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Статті в журналах з теми "Reducer housing"
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Cojocaru, Vasile, Zoltan Iosif Korka, and Calin Octavian Miclosina. "Stress Analysis and Optimal Design of the Housing of a Two-Stage Gear Reducer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 658 (October 2014): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.658.183.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The design of the housings of the gear reducers is made, usually, using empirical equations based on the center distance (the distance between shafts). These equations can lead to inappropriate stresses distribution and inadequate material consumption at the final product. In the manufacturing of large series and in the manufacturing of the gear reducers/ gearboxes with large dimensions it is necessary an optimization of the housing dimensions. The use of the finite element analysis in this process, combined with experimental researches, can generate significant improvements. The paper is focused on the analysis of stresses distribution and displacements on the housing of a two-stage helical gear reducer with parametric dimensions and loads. The housing is subjected to a static finite element study. The optimization process aimed to minimize the total weight of the housing. The next features were submitted to dimensional changes: the thickness of the housing walls and the thickness of the ribs. The results presented as diagrams of stresses and displacements distributions show real opportunities to reduce the total weight of the housing and the material consumption.
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Wang, S. "Stress Analysis and Design of Main Reducer Housing Using Finite Element Method." MATEC Web of Conferences 221 (2018): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822104008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The main reducer housing takes over the shaft loads from gear engagement and transmits to other components, such as differential, semiaxle and driving wheels, so the main reducer housing with enough strength and stiffness is very important. Some factors preventing it from failure need to be taken into consideration when design it. To design a main reducer housing with better performance, in this paper, FEA (Finite Element Analysis) is used to analysis the main reducer housing and to find out some big stress regions. Then, some modifications are proposed to eliminate those big stress regions and obtain a reliable main reducer housing. During the analysis process, an annulus model is built and the reaction forces between the differential bearing seats and axle housing are calculated to determine whether they contact with each other. Finally, some design methods and improvements of the original design main reducer housing are proposed. And numerical comparison results of the stress distribution of the original and improved main reducer housing validate the effectiveness of the proposed methods and modifications in this paper. Those stress analysis and modifications in this paper are time-saving and money-saving before mass production.
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Slavov, Stoyan, and Mariya Konsulova-Bakalova. "Optimizing Weight of Housing Elements of Two-stage Reducer by Using the Topology Management Optimization Capabilities Integrated in SOLIDWORKS: A Case Study." Machines 7, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines7010009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents the results of a conducted topology management optimization study based on the finite element analysis on a two-stage spur gear reducer housing body and cover using the SOLIDWORKS Simulation module. The main goal of the study is to optimize the overall weight of the reducer by thinning specific areas of the casted gearbox housing elements according to the calculated minimal strain energy. The topology optimization algorithm that is used in current research gives an optimal structural shape of the housing elements of the reducer with the largest stiffness, considering the given amount of mass that will be removed from the initial design space. The complete sequence of steps for conducting the topology management optimization study is shown, taking into account the constraints arising from the construction features and the method of manufacturing the housing elements of the gear reducer. Conclusions on the use of the topology optimization results are given and potential directions for further development of the approach are also identified.
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Slavov, Stoyan D., and Mariya Iv Konsulova-Bakalova. "An algorithm for topology optimization of gear reducer housing elements." MATEC Web of Conferences 287 (2019): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928701020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent years, topology optimization methods are becoming more widely used in many engineering fields, and they are already being successfully integrated at the design stage of the different types of products. An active field of research in this area is the definition of appropriate constraints in topology optimization models in order to facilitate the production of the optimized objects. An algorithm for topology optimization of housing elements from gear reducers by using the capabilities of CAD-CAE topology optimization software is presented in the current work. The purposed algorithm is taking into account the resulting loads during operation of the reducer, the geometrical and manufacturing constraints of the production process of these housing elements. Obtained results from conducted Taguchi experimental study to investigate the impact of some topology optimization control parameters over optimized 3D-model also are shown and discussed. Conclusions on the applicability of the algorithm have been made.
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Miklos, I. Zs, C. C. Miklos, C. I. Alic, and S. Raţiu. "Analysis of gear reducer housing using the finite element method." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 294 (January 2018): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/294/1/012034.
Повний текст джерела
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Juraeva, Makhsuda, Kyung Jin Ryu, Sang Hyun Noh, and Dong Joo Song. "Lightweight material for the speed reducer housing of a car chassis." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 31, no. 7 (July 2017): 3219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-017-0611-5.
