Готові списки джерел за темами / Regional rural bank

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 18 травня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Regional rural bank"

ur Rehman, Anis. "Innovation and Management by Regional Rural Banks in Achieving the Dream of Financial Inclusion in India: Challenges and Prospects." Marketing and Management of Innovations, no. 1 (2020): 222–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2020.1-18.

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The Regional Rural Banks are government-owned, regionally based and rurally oriented financial institutions specialized in catering to the credit needs of the neglected and weaker sections of the society. In the recent past, RRBs have become a potent mediator for financial inclusion in rural areas. This paper summarizes the innovative methods used by the employees of these banks in deposit mobilizations, credit expansion and recovery of the loan. The primary purpose of the research is to find the problems faced by officials of these banks in marketing their services to the rural customer. The opinions of these bank officials regarding the above factors and the functioning of these banks and their impact on society have also been studied. For this purpose, a sample of 96 bank officials of Aryavart bank and Purvanchal Bank have been taken from the rural areas of Uttar Pradesh. Methodological tools of the research methods were Frequency and Chi-square test of independence which have been used to test the hypotheses developed in the study. The research empirically confirms and theoretically proves that the employees and staff of these two regional rural banks in the state are making their earnest effort to channelize the savings of rural people by mobilization of deposits by motivating them to deposit their surplus money in the regional rural banks. The bank officials are making efforts to extend credit facilities in rural areas to uplift the people economically. The bank officials are facing problems in deposit mobilization, and credit expansion in the rural areas of the state and they are managing these problems very efficiently. Some political interference was found in the functioning of these banks. In the opinion of these bank officials, the overall working of these regional rural banks is proper. The results of the research can be useful for policymakers in the government to understand the hurdles faced by regional rural banks in reaching to the poor and needy sections of the society. The insights from this paper can help the policymakers to craft innovative schemes which enable these banks to reach the most inaccessible customers in rural areas. Keywords Regional Rural Banks, deposit mobilizations, credit expansion, financial inclusion, loan recovery.

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Tigari, Harish, and M. G. Gaganadeepa. "Regional Rural Banks and Rural Development: A Case of Pragathi Krishna Gramin Bank." Shanlax International Journal of Economics 7, no. 2 (March 15, 2019): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/economics.v7i2.315.

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The rural banking is one of the important roles in rural development of our country, and the village economy is the backbone of the Indian economy. Without the development of the rural economy, the objective of economic planning cannot be achieved. Hence the Regional rural banks (RRBs) are plays a vital role in the rural development for the economy in India. The RRBs were established on October 2, 1975, with the main objective of a provisional credit to rural people who are not economically strong enough, especially the small farmers, artisans, agricultural laborers, and even small entrepreneurs. The present study is a modest attempt to rural credit structure and the role played by RRBs in the development of rural economy. The present research paper is designed in nature and makes use of secondary data. The relevant secondary data have been collected mainly through the articles, journals, books, and websites have been referred. This paper is to examine the rural credit structure in RRBs of Pragathi Krishna Gramin Bank. And this study is focused only on the specific area like loans and advances made by the RRBs for three years period of 2015-16 to the year 2017-18.

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Patnaik, B. Chandra Mohan, Ipseeta Satpathy, and Avinash Supkar. "Revamping regional rural banks through Odisha Gramin Bank: a study." International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies 7, no. 4 (2014): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijepee.2014.066624.

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Fakhrunnas, Faaza, and Mochamad Ali Imron. "Assessing Financial Risk and Regional Macroeconomic Influence to Islamic Rural Bank Performance." Global Review of Islamic Economics and Business 7, no. 1 (September 15, 2019): 049. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/grieb.2019.071-05.

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Islamic Rural Bank must deal with internal and external risks which will affect to the performance of the bank. This paper aims to assess the internal and external risks that influence to the bank performance. By adopting panel data analysis, the paper analyzes 21 biggest Islamic rural bank which as a representative of 21 provinces around Indonesia during 2013-2017 which result 420 observation period. Furthermore, Return on Asset (ROA) are utilized as dependent variable which represents Islamic rural bank’s performance. As independent variables, Non-Performing Financing (NPF) and Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) are applied as internal risk in Islamic rural bank. To analyze external risk, regional macroeconomic factors, Regional Economic Growth (REG) and Regional Inflation (RInf) are employed then Total Asset of Islamic rural bank (Size) is also used as complementary variable. Based on the analysis, this study finds that SRB has robust risk management through internal and external risk. However, REG has significant ROA that explains the performance of Islamic rural bank will depend on regional economic growth in each province.

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Jamal Wiwoho, Nugroho Saputro, Putra Pamungkas, Irwan Trinugroho, Moch. Doddy Ariefianto, and Francisca Sestri Goestjahjantie. "Rural Bank and Regional Economic Development: Evidence from Indonesia." International Journal of Business and Society 22, no. 2 (August 12, 2021): 818–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.3761.2021.

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This paper investigates the relationship between fund reallocation on economic growth and poverty by using 1860 rural banks. Our quarterly data allow us to merge bank-level data and province level-data from 2010-2016. We find that loan-to-deposit ratio as our proxy of intermediation function could boost economic development. Our non-linear regression shows that too much finance reduces regional GDP growth but, in the long term, could help to reduce poverty. Our results provide some important policy implications that rural banks could contribute to economic development in a good way but should be highly supervised in terms of risk and competition.

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Rachmawati, Rima. "Relationship between accounting information systems implementation and corporate governance of rural banks in Indonesia." Diponegoro International Journal of Business 2, no. 1 (June 29, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dijb.2.1.2019.10-17.

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between accounting information systems implementation and the governance of rural banks (bank perkreditan rakyat/BPR). Specifically, this study examines the effect of bookkeeping systems, financial reporting, budgeting systems, and IFRS for SMEs implementation on good corporate governance of rural banks. PLS-SEM wasemployed for data analysis to 145 rural banks registered in Regional Owned Bank Association of Central Java Indonesia. The results of data analysis found that bookkeeping systems, financial reporting and budgeting systems implemetation positively affectgood corporate governance of rural banks, while IFRS for SMEs implementation was not significantly affectgood corporate governance of rural banks.

