Готові списки джерел за темами / Removal of leavening agents

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Removal of leavening agents"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 7 липня 2024

Оновлено: 7 липня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Removal of leavening agents":

Neeharika, B. "Leavening Agents for Food Industry." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 1812–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.909.227.

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Ashari, Rozzamri, Atiqah-Izyannie A.M., Mat Yusoff M., and Ismail Fitry Mohamed Rashedi. "Effects of leavening agents in batter system on quality of deep-fried chicken breast meat." Food Research 4, no. 2 (October 7, 2019): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(2).273.

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The crispiness is an important parameter of battered chicken meat products and could be improved by adding leavening agents such as baking powder and dried yeast. This work was aimed to study the effect of different leavening agents added on the quality characteristics of battered chicken meat. Chicken breast meat strips were dipped into batters using different type of leavening agent; control (without a leavening agent); 4% baking powder (1), 4% dried yeast (2) and 2% baking powder + 2% dried yeast (3). The batter was kept in room temperature (RT) and cold temperature (CT) for one hour after coating. Moisture content, fat content, the viscosity of batter formulation, color, texture and sensory of fried battered chicken meat strips were evaluated. Moisture contents of RT3 and CT3 were significantly higher compared to other treatments while the fat content and viscosity of RT3 and CT3 were among the lowest. The RT2 and CT2 resulted in the lightest color. Compared to control samples, the addition of baking powder and yeast increased crispiness (fracturability and hardness) which was higher when used in combination than alone. Sensory evaluation of quality attributes showed crispiness and overall acceptability for RT3 and CT3 were among the highest. From the experiment, formulation 3 displayed the best effect of the leavening agents (a combination of baking powder and dried yeast) in batter system which produced lower fat, high moisture content, and crispier deep-fried chicken breast meat.

CONSTANTINESCU, GABRIELA, MONICA DINU, PETRU ALEXE, and AMELIA BUCULEI. "Study on the opportunity to improve the quality of the flour for pastry by adding chemical leavening agents." Romanian Biotechnological Letters 27, no. 4/2022 (September 20, 2022): 3628–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25083/rbl/27.4/3628.3635.

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Food products that do not require practices for processing, and are easy to prepare have attracted the attention of consumers. An example of this type of product is the premixes formulations for cake mix which allows the cake to be made easily and quickly. The consumer of this type of product has the expectation, when following the instructions, to obtain a uniform and quality product. There are many different chemical leavening agents available to the baker. These include baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), ammonium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, baking powder (baking soda, calcium phosphate and sodium aluminum sulfate) and leavening acids. Generating CO2 and neutralizing sodium bicarbonate is the primary role of leavening acids, but, it is important not to forget their secondary role and their effects. Taking into consideration these facts, the objective of experiments was to establish the connection between quantity and quality of leavening agents and the quality of bakery products. As the chemical leavening agents get into flour, it is also important to comprehend how they influence the rheological parameters of flour with direct implication in the quality of the products made. For experiments, baking powder was used, which was added in specific quantities to wheat flour. The flour samples were made, and the samples obtained were sensory evaluated in the panel. Correlating Mixolab Profiler indices with the baking samples, and also with the legislation regarding, the best results were obtained for flour with 2% baking powder.

Kollemparembil, Ann Mary, Shubhangi Srivastava, Viktoria Zettel, Bernhard Gatternig, Antonio Delgado, Mario Jekle, and Bernd Hitzmann. "Application of CO2 Gas Hydrates as Leavening Agents in Black-and-White Cookies." Foods 12, no. 14 (July 23, 2023): 2797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12142797.

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In this unprecedented study, the application of CO2 gas hydrates (GH) as a leavening agent to produce black-and-white cookies by replacing ammonium bicarbonate is investigated. Ammonium bicarbonate, the principal leavening ingredient in black-and-white cookies, has been linked to the creation of a carcinogenic substance known as acrylamide. Three distinct GH concentrations, 20%, 40%, and 50%, were utilized to determine the necessary amount to obtain a good leavening effect. However, the abrupt reduction in temperature brought on by the addition of GH had an inadmissible effect on the cookie dough. Consequently, an innovative kneading method carried out in a closed mixing unit at a high temperature was developed. The specific volume of the cookies when employing 50% GH as a baking agent was more than half that produced when using ammonium bicarbonate. In the cookies with GH, the springiness and hardness, which are the quality-determining textural characteristics of the pastry, remained within an acceptable range. The amount of acrylamide was reduced from 24.8 µg/Kg to around 18 µg/Kg by this research. Therefore, the presented study demonstrates the possibility of using CO2 GH as a leavening agent in black-and-white cookies and in other products for a healthier future.

Venturi, Manuel, Viola Galli, Niccolò Pini, Simona Guerrini, Costanza Sodi, and Lisa Granchi. "Influence of different leavening agents on technological and nutritional characteristics of whole grain breads obtained from ancient and modern flour varieties." European Food Research and Technology 247, no. 7 (April 12, 2021): 1701–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-021-03740-y.

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AbstractThe aim of the work was to assess the influence of the leavening agent on several technological, chemical, and nutritional characteristics of breads prepared with whole soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flours. As leavening agents in bread-making, baker’s yeast, biga, and sourdough were utilized. Two ancient varieties, Andriolo and Verna, and a modern grain variety, Bologna, were used. Analysis of the obtained breads included the measurement of the phenols content, the antioxidant activity, the in vitro protein and total digestibility, the texture profile, the crumb grain characteristics and the microbial shelf-life test. The results of the principle component analysis of bread features indicated a clustering depending especially on the leavening agent rather than on the employed flour, particularly when sourdough was used. Protein digestibility, crumb grain characteristics, and shelf-life led to the main differences among the samples. Ancient wheat flour displayed similar features when the same leavening agent was applied. Particularly, the use of sourdough levelled the differences due to flour, leading to breads with similar technological and nutritional characteristics. The findings highlighted a marked effect of the leavening agent on bread final characteristics.

Musa, Usman, Abubakar Fatima Jurara, and Ahmad Muhammad Mubarak. "Isolation, Identification and Leavening Ability of Yeast from Local Fruits." Asian Journal of Plant Biology 5, no. 1 (July 31, 2023): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54987/ajpb.v5i1.825.

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Yeast is the organism used in the leavening of dough in a bakery. The study was carried out to determine the leavening ability of yeast isolated from different fruits. Three different yeast species were isolated from different fruits and were identified using cultural and microscopic methods. The yeast species isolated were tested for their temperature tolerance, ethanol tolerance, carbohydrate fermentation and leavening ability. The isolates were able to tolerate different temperature ranges (25 °C, 30 °C and 37 °C), and different concentrations of alcohols (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%). They were also able to grow and ferment glucose, sucrose, and fructose. The ability of the identified yeast species to increase the volume of the dough was examined by fermenting flour dough. The fermentation was conducted at 30 °C for 72 h. Yeast isolates from date, pineapple, mango and commercial beakers yeast were found to have a leavening ability of 66, 60, 40 and 58, respectively, and the control having 20 cm3/g. This indicates that the fruits could be a potential source of indigenous yeast species which can serve as good leavening agents.

