Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Reform and Opening-up"

L’intégration internationale des marchés boursiers chinois s’est particulièrement intensifiée suite au développement rapide de l’économie chinoise au début des années 2000.Les bourses de Shanghai et de Shenzhen sont aujourd’hui des centres financiers mondiaux alors qu’au début des années 1990 elles étaient initialement très segmentées et fermées à l’investissement étrangers. L’émergence des places boursières chinoises continentales soulève ainsi de nombreuses questions sur les réformes implémentées et les conséquences sur leur degré d’intégration international. Cette thèse étudie les conséquences de ce processus d’ouverture sur l’évolution des relations entre les marchés chinois et les principales places mondiales. Le Chapitre 1 présente le processus de réformes d’ouverture de l’économie et de sphère financière chinoise. L’objectif étant de contextualiser ce long processus afin d’identifier les réformes majeures et structurantes du système financier actuel. Nous retenons que le processus d’ouverture n’est pas instantané et ne suit pas un plan préétablit. Au contraire, il est progressif, graduel et non homogène dans ses applications. Cette caractéristique se concrétise par une série de réformes structurantes majeures instaurées dans le courant des années 2000 pour servir une nouveau paradigme économique orienté vers le commerce international. L’investissement étranger bien qu’initialement très contrôlé et cantonné à certaines classes d’action verra un assouplissement progressif des restrictions à mesure que le système financiers et bancaire continental monte en compétences. A cet effet, la place hongkongaise, par son statut particulier et son système libéral, constitue une pierre angulaire à des mesures plus souples sur l’investissement étranger dans les places continentales. Le Chapitre 2 est une analyse centrée sur l’évolutions des relations entre les marchés boursiers chinois continentaux et la bourse d’Hong Kong. L’objectif est d’apprécier les effets des différentes réformes d’ouverture sur les relations entre les marchés chinois continentaux (Shanghai et Shenzhen) et le marché de Hong Kong entre 1993-2017. Une approche temps-fréquences par ondelettes est employée pour étudier l’intensité des comouvements entre les indices de Shanghai, de Shenzhen et d’Hong Kong au cours du temps et pour différents cycles (court, moyen et long) tout en indiquant la prédominance d’un indice sur un autre. Les résultats montrent que le niveau de corrélation à long et à court terme entre les marchés continentaux et Hong Kong a augmenté tendanciellement à des rythmes différents. Il ressort cependant que l'influence des marchés continentaux sur Hong Kong augmente après la réforme, mais Hong Kong les affecte toujours fortement, en particulier en période de crise et à long terme. Alors que le chapitre 2 porte sur le rôle d’Hong Kong, le Chapitre 3 étudie finalement l’évolution des relations entre la place de Shanghai et les principaux marchés mondiaux. Nous portons une attention particulière à l’évolution de la corrélation entre les différents indices afin d’analyser les conséquences des assouplissements des restrictions à l’investissement étrangers. Nous recourrons aux modèles GARCH multivariée (DCC-GARCH) pour calculer un coefficient de corrélation dynamique ainsi qu’un paramètre de sensibilités entre différents indices retenus. Il apparait que les marchés continentaux chinois sont plus étroitement reliés aux marchés boursiers hongkongais et japonais après 2007, confirmant le rôle clé de Hong Kong et du Japon comme puissance financière régionale. Des évolutions similaires, mais avec une intensité moins importante, sont notables pour la corrélation Shanghai-Royaume-Unis et Shanghai-Europe. Nous notons un résultat différent concernant les liens avec l’indice américain. La corrélation est plus stable et ne présente pas de rupture notable en 2007, ce qui tend à confirmer un rôle précurseur dans le processus d’intégration en tant que leader mondial<br>The international integration of China's stock markets has particularly intensified following the rapid development of the Chinese economy in the early 2000s. The Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges are now global financial centers, whereas in the early 1990s they were initially highly segmented and closed to foreign investment. The emergence of mainland Chinese stock exchanges thus raises many questions about the reforms implemented and the consequences on their degree of international integration. This thesis studies the consequences of this process of opening up on the evolution of relations between Chinese markets and the main world markets.Chapter 1 presents the process of reforms to open up China's economy and financial sphere. The objective is to contextualize this long process in order to identify major and structuring reforms of the current financial system. We retain that the opening process is not instantaneous and does not follow a pre-established plan. On the contrary, it is progressive, gradual and not homogeneous in its applications. This characteristic is reflected in a series of major structural reforms introduced in the 2000s to serve a new economic paradigm oriented towards international trade. Foreign investment, although initially highly controlled and confined to certain share classes, will see a gradual easing of restrictions as the continental financial and banking system gains its skills. To this end, Hong Kong, by its special status and its liberal system, is a cornerstone for more flexible measures on foreign investment in continental places.Chapter 2 is an analysis focusing on the changing relationship between mainland Chinese stock markets and the Hong Kong stock exchange. The objective is to assess the effects of the various opening-up reforms on relations between