Повний текст джерела
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Magerramova, Liubov, Vladimir Isakov, Liana Shcherbinina, Suren Gukasyan, Mikhail Petrov, Daniil Povalyukhin, Darya Volosevich, and Olga Klimova-Korsmik. "Design, Simulation and Optimization of an Additive Laser-Based Manufacturing Process for Gearbox Housing with Reduced Weight Made from AlSi10Mg Alloy." Metals 12, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12010067.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The gas turbine engine’s (GTE) development aims for the increasing the efficiency, strength, reliability and safety of its components. To create competitive engines, housing parts and components with high functionality and reduced weight are needed. Especially difficult in the design and production are the gearboxes for aviation GTE. Traditional technologies based on precision casting or material forming operations have significant limitations due to the complexity of fulfilling multiple different requirements. Nowadays, one of the progressive production techniques is additive manufacturing. The article presents the results of computational and experimental studies that substantiate the applicability of laser additive technology to reduce the mass of body parts by up to 15% while ensuring their strength properties. The physical and mechanical characteristics of aluminum alloys acceptable for the manufacturing of housing parts were analyzed. The necessary characteristics of the powder alloy of the Al-Si system and the technological parameters of the L-PBF of the modified housing of the gear reducer are established. Using the finite element method (FEM) the L-PBF process was numerically simulated and the technological modes for synthesis of the AlSi10Mg alloy powder were optimized. With the help of a serial 3D printer ProX320DMP, the prototype of a gear housing was manufactured.
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Лустенков, Михаил, Mikhail Lustenkov, Екатерина Фитцова, and Ekaterina Fittsova. "Mechanism with variable angle between axes of shafts." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2014, no. 1 (March 31, 2014): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23373.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The design and the principle of the mechanism work, including a reducer and universal joints, are considered in this paper. The angle between the axes of the shafts can be changed during oper-ation. The mechanism works in a reducer mode when its housing is stopped. The kinematic analysis of the mechanism and the research of dependence of the transmission ratio on the angles between the axes of the shafts are given in the article.
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Jin, Lihong, Junpeng Shao, Xigui Wang, Yongmei Wang, and Baixue Fu. "Vibroacoustic characteristics analysis of a planetary gear reducer considering the exterior housing structure." Mechanical Sciences 12, no. 1 (May 20, 2021): 539–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ms-12-539-2021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Previous studies have attempted to identify weak links in the dynamic characteristics of the planetary gear reducer (PGR) exterior body structure (EBS). Through numerical simulation, these studies analyzed the mode and natural frequencies and the vibration types of each order of the EBS. However, these scholars have never focused on the main factors affecting the dynamic characteristics of the EBS of this subject. This study in the topic has analyzed the vibroacoustic characteristics of an EBS and optimized its design using numerical simulation. Herein, the contribution of the vibration transfer path from the excitation points on the exterior body to the machine foot is emphatically revealed, and the influences of the main structural parameters on the transfer characteristics are discussed. An optimal EBS for a PGR with lower acoustic vibrations is designed in detail, and a composite EBS with damping vibration attenuation and acoustic absorption is proposed. The radiation acoustic characteristics without acoustic protection and damping materials are analyzed. These research results are implemented in order to realize the dynamic characteristics, transmission, and radiation acoustic characteristics as objects of optimization, and the structural design parameters of the PGR exterior body are deeply optimized using dynamic modification and sensitivity analysis. This topic focuses on the vibroacoustic coupling of EBS in stationary fluid and average flow field. Based on the analysis method of theoretical modeling and numerical calculation, the EBS dynamic response and vibroacoustic characteristics under the action of frontal excitation external acoustic flow field are studied, which will be beneficial to explore the comprehensive optimization design of PGR dynamic and vibroacoustic properties.
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Zeng, Zhiyuan, Yijun Zhang, and Dingyong Tang. "Lightweight Design of Gearbox Housing of Baja Racing Car Based on Topology Optimization." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2235, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2235/1/012084.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract In view of the National Undergraduate Baja Contest, an initial model is established for the reducer. According to the calculated force of the transmission part, the reinforcing ribs of the bearing hole are optimized and the initial model is optimized and checked several times using the topology optimization module of ANSYS. The safe and reliable housing model with a weight reduction of 35.82% makes full use of the material properties, thus contributing to lightweight of the whole vehicle under the premise of sufficient strength.