Taglieri, Isabella, Chiara Sanmartin, Francesca Venturi, Monica Macaluso, Angela Zinnai, Silvia Tavarini, Andrea Serra, Giuseppe Conte, Guido Flamini, and Luciana G. Angelini. "Effect of the Leavening Agent on the Compositional and Sensorial Characteristics of Bread Fortified with Flaxseed Cake." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (July 29, 2020): 5235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155235.

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Health and well-being improvement is currently driving innovation in bread, using a wide variety of value-added compounds as extra ingredients, including food industry by-products in a circular economy concept. In this context, this research aimed at evaluating the effect of the fortification of bread with different percentages of flaxseed cake, comparing two leavening agents: sourdough and baker’s yeast. Sensorial, physicochemical, and nutritional properties, including pH, the main fermentative metabolites, fatty acids, total phenols, antioxidant capacity, and volatile organic compounds were determined for fortified bread. The results showed a significant improvement of nutraceutical profile of the bread fortified with flaxseed cake in a dose-dependent manner. Regardless of the leavening agent, the fortification determined a decrease of n-6:n-3 ratio, reaching the recommended value (<3) already at the 7.5% level. Furthermore, under the same fortification level, sourdough breads showed a higher level of total phenols and antiradical activity than baker’s yeast breads. Sensory profiles were instead deeply influenced by both the fortification percentage and the leavening agents. In conclusion, considering both nutritional and sensory results, the best formulation as a function of leavening agent utilized was defined as 5% and 7.5% when sourdough and baker’s yeast were used, respectively.

Kim, Jin Won, Sang Won Park, A. Ra Cho, Hee-Ju Kim, Jinseon Kim, Gyeong Mi Lee, Juan Park, and Jung-Kue Shin. "Quality Properties of Yackwa Depending on Leavening Agents." Food Engineering Progress 20, no. 4 (November 30, 2016): 386–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.13050/foodengprog.2016.20.4.386.

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Taglieri, Isabella, Chiara Sanmartin, Francesca Venturi, Monica Macaluso, Alessandro Bianchi, Cristina Sgherri, Mike Frank Quartacci, et al. "Bread Fortified with Cooked Purple Potato Flour and Citrus Albedo: An Evaluation of Its Compositional and Sensorial Properties." Foods 10, no. 5 (April 25, 2021): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10050942.

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This research aimed to explore the feasibility of fortifying bread with cooked Vitelotte potato powder and Citrus albedo, comparing the use of baker’s yeast or sourdough as leavening agents. Breads obtained were thus subjected to physico-chemical and sensory characterizations. The replacement of part of the wheat flour with purple potato and albedo determined a significant enhancement of the phenolic profile and antioxidant status of fortified breads, as well as a longer shelf life. Thanks to its acidity and antimicrobial activity, sourdough improved the levels of health-promoting compounds and stability. Both the fortification and the leavening agent deeply affected the organoleptic, expression, and the aroma profile, of the fortified bread. Interestingly, albedo addition, despite its effectiveness in boosting the phenolic profile, determined a higher perception of aftertaste and bitterness, irrespective of the leavening agent. Based on these results, the use of purple potatoes and Citrus albedo, if properly formulated, could represent a valuable strategy for the development of high-quality products, with longer shelf-life.

Covino, Clelia, Angela Sorrentino, Prospero Di Pierro, and Paolo Masi. "Study of Physico-Chemical Properties of Dough and Wood Oven-Baked Pizza Base: The Effect of Leavening Time." Foods 12, no. 7 (March 26, 2023): 1407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12071407.

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The research objective was to investigate the morpho-rheological, chemical, and structural changes of dough and Neapolitan pizza TSG as the leavening time varies and to evaluate their effects on the digestibility of starch and on the formation of acrylamide during baking. Pizza dough leavening was monitored for 48 h at 22 °C/80% RH, and the analyses were conducted at selected leavening times (0, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h). It was observed that in 30 h the volume tripled and the viscoelastic dough relaxed in the first 4 h, as evidenced by the lower value of the relaxation percentage “a” and the higher rate of decay “b”, associated with a high value of the compression work, indicating the presence of a very strong gluten mesh. In the following hours, the dough lost elasticity, and in fact, the G’ modulus decreased due to the weakening of the weak interactions between the gluten proteins and the starch. This suggests that a long leavening improved the extensibility of the pizza disc, facilitating the action of the pizza maker. Thermal (TGA and DSC) and morphological (SEM) analyses evidenced the highest water removal rate from the dough, a wider starch gelatinization temperature range, a ∆H of 0.975 ± 0.013 J/g, and a more open and weak gluten structure in dough balls leavened for 16 h. As the leavening time increased, both dough and pizza base samples showed an increase in reducing sugars and free amino groups, while the rapidly digestible starch decreased in the dough following the metabolism of the yeasts and increased in the pizza base due to the starch gelatinization that occurs during baking, which makes it much more susceptible to α-amylase. Finally, the levels of acrylamide remained at the same values despite the higher availability of reducing sugars and its precursors during leavening.

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Дисертації з теми "Removal of leavening agents":

Périé, Lucie. "Formulation et alvéolation de pâtes céréalières à l’aide d’ingrédients biosourcés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0090.

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Le remplacement des additifs controversés dans les matrices céréalières constitue en enjeu majeur pour répondre aux attentes des consommateurs. Les poudres à lever sont des ingrédients fonctionnels permettant l’obtention de produits biscuitiers alvéolés selon les modes de fabrication industriels. Leur incorporation dans la pâte à biscuits conditionne l’expansion des pâtons lors de l’étape de cuisson. Dans ces travaux, nous avons considéré deux pâtes céréalières avec des taux d’hydratation différents qui déterminent les voies d’incorporation de gaz dans chacune d’elles, avec l’objectif de totalement supprimer les poudres à lever. Dans une pâte à biscuits laminée faiblement hydratée, l’étude a considéré l’utilisation de levures boulangères pour substituer les poudres à lever. La configuration du réseau de gluten module les propriétés élastiques de la pâte et sa capacité à s’étirer pour permettre l’expansion des biscuits à la cuisson. Dans une pâte jaune foisonnée, l’incorporation d’air repose sur la formation d’une mousse stable en même temps que le dégagement gazeux induit par les poudres à lever. L’élimination des poudres à lever, dans cette matrice, a été possible grâce à l’utilisation de protéines végétales fonctionnalisées via différents traitements (physiques ou enzymatiques). Les propriétés interfaciales des protéines de la pâte déterminent leur capacité à stabiliser les bulles d’air qu’elle contient. Celles-ci ont été étudiées par tensiométrie et rhéologie interfaciale. Une approche par plan d’expériences a été implémentée pour optimiser les fonctionnalités et ainsi garantir une alvéolation régulière dans les biscuits
The replacement of controversial additives in cereal matrices represents a major challenge to meet consumers’ expectations. Leavening agents are functional ingredients that are required to obtain porous biscuit products according to industrial manufacturing methods. Their incorporation into biscuit dough determines the expansion of dough pieces during the baking stage. In this work, we considered two cereal doughs with different hydration levels that determine the gas incorporation pathways, aiming to completely suppress the need for leavening agents. In a low-hydration laminated biscuit dough, the study considered the use of baker's yeast as a substitute for leavening agents. The configuration of the gluten network conditions the dough elasticity and its ability to stretch to allow the biscuits to expand during baking. In a sponge drop (whipped) dough, air incorporation relies on the formation of a stable foam simultaneously with the gas release induced by the leavening agents. The removal of leavening agents from this matrix was enabled by using functionalized plant proteins through various treatments (physical or enzymatic). A design of experiments approach was implemented to optimize functionalities and thus, ensure the obtention of biscuits with a uniform crumb structure. During this process, the interfacial properties of the dough proteins determine their ability to stabilize the air bubbles in the matrix. These were studied using tensiometry and interfacial rheology