mainland Chinese markets (Shanghai and Shenzhen) and the Hong Kong market between 1993-2017. A wavelet time-frequency approach is used to study the intensity of co-movements between the Shanghai, Shenzhen and Hong Kong indices over time and for different cycles (short, medium and long) while indicating the predominance of one index over another. The results show that the level of long- and short-term correlation between mainland markets and Hong Kong has tended to increase at different rates. It appears, however, that the influence of mainland markets on Hong Kong increases after the reform, but Hong Kong still affects them strongly, especially in times of crisis and in the long term.While Chapter 2 deals with the role of Hong Kong, Chapter 3 finally examines the evolution of relations between Shanghai and the world's major markets. We pay particular attention to the evolution of the correlation between the different indices in order to analyse the consequences of the easing of foreign investment restrictions. We use multivariate GARCH models (DCC-GARCH) to calculate a dynamic correlation coefficient as well as a sensitivity parameter between different selected indices. It appears that China's mainland markets are more closely linked to Hong Kong and Japanese stock markets after 2007, confirming Hong Kong and Japan's key role as regional financial powerhouses. Similar developments, but with less intensity, are notable for the Shanghai-UK and Shanghai-Europe correlation. We note a different result regarding the links with the US index. The correlation is more stable and does not show a significant break in 2007, which tends to confirm a pioneering role in the integration process as a world leader

Depuis la fondation de la République populaire de Chine en 1949 jusqu'à la période postérieure à 1990 suivant la Réforme et l'Ouverture, la Chine a connu des transformations politiques, économiques et culturelles significatives. En tant que groupe spécial, les Chinois d'outre-mer ont été profondément affectés par ce processus. Cette thèse, basée sur des perspectives politiques et des documents gouvernementaux déclassifiés, étudie l'histoire des immigrants chinois du sud du Zhejiang en France (principalement de Wenzhou et Qingtian), tentant de révéler les politiques chinoises à l'égard des Chinois d'outre-mer et les conditions sociales auxquelles ces immigrants ont été confrontés au cours de différentes périodes historiques.La communauté des immigrants chinois du sud du Zhejiang en France a commencé à se former à la fin du XIXe siècle, restant relativement petite et maintenant des liens étroits avec leurs villes natales. Après la fondation de la République populaire de Chine, le refroidissement des relations sino-françaises a rendu difficile le retour de ces immigrants chez eux, beaucoup étant dissuadés par la propagande et les obstructions du Kuomintang. Les mouvements politiques internes tels que la Réforme agraire et le Grand Bond en avant ont davantage porté atteinte aux droits des Chinois d'outre-mer, entravant leur retour.Cependant, l'atteinte aux droits des Chinois d'outre-mer n'était pas constante tout au long de ces mouvements politiques. Dans les premières années de la République populaire, les politiques chinoises oscillaient entre « gauche » et « droite ». Les Chinois d'outre-mer, en raison de leur statut économique spécial, étaient souvent vus comme un remède aux récessions économiques causées par des mouvements politiques extrémistes de gauche. Des institutions telles que le Conseil des Affaires d'État et la Commission des Affaires des Chinois d'Outre-mer ont saisi ces occasions pour mettre en œuvre des politiques protégeant les droits des Chinois d'outre-mer, attirant certains immigrants chinois du sud du Zhejiang en France à rentrer chez eux pour rendre visite à leurs proches. Ils ont également mené une série de travaux de front uni à travers les médias et les associations chinoises en France, engageant des luttes fréquentes et intenses avec le Kuomintang, soulignant le lien indissociable entre les immigrants chinois du sud du Zhejiang en France et les tendances politiques plus larges de la Chine. Avec le réchauffement des relations diplomatiques sino-françaises et l'établissement de relations diplomatiques en 1964, la tendance des immigrants chinois en France à rentrer chez eux pour rendre visite a augmenté, et l'influence du Kuomintang dans la communauté chinoise française a diminué. Pendant la Révolution culturelle, les droits des Chinois d'outre-mer ont de nouveau été gravement violés. Cependant, il convient de noter qu'après 1970, sous la direction de Zhou Enlai et l'incident de Lin Biao, l'impact sur les immigrants chinois du sud du Zhejiang en France a progressivement diminué à mesure que la situation politique en Chine s'apaisait, et leurs droits ont été restaurés plus tôt que ce que suggèrent les conclusions universitaires existantes.Après la Réforme et l'Ouverture, le gouvernement chinois a mis l'accent sur le rôle des Chinois d'outre-mer dans le développement économique, assouplissant progressivement les politiques d'entrée et de sortie et encourageant les investissements des Chinois d'outre-mer. Cependant, la mise en œuvre de ces politiques n'a pas été sans heurts, connaissant des revers avec les directives du gouvernement central souvent confrontées à la résistance au niveau local. Des changements significatifs à Wenzhou n'ont eu lieu qu'après 1984. Le grand flux de personnes a également conduit naturellement à des problèmes d'immigration illégale. [...]