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Prof. Nisar Ahmed Mulla, Attaullah Niazi,. "Financial Performance of Selected Regional Rural Banks in Jammu and Kashmir- An Empirical Study." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 6 (April 5, 2021): 2338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i6.5282.

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Regional Rural Banks(RRBs) have been formed to serve rural areas with banking and other financial Services. These institutions were brought in the public domain through an ordinance passed by the then President of India in September 1975, with the intent of providing banking and credit facilities for the agriculture and other rural section of the society across the nation. They are key financing institutions at rural levels that provides agriculture credit in rural areas. RRBs have more access to rural areas and play a key role in strengthening the agriculture sector & rural development of India. The main objectives behind the formation of such type of vibrant institution in India was to established a link between the banks and rural households, especially in banking deprived areas. Moreover, to encourage rural savings, to generate employment opportunities, and to provide cheaper credit to the marginalised section in rural India. Presently, the RRBs are under great pressure and going towards financial distress (As revealed from studies). In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the financial performance of Selected Regional Rural banks (RRBs) of J&K by applying “CAMEL” Model approach. The finding of the study revealed that the performance of the J&K Grameen Bank(JKGB) and Ellaquai Dehati Bank(EDB) is not up to the mark.

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Tanmay Sarker. "Performance of RRBs in pre-Merger and post-Merger period." International Research Journal on Advanced Engineering and Management (IRJAEM) 2, no. 03 (March 16, 2024): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.47392/irjaem.2024.0042.

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Regional Rural Banks are established under the provisions of an ordinance promulgated on 26th September, 1975 and the RRB Act, 1976 with an objective to ensure sufficient institutional credit for agriculture and other rural sectors. Reforms and mergers introduced by the Government of India in consultation with Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and National Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) in the year 1994-95 to 2005-06. So, there is a need to study the growth and financial performance of Regional Rural banks in India in pre-Merger & post-Merger period. The study is based on secondary data collected from annual reports of NABARD and RBI. In order to provide access to low-cost banking facilities to the poor rural banking in India was started. Rural banks in those days mainly focused upon the Argo sector. RRBs in India penetrated every corner of the country and extended a helping hand in the growth process of the country. This research aim is that to analyze the financial performance of RRBs before amalgamations and after amalgamations. As spread ratio comprises of Interest income earned and interest income expensed divided by total assets. The other financial indicators such as no. of RRBs, branches, district coverage, deposits and advances have shown growth but it is not significant growth. The Internal working group of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) suggested that merger and amalgamation of Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) may help in improving their health and viability, even as it sought to bring in new banks both public and private as sponsors of the merged RRBs.

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Jorum, Tasleema M., and Sujata S. Mali. "Performance of Regional Rural Banks after Amalgamation in India: Progress and Prospects." Artha - Journal of Social Sciences 11, no. 3 (July 18, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12724/ajss.22.1.

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For the past three decades India's banking system has several outstanding achievements to its credit. The most striking is its extensive reach. It is no longer confined to only metropolitans or cosmopolitans in India. In fact, Indian banking system has reached even to the remote corners of the country. This is one of the main reasons for India's growth process. The government's regular policy for Indian banks since 1969 has paid rich dividends with the nationalization of 14 major private banks of India. Regional Rural Banks started their development process on 2 October 1975 with the formation of a single bank—Prathama Grameen Bank. The RRBs mobilize financial resources from rural/semi-urban areas and grant loans and advances mostly to small and marginal farmers, agricultural labourers and rural artisans. The area of operation of RRBs is limited to the area as notified by GoI covering one or more districts in the State. In this context, the present study is an attempt to examine the impact of amalgamation on physical performance of RRBs during post-amalgamation period.Keywords: Banking; Regional rural banks; Amalgamation; Profit and loss and economic development; NPAs and deposits.

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Widia, Syam, and Widya Prananta. "The Financial Performance Comparation of Private and Government Bank: Rural Bank Case." Management Analysis Journal 10, no. 1 (April 22, 2021): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/maj.v10i1.46009.

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The purpose of establishing rural bank/ Bank Perkreditan Rakyat known as BPR is to improve the regional economy through credit as financial support for inclusive society. Meanwhile, the contribution of BPR/BPRS (Conventional/Sharia) owned by the Local Government to the regional economy is still small in number. It reflected in the share of productive loans/financing channeled by Local Government BPR lower than private BPR/BPRS. This study aims to Analyze Performance Difference in Private Rural Banks and Rural Banks Owned by Local Government in Central Java Province using financial performance ratios. The financial performance ratios were Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Quality of earning assets, Non-Performing Loan (NPL), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), and Return on Assets (ROA). The method used to analyze data is Different Tests using Independent T-test. This study used SPSS Version 23 analysis tool. The sample of this research is BPR owned by Local Government of Central Java, and Private owned BPR in Central Java Province from 2016 to 2019. Selection of sample by using purposive sampling. Based on Independent T-Test, there is a difference in the ratio of Quality of earning assets and LDR between BPR owned by Local Government and Private Rural Bank, while for the ratio of NPL, CAR, and ROA there is no difference.

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Дисертації з теми "Regional rural bank"

Hadi, Abdul. "An Assessment of the performance of regional rural banks (RRBS) in West Bengal with special reference to Murshidabad Gramin Bank." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/219.

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Das, Ranjit Kumar. "Problems and prospect of regional rural banks : a case study of Uttar Banga Khetriya Gramin Bank." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/229.

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Chatterjee, Sekhar. "Regional rural bank and agricultural credit: a critical evaluation; with special reference to Uttarbanga Kshetriya Gramin Bank." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1299.

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Rao, Akuthota Sankar. "Service Quality Dimension Impact on Customer Satisfaction in Regional Rural Bank in Orissa." Thesis, 2015. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/7035/1/Service_Rao_2015.pdf.