Bard, Delphine. "Raman spectroscopic characterisation of inorganic fibres and particles and their coverage by wetting agents." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1998. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/3126/.

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Inorganic fibres especially asbestos have been widely used as a raw material in the construction industries. However, asbestos is now recognised as a carcinogenic material. Therefore, asbestos removal is being widely undertaken. But the hazards increase at this stage as the material is disturbed. Dry removal was found to be an exhausting operation producing a high concentration of fibres. The spraying or injection of wetting agent into the material reduces the hazard associated with the removal process by aggregating the fibres together. The airborne concentration of fibres is then considerably reduced. Raman microspectroscopy has been shown to be a very powerful technique for the identification of micrometer-sized fibres and particles, with little or no sample preparation. Such spectra are sensitive to the composition of the material and can often be used to distinguish between similar species. Raman microscopy also provides important information about surface coverage of such materials with a spatial resolution between 2 and 4 um. Raman spectra were obtained from five asbestos reference standards in comparison with four non-fibrous analogues. The different species such as amosite, anthophyllite, chrysotile, crocidolite and tremolite gave distinct spectra. There were no very distinct differences between the spectra of asbestos fibres and their non-fibrous forms except sometimes in the v(OH) stretching region or band width in the case of tremolite. The reference spectra have been used for identification of known and unknown (industrial samples) fibres on cellulose filters. Moreover, other inorganic particles on cellulose filters have been identified. The discrimination between pure diesel and coal particles on quartz filters and the identification of gunshot residues on paper substrates were also successfully achieved. The coverage of wetting agents on the surface of inorganic fibres connected with asbestos removal operations have been also investigated. Basic laboratory experiments were undertaken. Several inorganic fibres such as man made and asbestos fibres as well as calcium silicate were wetted using different processes: spraying, dipping and capillary adsorption in order to measure the distribution of wetting agents on individual fibres. Insulation materials, usually composed of calcium silicate and asbestos fibres from asbestos removal sites, were collected and also analysed by Raman microspectroscopy. Finally, the effectiveness of suppressing dust was measured on wet industrial samples using a rotating drum tester and the data correlated with Raman measurements.

Castellan, Paolo. "The role of chelating agents and soil pH on heavy metals removal from contaminated soil." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23873.

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Batch washing experiments were used to evaluate extractive decontamination of heavy metal polluted illite soils using ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and trans 1,2 cyclohexylenedinitrilo-tetraacetic acid (CDTA). Five series of contaminated illite soils were prepared through adsorption tests using four single-specie 5000 ppm heavy metal solutions of Pb, Cu, Zn, or Cd and one multi-species solution containing 1250 ppm of each heavy metal. The five contaminated illite soils that were prepared contained the following levels of heavy metals per kilogram of soil: (i) 5000 mg Pb, (ii) 3490 mg Cu, (iii) 1566 mg Zn, (iv) 700 mg Cd, (v) 1186 mg Pb; 379 mg Cu; 151 mg Zn; and 125 mg Cd. The soil washing results revealed that EDTA and CDTA are equally effective in releasing heavy metals from the contaminated illite soils, with removal efficiencies ranging from 35% to 99% for the 10$ sp{-5}$ M and 10$ sp{-1}$ M solutions, respectively. The optimum pH range for all chelate concentrations and all heavy metal contaminants is between 3-5. Competition between heavy metals in the soil for the adsorption sites of EDTA and CDTA did not have an impact on the removal efficiencies attained. In addition, the heavy metal preferential adsorption sequence demonstrated by the illite soil was $ rm Pb>Cu>Zn>Cd$ for the single-specie pollutant solutions and $ rm Pb>Cu>Zn approx Cd$ for the multi-species heavy metal pollutant solution, and were shown to be mainly bound to the carbonates and Fe and Mg oxides.

Blix, Annika. "Enhancing the capacity of seeds as turbidity removal agents in water treatment. : A Minor Field Study." Thesis, KTH, Miljögeokemi och ekoteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-96108.

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The aim of this master’s thesis was to investigate if defattening of Parkinsonia aculeata (in swahili “mkeketa”) and Vigna unguiculata (in swahili “choroko”) would enhance the capacity of the seed’s properties in removing suspended particles from surface water. The seeds are used in local traditional treatment of drinking water in Tanzania. The aim was also to investigate the possibility to reduce high concentrations of fluoride with the seeds. The seeds contain proteins that act as coagulants. Coagulated particulate matter can be flocculated and separated from the water. A purification of the coagulants by defattening was expected to enhance the coagulating capacity. Experiments were conducted in jar-tests with dosages of coagulant solutions of undefattening and defattened seed solutions and alum (aluminium sulphate). The experiments showed that both Parkinsonia aculeata and Vigna unguiculata seeds can compete with alum in drinking water treatment of surface water, reaching the same or better final results in turbidity removal. Both seeds also produce less sludge volumes than alum and functions in turbidity removal together with alum. The seeds may be used as coagulant aids to reduce the usage of chemicals and sludge production. They were not able to clarify turbid waste water and did not reduce high concentrations of fluoride in groundwater. Further, the turbidity-removal capacity of the coagulants had reduced capacities in water with low pH-values.

Zasadowski, Dariusz. "REMOVAL OF LIPOPHILIC EXTRACTIVES AND MANGANESE IONS FROM SPRUCE TMP WATER BY FLOTATION." Licentiate thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för tillämpad naturvetenskap och design, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-16088.

