. Therefore, in this research, the dynamic relationships between sustainable development, energy consumption (separately from renewable and non-renewable energy) and CO2 emissions are investigated.
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Sinaiko, Daniel. "Renewable Energy-Finance: Financing US Renewable Energy Projects in a Post-Subsidy World." Natural Gas & Electricity 29, no. 10 (April 18, 2013): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.21685.

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Russo, Thomas N. "Regulatory Challenges Facing Renewable Natural Gas." Natural Gas & Electricity 36, no. 10 (May 2020): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.22172.

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Дисертації з теми "Renewable gase"

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Thomson, Rachel Camilla. "Carbon and energy payback of variable renewable generation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8875.

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The continued drive to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in order to mitigate climate change has led to an increase in demand for low-carbon energy sources, and the development of new technologies to harness the available energy in the wind, waves and tides. Many controversies surround these technologies, however, particularly with regards to their economic cost, environmental impacts and the implications of the variability of their output for security of the electricity supply. In order to make informed policy decisions on future developments of the electricity system, it is necessary to address these controversies and confirm the environmental, economic and social sustainability of these new renewable generators. This thesis specifically examines two key issues: whether new variable-output renewable energy generators actually deliver a net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions over their lifetimes, and whether they produce a viable energy return on energy investment. Although renewable energy sources are themselves ‘carbon free’, GHG emissions (and energy consumption) occur during the construction, maintenance and decommissioning of the generator infrastructure required to convert this energy into electricity. Furthermore, the variability of the output power from such generators has implications for the operation of the grid - there may be a requirement for additional reserve capacity and the increased part-loading of conventional plant is likely to reduce its operating efficiency. Carbon and energy paybacks are measures of the time required for a new renewable installation to offset these life cycle impacts. The work presented in this thesis examines both the life cycle impacts and the GHG emissions displacement of variable renewable generation, using Great Britain as a case study, in order to provide a basis for significantly more robust and reliable estimates of carbon and energy paybacks. The extensive literature survey concentrates on two key areas: current calculation methodologies and estimates for life cycle carbon and energy consumption of power generators; and the marginal emissions displacement of variable renewable generation. A detailed life cycle assessment of the Pelamis wave energy converter is presented, which sets the embodied carbon and energy in the context of the wider environmental impacts and includes an examination of the effect of different assumptions on the analysis results. In order to investigate the true emissions displacement of renewable generation, a historical analysis of real data from the National Grid was carried out, identifying the marginal displacement factor of wind power and taking into account the effect of the efficiency penalties of conventional plant. The findings of the analyses presented in this thesis are combined with information from the literature to examine the actual carbon and energy payback of existing renewable generation infrastructure on the British grid, and to provide detailed recommendations for future carbon and energy payback calculations.
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Ghalebani, Alireza. "Renewable Energy Investment Planning and Policy Design." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6243.

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In this dissertation, we leverage predictive and prescriptive analytics to develop decision support systems to promote the use of renewable energy in society. Since electricity from renewable energy sources is still relatively expensive, there are variety of financial incentive programs available in different regions. Our research focuses on financial incentive programs and tackles two main problem: 1) how to optimally design and control hybrid renewable energy systems for residential and commercial buildings given the capacity based and performance based incentives, and 2) how to develop a model-based system for policy makers for designing optimal financial incentive programs to promote investment in net zero energy (NZE) buildings. In order to customize optimal investment and operational plans for buildings, we developed a mixed integer program (MIP). The optimization model considers the load profile and specifications of the buildings, local weather data, technology specifications and pricing, electricity tariff, and most importantly, the available financial incentives to assess the financial viability of investment in renewable energy. It is shown how the MIP model can be used in developing customized incentive policy designs and controls for renewable energy system.
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Khan, MD Ershad Ullah. "Renewables Based Polygeneration for Rural Development in Bangladesh." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-205556.