Дисертації з теми "Reducer housing"
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Магільда, Микита Олександрович, та Mykyta Magilda. "Розроблення проекту дільниці механічного цеху для виготовлення корпуса редуктора РГ115.007 з дослідженням режимів вальцювання широкосмугових гвинтових заготовок". Master's thesis, ТНТУ ім. І.Пулюя, ФМТ, м. Тернопіль, Україна, 2019. http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31312.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
В дипломній роботі розроблено проект дільниці механічного цеху для виготовлення корпуса редуктора РГ 115.007, а також досліджено технологію виготовлення широкосмугових гвинтових заготовок методом вальцювання.The project of of mechanical shop for the manufacture of the housing reducer RG 115.007 is developed and research regimes rolling broadband screw blanks.
ВСТУП 1 АНАЛІТИЧНА ЧАСТИНА 1.1 Аналіз технологій виготовлення вальцьованих гвинтових заготовок 1.2 Технічні характеристики обладнання для виготовлення вальцьованих гвинтових заготовок. 2 НАУКОВО–ДОСЛІДНА ЧАСТИНА 2.1 Проектування широкосмугових вальцьованих гвинтових заготовок 2.2 Виготовлення ШГЗ способом вальцювання накатної зони смугової заготовки з трикутними вирізами. 2.3 Програма та методика проведення досліджень. 2.4 Дослідження впливу кроку вирізів на енергосилові та конструктивні параметри вальцьованих гвинтових заготовок. 3 ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНА ЧАСТИНА 3.1 Службове призначення та характеристики об’єкту виробництва. Аналіз технічних умов. 3.2 Аналіз технологічності конструкції деталі. 3.3 Аналіз типу та організаційної форми виробництва. 3.4 Вибір способу одержання заготовки. 3.5 Вибір методів оброблення, технологічних і вимірювальних баз. 3.6 Формування маршрутно-операційного технологічного процесу виготовлення виробу з вибором технологічного обладнання. 3.7 Визначення припусків на оброблення та розмірів заготовки. 3.8 Розмірний аналіз технологічного процесу. 3.9 Вибір різального, вимірювального та допоміжного інструменту. 3.10 Визначення режимів обробленя та технічних норм часу. 3.10 Визначення кількості обладнання, побудова графіків завантаження і використання обладнання. 4 КОНСТРУКТОРСЬКА ЧАСТИНА 4.1 Вибір пристосувань для механічного оброблення. 4.2 Розрахунок кондуктора для свердління отворів 8,5 мм. 4.3 Розрахунок 4-ох шпиндельної свердлильної головки. 5 СПЕЦІАЛЬНА ЧАСТИНА 5.1 Основні задачі САПР ТП. 5.2 Аналіз конструкційно-технологічних особливостей деталі. 5.3 Підготовка вихідної інформації. 5.4 Аналіз технологічного процесу отриманого за допомогою САПР ТП. 5.5 Блок-схема алгоритму автоматизованого проектування технологічного процесу. 6 ПРОЕКТНА ЧАСТИНА 6.1 Визначення річної потреби в технологічному обладнанні. 6.2 Вибір типу і розрахунок кількості вантажопідіймальних і транспортних засобів. 6.3 Вибір типу та основних будівельних параметрів будівлі, розроблення компонувального плану цеху та плану розміщення обладнання і робочих місць. 6.4 Розроблення завдань на енергетичну частину проекту цеху. 7 ОБГРУНТУВАННЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ 8 ОХОРОНА ПРАЦІ ТА БЕЗПЕКА В НАДЗВИЧАЙНИХ СИТУАЦІЯХ 8.1 Розробка внутрішнього планування дільниці та цеху в цілому з врахуванням вимог безпеки, санітарії та пожежних вимог. 8.2 Санітарно-гігієнічна характеристика умов праці на дільниці обробки корпусу. 8.3 Розрахунок місцевого вентиляційного відсосу пилу та стружки. 8.4 Заходи по відношенню стійкості машинобудівного заводу в екстремальних умовах. 9 ЕКОЛОГІЯ 9.1 Актуальність охорони навколишнього середовища. 9.2 Шкідливі викиди в цеху (дільниці). 9.3 Розрахунок нафтовловлювача. ВИСНОВКИ БІБЛІОГРАФІЯ ДОДАТКИ
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Буряк, Андрій Андрійович. "Розроблення технологічного процесу виготовлення чавунного виливка «Корпус», організація та планування формувального відділення ливарного цеху". Bachelor's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2021. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/43671.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Дипломний проект містить 92 стор., 22 табл., 10 рис., 8 посилань.