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Dissolved and Colloidal substances (DisCo) and metals are released from wood during thermomechanical pulp (TMP) production. The mechanical treatment causes that these components have a tendency to accumulate in process waters, as the water circulation systems in integrated paper mills are being closed. Disturbances such as pitch depositions on the paper machine (pitch problems), specks in the paper, decreased wet and dry strength, interference with cationic process chemicals, and impaired sheet brightness and friction properties appear in the presence of DisCo substances. The presence of transition metal ions such as manganese results in higher consumption of bleaching chemicals (hydrogen peroxide) and lowers the optical quality of the final product, and addition of complexing agents, such as EDTA or DTPA, to prevent this is needed. The never ending trends to decrease water consumption and increase process efficiency in pulp and paper production stress that it is very important both to know the effects of wood substances on pulping and papermaking and to be able to remove them in an efficient way. Carried out investigations presented in this thesis show that the lipophilic extractives can be removed from TMP press water to high extent. A 90% decrease in turbidity and a 91% removal of lipophilic extractives from TMP press water can be obtained by addition of a cationic surfactant as foaming agent during flotation. Additionally, fibres located in TMP press water are not removed with the foam fraction but purified. A retained concentration of hydrophilic extractives in the process water indicates that the flotation is selective. Moreover, by introduction of a new recoverable surface active complexing agent, a chelating surfactant, manganese ions in the form of chelates can be successfully removed from the pulp fibres and separated from the process water in the same flotation process. iii The findings presented above indicate new possibilities for internal water cleaning and decreased emissions to water if flotation technology is applied in an integrated mechanical pulp mill.
ReGain/FORE

DeLozier, Greg. "Part 1: Employing conventional defoamer emulsions to enhance the flotation removal of flexographic news inks." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005, 2003. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/ipstetd-1016/.

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Perdue, James D. "The removal of Cremophor® EL from paclitaxel for quantitative analysis by HPLC-UV /." Electronic version (PDF), 2005. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2005/perduej/jamesperdue.pdf.

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Subramanian, Bhargavi. "Exploring Neoteric Solvent Extractants: Applications in the Removal of Sorbates From Solid Surfaces and Regeneration of Automotive Catalytic Converters." Cincinnati, Ohio University of Cincinnati, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ucin1178075024.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Cincinnati, 2007.
Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed July 12, 2007). Includes abstract. Keywords: Solvent extraction; Soils; Pentachlorophenol; Automobile catalytic converters; Metal chelating agents Includes bibliographical references.

Powar, Ajinkya. "ACV et éco-conception dans le domaine de l'élimination des produits chimiques des déchets textiles pour le recyclage des textiles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUN040.

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L'industrie textile évolue rapidement et est également en constante mutation. Elle développe constamment de nouvelles techniques pour le recyclage des textiles et la poursuite des recherches est vitale pour les besoins futurs. La capacité de recycler un matériau textile est un pas vers une industrie plus verte et durable. Cependant, le recyclage des textiles pose de nombreux défis et difficultés. Les colorants et autres impuretés présents sur les textiles gênent et souvent empêchent le recyclage chimique. L'objectif de notre étude est de trouver des méthodes pour éliminer les teintures ou les colorants des textiles en coton pour les scénarios de fin de vie et de recyclage. Le processus d'élimination des additifs chimiques de manière écologique ajouterait de la valeur au recyclage des textiles, ce qui permettrait d'obtenir un textile recyclé de meilleure qualité. Pour examiner ce sujet, une étude de la littérature concernant les produits chimiques et le processus d'élimination ainsi que les méthodes de recyclage a été réalisée. En général, le traitement réducteur alcalin est effectué à l'aide d'hydroxyde de sodium et d'un agent réducteur comme l'hydrosulfite de sodium pour l'élimination de la couleur des textiles à teinture réactive. Une étude bibliographique sur les différents procédés de décoloration, leurs inconvénients, leur viabilité à l'échelle industrielle, etc. a également été réalisée. Dans cette étude, nous avons proposé l'application du processus assisté par l'ozone pour la décolorantion des textiles teints réactifs en utilisant une installation à l'échelle pilote. La qualité des tissus décolorés a été déterminée en termes de pourcentage de décoloration, de propriétés mécaniques et d'analyse colorimétrique. Des outils de méthodologie de surface de réponse comme la conception de Box-Behnken ont été utilisés pour examiner les effets de trois paramètres qui sont le pH du traitement (3-7), le temps de réaction (10-50 min) et la concentration d'ozone (5-85 g/m3 d'ozone). Le processus d'ozonation a permis d'obtenir une décoloration de près de 98 %. Le processus d'ozonation se fait à température ambiante et peut également être réalisé sans produits chimiques agressifs. De plus, nous avons également étudié d'autres méthodes de décoloration, comme le procédé à base de glucose. Les résultats démontrent que le processus assisté par le glucose peut apparaître comme une alternative écologique au processus conventionnel. Le glucose peut agir comme un agent réducteur écologique alternatif à l'agent réducteur conventionnel comme l'hydrosulfite de sodium. Les dommages aux propriétés mécaniques sont moindres par rapport au procédé conventionnel et au procédé à l'ozone. Cependant, le processus assisté par le glucose utilise des températures élevées pour une décoloration efficace. Enfin, l'étude a souligné la nécessité de développer de nouvelles méthodes avec un minimum de dommages à la qualité des fibres. Parmi tous les indicateurs d'impact, "l'épuisement des ressources en eau" est le plus élevé pour tous les procédés d'ozonation car il a la plus grande valeur relative après normalisation. Il a été constaté que les principaux contributeurs aux impacts environnementaux étaient l'électricité et la formation d'oxygène. Pour optimiser ces impacts, de nouvelles conditions expérimentales ont été étudiées. La décoloration des textiles imprimés avec des pigments a également été étudiée avec le processus assisté par l'ozone. Cette étude souligne également la nécessité d'étudier la présence de contaminants tels que les revêtements présents sur les textiles aprés usage
The textile industry is evolving rapidly, and is also constantly changing. It is constantly developing new techniques for the recycling of the textiles and further research is vital for the future needs. The capability to recycle a textile material is a step towards a more green and sustainable industry. However, there are various challenges and difficulties associated with the recycling of textiles. Colorants and other impurities present on the textiles pose a big challenge to the continuity of the chemical recycling. The purpose of our study is to find out methods for the removal of the dyes or colorants from the cotton textiles for the end of life scenarios like recycling. The removal process of the chemical additives in an ecological way would add value to the recycling of textiles, which would help to obtain a recycled textile with the upgraded quality. To examine this subject, a literature study with respect to the chemicals and the removal process along with the recycling methods was done. In general, alkaline reductive treatment is performed using sodium hydroxide and reducing agent like sodium hydrosulphite for the color stripping of the reactive dyed textiles. Bibliographic survey on the various color stripping process, their drawbacks, viability for industrial scale-up etc was also performed. In this study, we have proposed the application of the ozone assisted process for the color stripping of the reactive dyed textiles using the pilot scale setup. The quality of the color stripped fabrics was determined in terms of the color stripping %, mechanical properties and the colorimetric analysis. Response surface methodology tools like the Box-Behnken design was utilized to examine the effects of three parameters like pH of the treatment (3-7), the reaction time (10-50 min) and the ozone concentration (5-85 g/m3 of ozone). With the ozonation process, color stripping of almost 98 % was achieved. The ozonation process is done at room temperature and also can be performed without any harsh chemicals. Additionally, we have also studied the other color stripping methods like the glucose based process. The results demonstrate that the glucose assisted process can emerge as an ecological alternative to the conventional process. Glucose can act as a green alternative reducing agent to the conventional reducing agent like sodium hydrosulphite. The damage to the mechanical properties are less as compared to the conventional and the ozone based process. However, the glucose assisted process utilized high temperatures for efficient color stripping. Finally, the study has highlighted the need of developing novel methods with minimum damage to the quality of the fibers. Amongst all the impact indicators, “Water resource depletion” is the highest for all the ozonation processes since it has the greatest relative value after normalization. It was found that the major contributors to the environmental impacts were Electricity and Oxygen formation. To optimize the impacts, new experimental conditions have been studied. Even, Color stripping of the pigment printed textiles was studied with the ozone assisted process. This study also highlights the need to study presence of contaminants like coatings present on the textiles during their end of life