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Despite the country's rural electrification programme, kerosene is the predominant source for lighting, and unsustainable and polluting woody biomass is virtually the only option available for cooking. The rural population also struggles with unsafe drinking water in terms of widespread arsenic contamination of well water. The present work has taken an integrated approach in an attempt to mitigate problems through small-scale polygeneration, a concept linking renewable energy sources to these energy needs via novel energy conversion systems. Anaerobic digesters (AD) for biogas production are promising in the rural setting, and field surveys have identified problems in the construction, maintenance and operation of existing AD, particularly in overall performance of household digesters. Based on these results, a number of operational and technological improvements are suggested for employing digesters in polygeneration units. This study also examines one approach for small-scale, low cost arsenic removal in groundwater through air gap membrane distillation, a thermally-driven water purification technology. Integration of biogas production with power generation and water purification is an innovative concept that lies at the core of feasibility analyses conducted in this work. One of the case studies presents a new concept for integrated biogas based polygeneration and analyzes the techno-economic performance of the scheme for meeting the demand of electricity, cooking energy and safe drinking water of 30 households in a rural village of Bangladesh. The specific technologies chosen for the key energy conversion steps are as follows: plug-flow digester; internal combustion engine; and membrane distillation. One major concern is local feedstock availability for the digester, since a single feedstock is impractical to serve both cooking, lighting and water purification systems. In this circumstance solar PV could be a potential option for integrated hybrid systems.
Bangladesh har varit föremål för en svår energikris (bristande el- och gasnät) de senaste tre decennierna. Landsbygden, som innefattar 75 % av befolkningen, har varit särskilt drabbad. Trots landets elektrifieringsprogram av landsbygden är fotogenlampor den företrädande ljuskällan, medan förorenande och ohållbar träbaserad biomassa är praktiskt taget det enda alternativet för matlagning. Landsbygden kämpar samtidigt mot osäkert dricksvatten, på grund av utbredd arsenikförgiftning av brunnsvatten, med negativa hälsoeffekter som följd. Tillgång till ren energi och säkert dricksvatten är verkliga behov bland de fattiga på landsbygden, för ökad välfärd. Detta arbete antar ett integrerat tillvägagångssätt för att försöka lösa dessa problem genom småskalig polygenerering. Detta koncept länkar samman förnyelsebara energikällor av biomassa och sol med energibehoven, genom nya energiomvandlingssystem. Anaerobiska rötkammare för biogasproduktion är lovande för landsbygdsmiljö, även om det för närvarande råder en betydande klyfta mellan den tekniska och kostandseffektiva potentialen och faktisk implementering på grund av bristande tekniskt kunnande och tillgång på råmaterial, höga installations- och driftkostnader, och begränsade användartillämpningar. Intervjuundersökningar visar på problem i konstruktion, underhåll och drift av befintliga anaerobiska rötkammare. Särskilt den generella prestandan hos hushållsrötkammare identifieras som bristfällig. Utifrån dessa resultat föreslås en rad drift- och teknikförbättringar för att utnyttja rötkammare i polygenereringssystem.   Denna studie undersöker även en metod för småskalig och kostnadseffektiv arsenikrening av grundvatten genom membrandestillation med luftspalt (Air Gap Membrane Distillation, AGMD), vilket är en termiskt driven vattenreningsteknik. Resultat från en experimentell undersökning visar att den undersökta AGMD-prototypen är kapabel att uppnå utmärkt separationseffektivitet med hänsyn till arsenikrening. Parametriska studier med fokus på varierande kylvattentemperatur illustrerar möjligheten att integrera AGMD-teknik i diverse termiska system. Integrering av biogasproduktion med kraftproduktion och vattenrening är ett innovativt koncept som utgör kärnan av förstudierna utförda i detta arbete. En av studierna visar ett nytt koncept för biogasbaserad polygenerering och analyserar den techno-ekonomiska prestandan av metoden för att möta efterfrågan av elektricitet, matlagningsvärme och säkert dricksvatten för 30 hushåll i en Bangladeshisk by på landsbygden. De specifika tekniker som valts för energiomvandlingsstegen är följande: plugg-flödesrötkammare, förbränningsmotor och en AGMD-enhet. Termodynamisk utvärdering inklusive mass- och energibalans av systemet undersöktes tillsammans med produktionskostnaden för elektricitet, matlagningsgas, och säkert dricksvatten. Även återbetalningsperiod och internräntan undersöktes. För att bemöta energi- och arsenikproblemen i Bangladesh, indikerar resultaten att detta polygenereringssystem är mycket mer konkurrenskraftigt och lovande (med avseende på produktionskostnaderna) jämfört med andra tillgängliga tekniker. Ett viktigt problem för rötkammaren är tillgången till lokalt råmaterial, eftersom en ensam källa till råmaterial är opraktiskt för att tillgodose efterfrågan från både matlagning, belysning och vattenrening. I detta fall kan solceller vara ett potentiellt alternativ för integrerade hybridsystem. Teknisk värdering och optimering har genomförts för elektricitet med verktyget HOMER (Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources), för ett polygenereringssystem beläget i byn Panipara i Faridpur. Resultaten visar att systement kan tillgodoses det dagliga elektricitetsbehovet och samtidigt producera 0.4 m3 matlagningsbränsle och 2-3 L/person rent dricksvatten. Kostnadsuppskattningar visar att denna metod är högst gynnsam jämfört med andra förnyelsebara alternativ (t ex vind-, vatten-, biobränslebaserad- eller geotermisk energi).

QC 20170419


SIDA – the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Department for Research Cooperation, SAREC- project no. SWE-2011-135
STEM-Fjärrsyn project 2014
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Hughes, Dimitri. "Facilitated characterization of a catalytic partial oxidation fuel reformer using in situ measurements." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31646.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.
Committee Co-Chair: Haynes, Comas; Committee Co-Chair: Wepfer, William; Committee Member: Jeter, Sheldon. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Mkosi, Lungisa. "Characterization of various garden grass species for energy conversion in a down draft biomass gasifier." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5817.