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Customer satisfaction occurs when customers’ expectations are met. This study examined the factors that are critical in improving customer satisfaction in branch Utkal regional rural bank in Rourkela, India. Convenient random sampling techniques was used to select 250 respondents from two branches of Utkal Grameen Bank Rourkela, Orissa and structured questionnaire was administered to collect data. Descriptive statistics and regression model were employed in the data analysis. The results showed that there was active youth involvement in the activities of Utkal Grameen bank, some customers were literate and some were illiterate and most of the patrons of the bank were males. In general, customers were satisfied with the services provided by the bank. The results of the multiple regression analysis indicated that customer satisfaction depends on attention to customer complaints by the staff of the bank, accessibility of the bank to customers, tidiness and cleanliness of banking environment, speed of service delivery and knowledge base of the staff of the bank. These factors were found to have positive effects on customer satisfaction

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Ansari, Mohd Salman. "Working of the regional rural banks in eastern uttar pradesh." Thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/6131.

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Sanjeevaiah, B. C. "Rural Banking: A comparative study of the performance of rural based credit institutions-Co-operative credit societies, farmers services and regional rural banks." Thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/5016.

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Kalra, Sajla. "Economic viability and equity issues in financial institutional reforms: A study of regional rural banks in Punjab." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/4105.

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Книги з теми "Regional rural bank"

Bank credit for the rural poor: A pilot study of regional rural bank operations in Nagaur District, Rajasthan, India. Jaipur: Institute of Development Studies, 1985.

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K, Mudgal M., Sharma, K. C. (Kailash Chandra), 1950-, and Bankers Institute of Rural Development, eds. Interest rate deregulation and its impact on regional rural banks. Lucknow: Bankers Institute of Rural Development, 1999.

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Centre on Integrated Rural Development for Asia and the Pacific. and Regional Workshop on "Loan Repayment Behaviour Among the Rural Poor" (1999 : National Centre for Rural Development), eds. Reducing poverty in Asia: Issues in microcredit : report of the regional workshop, 2-4 March 1999, Islamabad, Pakistan. Dhaka: Centre on Integrated Rural Development for Asia and the Pacific, 1999.

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V, Deshpande D., Mudgal M. K, Switzerland. Direktion für Entwicklungszusammenarbeit und Humanitäre Hilfe, National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (India), and Bankers Institute of Rural Development, eds. Organisation development approach to revamping of regional rural banks: Proceedings of the national seminar conducted from 28 to January 1998. Lucknow: Bankers Institute of Rural Development, 1998.

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Bank, Asian Development, ed. Voices from the field: Country partnership strategy (2005-2009) midterm review regional consultations : on the rooad to inclusion. Kathmandu: Asian Development Bank, 2008.

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Regional Workshop on Rural Employment Creation (1986 Manila, Philippines). Rural employment creation in Asia and the Pacific: Papers and proceedings of the Asian Development Bank and the International Labour Organisation's Regional Workshop on Rural Employment Creation, Manila, Philippines, 24-28 November 1986. Manila, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 1987.

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Kumar, Sunil. Regional rural banks and rural development. New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications, 1990.

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Uddin, Naqi. Regional rural banks, and development. New Delhi: Mittal Publications, 2003.

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1958-, Rath Jayadeb, Mishra Sudhansu Sekhar 1959-, and Sahoo Rajan Kumar 1961-, eds. Regional rural banks & agricultural development. New Delhi: Dominant Publishers and Distributors, 2008.

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Regional rural banks and economic development. Delhi: Daya Pub. House, 1990.

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Частини книг з теми "Regional rural bank"

Budastra, Iketut. "7. Indonesia: A Regional Development Bank linked with villagebased non-bank financial institutions." In Expanding the Frontier in Rural Finance, 113–32. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440798.007.

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Misra, Biswa Swarup. "Regional Rural Banks: Restructuring Strategies." In Regional Growth Dynamics in India in the Post-Economic Reform Period, 169–98. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230206304_6.

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Leick, Birgit, Grit Leßmann, Alexander Ströhl, and Tim Pargent. "Competitive strategies of incumbent small regional banks in rural locations." In The Rural Enterprise Economy, 72–87. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003034001-7.

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Prasad Bhandari, Govind, and Analjyoti Basu. "An Evaluation of the Working of the Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) in India." In Perspectives in Marketing, Innovation and Strategy, 236–46. London: Routledge India, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003434467-25.

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Chauhan, D. S. "Lack of Evidence Based Management (EBM) of Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) in Regional Rural Banks (RRBs)*." In Handbook of Evidence Based Management Practices in Business, 20–28. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003415725-4.

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Noterman, Astrid A., and Alison Klevnäs. "In Search of an Acceptable Past: History, Archaeology, and ‘Looted’ Graves in the Construction of the Frankish Early Middle Ages." In Bioarchaeology and Social Theory, 133–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-03956-0_6.

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AbstractThe Early Middle Ages have provided material for imagining selves and groups in a wide range of contexts since the earliest beginnings of the historical and archaeological disciplines. Considerable recent research has shown how modern political conflicts and regional-national identities have crystallized in this period in particular. This essay traces ways in which early medieval remains, mainly from the richly furnished cemeteries, have been brought into play in developing scholarly and popular accounts of the history of France. During the second half of the nineteenth century, the recovery of considerable numbers of finely worked grave goods from the large rural cemeteries provided material for studying and reevaluating Merovingian-period societies, previously only glimpsed in written sources and largely out-competed as national ancestors by the popular appeal of Gaulish warriors. Yet paradoxically, another form of discovery in the same burial grounds seemed to place them back in the Dark Ages: many graves were found to have been ransacked and robbed soon after burial, making the communities of the time appear lawless and barbarous. Archaeological attitudes towards excavated early medieval graves, and in particular the many thousands of graves already reopened in antiquity, not only highlight key aspects of the development of the discipline, but also reveal ways in which the remains of the dead may be integral to processes of national identity construction.

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West, Loraine A., and Christine P.W.Wong. "Fiscal Decentralisation and Growing Regional Disparities in Rural China." In Growth Without Miracles, 331–46. Oxford University PressOxford, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199240609.003.0021.