Feng, Hsin-Ying, and 馮馨瑩. "Studies on quality improvement of aluminum-free composite chemical leavening agents." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8a43s9.

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碩士
國立高雄餐旅大學
餐飲創新研發碩士學位學程
103
Nowadays, food safety has become one of the most important issues of the public concern in modern societies. With a growing consumer demand for high quality baking products, the application of food additives has become more and more popular. Meanwhile, consumers tend to pay special attention to ingredients within baking products. In order to enrich the flavor and taste, different kinds of leavening methods are used to make the baking products more delicate and soft. However, baking powder, the most commonly used leavening agent, is regarded to have the possibility to cause brain disease due to its content of alum. To reduce consumer’s doubt on food safety, aluminum free baking powder is reformed to replace traditional baking powder. Thus, each manufacturer has different method in making aluminum free baking powder in terms of ingredients which leads to different effects in the baking process. This research aimed to investigate the gas amount of each alkaline substances and acidic substance in aluminum free baking powder, found out the best formula of each substance and improve the reaction of aluminum free baking powder in consideration the character of double acting baking powder and neutralization. This study had shown that the best result could be obtained with the baking formula of F21. It also proved that the muffin baked with such formula obtained better result than the muffin baked with the aluminum free baking powder sold in the market in terms of texture analysis and sensory evaluation. Moreover, the storage test showed that the gas amount in the fourth week is higher than 44 cm3 and hence its oxygen-generating effect was better than the aluminum free baking powder sold in the market. It also fit with the trends that consumer demand for healthier baking products.

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Книги з теми "Removal of leavening agents":

T, Boekhout, and Robert V. 1965-, eds. Yeasts in food: Beneficial and detrimental aspects. Cambridge: Woodhead Pub., 2003.

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Gupta, S. K. Sen. Trace organic removal by photochemical oxidation. Chalk River, Ont: Chalk River Laboratories, 1995.

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Knocke, William R. Impacts of dissolved organic carbon on iron removal. Denver, CO: The Foundation and American Water Works Association, 1993.

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Massachusetts. Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program. Low-risk deleading work by homeowners and their agents: A step-by-step guide. Boston, Mass.]: The Program, 1995.

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Stephanie, Fiorenza, ed. NAPL removal: Surfactants, foams, and microemulsions. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers, 2000.

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Buʼaron, Aharon ben Tsiyon. Ḳunṭres Berure halakhah: Be-ʻinyan ʻugiyot le-Fesaḥ ("matsah ʻashirah") asher mosifim ba-ʻisah ḥomer hatpaḥah kimi ha-niḳra "amonyum bi ḳarboneṭ" ammonium b [sic] carbonate : u-verure halakhah be-ʻinyene Birkat ha-ilanot. Yerushalayim: Aharon ben Tsiyon Buʼaron, 2002.

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André, Richardt, and Blum Marc-Michael, eds. Decontamination of warfare agents: Enzymatic methods for the removal of B/C weapons. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2008.

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Oshima, Kevin H. Ultrafiltration-based extraction for biological agents in early warning systems. Denver, Colo: Awwa Research Foundation, 2006.

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Richardt, André. Sheng hua zhan ji xi xiao: Mei fa xiao chu sheng hua wu qi = Decontamination of warfare agents : enzymatic methods for the removal of B/C weapons. 8th ed. [ S.l ]: Jun shi yi wen chu ban she, 2010.

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Allen, J. L. Analytical methods for malachite green: Completion report : malachite green analysis in water. Portland, OR: The Division, 1991.

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Частини книг з теми "Removal of leavening agents":

Mathuravalli, S. M. D. "Leavening Agents." In Handbook of Bakery and Confectionery, 78–88. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003242635-12.

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De Leyn, I. "Other Leavening Agents." In Bakery Products Science and Technology, 175–81. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118792001.ch9.

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Scrano, Laura, Luca Foti, and F. Lelario. "Fluoroquinolones in Water: Removal Attemps by Innovative Aops." In Toxic Chemical and Biological Agents, 259–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-2041-8_27.

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Jones, Mark M. "Design of New Chelating Agents for Removal of Intracellular Toxic Metals." In ACS Symposium Series, 427–38. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1994-0565.ch035.

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Din, R. A., and M. R. Bird. "Removal Characteristics of Baked Wheat Starch Deposits Treated with Aqueous Cleaning Agents." In Cereals, 103–6. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2675-6_13.

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Istace, Kathy. "Understanding the science behind dental homecare products." In An introduction to pet dental care: for veterinary nurses and technicians, 222–31. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248869.0015.

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Abstract This chapter describes the efficacy of dental homecare products that serve as mechanical removal of plaque and calculus, chemical control of calculus formation, antimicrobial agents and barriers against plaque attachment in cats and dogs.

Sumalatha, J., R. Prabhakara, and P. V. Sivapullaiah. "Removal Efficiency of Heavy Metals by Washing the Contaminated Soil Using Effective Leaching Agents." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 1041–51. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5195-6_76.

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Grimsley, Janet K., Waheguru P. Singh, James R. Wild, and Anthony Giletto. "A Novel, Enzyme-Based Method for the Wound-Surface Removal and Decontamination of Organophosphorus Nerve Agents." In ACS Symposium Series, 35–49. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2001-0792.ch003.

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Mazzoli, Roberto, and Enrica Pessione. "Ancient Textile Deterioration and Restoration: Bio-Cleaning of an Egyptian Shroud Held in the Torino Museum." In Microorganisms in the Deterioration and Preservation of Cultural Heritage, 199–216. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69411-1_9.