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Energy plays a vital role in socio-economic development and raising living standards of human beings. The overreliance on fossil fuels results in the depletion of fossil fuels as well as environmental pollution from the green-house gases that result from the use of fossil fuels. Biomass feedstock are able to ameliorate this situation by utilizing the CO2 that has been used by plants during photosynthesis. This study investigated the suitability of the three garden grass species (Chloris gayana, Cynodon dactylon and Pennisetum clandestum) as biomass feedstock for gasification purposes. The three garden grass species were collected at the Alice Campus of the University of Fort Hare. These grass species were characterized using elemental analyser (CHNS), FT-IR, EDX and TGA. The Activation energy (Ea) of the three grass species were 48.22 kJ/mol for P. clandestum, 36.8 kJ/mol for C. gayana and 258 kJ/mol for C. dactylon. Of the three grass species, C. gayana had the lowest Activation energy of 36.8 kJ/mol and also had the highest maximum efficiency of 69 percent compared to 65.3 percent for P. clandestum and 63.5 percent for C. dactylon. Actual gasification was not carried out but the results on maximum efficiency were obtained from computer simulation of gasification.
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González, García-Cervigón Maria Inmaculada. "Adsorption and oxidation of NO to NO2 over a renewable activated carbon from coconut." Thesis, Brunel University, 2016. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/13678.

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The NOx health and environmental problems make necessary to reduce this gaseous emission from different sources. Furthermore, its increase in the last years and the difficulties to remove it with after-treatment systems already in the market make more urgent the development of new techniques. The purpose of this investigation is to study the low temperature catalytic oxidation of NO to NO2 and its adsorption over a renewable activated carbon (AC) from coconut shell. The present research presents the results of experimental work carried out using a laboratory scale reactor to investigate the low temperature catalytic oxidation of NO. Activated carbon was housed in the reactor and tests were carried out with different reactor sizes, different activated carbon forms and shapes, different gas mixtures at different temperatures and different levels of humidity to simulate dry and wet particulate-free diesel engine exhaust gas. The effects of addition of ozone in the gas on the NO oxidation were also explored. Gas analysis upstream and downstream of the catalytic reactor was carried out in all cases during the charge and regeneration of the AC. An extensive literature review in conjunction with measurement of some properties of the activated carbon helped to understand better its characteristics and behaviour. The results of this study indicate that in the case of dry gas, the activated carbon initially acts as an adsorber and only after operation of several hours, the NO oxidation that takes place in the reactor results in increased NO2 levels in the product gas. The NO conversion is affected by the activated carbon form and reaction conditions including temperature, humidity, oxygen, NO, CO2 content in the inlet gas, temperature, space velocity, linear gas velocity, residence time, reactor shape, AC pretreatment and lifespan. Water vapour has a detrimental effect on the conversion of NO to NO2 before the AC reaches the steady-state conditions. On the other hand, ozone is effective in converting NO to NO2 at room temperature. This research has developed some findings not studied or reported by other researches before and confirms and/or complements results reported in the literature review by other groups, which will benefit the development of a renewable after-treatment system of NOx emissions.
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Butler, Kirt Gordon. "Relationship of Solar Energy Installation Permits to Renewable Portfolio Standards and Insolation." Thesis, Walden University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3739574.

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Legislated renewable portfolio standards (RPSs) may not be the key to ensure forecast energy demands are met. States without a legislated RPS and with efficient permitting procedures were found to have approved and issued 28.57% more permits on average than those with a legislated RPS. Assessment models to make informed decisions about the need and effect of legislated RPSs do not exist. Decision makers and policy creators need to use empirical data and a viable model to resolve the debate over a nationally legislated RPS. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine if relationships between the independent variables of RPS and insolation levels and the dependent variable of the percentage of permits approved would prove to be a viable model. The research population was 68 cities in the United States, of which 55 were used in this study. The return on investment economic decision model provided the theoretical framework for this study and the model generated. The output of multiple regression analysis indicated a weak to medium positive relationship among the variables. None of these relationships were statistically significant at the 0.05 level. A model using site specific data might yield significant results and be useful for determining which solar energy projects to pursue and where to implement them without Federal or State mandated RPSs. A viable model would bring about efficiency gains in the permitting process and effectiveness gains in promoting installations of solar energy-based systems. Research leading to the development of a viable model would benefit society by encouraging the development of sustainable energy sources and helping to meet forecast energy demands.

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Weber-Newth, Francesca. "The game of urban regeneration : culture & community in London 2012 and Berlin's Mediaspree." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=227623.

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This thesis explores who 'wins' and 'loses' in urban regeneration, and the mechanisms behind this process. I take a comparative approach, focusing on two neighbourhoods – Hackney Wick Fish Island and Rudolfkiez – that are adjacent to the large-scale regeneration schemes London 2012 and Mediaspree in Berlin. By analysing how urban regeneration is experienced on the ground, my aim is to disrupt the notion that Olympic-led regeneration is any different from other forms of neoliberal urban development. I adopt Pierre Bourdieu's view of the social world as made up of competitive 'games' to demonstrate that urban regeneration is a game with winners and losers in which language constructions play a decisive role. I use the lenses of 'culture' and 'community' to analyse the dynamics of urban regeneration by documenting how the two concepts are strategically employed, and who has a monopoly over 'legitimate' definitions. I draw on a mixed methodology, including interviews, visual methods, document analysis and participant observation. Analysis of the empirical data demonstrates that despite significantly different historical contexts, political ideologies and fiscal climates, the power dynamics of urban development converge in Berlin and London. My analysis shows that, while there is a tendency for 'the winners to keep winning and the losers to keep losing', protest networks and critical artistic practices can change the language of the game and therefore have the potential to shift the dominant neoliberal logic. My aim is to reveal these subtleties and nuances of the game.
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Rameesdeen, Sabra Banu. "Investigation of the ketonization reaction of renewable acids and esters." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/25424/.