Об'єкт проектування – технологічний процес виготовлення виливка з
вуглецевої сталі «Корпус» масою 3,04 кг литтям у разові піщано-глинясті форми.
Предмет проектування – технологія ливарної форми та організація роботи
формувального відділення ливарного цеху.
Результатами проектування є розроблення технології ливарної форми для
заданого виливка, виконання технічного планування формувального відділення та
розрахунок одиниці ливарного устаткування.
Результати проектування – можуть бути рекомендовані на ливарних
підприємствах з подібним характером виробництва.
Галузь використання – підприємства машинобудування, військово промислового комплексу і т.п.Thesis project: pages, 22 tables, 10 figures, 9 references. The object of design - the technological process of manufacturing a carbon steel casting "Gearbox housing" weighing 3,04 kg by casting in disposable sand claymolds. The subject of design - the technology of the mold and the organization of the molding department of the foundry. Design results - the technology of the casting mold for a given casting is developed, the technical planning of the molding department and the calculation ofthe unit of the casting equipment are performed. Design results - can be recommended at foundries with a similar nature of production. Field of use - enterprises of agricultural engineering, military-industrial complex, etc.
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Luk, Kin-man Ricardo. "An integral approach in applying information technology to reduce operating cost and enhance efficiency in Hong Kong housing management industry." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31969446.
Повний текст джерела
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Martínez, Campos Ricardo. "Housing abandonment in Mexican metropolitan areas : analyzing planning strategies to reduce housing abandonment in the Metro Area of Guadalajara." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111410.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 102-107).
This thesis examines the potential impact and limitations that current metropolitan efforts on urban planning in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara could have in reducing the high rates of housing abandonment the city currently faces. Previous efforts to reduce housing abandonment in the city have not delivered the expected results, and the metropolitan government of Guadalajara has laid out a new Metropolitan Urban Development Plan (POTmet) that seeks to rethink housing allocation and reduce home abandonment. In this document I analyze POTmet's housing allocation and abandonment strategies through interviews with key stakeholders involved in the elaboration process of the plan. I create a narrative around these interviews to understand how stakeholders' interests translate into the final strategy outlined in the POTmet. Later, I contrast these findings with previous efforts to reduce housing abandonment in Guadalajara and with the factors that are currently understood as determinants of the abandonment problem. I discuss what the success and limitations of the POTmet could be in reducing housing abandonment and conclude that, while the POTmet successfully brings together key stakeholders that could work together to reduce home abandonment, previous interests that have driven the abandonment problem in the city are still present in the new proposal. The POTmet also fails to target important contributing factors of abandonment, diminishing its potential for success. I discuss these findings and propose new lines of research and action that the City of Guadalajara can take to achieve its objectives to reduce housing abandonment.
by Ricardo Martínez Campos.
M.C.P.
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Luk, Kin-man Ricardo, and 陸建文. "An integral approach in applying information technology to reduce operating cost and enhance efficiency in Hong Kong housing managementindustry." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31969446.
Повний текст джерела
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Rojano, Aguilar Fernando. "Computational Modeling to Reduce Impact of Heat Stress in Lactating Cows." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/272838.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Climatic conditions inside the dairy barn do not concern dairy farmers until those conditions begin to affect productivity and, consequently, profits. As heat and humidity increase beyond the cow's comfort levels, milk production declines, as does fertility and the welfare of the cow in general. To reinforce the cooling mechanisms currently used, this work proposes an alternative system for reducing the risk of heat stress. This innovative conductive cooling system does not depend on current weather conditions, and it does not require significant modifications when it is installed or during its operation. Also, the system circulates water that can be reused. Given that a review of the literature found very few related studies, it is suggested that each freestall be equipped with a viable prototype in the form of a waterbed able to exchange heat. Such a prototype has been simulated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and later verified by a set of experiments designed to confirm its cooling capacity. Furthermore, this investigation sets the foundation for modeling temperature in a water supply system linked to the waterbeds. EPANET, a software program developed by the Environmental Protection Agency, simulates the hydraulic model. Its Water Quality Solver has been modified according to an analogy in the governing equation that compares mass to heat transfer and serves to simulate water temperature as the water is transported from its source to the point of delivery and then as it returns to the same source.