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AbstractAncient textiles are fragile and several factors can affect their integrity. In the present chapter, the main agents of deterioration of old and new textiles, namely physical-chemical (light, oxygen, heat, and humidity) and biological factors as well as human erroneous interventions will be explored. As far as the biological deterioration is considered, the effects of microbial growth, primary and secondary metabolites (acids, solvents, surfactants, pigments) and enzymes (lipases, proteases, and glycosidases) on textile strength and cleanliness will be described in details. The main fungal and bacterial species involved in the damage (textile discoloration, black and green spots, cuts) will be reported. Adhesive application during restoration procedures is discussed to highlight the risk of glue thickening giving rise to dull precipitates on the fabric.The main strategies for oil-stain and glue removal (both animal glue, such as fish collagen, and vegetal glue, i.e. starch) will be described in the paragraph devoted to biorestoration. Finally, a case study concerning an ancient Coptic tunic housed in the Egyptian Museum of Torino, Italy, and biocleaned by means of gellan-immobilized alpha-amylase from Bacillus sp. will be largely discussed by reporting historical data, adhesive characterization, methods for artificial aging of simulated sample and glue removal from the artwork.

Bosch-Roig, Pilar, and Patricia Sanmartín. "Bioremoval of Graffiti in the Context of Current Biocleaning Research." In Microorganisms in the Deterioration and Preservation of Cultural Heritage, 175–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69411-1_8.

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AbstractSome microorganisms can be used as bioremediation agents, in biocleaning treatments, to remove undesired sulphates, nitrates and organic matter from cultural heritage surfaces. Graffiti materials (mainly spray paints) are now included in the list of materials that can be biocleaned, with studies on this topic being initiated just over 5 years ago. Research on the bioremoval of graffiti is continuing and on a promising track. This chapter reports a critical analysis of studies of the bioremoval of graffiti carried out in recent years, which are compared with similar studies of the removal of salts (mainly nitrates and sulphates) and organic matter conducted in the last thirty years. Likewise, the present challenges and ways of overcoming them are addressed towards developing a complete protocol for the use of bioremediation to remove graffiti, with particular emphasis on the use of the method for cleaning facades and buildings.

Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Removal of leavening agents":

Utami, Ulfah, Yumna Husna Nisaa, and Nur Kusmiyati. "Suitability of endophite yeasts from the skin and flesh of the podang mango (Mangifera lndica L.) as leavening agents for bread." In THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LIFE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (ICoLiST). AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0113596.

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Skop, Helen, and Alice Chudnovsky. "Ammonia as a Byproduct of Waste Heat Recovery of Oven Exhaust." In ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2013-17723.

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The Industrial Revolution in the nineteenth century has introduced chemical leavening agents such as baking soda. In today’s Biscuit and Cracker Industry, ammonia is one of the most common ingredients for the bakery product. According to the EPA, ammonia vapor constitutes about 99% of total emissions from a biscuit oven. Air control equipment, such as catalytic oxidizers, is often installed at bakeries to convert the NH3 to nitrogen and NOx. It is a highly expensive and complicated method of controlling pollution. Integration of waste heat recovery and ammonia extraction processes gives us an effective, non-expensive and more natural solution to this problem. This method can be accomplished by using the solubility property of ammonia for the process of exhaust cooling and condensation with high moisture content.

Zhang, Huan, and Songmao Zhang. "Extension Removal in Abstract Argumentation: Necessary and Sufficient Conditions." In 2023 IEEE International Conference on Agents (ICA). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ica58824.2023.00023.

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Sinorina, N., Howard Hamilton, and Sandra Zilles. "Efficient Removal of Weak Associations in Consensus Clustering." In 14th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010820800003116.

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Almubarak, Tariq, Jun Hong Ng, and Hisham Nasr-El-Din. "Oilfield Scale Removal by Chelating Agents: An Aminopolycarboxylic Acids Review." In SPE Western Regional Meeting. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/185636-ms.

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Ramanathan, Raja, and Hisham Nasr-El-Din. "Evaluation of Chelating Agents for Iron Sulfide FeS Scale Removal." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/197891-ms.

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Ba Geri, B. S., M. Mahmoud, A. A. Al-Majed, S. H. Al-Mutairi, A. Abdulazeez, and R. Shawabkeh. "Water Base Barite Filter Cake Removal Using Non-Corrosive Agents." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/183653-ms.

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Solling, Theis, Mohamed Mahmoud, and Michael Pittelkow. "Taking a New Approach Towards Chelating Agents for Scale Removal." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22604-ea.

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Abstract Scale presents a significant challenge in any context where flow is involved. In the oil and gas sector scale associated problems are notorious because of the significant volumes of brine that are involved at any stage of production. In addition, the formation brines are usually extremely concentrated when it comes to electrolytes that are prone to form scale. The real problematic scales are usually considered to be barite (BaSO4) and pyrite (FeS2, or mixed iron sulfides). The approach to remove them is usually to drive the solubility equilibrium towards solution by simply stabilizing the ions that are involved. That is usually done by coordination of the ions with a ligand that favors binding to the particular cation in question. For pyrite the challenge is then to identify a ligand that strongly coordinates Fe2+ whereas in the case of barite the focus will be on Ba2+. This is the classical approach to mostly target the cation and it has mostly been dealt with in the form of various chelating agents. We show results firstly, where newly designed cation binders provide a 20 % higher dissolving power than the second best and where binding pockets are designed for anions. This new binding mode will enable the design of a structure that simultaneously binds cations and anions and this is where we are heading with the current results. The efficiency of chelating agents is significantly dependent on pH this topic will be touched upon in a computational study here the calculated structure and the associated calculated binding energy will be discussed and related to dissolving power. The result show that ab initio calculations are nice supplements to experimental endeavors.

Yoon, Soon Joon, David Li, Ivan Pelivanov, Martin Frenz, Thomas Matula, Lilo Pozzo, and Matthew O'Donnell. "Notice of Removal: Sono-photoacoustic imaging using polypyrrole coated phase-change contrast agents." In 2017 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ultsym.2017.8091992.

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Lilly, Jacob L., Hansheng Xia, Afsana Akhter, Gopalakrishnan Ramamurthy, James P. Basilion, and Agata A. Exner. "Notice of Removal: Nanobubble contrast agents enhance ultrasound imaging of prostate tumors in mice." In 2017 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ultsym.2017.8092696.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Removal of leavening agents":

Quiroz, Josselyn, and Sabina Mungi. Efficacy and Efficiency in vitro, of chemo-mechanical caries removal against rotary system, in permanent teeth: A systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.2.0001.

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Review question / Objective: Systematic review based on the following PICOS question: P: Articles that have investigated permanent teeth; I: Articles that have investigated chemomechanical agents; C: Articles that have investigated rotary system; O: Articles that have obtained as a result, presence of bacterial colonies, microhardness, time; S: in vitro studies. Condition being studied: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review that aimed to evaluate the in vitro Efficacy and Efficiency of chemomechanical caries removal against a rotary system in permanent teeth. In addition, these data can provide a new contribution for research.

Shiao, S. Y. Removal of pyrite and trace elements from waste coal by dissolved- CO{sub 2} flotation and chelating agents. Technical report, September 1, 1993--November 30, 1993. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10134283.

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Baldwin, Richard. PR-015-084508-R01 Contaminants in Sales Gas Pipelines Sources Removal and Treatment. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010029.