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Ketonization is a promising reaction for the upgrading of bio oils produced from biomass and it is used for the preparation of highly valuable asymmetrical ketones such as di-hydrocalchone (HC) and acetyl furan (Ac-Fur). But, they are produced in the liquid-phase with poorly sustainable processes, e.g. Friedel-Crafts acylations (Ac-Fur) and tandem acylation/alkylation (HC) with homogeneous Lewis acid catalysts or oxidations with organic peroxides and excess MnO2 (HC) or H2O2 and inorganic homogeneous catalysts. The development of an alternative gas-phase process to produce HC and Et-Fur by means of cross-ketonization is highly desirable because it would avoid the issues of traditional methods. Moreover, most reactants required for the ketonization process could be prepared from renewable resources. This thesis was dedicated to the study of the cross-ketonization between ethyl benzoate (EB) and ethyl-3-phenylpropionate (EPP) and between ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and ethyl-2-furoate (Et-Fur) to synthetize HC and 2-Ac-Fur respectively. Ketonization of EPP with EB was carried out over different metal oxides (namely ZrO2, La2O3, CeO2) and it was found that ZrO2 was the best catalyst, probably due to its amphoteric properties. Over this material, the formation of HC was maximized by a large excess of EB (EB/EPP= 9) and by a high reaction temperature (350 °C); the effect of water co-feeding was also evaluated in the attempt of maximize HC yield by hydrolyzing EB in situ and producing the more reactive BA, but it was found that instead water reduces catalyst activity. Similar conclusions were drawn investigating the ketonization of Et-Fur with EtOAc over ZrO2. In conclusion, HC was obtained with 80% selectivity at 77% EPP conversion at 350 °C, with 1 second and with a EB/EPP molar ratio = 9, while Ac-Fur was obtained with 82% selectivity at 82% Et-Fur conversion in the same conditions but with a lower EtOAc/Et-Fur molar ratio of 4.
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Dabrowska, Kornelia Anna. "LINKING PROFITABILITY, RENEWABLE ENERGY, AND EXTERNALITIES: A SPATIAL ECONOMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF OHIO DAIRIES." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1269360484.

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Книги з теми "Renewable gase"

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Droege, Peter. Urban energy transition: From fossil fuels to renewable power. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2008.

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2

Rosío, Vargas, and Valdés-Ugalde José Luis, eds. Alternativas energéticas para el siglo XXI. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coordinación de Humanidades, Centro de Investigación sobre América del Norte, 2006.

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3

Gas pipeline renewal: Insertion technology. Houston,Tex: Gulf Pub. Co., 1990.

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4

service), ScienceDirect (Online, ed. Urban energy transition: From fossil fuels to renewable power. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2008.

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5

Kitasei, Saya. Powering the low-carbon economy: The once and future roles of renewable energy and natural gas. Edited by Mastny Lisa editor and Worldwatch Institute. Washington, D.C: WorldWatch Institute, 2010.

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6

1974-, Griffin James, and Lempert Robert J, eds. Impacts on U.S. energy expenditures and greenhouse-gas emissions of increasing renewable-energy use. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 2008.

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7

Prévot, Henri. Moins de CO2 pour pas trop cher: Propositions pour une politique de l'énergie. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2012.

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8

California Energy Commission. Fuels & Transportation Division., KEMA (Firm), and Bates White LLC, eds. Challenges and opportunities to deliver renewable energy from Baja California Norte to California. [Sacramento, Calif.]: California Energy Commission, 2008.

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9

Robert, Motta, and National Renewable Energy Laboratory (U.S.), eds. Alternative fuel transit buses: Final results from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) vehicle evaluation program. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1996.

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National Renewable Energy Laboratory (U.S.), ed. Western renewable energy zones: Meeting transmission challenges in the Rocky Mountain Region. Golden, Colo.]: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2011.

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Частини книг з теми "Renewable gase"

1

Abbess, Jo. "Renewable Gas Systems." In Renewable Gas, 91–132. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137441805_5.

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Abbess, Jo. "An Introduction to Renewable Gas." In Renewable Gas, 1–20. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137441805_1.

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Abbess, Jo. "Energy Change and Investment Challenges." In Renewable Gas, 21–43. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137441805_2.

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Abbess, Jo. "Energy Transitions and Renewable Gas." In Renewable Gas, 45–75. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137441805_3.

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Abbess, Jo. "A Brief History of Gas." In Renewable Gas, 77–89. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137441805_4.

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Abbess, Jo. "The Technology of Renewable Gas." In Renewable Gas, 133–66. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137441805_6.

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Abbess, Jo. "The Energy Policy Context for Renewable Gas." In Renewable Gas, 167–201. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137441805_7.

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Abbess, Jo. "Reflections and Conclusions." In Renewable Gas, 203–12. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137441805_8.

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9

Erickson, Larry E., and Gary Brase. "Renewable Energy." In Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Improving Air Quality, 51–58. Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2020.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351116589-5.

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Sathaye, Jayant, and Stephen Meyers. "Renewable Energy Supply." In Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Assessment: A Guidebook, 133–49. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8466-1_9.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Renewable gase"

1

Alahmed, Ammar, Mourad Younes, and Aqil Jamal. "Novel Promising Metal-Organic Framework for the Decarbonization of Oil and Gas Utilities Sector." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22418-ea.