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Ampatzi, Eleni. "Potential for solar thermal technologies and thermal energy storage to reduce the energy use from Welsh housing." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2010. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55906/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis deals with the potential contribution that state-of-the-art solar thermal (ST) systems enhanced by thermal energy storage (TES) technologies might have in reducing the energy use in Welsh dwellings. The focus of this work lies with the share of the overall amount of conventional energy currently consumed for thermal comfort and hot water preparation that could be replaced by solar energy harvested by active, water-based, solar systems. Twelve typical Welsh dwellings drawn from a recent survey and considered as representative of the Welsh housing stock are modelled and the solar collectors' yield for different orientations and tilts is predicted. The subject is investigated with computer simulations using the TRNSYS simulation engine. The methodology dictates at first prediction and analysis of the thermal energy demand profiles of 12x4 case studies using average (smoothed) and actual (warmer) weather conditions, continuous and intermittent comfort maintenance. Next the ST potential is estimated considering solely a maximum (0.7) and an average (0.4) overall system efficiency and no other technical part for the ST system (modelling approach), in order to investigate the mismatch of energy demand and availability and the TES contribution. The performance characteristics of some representative European ST systems (short-term TES only), as derived from the IEA SHC Task 26 FSC method, are then applied to the simulations to reveal the potential with realistic losses and parasitic energy consumption included (applied only to 5 compatible models). It is revealed that all these house types are possible candidates for effective ST applications, assuming that economies of scale would allow for large absorber areas in the near future. The modelling approach shows that ST systems could contribute to thermal savings between 9%-34% solely with direct utilisation of the collected energy. Furthermore, for most cases, if reasonable sized stores would be used (up to 300kWh TES capacity) then the solar contribution to the overall thermal energy consumption, in the most favourable conditions, would be around 42-58%. Only a couple of models appear to have a lower potential, mainly due to lack of sufficient absorber areas. However for reaching the highest end of expectations for certain house types---up to 54% with average and up to 100% with warmer weather conditions---inter-seasonal storage would be required. In this case, the justifiable storage capacities predicted correspond to very large store volumes, revealing that these are currently not feasible options, as sensible heat storage is still the state-of-the-art for TES. Use of innovative storage types identified by the literature survey, that would only be available in the future, are required in order to achieve high solar contributions, considering space limitations in Welsh dwellings. The FSC results show that for the 5 models the use of solar energy would bring thermal energy savings of around 41-47% if the best system is employed compared to a conventional system, while if parasitic (electric) energy consumption is considered the expected energy savings could be as low as 10%. The actual ST potential is analysed and is found to be in between the two approaches, as both methods have advantages and limitations and complement each other.
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Irving, Robert. "Assessing the potential of heat pumps to reduce energy-related carbon emissions from UK housing in a changing climate." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2013. https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/9e311425-0948-4390-bbeb-4da569dc9fa7/1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis describes three connected stages of development and analysis of residential heat pump energy use: firstly, the analysis of heat pump performance data from a monitoring study of ground source heat pumps; secondly, the definition and development of a generalised residential heat pump energy model embedded within an enhanced dwelling energy model; finally, the analysis of the effects of possible residential heat pump installation scenarios on the UK energy supply and carbon emissions. The monitoring study involved three ground source heat pump installations. The data collected consisted of heat output, electric power input, system temperatures and system status indicators. Analysis indicated that these systems showed reductions in carbon emissions from homes ranging from 18% to 37% compared with their counterfactual fuel-burning systems. The monitoring study provided empirical values to parameterise the heat pump model which was built around a linear regression relationship of heat pump COP to source / sink temperature differential based on heat pump performance data from standard laboratory test results. This model was added in a new module to enhance the BRE domestic energy model, BREDEM-8, which provides monthly estimates. Estimating rules were included for energy use from bivalent alternate, bivalent parallel operation and space cooling. The enhanced BREDEM-8 model was used to analyse the effects of possible residential heat pump installations within a housing stock energy model developed using the English Housing Survey datasets as a data source. Baseline estimates for the current stock were created using data reduction techniques to provide parameters (u-values, glazing details) for the enhanced BREDEM-8 model. Scenarios for heat pump deployments were created for the periods up to 2020 and 2050, selecting dwellings for heat pump application according to scenarios reflecting the perceived needs of the period, ie. the likely reduction in UK generating capacity up to 2020 and CO2 emissions reduction targets to 2050. Results showed that up to 2020, a policy of targeting dwellings with the highest overall emissions for replacement would reduce carbon emissions by 7.6%, at the expense of a 12% increase in electricity consumption. Targeting dwellings with the highest emitting existing systems caused a smaller increase in electricity consumption of about 6.5% with carbon emissions reduced by about 6.8%. The scenarios for the period to 2050, including 80% replacement of gas systems with heat pumps, gave an estimated 80% reduction in carbon emissions, when accompanied by an similar reduction in the carbon intensity of electricity generation and bringing about an increase in electricity consumption of somewhat over 40%. The effect of the more extreme scenario is to replace all but a small proportion of the energy used for heating and hot water with standard rate electricity, in 84.6% of the dwellings, and retaining gas in the remainder, 15.2%, bringing about a radical shift to electric heating throughout the housing stock.