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Abstract Increasing regional and sectoral inequality and its possible consequences for social and economic instability are of growing concern in China. This is reflected in the ninth Five Year Plan adopted in September 1995, which has included among its key targets the amelioration of regional income disparities during the plan period (1996-- 2000). A priori, the process of transition to a market economy is expected to produce large income shifts and increase income disparities as the realignment of prices and resource allocation by market forces bring changes to the distribution of income across sectors, regions, and households, and as the mechanisms by which planned economies effect equalisation (such as restrictions on private property rights, wage setting, and trade restriction) are dismantled. In fact, however, one of the pleasant surprises of the Chinese reform experience was the diminution of income differentials during the1979-84 period (World Bank 1985; Adelman and Sunding 1987; Denny 1991; Sicular 1991; Tsui 1991).

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Arora, Rakhi. "Marketing of Banking Services in India." In Strategic Marketing Management and Tactics in the Service Industry, 107–33. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2475-5.ch005.

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Banking sector plays an important role in Indian Financial Sector.It has a long history that has gone through various stages of development after Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (LPG) has taken place. The Indian banking sector is broadly classified into scheduled banks and non-scheduled banks. The scheduled banks are those included under the 2nd Schedule of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The scheduled banks are further classified into: nationalised banks; State Bank of India and its associates; Regional Rural Banks (RRBs); foreign banks; and other Indian private sector banks, which are controlled and governed by Reserve Bank of India (Central Bank of India) and Ministry of Finance. In this era, the government has issued licenses to the new entrants to establish new banks to serve the Indian society. This chapter focuses on to show the various undergone phases of Indian banking system, growth of deposits and credits, technological development in Indian banking sector, services provided by the Indian banks, benefits and challenges faced by the Indian banks.

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Gnaniah, Jayapragas, Peter Songan, Alvin W. Yeo, Hushairi Zen, and Khairuddin Ab Hamid. "The Need for Community Informatics in Malaysia." In Encyclopedia of Developing Regional Communities with Information and Communication Technology, 512–17. IGI Global, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-575-7.ch091.

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The Malaysian government, through many initiatives, has seriously looked into reducing and if possible eliminating, the digital divide that exists between the developed urban and the technologically impoverished rural communities. The e-Bario Project, a successful research showcase of Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, is one of the leading examples in Malaysia of such an attempt to bridge the digital gap and to achieve sustainable human development through the introduction of information and communication technologies (ICT). According to Harris, Bala, Songan, Khoo and Trang (2001), the World Bank had introduced a systematic approach to the application of ICT to meet the needs and bridge the digital divide of the rural community.

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Farmer, Sarah. "Back to the Land." In Rural Inventions, 54–78. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190079079.003.0004.

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In the wake of May 1968, thousands of young people, mostly from urban areas, turned to regions blighted by the rural exodus in order to implement revolutionary change in their own lives. They planned to survive by undertaking subsistence farming of the kind that had sustained peasants in the past. Their utopian aim was to build a self-sufficient existence for the future, outside and beyond bourgeois conventions, capitalist society, and the state. This wave of urban migration to the countryside came to be commonly referred to as le retour à la terre (“the return to the land”). The first wave of countercultural youth created rural communes, most of which did not last more than a few years. Some stayed on to farm and were joined by others who shared their aim of making a living in agriculture. Former commune members and other newcomers who settled for the long term became known as néo-ruraux.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Regional rural bank"

RAKOWSKA, Joanna, and Jarosław GOŁĘBIEWSKI. "EU REGIONAL POLICY SUPPORT FOR BIOENERGY SECTOR IN POLAND IN 2007-2013 (2015)." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.196.

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The EU faces increasing climate, social and economic challenges resulting among others from the negative effects of using fossil fuels. Bioeconomy with its flagship bioenergy sub-sector is meant the key remedy for this situation. That is why the growth of bioenergy production has been promoted and supported in EU financial perspective of 2007-2013 by allocating regional policy funds to strengthen bioenergy sub-sector under operational programs in eligible member states. As Poland has increasing needs to develop bioenergy sector and has been the biggest beneficiary of EU regional policy funds the aim of the paper was to investigate on the main effects of investments in bioenergy sub-sector under operational programmes 2007-2013. The study was based on SIMIK data from the Ministry of Regional Development as of December 31, 2015 and Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office of Poland. Qualitative and quantitative analysis show that beneficiaries carried out 80 bioenergy projects of 1442,8 mln PLN total value, including 30,4% EU co-funding under Operational Programme Infrastructure and Environment and 14 Regional Operational Programmes. These bioenergy investments resulted mainly in construction and modernization of biomass power plants, of which nearly 50% where agricultural ones as well as in constructing new and expanding already existing biomass-based heating systems in public institutions. Findings show big regional differentiation of the bioenergy investments: from none in mazovieckie (the biggest NUTS 2 in Poland) and opolskie to cumulation of nearly 33% of bioenergy projects under OPs 2007-2013 in warmińsko-mazurskie. EU co-funding for individual projects ranged from 15% to 85%, however for nearly half of them it was higher than 45%, conditioning realization of the projects fully. Concluding, EU funding was a significant source of financial support for bioenergy sub-sector in Poland, resulting in developing it especially in warmińsko-mazurskie voivodship.

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WOJEWÓDZKA-WIEWIÓRSKA, Agnieszka. "STRUCTURAL DIMENSION OF SOCIAL CAPITAL IN POLAND. URBAN VERSUS RURAL AREAS." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.126.

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The article refers the issues of structural capital in Poland, measured by the number of the organization and an indicator of the number of organizations per 10 thousand inhabitants. Deliberations for this component of social capital were conducted at the regional level (NUTS 2). Spatial disparities and the differences between urban and rural areas in 2005–2014 were determined. Data source was a Local Data Bank prepared by Central Statistical Office of Poland. It was a clear regional differences in terms of the activity of foundations and social organizations. In all voivodeships saw an increase in the number of foundations and associations per 10 thousand inhabitants in the analyzed period, both in urban and in rural areas. In rural areas the increase was much greater than in the towns. In comparison with rural areas, a higher level of the structural social capital was observed in towns.

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Meng, Xiangyi, and Taofang Yu. "Infrastructure Imbalance, Financial Investment and AIIB’s Role: Non-state Actor in Regional Governance." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/vxyh8452.