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The objective of this project is to provide information about a problem material found in gas pipelines called "black powder". It is a mixture or a chemical compound of iron sulfides, iron oxides, dirt, sand, salts, chlorides, water, glycols, hydrocarbons and compressor oils, mill scale, or other materials. The most common constituents, iron compounds of sulfur or oxygen, are corrosion products. In addition to chemical formation, black powder can be formed by microbes normally found in gas pipelines. This material causes machinery, measurement, and pipeline maintenance problems. This research investigates the forms of iron sulfides, their characteristics, and methods of formation and whether the molecular form can be an indicator of the source of the material. A sampling protocol was developed for proper collection of materials for analysis. Seventeen corrosion samples were collected and analyzed for material constituents and microbial content. The results of this testing were anonymously tabulated in a database. Other tasks in this project include guidelines for removal, handling, and disposal of the material. It discusses symptomatic versus root cause treatments for the prevention and control of black powder, and the corporate culture necessary to manage the problem. It presents recently developed technologies for cleaning or treating a pipeline containing black powder, such as cleaning and anti-microbial agents containing THPS which dissolve iron sulfides, and the use of magnetic filtration. The final task describes concepts for identifying the location of black powder in an operating pipeline and places to look and methods to use to best determine the distribution of the material.

Shiao, S. Y., and K. Ho. Removal of pyrite and trace elements from waste coal by dissolved-CO{sub 2} flotation and chelating agents. Final technical report, September 1, 1993--August 31, 1994. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10115131.

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Shiao, S. Y. Removal of pyrite and trace elements from waste coal by dissolved-CO{sub 2} flotation and chelating agents. [Quarterly] technical report, December 1, 1993--February 28, 1994. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10170912.

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Shan, Yina, Praem Mehta, Duminda Perera, and Yurissa Yarela. Cost and Efficiency of Arsenic Removal from Groundwater: A Review. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/kmwt2129.

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Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are exposed to arsenic-contaminated drinking water, leading to significant health complications, and social and economic losses. Currently, a wide range of technologies exists to remove arsenic from water. However, despite ongoing research on such technologies, their widespread application remains limited. To bridge this gap, this review aims to compare the effectiveness and costs of various arsenic remediation technologies while considering their practical applicability. A search conducted using the Medline and Embase databases yielded 31 relevant articles published from 1996 to 2018, which were categorized into laboratory and field studies. Data on the effectiveness of technologies in removing arsenic and associated costs were extracted and standardized for comparison as much as was possible, given the diversity of ways that studies report their key results. The twenty-three (23) technologies tested in laboratory settings demonstrated efficiencies ranging from 50% to ~100%, with the majority reaching relatively high removal efficiencies (>90%). Approximately half achieved the WHO standard of 10 µg/L. Laboratory studies used groundwater samples from nine (9) different countries – Argentina, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Guatemala, India, Thailand, the United States, and Vietnam. The fourteen (14) technologies tested in the field achieved removal efficiency levels ranging between 60% and ~99%, with ten (10) attaining above 90% removal efficiency. Of these, only five (5) reached established the WHO standard. Some of the technologies under-performed when their influent water contained excessive concentrations of arsenic. Only six (6) countries (Argentina, Bangladesh, Chile, China, India, and Nicaragua) were represented among the studies that implemented and tested technologies in the field, either at household or community level. For technologies tested in the laboratory, the cost of treating one cubic meter of water ranged from near-zero to ~USD 93, except for one technology which cost USD 299/m³. For studies conducted in the field, the cost of treating one cubic meter of water ranged from near-zero to ~USD 70. Key factors influencing the removal efficiencies and their costs include the arsenic concentration of the influent water, pH of the influent water, materials used, the energy required, absorption capacity, labour used, regeneration period and geographical location. Technologies that demonstrate high removal efficiencies when treating moderately arsenic-contaminated water may not be as efficient when treating highly contaminated water. Also, the lifetime of the removal agents is a significant factor in determining their efficiency. It is suggested that remediation technologies that demonstrate high arsenic removal efficiencies in a laboratory setting need to be further assessed for their suitability for larger-scale application, considering their high production and operational costs. Costs can be reduced by using locally available materials and natural adsorbents, which provide near zero-cost options and can have high arsenic removal efficiencies. A notable feature of many arsenic removal approaches is that some countries with resource constraints or certain environmental circumstances – like typically high arsenic concentrations in groundwater –aim to reach resultant arsenic concentrations that are much higher than WHO’s recommended standard of 10 µg/L. This report maintains that – while this may be a pragmatic approach that helps progressively mitigate the arsenic-related health risks – it is unfortunately not a sustainable solution. Continuing exposure to higher levels of arsenic ingestion remains harmful for humans. Hence arsenic-removal technology should only be seen efficient if it can bring the water to the WHO standard. A less radical approach effectively shifts the attention from the origin of the problem in addressing the impacts and postpones achieving the best possible outcome for populations. The quantitative summary of costs and effectiveness of arsenic remediation technologies reviewed in this report can serve as a preliminary guideline for selecting the most cost-effective option. It may also be used as an initial guideline (minimum standard) for summarising the results of future studies describing arsenic remediation approaches. Looking ahead, this study identifies four priority areas that may assist in commercializing wide-scale implementation of arsenic removal technologies. These include: i) focusing efforts on determining market viability of technologies, ii) overcoming practical limitations of technologies, iii) determining technology contextual appropriateness and iv) concerted effort to increase knowledge sharing in and across regions to accelerate the implementation of research on the ground. Overall, the current science and knowledge on arsenic remediation technologies may be mature enough already to help significantly reduce the global numbers of affected populations. The missing link for today’s arsenic removal challenge is the ability to translate research evidence and laboratory-level successes into quantifiable and sustainable impacts on the ground. Achieving this requires a concerted and sustained effort from policymakers, engineers, healthcare providers, donors, and community leaders.

Thembeka Ncube, Ayanda, and Antonio Bobet. Use of Recycled Asphalt. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317316.

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The term Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is used to designate a material obtained from the removal of pavement materials. RAP is used across the US in multiple applications, largely on asphalt pavement layers. RAP can be described as a uniform granular non-plastic material, with a very low percentage of fines. It is formed by aggregate coated with a thin layer of asphalt. It is often used mixed with other granular materials. The addition of RAP to aggregates decreases the maximum dry unit weight of the mixture and decreases the optimum water content. It also increases the Resilient Modulus of the blend but decreases permeability. RAP can be used safely, as it does not pose any environmental concerns. The most important disadvantage of RAP is that it displays significant creep. It seems that this is caused by the presence of the asphaltic layer coating the aggregate. Creep increases with pressure and with temperature and decreases with the degree of compaction. Creep can be mitigated by either blending RAP with aggregate or by stabilization with chemical compounds. Fly ash and cement have shown to decrease, albeit not eliminate, the amount of creep. Mechanical stabilizing agents such as geotextiles may also be used.