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Gonçalves, Iga Jandir de Lima. "O habitar mínimo." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/10956.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
O espaço mínimo é um tema sobre qual se tem debruçado o trabalho de muitos
arquitectos, e que continua a alimentar reflexões e obras construídas de grande
interesse. Uma vez que a habitação é o programa por excelência nesse tipo de
investigação, estudam-se as pesquisas realizadas desde o século passado sobre
o tema da casa mínima, em que se verifica uma evolução no enfoque do problema,
de que se passa do doméstico para o urbano, da casa à cidade. Estudam-se
também intervenções sobre o existente quando este se mostra desadequado aos
standards contemporâneos de habitabilidade.
Duma primeira análise, percebe-se que essa produção pode ter dois processos de
concepção distintos, uma que está ligada a uma visão poética do mínimo e consequente
depreciação do supérfluo, e outra, mais pragmática, fortemente ligada à
prática de arquitectura em contextos de escassez de recursos.
Nestes contextos o espaço é mínimo como resultado da falta de recursos, pelo
que existe uma procura constante para superar essa limitação, de modo que se
estudam casos exemplares que o fazem com sucesso.
Tendo em conta que essa procura mantêm, naturalmente, uma forte relação com o
fazer, com a dimensão tectónica do espaço mínimo, dedica-se um capítulo da
presente dissertação a intervenções que desenvolvem uma investigação em torno
da construção em contextos de escassez, de sistemas construtivos e materiais
que ao serem utilizados trazem uma mais valia ao espaço construído, qualitativamente
e quantitativamente; *** ABSTRACT:The Minimum Dwelling
The minimum space in architecture is a problem which has fueled the work of
many architects, and that still is a considerable motivation for interesting reflexions
and buildings.
In a closer analysis of the problem, we can understand that threre are two main
conception processes from which we obtain the minimum space in architecture;
one that is linked with a poetic vision of the minimum, and consequently the elimination
of anything superfluous; the other one, more practical, that is strongly connected
with practicing architecture in contexts of shortage of means. In these contexts
the minimum is a direct result of the the lack of means, so there is a continuous
search to overcome this limitation, therefore we find it necessary to study
exemplary cases that do this successfully.
The search for more space is closely connected with the tectonic dimension of the
space, which is the subject of one of the chapters of this study: buildings in which
the use of reduced cost and sustainable materials and building techniques brought
a significative improvement, both in terms of quality and size.
Since housing is the field in which most of this kind of investigation takes place,
we studied some of the most fruitful periods of production and thinking about the
minimum dwelling, where we can observe a gradual change in the way in which
the subject was approached, starting from a domestic point of view and gradually
gaining urban connotations. We also study cases of intervention in the existing
buildings, with the objective of improving the living conditions to the contemporary
standards
10
Flousek, David. "Dům s pečovatelskou službou." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226564.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Theme of the master’s thesis is new building of nursing home that will serve residents of the town Hronov and its closer surroundings. The building is brick and the roof is designed as a horizontal. The building consists of a basement and three floors. Plot is situated in a slightly sloping terrain. It is an object of Housing and accommodation. On the 1st floor there is general practitioner, hairdressing and pedicure that serve the public. The building is designed with regard to persons with reduced mobility. There is a parking place next to building.
Книги з теми "Reducer housing"
1
Lerman, Donald L. How well can alternative policies reduce rural substandard housing? Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1986.
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2
Venti, Steven F. But they don't want to reduce housing equity. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1989.