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The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), a new multilateral development bank, is an emerging force to solve the problem of infrastructure imbalance in developing countries in Asia. Only a few existing researches focuses on infrastructure investment and spatial governance. Based on the economic geographical framework of density, distance and division, this paper attempts to analyze three traditional governance modes in the context of infrastructure imbalance in developing countries in Asia: low-density sprawl, long distance and limited accessibility to central markets, and spatial division. Infrastructure has obvious positive externalities and will widen the differential rent gaps through land value increment, which will bring higher economic density and agglomeration economies. After analyzing the AIIB’s 38 approved investment projects, this paper takes Colombo urban regeneration project in Sri Lanka, Gujarat rural roads project in India and Mandalika tourism infrastructure project in Indonesia as examples, to explore the AIIB’s non-state role in spatial governance.

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Tsintsadze, Asie, Irina Vashakmadze, Irina Tavadze, and Lilit Meloyan-Phutkaradze. "Analysis of the Financial Market as a Driving Force of the Regional Economy in the Conditions of pre- and post – Pandemic." In 22nd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2021”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.025.

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The pandemic has negatively affected the financial sector, as well as the real sector of the economy, both losses and credit risks in the financial market have increased on the background of the economic activity slowed-down. In 2019, the credit activity was high, however after the spread of the virus the activity slowed down significantly. This is natural, as due to the suspension of production –organizing, the unemployment has increased. Volume of the direct foreign investments has decreased by 42 %. Government of Georgia has developed an anti-crisis plan, important part of which is about the mitigation of deteriorated living conditions caused by the unemployment, whereas the National Bank of Georgia has pursued monetary and fiscal policies for the purpose of mitigation of negative influence of COVID-19 on the country’s financial sector and for the stimulation of the country's economy. In general, saving the business is considered as a priority. The current situation in the banking, insurance and stock markets and their role in the fight for maintaining the economic stability are analysed in the present article. It is important to note that, the insurance sector is the part of the economic, which did not need financial assistance in a difficult situation, but due to the common socio-economic situation, diseases caused by the stressful conditions of the population, it was necessary to make significant changes in the list of the insurance services. This, to the extent had led to some unforeseen costs, which had affected the financial conditions of the companies. According to the evaluation of the credit rating company -Fitch, the trustworthy policy implemented by the National Bank of Georgia, had played an important role in the maintenance of the financial stability and Georgian sovereign rating remained unchanged, at BB level, however, what parameters and in what area was the rating maintained and how the positions of the main players in the financial market have been changed, are the main directions of the article's research.

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PAWLEWICZ, Katarzyna, Adam PAWLEWICZ, and Iwona CIEŚLAK. "THE INFLUENCE OF NATURA 2000 SITES ON THE INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS OF POLISH REGIONS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.032.

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This article evaluates the influence of the Natura 2000 network (N2K) of protected areas on the investment attractiveness of Polish regions. Natura 2000 sites were analyzed with the use of the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), a linear ordering method with a common pattern and anti-pattern of development, and correlation analysis (Pearson’s correlation coefficient). The basic unit of analysis was the county (Polish: powiat, the second-level unit of local government and administration in Poland). Poland is divided into 16 regions (known as voivodeships) with a total of 380 counties. The results of the analysis were used to determine synthetic values describing the level and potential of investment attractiveness in Polish counties, and the strength of correlations between the evaluated phenomena. Indicators of investment attractiveness of Polish counties were selected based on published data and analyzed in view of several criteria: labor resources, technical infrastructure, social infrastructure, market support and administrative support. The correlations between the investment attractiveness of Polish counties and the presence of N2K sites in those counties were analyzed statistically. Data for analysis were acquired from the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office. The analysis revealed that the presence of N2K sites in the examined territorial units does not significantly influence their investment attractiveness.

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KOBIAŁKA, Anna, and Renata KUBIK. "EFFICIENCY OF THE INVESTMENT ACTIVITY OF POLISH COMMUNES IN RURAL AREAS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.207.

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The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the efficiency of investment activity in the communes in Poland. The commune is a basic unit of local government in Poland, and rural and urban-rural communes constitute the vast majority of municipalities. Communes in their own name and on their own account carry out public tasks that cover all tasks of local interest, including technical and environmental infrastructure. Despite many researches on the efficiency of communes, there are no studies on selected activities as well as on rural areas only. The nonparametric method of technical efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used in the study. The inputs and the effects of investment activity of rural and urban-rural communes in 2007-2013 were compared. This period was related to the duration of EU support programs. The study was conducted on the basis of data from the Local Data Bank which is Poland's largest database of the economy, society and the environment. The ranking of investment activity for communes were made based of the calculated average for indicators of efficiency. The studies conducted show that the amount of expenditure incurred on the studied spheres of investment activity of the analyzed communes does not translate into their efficiency. This is connected with the possibility of obtaining additional funds from EU. Information on the use of EU funds for financing the municipal investments were not included in the study due to lack of data before 2010. Among the analyzed rural and urban-rural communes the most efficient ones were located in the Mazowieckie, Świętokrzyskie and Lubelskie voivodships, although they were not fully efficient throughout the considered period. Due to its closeness to the capital, the municipality of Mazowieckie voivodeship belongs to an area with a high degree of urbanization. Communes from the Świętokrzyskie and Lubelskie voivodships belong to regions characterized by a high share of rural areas. The dynamic development of infrastructure is extremely important in terms of divergence between regions of the country.

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Daugaviete, Mudrite, Galina Telysheva, Ojars Polis, Ausma Korica, and Kaspars Spalvis. "Plantation forests as regional strength for development of rural bioeconomy." In 21st International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2020". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2020.53.001.