Browdy, Craig, and Esther Lubzens. Cryopreservation of Penaeid Shrimp Embryos: Development of a Germplasm Cryo-Bank for Preservation of High Health and Genetically Improved Stocks. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695849.bard.

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The objectives of the project were to develop a successful protocol for cryopreservation of penaeid germ plasm in order to preserve a pathogen-free broodstock nucleus for commercial exploitation of marine shrimp in aquaculture. The critical parameters to be characterized in the project were: 1. Determination of chill sensitivity and chill tolerant embryonic stages, including a full description and time course study of embryonic developmental stages. 2. Development of protocols for loading and removal of cryoprotectant agents (CPAs) from embryos; determination of optimal concentrations and duration of loading. 3. Characterization of the toxicity of the selected CP As and 4. Establishing optimal cooling and thawing procedures. Studies were performed on two penaeid species: Litopenaeus vannamei (in the USA) and P. semisulcatus (in Israel). The effect of incubation temperature on embryonic development rate and hatching success was studied in L. vannamei, showing that spawns maybe maintained at temperatures ranging from 24°C to 30°C, without compromising hatchability. Embryonic development extends from 12 hr to 19 hr at 30°C and 24°C, respectively. Studies showed that advanced embryonic developmental stages were chill tolerant in the two studied species, but P. semisulcatus could better endure lower temperatures than L. vannamei. A large number of experiments were performed to determine the optimal CP As, their concentration and duration of loading. Permeating (e.g. glycerol, methanol, DMSO, 1,2- propanediol, ethylene glycol, glucose) and non-permeating CPAs (sucrose, PVP, polyethylene glycol) were tested and several combinations of permeating and non-permeating CP As, on fertilized eggs (embryos), nauplii and protozoeae. In general, nauplii tolerated higher CPA concentrations than eggs and nauplii were also more permeable to radiolabeled methanol. Chlorine treatment intended to remove the chitinous envelop from eggs, did not increase dramatically the permeation of radiolabled methanol into eggs. Cooling eggs, nauplii or protozoeae to cryogenic temperatures, by either vitrification or slow cooling protocols, did not result in full survival of thawed samples, despite exhaustive attempts testing various protocols and CP As. Results seemed more encouraging in freezing of nauplii in comparison to eggs or protozoeae. Successful preliminary results in cryopreservation of spermatozoa of P. vannamei, will facilitate preservation of genetic specific to some extent.

Sanders, Suzanne, and Jessica Kirschbaum. Forest health monitoring at Mississippi National River and Recreation Area: 2022 field season. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301407.

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The Mississippi National River and Recreation area (MISS), situated along a 116 km stretch of the Mississippi River through the Minneapolis and St. Paul urban corridor, encompasses ~21,800 ha of public and private land. In 2022, the Great Lakes Inventory and Monitoring Network (GLKN) resampled permanent forest monitoring sites in the park, marking the second assessment of these sites, which were established and initially sampled in 2011. The goal of this long-term monitoring project is to provides managers with routine updates on which to base management decisions; these data can also be used to tease apart impacts and elucidate causal agents when novel problems or situations arise. We initiated a comprehensive forest monitoring program at MISS in 2011, establishing 33 sites at that time. High water levels during our sampling window that year precluded sampling on many of our planned sites while on others, water levels had only recently subsided. Here, the full complement of herbs had not yet emerged. In 2022, we resampled existing sites and established additional locations, bringing the total to 50. Sampled and derived metrics included trees (density and basal area of live trees, seedlings, and snags (i.e., standing dead trees)), understory (herb and shrub frequency), browse (bite marks on woody species and presence and height of herbaceous species), and taxa richness. We classified sites into four broad forest types using the newer (2022) dataset, resulting in two upland types (upland rich, upland disturbed) and two floodplain types (box elder-dominated and silver maple-dominated). Because of sampling difficulties in 2011, we are only comparing tree, sapling, and snag data between years. At upland rich sites, overall tree (? 2.5 cm diameter at breast height [DBH]) density declined 22%, while that for just the small sapling component (? 2.5 cm, < 5 cm DBH) fell 41%. Species experiencing notable losses include basswood (Tilia americana L.), elm (Ulmus L.), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch), and red oak (Quercus rubra L.). All three resampled sites are located in Spring Lake Park Reserve and subjected to high white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimm.) browse pressure. We sampled seven sites in upland disturbed forests, where overall tree density fell 17% from 778 ? 215 trees/ha to 648 ? 72 trees/ha, largely due to declines in elm, ash (Fraxinus sp. L.), and hackberry (Celtis occidentalis L.). While changes in black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) mirrored this pattern in diameter classes above 5 cm, density of saplings increased 12-fold, largely due to a swamping effect from one site, possibly in response to buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica L.) removal. In the nine box elder-dominated sites, overall tree density declined from 635 ? 47 in 2011 to 500 ? 58 trees/ha in 2022, mainly reflecting changes in box elder (Acer negundo L.), elm, and silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.). In these sites, density of large (? 30 cm DBH) snags increased from 2.5 ? 1.6 to 11.1 ? 4.4 snags/ha. In silver maple-dominated floodplain forests, tree density in the 12 sites fell from 421 ? 63 to 291 ? 23 trees/ha, with declines observed in all five dominant species. Sapling density was low in these sites, falling from 62.6 ? 36 in 2011 to 23.6 ? 11 saplings/ha in 2022. Our observations likely reflect both deer browse and alteration of the flow regime by river impoundment. At upland sites, deer browse is impeding regeneration of all major upland species: red oak, bitternut hickory, basswood, and elm. While browse is also occurring in floodplain sites, prolonged inundation may play a larger role in regeneration failure here. Saplings of silver maple, box elder, cottonwood, elm, and hackberry all have some degree of susceptibility to inundation, ranging from moderate tolerance to completely intolerant. The Mississippi River experienced flooding in 2014, 2017, and again in 2019 when flood stage was exceeded for a record number of days in St. Paul. Sapling decline at floodplain sites is likely a direct result of this. Forest management within the park should focus both on invasive species control and floodplain reforestation. Several sites with heavy invasive weed species are in areas where leveraging local volunteers for removal projects may be possible. Floodplain reforestation requires a dual approach of research and active management. Research is needed to determine preferred propagule types and planting stock, as well as the most effective ways to control invasives, especially reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.). Active floodplain reforestation can alleviate many of the issues we found here, although this is expensive, limited in scope, and carries with it a great deal of uncertainty. Nonetheless, projects undertaken at a small scale can provide lessons to managers, based on which aspects were successful and which were not. Many of the park forests at MISS are nearing an inflection point and are at risk of becoming irreversibly altered if countermeasures are not undertaken in the near future. At this point, steps taken to promote ecosystem integrity are likely to be less costly and more effective than those which may be needed after further ecosystem decline. The river system through the Twin Cities metro area provides numerous services, both ecological and otherwise. As the need to act is becoming a pressing issue, it is incumbent on land managers to recognize this, and address it.