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3
Broadbent, Ben. Does favorable tax-treatment of housing reduce equipment investment? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1997.
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4
Office, General Accounting. Public housing vacancies and the related impact of HUD's proposal to reduce operating subsidies: Report. [Washington, D.C.]: The Office, 1985.
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5
Office, General Accounting. Public housing vacancies and the related impact of HUD's proposal to reduce operating subsidies: Report. [Washington, D.C.]: The Office, 1985.
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6
Office, General Accounting. Public housing vacancies and the related impact of HUD's proposal to reduce operating subsidies: Report. [Washington, D.C.]: The Office, 1985.
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7
Office, General Accounting. Leased military housing costs in Europe can be reduced by improving acquisition practices and using purchase contracts: Report to the Secretary of Defense. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1985.
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8
Office, General Accounting. Leased military housing costs in Europe can be reduced by improving acquisition practices and using purchase contracts: Report to the Secretary of Defense. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1985.
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9
Crowther, N. Can a change in planning policy, in relation to housing, reduce the need to travel?. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University, 1995.
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10
Office, General Accounting. Multifamily housing: HUD missed opportunities to reduce costs on its uninsured Section 8 portfolio : report to Congressional committees. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): U.S. General Accounting Office, 1999.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Reducer housing"
1
Delgado-Gutierrez, E., J. Canivell, D. Bienvenido-Huertas, C. Rubio-Bellido, and D. Delgado-Gutierrez. "Ecuadorian Social Housing: Energetic Analysis Based on Thermal Comfort to Reduce Energy Poverty." In Energy Poverty Alleviation, 209–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91084-6_9.
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2
Lopez-Ordoñez, Carlos, Isabel Crespo Cabillo, Jaume Roset Calzada, and Helena Coch Roura. "Low-Cost Architectural Strategies to Reduce Heat Stress in Social Housing for Hot Desert Climates." In Sustainability in Energy and Buildings 2021, 171–81. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6269-0_15.
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3
Matandirotya, Newton R., Dirk P. Cilliers, Roelof P. Burger, Christian Pauw, and Stuart J. Piketh. "Risks of Indoor Overheating in Low-Cost Dwellings on the South African Lowveld." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1583–600. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_123.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe South African Lowveld is a region of land that lies between 150 and 2000 m above sea level. In summer the region is characterized by the maximum mean daily ambient temperature of 32 °C. The purpose of the study was to characterize indoor thermal environments in low-cost residential dwellings during summer seasons as climate is changing. Indoor and ambient air temperature measurements were performed at a 30-min temporal resolution using Thermochron iButtons in the settlement of Agincourt. 58 free running low-cost residential dwellings were sampled over the summer seasons of 2016 and 2017. Complementary ambient air temperature data were sourced from the South African Weather Service (SAWS). Data were transformed into hourly means for further analysis. It was found that hourly maximum mean indoor temperatures ranged between 27 °C (daytime) and 23 °C (nighttime) for both living rooms and bedrooms in summer 2016 while in 2017, maximum mean indoor temperatures ranged between 29 °C (daytime) and 26 °C (nighttime) in living rooms and bedrooms. Pearson correlations showed a positive association between indoor and ambient temperatures ranging between r = 0.40 (daytime) and r = 0.90 (nighttime). The association is weak to moderate during daytime because occupants apply other ventilation practices that reduce the relationship between indoor and ambient temperatures. The close association between nighttime ambient and indoor temperature can also be attributed to the effect of urban heat island as nighttime ambient temperature remain elevated; thus, influencing indoor temperatures also remain high. These findings highlight the potential threat posed by a rise in temperatures for low-cost residential dwellings occupants due to climate change. Furthermore, the high level of sensitiveness of dwellings to ambient temperature changes also indicates housing envelopes that have poor thermal resistance to withstand the Lowveld region’s harsh extreme heat conditions, especially during summer. The study findings suggest that a potential risk of indoor overheating exists in low-cost dwellings on the South African Lowveld as the frequency and intensity of heat waves rise. There is therefore a need to develop immediate housing adaptation interventions that mitigate against the projected ambient temperature rise for example through thermal insulation retrofits on the existing housing stock and passive housing designs for new housing stock.