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Abstract The global demand for energy is on the rise and in order to eliminate the associated emissions, carbon capture utilization and storage is deemed as one of solutions to achieve this target.1 Furthermore, the development of renewable energy alternatives including: solar, wind, geothermal, etc., is one of the potential long-term options to eliminate additional emissions.2 Although electricity generation from renewable sources is on the rise, it is going to be a long journey for renewables to take over the traditional power generation routes.2
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2

Aydin, Hakki, and Cenk Temizel. "Renewables, Energy Transition, and the Future of Conventional and Unconventional Oil & Gas in California." In SPE Western Regional Meeting. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209250-ms.

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Abstract Historically, renewable energy technologies have been seen as a source of competition by the oil and gas industry. However, the oil and gas industry is now one of the primary sources of investments in renewable energy technologies. The oil and gas industry in California, in particular, has been making significant investments in renewables and leveraging the latest renewable energy technologies to reduce the carbon footprint of oilfield applications. This study analyzes the latest advances in renewable energy solutions, their impact on energy transition efforts in the state, and the potential of further developing conventional and unconventional oil and gas resources in California. This paper has focused on conducting a thorough review of literature related to the latest advances in renewable energy technologies and energy transition efforts in California and the applications of these technologies in reducing the carbon footprint of oilfield activities, along with examples of renewables as a complementary resource to oil and gas. Furthermore, the availability of conventional and unconventional oil and gas resources in the state has been summarized. The potential of developing these resources in the future is analyzed in detail. The literature includes a comprehensive set of references ranging from peer-reviewed journal publications and proceedings to data from market studies and other non-technical publications and market predictions by renowned experts. The position of renewable energy resources either as a competing or complementary source to oil and natural gas in California and the impact of these resources in energy transition efforts in the state are discussed. Examples of the use of renewable energy technologies to improve various processes within oil and gas production operations are provided, and the prospect of further developing conventional and unconventional oil and gas resources in the state has been investigated to conclude the impact of both these energy sources to the regional energy supply and demand dynamics. In addition, the benefits, drawbacks and challenges in scaling up the use of these energy sources are discussed in detail. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the current status of renewable energy resources, energy transition efforts, and the future of conventional and unconventional oil and gas resources in California. It serves as a single source of reference to the oil and gas industry in laying out relevant data and information related to renewable energy resources from the point of view of oil and gas market dynamics and closes the gap in highlighting the latest advances and the future of the energy industry in California.
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3

Canbaz, Celal Hakan, Hakki Aydin, Ezgi Canbaz, Ismayil Akberov, Firat Aksahan, Athar Hussain, Hossein Emadi, and Cenk Temizel. "A Comprehensive Review and Status of Renewable Resources and Oil & Gas Under the Supply and Demand Dynamics in the World." In SPE Europec featured at 82nd EAGE Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205116-ms.

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Abstract As major oil and gas companies have been investing in renewable energy, renewable energy has been part of the oil and gas industry in the last decade. Originally, renewables were seen as a competing form of energy source as a threat that may replace or decrease the share of fossil fuels as an alternative energy resource in the US and developed countries. However, oil and gas industry has adapted to the wind of change and has started investing and utilizing the renewable sources of energy significantly. In this perspective, this study investigates and outlines the latest advances, technologies, potential of renewables both as an alternative and a complementary source of energy in the world n the current supply and demand dynamics of oil and gas resources. A comprehensive literature review focusing on the recent developments and findings in the renewable resources along with the availability of the renewable energy and locations are outlined and discussed under the current dynamics of the oil and gas market and resources. Literature review includes a broad spectrum that spans from technical petroleum literature with very comprehensive research using SCOPUS database to non-technical but renowned resources including journals and other publications including raw data as well as forecasts and opinions of respected experts. The raw data and expert opinions are organized, summarized and outlined in a temporal way within its category for the respective energy source. Not only the facts and information are outlined for the individual type of energy resource but also the relationship between the forms of energy resources are discussed from a perspective of their roles either as a competing or a complementary source to oil and gas. In this sense, this study goes beyond only providing raw data or facts about the energy resources but also a thorough publication that provides the oil and gas industry professional with a clear image of the past, present and the expected near future of the oil and gas industry as it stands with respect to renewable energy resources. Among the few existing studies that shed light on the current status of the oil and gas industry facing the development of the renewable energy are up-to-date and the existing studies within SPE domain focus on facts only lacking the interrelationship between the individual form of renewable energy and oil and gas such as solar energy used in oil and gas fields as a complementary renewable energy.
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4

Hormaza Mejia, Nohora A., and Jack Brouwer. "Gaseous Fuel Leakage From Natural Gas Infrastructure." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-88271.