<br>From the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 to the post-1990 period following the Reform and Opening-up, China underwent significant political, economic, and cultural transformations. As a special group, overseas Chinese were deeply affected during this process. This thesis, based on policy perspectives and declassified government documents, studies the history of Southern Zhejiang Chinese immigrants in France (primarily from Wenzhou and Qingtian), attempting to reveal the Chinese overseas Chinese policies and social conditions faced by these immigrants during different historical periods. The Zhejiang Southern Chinese immigrant community in France began to form at the end of the 19th century, remaining relatively small and maintaining close ties with their hometowns. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the cooling of Sino-French relations made it difficult for these immigrants to return home, with many deterred by the propaganda and obstructions from the Kuomintang. Domestic political movements such as Land Reform and the Great Leap Forward further infringed on the rights of overseas Chinese, impeding their return. However, the infringement on overseas Chinese rights was not constant throughout these political movements. In the early years of the People’s Republic, China’s policies oscillated between “left” and “right.” Overseas Chinese, due to their special economic status, were often seen as a remedy for economic downturns caused by extreme leftist political movements. Institutions like the State Council and the Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission took these opportunities to implement policies protecting the rights of overseas Chinese, attracting some Zhejiang Southern Chinese immigrants in France to return home to visit relatives. They also carried out a series of united front work through media and Chinese associations in France, engaging in frequent and intense struggles with the Kuomintang, highlighting the inseparable link between the Zhejiang Southern Chinese immigrants in France and China’s broader political trends. With the warming of Sino-French diplomatic relations and the establishment of diplomatic ties in 1964, the trend of Chinese immigrants in France returning home to visit increased, and the influence of the Kuomintang in the French Chinese community diminished. During the Cultural Revolution, the rights of overseas Chinese were again severely violated. However, it is worth noting that after 1970, with Zhou Enlai’s leadership and the Lin Biao incident, the impact on Zhejiang Southern Chinese immigrants in France gradually diminished as the political situation in China eased, and their rights were restored earlier than existing scholarly conclusions suggest. After the Reform and Opening-up, the Chinese government emphasised the role of overseas Chinese in economic development, gradually relaxing entry and exit policies and encouraging investment from overseas Chinese. However, the implementation of these policies was not smooth, experiencing setbacks with central government directives often facing resistance at the local level. Significant changes in Wenzhou only occurred after 1984. The large outflow of people also naturally led to issues of illegal immigration. Today, the hundreds of thousands of Chinese living in France maintain close ties with their hometowns, a connection deeply rooted in the historical and demographic characteristics of Zhejiang Southern Chinese immigrants. This thesis highlights their experiences during different historical periods, revealing their significant and complex role in China’s modernization process. The study aims to use this group with “overseas relations” as a mirror to reflect on China’s historical progress from 1949 to the post-Reform and Opening-up era

碩士<br>國防大學<br>戰略研究所<br>99<br>Since the reform and opening up of China in 1978, it celebrated the rapid economic development, uprising living standards, and growing socio-economic scale. Its rapid development is followed by energy demand growth. Since energy being the global military strategic material that influences international political, economic and military situations, China has faced this difficulty with an active approach by joining the competition fully in the international oil resources redistribution in order to find the maximum benefit in its future development. This research aims to examine if its energy security strategy planning can strike a balance between green energy and environmental protection, and the economic development, hence, promote social progress. Furthermore, the energy issue might also affect the special cross-strait relations and political changes that might affect Taiwan's future development. It remains to be seen how China becomes a world superpower under the pressure of energy security strategy.

碩士<br>淡江大學<br>中國大陸研究所碩士班<br>104<br>Shanghai Pilot Free Trade Zone, referred to as the Shanghai free trade zone, which was formally established in September,2013. After those operations for more than a year, it has expanded its area, continued to promote its institutional investment, business, finance and other fields of innovation and the establishment of institutional framework and the international trade of convergence, in order to achieve the convenience of trade ,it’s not only to attract foreign investment to set up factories, development of export processing enterprises, but also to allow foreign investors to establish larger commercial enterprises, financial institutions etc. and promote integrated regional economic development. This study would like to know about how Shanghai FTA attracts foreign investment in the financial system and the reform of trade facilitation policy, takes advantage of the channel region, and it doesn’t have to go through customs procedures, and give special preferential tax and regulatory policy, and the financial reform associated with positive and negative effects, and takes the negative list system, understand its implications to establish the background and objectives of the reform, attract foreign investment opportunities and financial reform analysis and discussion its implementation effects, challenges and prospects.