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The establishment of plantation forests in areas not viable for agriculture can make a significant contribution to the economy. The yield from 1 ha of plantation forest depends on the management purpose - obtaining of round wood (pulpwood, sawnlog, veneer log, tare), bioenergy and extraction of tree foliage (broadleaved and coniferous). In Latvia, based on 2019 data, plantation forests achieve 2760 ha of Scots pine, 7855 ha of Norway spruce, 7431 ha of Birch, 2123 ha of Grey alder, 1274 ha of Black alder and Populus spp. and 618 ha of Salix spp. Estimated and projected gains are calculated both as round wood over 20 to 50 years: pine - 410-to 994 thou. m3; spruce, - 335 to 2.906 thou. m3, birch - 1.040 -2.452 thou. m3. Accordingly, it is possible to obtain gross income from the whole plantation forest area in Latvia: pine-12.42-63.8 mln. EUR; spruce - 40.1 -192.3 mln. EUR; for birch - 32.2 -202.7 mln. Eur. Additionally to that, 18.6 -21.6 t ha-1 and 24.0 -37.0 t ha-1 of processed foliage can be obtained from 1 ha of pine and spruce forest plantations (40-50 years old). Alnus incana sp. (5-20 years), yielding 19.65-122.65 thou. Solid m3 and Salix spp. (3-5 years), yielding 58.71-84.97 thou. solid m3, are used for energy production, furthermore Alnus spp. wood can be used than valuable raw material for plywood production. At the same time, it is possible to capture 106-1477 thou. tonnes of CO2 equivalent. Systematic investigations of chemical composition of above mentioned Latvian plantation trees, wood and bark, have shown that incorporation of extraction treatment in existing processing schemes will allow to manufacture high value added monomeric and oligomeric products which are of great demand for substitution of synthetic ones in different economy sectors (agriculture, including means for plant protection, food industry, polymer production, pharmacy etc.). Creation of small and medium-sized enterprises in rural region in close proximity to plantations opens the opportunity for the appearance of new working places, including organization of new nurseries, plantation services, private businesses for processing of various lignocellulosic waste into new special products / semi-products / feedstock for green industrial materials and chemicals, at the same time diminishing the logistics expenses.

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Gonsioroski, L. H., M. P. C. de Almeida, P. V. G. Castellanos, D. M. Okamoto, J. J. A. Arnez, R. S. L. Souza, and L. da Silva Mello. "Preliminary results of channel characterization at 700MHz band in urban and rural regions." In 2014 International Telecommunications Symposium (ITS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/its.2014.6948041.

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Abdi, Abdiaziz Hussein, and Hasan Zorlu. "Rural Electrification with Solar Powered Mini-Grids and Stand-Alone Solar System Installations: Case of Somali." In International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2021.026.

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Access to electricity still remains a distant dream in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. In the energy sector, Somalia is one of the most underdeveloped in the region. Especially in rural areas, the rate of electrification is the lowest with the high cost of power, for electricity generation, Somalia depends on imported petroleum products, and cooking relies on biomass resources, and only a small fraction of the population has safe, reliable, and affordable energy services. Generally, the population in rural areas is composed of a high percentage of poor households and low population density. For this reason, there are not attractive economic benefits for electricity supply utilities or private investors to offer electricity services to these villages. So, this work presented technical and economic challenges for introducing solar-powered mini-grid and stand-alone solar system installations in Somalia's rural areas. Solar-powered mini-grid and stand-alone solar system have been considered for supplying an electrical load in a rural area.to design an off-grid system a well-known freeware HOMER modeling tool has been used. To supply electricity directly to the load solar energy is considered as the primary source and when excess generation happens a battery bank is considered for electrical storage. During the design of this power system the community's load has been suggested for lighting, fan, school, and health clinic equipment load, television, radio, and the simulation and optimization of the system were done based on the electrical load, sources of climatic data, the economics of the power components and other parameters. Finally, a solar-powered mini-grid is developed for a collection of communities and a standalone solar system for clustered buildings is also developed. For further research, the limitations, availability, and areas have also been identified.

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Beizitere, Ilona, Biruta Sloka, Ieva Brence, and Elita Jermolajeva. "Challenges on accessing finance for micro-enterprises in Latvia." In 22nd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2021”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.027.

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Financial support of companies for their development is considered and realised by many countries worldwide, also in Latvia. Latvia has been receiving critical remarks from entrepreneurs in regard to high level of refuse for financing from the financing institution ALTUM which is the principal intermediary of EU funds and provides resources to support entrepreneurship in Latvia. Statistical data indicate that there are significant reductions of micro-enterprises during recent years. The survey data showed that ALTUM rejected 39 % of the surveyed micro-enterprises from those who had submitted applications within three years. In turn, only 6 % of micro-enterprises have received full financing from banks or leasing companies. Funders rejected applications from 9 % of micro-enterprises while another 5 % themselves withdrew funding due to unacceptable conditions. Latvia has to address serious challenges in entrepreneurship development in regions in particular with a lower economic activity. The aim of the paper is to analyse situation of micro-enterprises for receiving funding. Research methods: analysis of scientific publications and results of previous conducted research, analysis of data obtained in survey of enterprises on questions of financing refuse and on evaluations related to financing conditions in recent years. For a more thorough data analysis (used evaluation scale 1-5) indicators of descriptive statistics are applied: indicators of central tendency or location – arithmetic means, mode, median; indicators of variability or dispersion – range, standard deviation, standard error of mean; cross – tabulations; testing of statistical hypotheses using t-test and analysis of variance – ANOVA; correlation analysis. Research results indicate that the use of more precise requirements of financing for micro-enterprises by finance institution ALTUM could benefit in better development of entrepreneurship in regions of Latvia.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Regional rural bank"

Yao, Yixin, Mingyuan Fan, Arnaud Heckmann, and Corazon Posadas. Transformative Solutions and Green Finance in the People’s Republic of China and Mongolia. Asian Development Bank Institute, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56506/xfvh2542.