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Hydrogen has often been studied as a possible fuel of the future due to its capabilities to support zero emissions and sustainable energy conversion. Hydrogen can be used in a fuel cell to generate electricity at high efficiencies and with zero emissions. In addition, hydrogen can be renewably produced via electrolysis reactions that are powered from otherwise curtailed renewable energy. One possible means of storing and delivering renewable hydrogen is to inject it into the existing natural gas (NG) system and thus decarbonize gas end-uses. The NG system has potential to serve as a storage, transmission and distribution system for renewably produced hydrogen. Despite the potential of hydrogen to reduce the carbon intensity of the NG system, the unique characteristics of hydrogen (low molecular weight, high diffusivity, lower volumetric heating value, propensity to embrittle pipeline materials) has led to justified concerns over the safety of introducing hydrogen blends into the NG system. While many studies have attempted to quantitatively predict leakage rates of hydrogen using classical fluid mechanics theories, such as Hagen-Poiseuille flow, there have been limited studies which quantitatively assess gaseous fuel leakage to support the predictions made from theoretical analyses and computations. In this paper we present a summary of the literature related to gaseous fuel leakage and results from preliminary experiments which support the idea that entrance effects may significantly affect gaseous fuel leakage from practical leak scenarios such as NG fittings, resulting in similar leakage rates between hydrogen and NG.
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5

Leighty, William C. "Running the World on Renewables: Hydrogen Transmission Pipelines With Firming Geologic Storage." In ASME 2008 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2008-60031.

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The world’s richest renewable energy resources — of large geographic extent and high intensity — are stranded: far from end-users with inadequate or nonexistent gathering and transmission systems to deliver the energy. The energy output of most renewables varies greatly, at time scales of seconds to seasons: the energy capture assets thus operate at inherently low capacity factor (CF); energy delivery to end-users is not “firm”. New electric transmission systems, or fractions thereof, dedicated to renewables, will suffer the same low CF, and represent substantial stranded capital assets, which increases the cost of delivered renewable-source energy. Electric energy storage cannot affordably firm large renewables at annual scale. At gigawatt (GW = 1,000 MW) scale, renewable-source electricity from diverse sources, worldwide, can be converted to hydrogen and oxygen, via high-pressure-output electrolyzers, with the hydrogen pipelined to load centers (cities, refineries, chemical plants) for use as vehicle fuel, combined-heat-and-power generation on the retail side of the customers’ meters, ammonia production, and petroleum refinery feedstock. The oxygen byproduct may be sold to adjacent dry biomass and / or coal gasification plants. Figures 1–3. New, large, solution-mined salt caverns in the southern Great Plains, and probably elsewhere in the world, may economically store enough energy as compressed gaseous hydrogen (GH2) to “firm” renewables at annual scale, adding great market and strategic value to diverse, stranded, rich, renewable resources. Figures 2 and 3. For example, Great Plains, USA, wind energy, if fully harvested and “firmed” and transmitted to markets, could supply the entire energy consumption of USA. If gathered, transmitted, and delivered as hydrogen, about 15,000 new solution-mined salt caverns, of ∼8 million cubic feet (225,000 cubic meters) each, would be required, at an incremental capital cost to the generation-transmission system of ∼5%. We report the results of several studies of the technical and economic feasibility of large-scale renewables — hydrogen systems. Windplants are the lowest-cost new renewable energy sources; we focus on wind, although concentrating solar power (CSP) is probably synergistic and will become attractive in cost. The largest and richest renewable resources in North America, with high average annual windspeed and sunlight, are stranded in the Great Plains: extant electric transmission capacity is insignificant relative to the resource potential. Large, new, electric transmission systems will be costly, difficult to site and permit, and may be difficult to finance, because of public opposition, uncertainties about transmission cost recovery, and inherently low CF in renewables service. The industrial gas companies’ decades of success and safety in operating thousands of km of GH2 pipelines worldwide is encouraging, but these are relatively short, small-diameter pipelines, and operating at low and constant pressure: not subject to the technical demands of renewables-hydrogen service (RHS), nor to the economic challenge of delivering low-volumetric-energy-density GH2 over hundreds or thousands of km to compete with other hydrogen sources at the destination. The salt cavern storage industry is also mature; several GH2 storage caverns have been in service for over twenty years; construction and operating and maintenance (O&M) costs are well understood; O&M costs are low.
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6

Ali, Hussameldin, Zakaria Hamdi, Oluwole Talabi, Gillian Pickup, and Saiful Nizam. "Comprehensive Approach for Modeling Underground Hydrogen Storage in Depleted Gas Reservoirs." In SPE Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210638-ms.

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Abstract Renewable energy is becoming an integral part of our energy supply; however, seasonality and weather dependence are some of their major limitations. Therefore, grid integration with reliable storage systems is crucial. One promising energy storage technology is green hydrogen generation and storage. Some research has been ongoing into hydrogen storage in underground porous media, but it mostly lacks comprehensive dynamic modelling of the storage operation and the associated potential losses. In this work. a holistic hydrogen storage operation in a heterogenous depleted gas reservoir and its likely associated underground losses was modelled. Fluid model verification was performed to assess the suitability of a typical equation of state to represent hydrogen behavior at reservoir conditions. The study aimed to assess the feasibility of storing 15% of the renewably generated power in Malaysia for grid-scale equilibration purposes. A total of 12 storage cycles with potential diffusion and biochemical losses were simulated. The storage operation performed effectively in all the key performance indicators. 68.1% of the injected storage volume was recovered by the 12th cycle. It was observed that the purity of the produced hydrogen is influenced by reservoir heterogeneity. Lastly, it was found that storing 15% of Malaysian renewable energy in a depleted gas reservoir was technically feasible.
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7

Guandalini, Giulio, Stefano Campanari, and Matteo C. Romano. "Comparison of Gas Turbines and Power-to-Gas Plants for Improved Wind Park Energy Dispatchability." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-26838.