Over the past 40 years of reforming and opening up, China's economy, politics, and culture have undergone earth-shaking changes, particularly the rapid pace of development of the economy. However, with the rapid pace of development of the economy, the country has exposed many social problems. Among them, I think the most serious is the unequal allocation of resources. Therefore, in order to analyze the specific current situation of China's resource allocation fairness and to understand the difficulties in this aspect, this dissertation uses the collected data of the elementary and junior high school education resources allocation between urban and rural areas during 2014-2017 and takes the Theil index as a method of calculation, from the results, it can be seen that there is an irrational phenomenon in the distribution of educational resources in urban and rural areas, and the phenomenon of inequality has increased year by year. In the dissertation, of those reasons that cause the inequality of resource allocation, the factors of government and of market be chosen to put into the analyzation. Finally, this dissertation explores how the government and the market allocate public resources reasonably, effectively, and equitably to improve overall social equality and narrow the gap between urban and rural development, so as to promote overall social development in an all-round way.<br>Nos últimos 40 anos de reforma e abertura, a economia, a política e a cultura da China passaram dramaticamente por mudanças grandes, especialmente o avanço do desenvolvimento econômico. No entanto, o país expôs muitos problemas sociais com o desenvolvimento da economia. Entre eles, penso que o mais sério é a contradição social devido injustiça da distribuição de recursos. Portanto, de modo que analisa o status específico da imparcialidade na distribuição de recursos da China, com respeito às dificuldades de compreensão, este artigo utiliza os dados coletados dos recursos do ensino fundamental e médio alocados entre 2014 e 2017, no âmbito das áreas urbanas e rurais, por método de cálculo de desigualdade, os resultados mostram que há fenômeno irracional na distribuição dos recursos educacionais urbanos e rurais, e a desigualdade está intensificada ano a ano. Na análise das causas da desigualdade de recursos, este dissertação localiza-se nos fatores governamentais e fatores de mercado. Em fim, de acordo com causas, este dissertação explora como o governo e o mercado devem distribuir recursos públicos de forma razoável, eficaz e equitativa, e melhorar o nível geral de equidade da sociedade e diminuir a brecha entre o desenvolvimento urbano e rural, promovendo assim o desenvolvimento geral da sociedade.

碩士<br>淡江大學<br>大陸研究所<br>88<br>Mainland China has reaped impressive economic gain after its reform and opening-up. However, unemployment issues continued to worsen. Due to the fact that the unemployment problems affects millions of households and social stability, solving the issue has became the yardstick and ultimate test of the successfulness of reform and opening-up. The focus of this thesis is to examine and analyze the causes and characteristics of Mainland China’s unemployment, factors affecting employment growth, and the difficulties and paradoxical situation of the issue. Using theories regarding unemployment and human labor, examine Mainland China’s current strategies and policies, and suggest a balanced route towards economic growth and efficient human resource management. The thesis has five chapters and subdivides into fourteen sections. Chapter One introduces the motives and purposes of the thesis, the methods used and the extent of the research. Chapter Two focuses on theories regarding unemployment issues and human labor, including unemployment types, usual recommended solutions, agricultural labor transfer, labor demands, human resources and economic growth. This chapter provides the academic background on the basic nature and factors of unemployment issue. Chapter Three describes the unemployment situation after Mainland China’s reform and opening-up, its causes and characteristics, elements affecting employment growth and the difficulties the solutions face and, inadvertently, cause. Chapter Four summarizes Mainland China’s current policies and strategies, the opinions of economics experts and specialists, the changes in economics environment and human resources. Based on the above mentioned, evaluates Mainland China’s policies in solving the unemployment problems. Chapter Five is the author’s research results based on his analysis. Outlines of the author’s research results are as follows: 1. Implement reasonable employment policy and properly handles the relationship between economic growth and employment. 2. The efficient usage of human labor should be prior concern when making industry development policies. 3. Maintain the advantage of cheap human labor. 4. Fully realized the mechanism of labor market and promote the order of human labor flow. 5. Complete the privatization of the economies as the major body of the market, gradually remove the inefficient nation-run enterprises. 6. Replacing government investment with private investment to become the major market developing force. 7. Inter-connect industries, region and urban development planning in order to reap the best results in efficient application of human labor. 8. Investing in human resources is the prior objective in continual economic growth and solving unemployment problems.