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Asia has experienced widespread transformation and growth, accompanied by increased demographic pressure, greater intensification of agricultural production, industrialization, and urbanization. This economic growth has been very resource- and carbon-intensive, while climate change has triggered or exacerbated behaviors and defense mechanisms that have come at the expense of the natural environment. Therefore, we examine and compare three Asian Development Bank (ADB) projects in two member countries of the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation: one in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and two in Mongolia that relate to sustainable green development and use innovative financial mechanisms, and behavior-changing nudges. We provide comparative analyses and aim to demonstrate effective, innovative, and sustainable green finance and green transformation approaches in these two countries to address these pressures. The ADB–PRC loan for the Anhui Huangshan Xin’an River Ecological Protection and Green Development project aims to help Huangshan municipality reduce water pollution in the Xin’an River Basin, which is part of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The project is piloting innovative green financing mechanisms to reduce rural pollution and complement the ongoing interprovincial eco-compensation scheme while supporting green agroecological businesses through two interventions: the Green Investment Fund and the Green Incentive Mechanism. In Mongolia, ADB and the Government of Mongolia have developed two large-scale transformative projects using integrated design and innovative green financing mechanisms to leverage private sector investment: (i) Aimags and Soums Green Regional Development Investment Program, which aims to promote green urban–rural linkages, green agribusiness development, natural capital, rangeland regeneration, and soil carbon sequestration through the (ii) Ulaanbaatar Green Affordable Housing and Resilient Urban Renewal Project, which aims to transform Ulaanbaatar’s vulnerable and substandard peri-urban areas into low-carbon, resilient eco-districts that provide access to green affordable housing.

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Wøien Meijer, Mari, Elin Cedergren, and Hjördís Guðmundsdóttir. Rooting for the Rural: Changing narratives and creating opportunities for Nordic rural youth. Nordregio, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/pb2023:5.2001-3876.

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This policy brief delves into the importance of understanding and supporting the priorities of young people in Nordic rural regions to ensure these communities thrive. It highlights the importance of addressing challenges that keep youth from staying in rural areas and engaging with those unsure about their future there. Serving as a comprehensive guide for policymakers, the policy brief contextualises the report from the Nordic rural youth panel "From Fields to Futures: 40 action points for rural revitalisation". The brief examines academic discussions, prevalent narratives, and youth engagement efforts, emphasising the Nordic Rural Youth Panel's 40 proposed actions to revitalise rural areas. The paper investigates what young people need and want, their aspirations and ideas, and the solutions they present to policymakers that could attract them back to rural areas. It also explores ways to create and enhance opportunities for rural youth to realise their potential and contribute significantly to their communities, thereby changing the existing narratives about young people in rural areas. Lastly, the policy brief stresses the importance of considering diverse youth perspectives in policymaking to promote inclusive and sustainable rural development in alignment with the Nordic Vision.

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Wenner, Mark D. Dealing with Coordination Issues in Rural Development Projects: Game Theory Insights. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011342.

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The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on coordination failures, apply game theory to coordination issues within selected rural development projects in order to develop a set of guidelines to avoid and minimize coordination failures. The ultimate aim is to promote development effectiveness by helping to improve project design. The intended audience is operational staff of the bank, staff in other donor agencies, policy makers, and academics interested in development effectiveness, enterprise development, and rural development. Case studies concern themselves with the rural agricultural and non-agricultural development in Latin America, but the theoretical insights can be applied to any sector or region of the world.

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Latané, Annah, Jean-Michel Voisard, and Alice Olive Brower. Senegal Farmer Networks Respond to COVID-19. RTI Press, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.rr.0045.2106.

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This study leveraged existing data infrastructure and relationships from the Feed the Future Senegal Naatal Mbay (“flourishing agriculture”) project, funded by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) and implemented by RTI International from 2015 to 2019. The research informed and empowered farmer organizations to track and respond to rural households in 2020 as they faced the COVID-19 pandemic. Farmer organizations, with support from RTI and local ICT firm STATINFO, administered a survey to a sample of 800 agricultural households that are members of four former Naatal Mbay–supported farmer organizations in two rounds in August and October 2020. Focus group discussions were conducted with network leadership pre- and post–data collection to contextualize the experience of the COVID-19 shock and to validate findings. The results showed that farmers were already reacting to the effects of low rainfall during the 2019 growing season and that COVID-19 compounded the shock through disrupted communications and interregional travel bans, creating food shortages and pressure to divert seed stocks for food. Food insecurity effects, measured through the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale and cereals stocks, were found to be greater for households in the Casamance region than in the Kaolack and Kaffrine regions. The findings also indicate that farmer networks deployed a coordinated response comprising food aid and access to personal protective equipment, distribution of short-cycle legumes and grains (e.g., cowpea, maize) and vegetable seeds, protection measures for cereals seeds, and financial innovations with banks. However, food stocks were expected to recover as harvesting began in October 2020, and the networks were planning to accelerate seed multiplication, diversify crops beyond cereals, improve communication across the network. and mainstream access to financial instruments in the 2021 growing season. The research indicated that the previous USAID-funded project had likely contributed to the networks’ COVID-19 resilience capacities by building social capital and fostering the new use of tools and technologies over the years it operated.

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D, Masson, Nicolas S, Szumilin E, and Balkan S. The design, implementation, and effectiveness of teen models of care: lessons from MSF supported programmes providing treatment and care for adolescents aged 10 to 19 living with HIV in Malawi and Uganda. Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.57740/3mmnvmad0.

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This “lessons learned” report presents a thorough documentation of the implementation process of the models of care for adolescents (aged ~10-19 years) living with HIV (ALHIV) in two HIV programmes supported by MSF. The first is in Arua, a town in the West Nile Province in Uganda and, the second, in Chiradzulu rural district, Southern Malawi. Both countries are among the top 15 countries to be affected by HIV in the world. Whilst Arua is in a lower HIV-prevalent setting, Chiradzulu district remains one of the most affected regions of Malawi. The key lessons learned from this implementation were: ▸ Schedule all adolescents on the same day(s); preferably during out-of-school hours. ▸ Ensure disclosure is a repeated and ongoing process and not an on/off one. ▸ Maintain close collaboration between clinicians and counsellors to continuously transmit information to the changing and evolving concerns of teens. ▸ Organize sessions by age band, separating the pre-pubescent adolescents from older ones. Full HIV disclosure is recommended before integrating the adolescents into group activities. ▸ Include sexual and reproductive health in the package of care. Health workers and peers must be trained to address the specific concerns of adolescents. ▸ Recognize peers are an important asset to conveying messages and sharing positive experiences. While peers are useful actors in the management of teens, they should not be solely responsible for managing the cases of adolescents failing on treatment. ▸ Perform a viral load (VL) every six months for this vulnerable age group. Point-of-care VL, with same-day results, permits a rapid management of the unsuppressed patients, and requires logistic organization in rural contexts. ▸ Utilize a multidisciplinary team – clinicians, counsellors, psychologists, social workers, and peers – to address the complex situations faced by some adolescents.