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According to IEA projections for the year 2050, up to 50% of the energy demand in the next decades could be covered by non-programmable sources (e.g. wind and solar power), which can significantly affect power quality, grid stability and power generation planning. Moreover, in several countries a fast growth of installed power based on renewables could not be followed by a simultaneous growth of local grid capacities, leading to increase probability of load shedding events, reducing the productivity of renewable power plants. In this perspective, an important role will be played by technologies which allow improving the dispatchability of non-programmable renewable power plants like wind parks. While a classical approach to grid power modulation relies on gas turbines, an increasing attention is given nowadays to new technologies, not based on fossil fuels, specially focusing on the adoption of energy storage systems. Among these options, one of the most promising relies on the “power-to-gas” concept, which consists in producing hydrogen by water electrolysis and injecting it into the natural gas infrastructure, as currently considered by some research projects and demonstration-scale plants. With respect to hydrogen storage technologies, this option limits the need of a local hydrogen storage reservoir, reducing the investment costs, improving the renewable fraction of gaseous fuels and allowing to oversize the renewable installed power with respect to the grid capacity. In this work a preliminary investigation of the economic feasibility of this system is carried out, starting from the example of the forecasted scenario of wind power evolution in some EU countries. A statistical approach is applied in order to evaluate the error in energy production forecasts. As results, a preliminary sizing of the whole system is proposed, estimating the economic outlook, the possible annual energy and emission balances and the influence of the uncertainty in declared production from wind power plants. A comparison with power modulation based on gas turbines is set up in order to evaluate which are the parameters that influence the economic viability of both solutions, evidencing the different operational criteria of the two systems and their impact on the dispatchability of energy.
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8

Brown, Merwin, Lloyd Cibulka, Jim Cole, and Larry Miller. "New Electric Transmission Technologies for Renewable Integration." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90161.

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California has established aggressive Renewables Portfolio Standard (RPS) goals to increase the fraction of electricity generated from renewable energy resources and to decrease greenhouse gas emissions. Legislation AB 32 requires 20% of California’s electricity to come from renewables by 2010. More recently, an executive order has set a goal of 33% by 2020. Most of this new renewable generation will require the electric grid for delivering its electricity to customers. Renewable generators will be integrated into the grid at both transmission and distribution levels, but most of this capacity is expected to connect to the transmission system in locations remote from load centers and existing transmission infrastructure. Consequently, new transmission extensions must be built. But permitting and constructing new transmission are taking considerably longer than they do for the power plants the new transmission will serve, creating a significant challenge for meeting the RPS goals. Once connected to the grid, some of this renewable generation will exhibit properties, such as intermittency, quite different from traditional generation and loads, which pose special challenges for providing timely grid delivery capacity, maintaining reliability, and avoiding economic inefficiencies. Finally, power flow constraints through existing transmission “gateways” into population centers must be relieved before the electricity from renewables can reach customers. Meeting these challenges will require new or expanded capabilities for the grid. At higher RPS levels, the conventional “build” solutions, namely new extension lines, expanding the capacity of existing transmission gateways to load centers, and building conventional power plants for support, will prove inadequate by themselves, either because they are not the most cost effective or can’t be permitted. New transmission technologies offer the prospect of providing a substantial portion of these new or expanded capabilities to supplement these build solutions. This paper provides a technology development survey for achieving an electric transmission infrastructure functionally capable of performing its role in meeting the Renewables Portfolio Standard goals. These new technologies were examined in the context of providing three new or expanded broad capabilities: (1) Provide physical access for each new power plant, (2) Reliably accommodate any unique renewable generator behaviors, and (3) Increase the grid’s power carrying capacity to handle the additional electric power flows. Many of these new capabilities will foster a more intelligent, robust and flexible transmission system as part of the Smart Grid. This intelligence also opens the prospects for an expanded role for distributed renewable generation to help meet the RPS goals and reduce some of the burden on transmission. Finally new physical capabilities must be added to turn the intelligence into actions.
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9

Ancona, M. A., M. Bianchi, L. Branchini, A. Brilloni, A. De Pascale, F. Melino, and A. Peretto. "Power to Ice: A Novel Approach to Stabilize Non-Programmable Renewable by Means of Gas Turbine IACC." In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-75216.

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Large penetration of non-programmable energy sources, such as wind, is a challenging issue for grid operators and quick ramping fossil fuel generators. Indeed, the variability and fluctuation of renewables (i.e. rapid change in generation over relatively short time periods) is increasing the need for regulating power. In this context and according to Authors knowledge, the innovative approach proposed in this study is to use a gas turbine equipped with continuous cooling in order to stabilize the power output generation of renewable generators. The gas turbine power boost, obtained thanks to inlet air cooling, will compensate for renewable generators underproduction. On the opposite, in case of renewable generators power output surplus, the excess of power is driven to a compressor chiller device for cold water storage, then used to chill gas turbine inlet air whenever needed. A detailed performance evaluation on the proposed system is carried out showing the influence of most important parameters (i.e. additional pressure losses introduced with the cooling device, gas turbine models and assumed derating coefficients, etc.). A feasibility analysis of the investigated system is presented for several case studies in case of wind generators (two different gas turbine models, different wind farm nameplate capacity, different power output set points), investigating the volume of tanks necessary to stabilize wind fluctuations.
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10

Welch, Michael, and Andrew Pym. "Flexible Natural Gas/Intermittent Renewable Hybrid Power Plants." In ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2017-3079.