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Joly, Kyle, and Matthew Cameron. Caribou vital sign annual report for the Arctic Network Inventory and Monitoring Program: September 2022?August 2023. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301773.

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Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) are an integral part of the ecological and cultural fabric of northwest Alaska. Western Arctic Herd (WAH) caribou roam over this entire region, including all 5 Arctic Network (ARCN) Inventory and Monitoring Program?s National Park units. Conservation of healthy caribou populations is specifically mentioned within the enabling legislation (Alaska National Interested Lands Conservation Act or ANILCA) for 3 of these park units and is of importance to subsistence hunters. Caribou are, by far, the most abundant large mammal in northwest Alaska and are famous for their long-distance migrations and large population oscillations. For these reasons, the ARCN parks chose WAH caribou as a Vital Sign for long-term monitoring. This report documents the monitoring results of this Vital Sign during its 14th year (September 2022?August 2023) of implementation. Results from the previous years of monitoring are also included for ease of comparison. Periodic syntheses of these data will be performed and reported on as appropriate. National Park Service (NPS) monitoring of the WAH is done in conjunction and cooperation with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADFG). Thanks to a 2015 data sharing agreement, the report includes data funded by the ADFG dating back to September 2013. That particular year was chosen as it represents when the ADFG started deploying a substantial number of GPS collars on an 8-hour relocation schedule. Monitoring of the herd relies heavily on the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) radio telemetry collars that are capable of transmitting location data to a satellite. Given the extremely remote area that the WAH inhabits, this system provides the most efficient and accurate means to track individual caribou. These data are utilized to monitor the timing and location of migrations, as well as seasonal distributions of WAH caribou. Monitoring movement and the phenology of movement is perhaps the simplest means to track the influences of climate change, natural perturbations, development, and other potential impacts on a species?an analysis of which is outside the scope of this current report. This report also documents the NPS commitment and involvement with the WAH Working Group. The group is composed of important stakeholders including representatives for rural villages, sport hunters, conservationists, hunting guides, hunting transporters, and reindeer herders. In addition, all the agencies charged with managing the WAH, including the ADFG, NPS, US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and Bureau of Land Management (BLM), serve as advisors to the group. Information gathered by the Caribou Vital Sign monitoring program are intended to supplement and complement existing data streams gathered by the other cooperating agencies and will be important in future management decisions.

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Kazakhstan and ADB (1994 – 2024): 30 Years of Partnership. Asian Development Bank, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/arm230496.

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ADB; Asian Development Bank; Kazakhstan; Astana; Almaty; Central Asia; CAREC; assistance; loans; grant; partnership; transport; roads; trade; transit; regional cooperation; economic development; sustainable growth; renewable energy; COVID-19; rural water supply; irrigation; finance; public sector; reforms; fiscal management; climate change; policy-based loan; KEEP; knowledge and experience exchange program; private sector development; air quality monitoring; Almaty-Bishkek economic corridor; gender bonds; women housing; MSMEs; decarbonization; governance; economy diversification

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FOPEPRO: Bridging The Financial Divide To Reach Small Farmers. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006269.

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Latin American farmers who grow food on small plots of land are the backbone of the rural economy in the region. Getting food from fields to markets creates many jobs, especially in lower income countries, where 30 percent of the population works in smallholder agriculture. Smallholders need better access to finance and training to produce and earn more, but traditional banks rarely operate in rural areas. It is expensive and seen as risky to lend to farmers with little or no credit history, seasonal production and limited collateral.A new private social investment fund, Fondo para los Pequeños Productores Rurales en América Latina (FOPEPRO), is solving the problem by providing credit to small rural producers from the base of the pyramid. FOPEPRO provides working capital and investment loans to groups of farmers, processors and rural microfinance institutions in up to nine Central and South American countries. The Opportunities for the Majority Initiative (OMJ) has provided FOPEPRO a $2 million loan and leveraged $1.6 million from social investors Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, Calvert Foundation and Monarch Community Funds.

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Annual Report on the Environment and Natural Resources 1996. Inter-American Development Bank, January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005738.

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This Annual Report details the Bank's activities in environment and natural resources during 1996. The Bank has translated its sustainable development mandate into five priority areas of activity: its government lending operations, private sector debt and equity funding, technical cooperations and grants. The Bank's activities enhance human capital formation, seek to eradicate rural poverty and promote sustainable agriculture, advance integrated natural resources and environmental management, improve the nature of urban development, and address critical needs for economic and financial modernization. The recently established Sustainable Markets for Sustainable Energy Program embodies this effort to bring new ideas and practices to the region in the form of pilot projects for energy efficient technologies and practices and sources of clean energy. Overall in 1996, the IDB and the Multilateral Investment Fund approved 12 environmental and natural resources loans for a total of $815 million, up from $796 million a year earlier.

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Monthly Infographics Report: February 2024. Microgovernance Research Initiative (MGR), March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.57189/mgrinffeb24.

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MGR recorded 1366 violent incidents during February 2024, mostly triggered by politics, access to resources, and other socio-economic factors. More than 251 deaths and 1201 injuries have been recorded from these incidents. The highest number of violent incidents have been recorded in the form of clashes and attacks (423). Some 176 incidents are directly political violence, protests and arrests which resulted in 25 deaths. Geographically, Chittagong (312) scores the highest number of violence followed by Rajshai (264), Dhaka (247) and Barishal (188). There were 91 protests and demonstrations and only 26 of protests were triggered by politics. While some 33.10% of political violence contributed by Bangladesh Awami League & affiliates, Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) scored no political violence in the month of February. Activists of independent election candidates conducted 6.21% of political violence. Intra-party violence within the Awami League showed a small count of 16. Whereas 62% incidents were rural, 38% violence incidents took place in urban areas. In this month, student violence started to increase again with a total of 43 cases reported across different regions as students have come back to the campus after election. Following the election, there has been a marked decline in the operational engagement of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), a trend attributed to the renewed assertiveness of governmental control over state apparatuses.

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