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Increasing grid penetration of intermittent renewable power from wind and solar is creating challenges for the power industry. There are times when generation from these intermittent sources needs to be constrained due to power transmission capacity limits, and times when fossil fuel power plant are required to rapidly compensate for large power fluctuations, for example clouds pass over a solar field or the wind stops blowing. There have been many proposals, and some actual projects, to store surplus power from intermittent renewable power in some form or other for later use: Batteries, Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES), Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES), heat storage and Hydrogen being the main alternatives considered. These technologies will allow power generation during low periods of wind and solar power, using separate discrete power generation plant with specifically designed generator sets. But these systems are time-limited so at some point, if intermittent renewable power generation does not return to its previous high levels, fossil fuel power generation, usually from a large centralized power plant, will be required to ensure security of supplies. The overall complexity of such a solution to ensure secure power supplies leads to high capital costs, power transmission issues and potentially increased carbon emissions to atmosphere from the need to keep fossil fuel plant operating at low loads to ensure rapid response. One possible solution is to combine intermittent renewables and energy storage technologies with fast responding, flexible natural gas-fired gas turbines to create a reliable, secure, low carbon, decentralized power plant. This paper considers some hybrid power plant designs that could combine storage technologies and gas turbines in a single location to maximize clean energy production and reduce CO2 emissions while still providing secure supplies, but with the flexibility that today’s grid operators require.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Renewable gase"

1

Angulo Rodríguez, Emilio, and Ariel Yépez-García. The Role of Natural Gas in Energy Transition. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002868.

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As of 2004 and continuously to this day, the annual growth rate of renewable sources has been greater than that of all fossil fuels combined. In the midst of this transition to cleaner energy, natural gas is the only fossil fuel that has increased its share in the global energy matrix. Technological changes in the LNG supply chain, as well as transformations in the global natural gas market, largely explain this growth. This publication provides evidence on the fundamental role that natural gas plays in the energy transition, given that: (i) its greenhouse gas emissions are substantially lower than those of oil and coal; (ii) it provides the firm power necessary to complement intermittent renewable energies; (iii) it is particularly safe compared to other fossil fuels. In line with these attributes, the International Energy Agency projects that the share of natural gas in the global energy matrix by 2040 will remain stable (around 24%), even in its Sustainable Development Scenario, which would allow to meet the goals established in the Paris Agreement.
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2

Elshurafa, Amro, Hatem Al Atawi, Fakhri Hasanov, and Frank Felder. Cost, Emission, and Macroeconomic Implications of Diesel Displacement in the Saudi Agricultural Sector: Options and Policy Insights. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2022-dp03.

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The Saudi agricultural sector relies on diesel for irrigation, which is provided to farmers at a much lower price than the average global price, implying significant opportunity costs. With the aid of soft-coupled power and macro-econometric models, we assess the cost and macroeconomic implications of electrifying irrigation activities in the Saudi agricultural sector. Three electrification scenarios are considered: electrifying each individual farm with a dedicated hybrid renewable micro-grid, electrifying the entire farm cluster with central generation and connecting the entire cluster via transmission to the national grid. Compared with the base-case, connecting the farm cluster to the national grid is found to be the most economical but the least environmentally friendly. The renewable and central generation scenarios are costlier (compared with the transmission scenario) due, respectively, to the high battery costs and gas infrastructure needed.
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3

Ericson, Sean J., Jill Engel-Cox, and Douglas J. Arent. Approaches for Integrating Renewable Energy Technologies in Oil and Gas Operations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1491378.

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4

Motta, R. C., K. J. Kelly, and W. W. Warnock. Compressed natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas conversions: The National Renewable Energy Laboratory`s experience. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/257404.

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5

Cochran, Jaquelin, Owen Zinaman, Jeffrey Logan, and Doug Arent. Exploring the Potential Business Case for Synergies Between Natural Gas and Renewable Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1126261.

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6

Navaratnam, Navaneethan, and Daniel Zitomer. Anaerobic Co-digestion for Enhanced Renewable Energy and Green House Gas Emission Reduction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1346734.

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Yang, Hongzhou, and Rich Masel. CO2 and Renewable Electricity into Chemicals: Formic Acid Production from Coal Flue Gas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1829983.

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8

Nicholson, Scott, David Keyser, Marissa Walter, Greg Avery, and Garvin Heath. The Los Angeles 100% Renewable Energy Study (LA100): Chapter 8. Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1958738.

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Wiser, Ryan, Mark Bolinger, and Matt St. Clair. Easing the natural gas crisis: Reducing natural gas prices through increased deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/838985.

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Mintz, Marianne, and Matthew Tomich. Cow Power: A Case Study of Renewable Compressed Natural Gas as a Transportation Fuel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1392464.

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