4
Hadler, Markus, Beate Klösch, Stephan Schwarzinger, Markus Schweighart, Rebecca Wardana, and David Neil Bird. "Life-Areas and How to Estimate Greenhouse Gas Emission Footprints." In Surveying Climate-Relevant Behavior, 37–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85796-7_3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractTo enjoy a fulfilling life, a person needs six fundamental life requirements to be met. These six requirements or “life-areas” are housing, mobility, consumption of goods (e.g., clothing), diet, other activities (entertainment), and information. In the beginning of this chapter, a top-down estimate of Austrian consumption-based emissions in each life-area is presented. These are organized into segments that may be easily reduced by changing individual behavior and those segments that are fundamental aspects of our society. The remainder of this chapter discusses how to estimate the greenhouse gas (GHG) output. There is a trade-off between accuracy and level of detail, and the need to combine bottom-up survey results with the top-down national emissions inventory. How these trade-offs may be handled is demonstrated using a practical example.
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King, David, and Yetta Gurtner. "Land Use Planning for Demographic Change After Disasters in New Orleans, Christchurch and Innisfail." In The Demography of Disasters, 101–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49920-4_6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Land use planning is dominated by the growth paradigm—planning and development strategies of cities and regions to encompass increased demand for housing and infrastructure. Urban and Regional planning strategies are focused on enhancing development and growth to counter decline. In contrast, an emerging literature is concerned with planning for decline—managing population and infrastructure loss, decommissioning settlements and planning for reduced population and economy. The advent of a disaster is frequently a catalyst for local decline, but such loss is often connected to longer term issues and trends of population decline. New Orleans, Christchurch and Innisfail are examined in this chapter, to illustrate issues of population loss and demographic change against the impacts of specific disasters. The case studies exhibit multiple patterns of migration both spatially and temporally. Net migration has reflected population loss, but is not homogenous across the community. Specific demographic, cultural and socio-economic groups exhibited different patterns of migration and mobility. Reconstruction of such settlements faces changed demography with a shift in service and infrastructure needs. A reduced population requires land use rezoning, new strategic plans, land use change, removal of structures and re-siting of infrastructure while climate change related adaptation strategies identify protect, accommodate or retreat. Case studies illustrate various approaches to these issues.
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Verlinden, Julia. "Resource-Conserving Use of the Stock of Residential Buildings to Reduce Absolute Demand in the “Construction and Housing” Area of Need." In Eco-Efficiency in Industry and Science, 163–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5712-7_12.
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Abioja, M. O., and J. A. Abiona. "Impacts of Climate Change to Poultry Production in Africa: Adaptation Options for Broiler Chickens." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 275–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_111.
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AbstractGlobal climate change poses a great threat to poultry production. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are released through both natural and anthropogenic sources into the atmosphere. Though poultry production contributes little to the release of GHGs, the subsector has been shown to be greatly affected by climate change and global warming. Poultry production as a major subsector of agriculture has provided the teeming population with a supply of needed animal protein in terms of meat and egg production all over the world. It is yet a major global employer of labor. Though it occupies a vantage position in meeting human needs, it is being threatened by climate change, especially in Africa where necessary structure to tackle the menace is nonexistent. Broiler chickens that are reared mainly for chicken meat cannot tolerate the high ambient temperature that prevails mostly in the tropical environment. Chickens are homeotherms that homeostatically regulate core body temperature within a narrow range. Elevated ambient temperature above thermal comfort zone, such as envisaged in climate change scenarios, will trigger series of neuroendocrine modulations that are detrimental to the welfare and productivity in broiler chickens. Such birds are said to be undergoing heat stress (HS). Negative effects of HS include reduced feed consumption, growth rate, feed digestion and efficiency, immunity, welfare, and survivability. Various adaptive measures that could be harnessed by broiler farmers, ranging from housing, feeding, watering, stocking, breeding for thermo-tolerant strains, thermal conditioning, use of phytochemicals, and much more, are reviewed upon in this chapter.
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Thakurta, S. K. Guha. "Need for Innovative Construction to Reduce Housing Cost for Mass." In Innovative Housing Practices, 319–25. Elsevier, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-037884-8.50052-4.
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Kirk, David S. "Policy Levers to Foster Residential Change and Reduce Recidivism." In Home Free, 145–64. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190841232.003.0009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Chapter 9 seeks to inform public policy debates about how to reduce criminal recidivism, with a particular focus on parole and housing policies. In many states, prisoners released onto parole are legally required to return to their county of last residence, thus contributing to a return to old neighborhoods. Accordingly, this chapter argues that parole policies and practices need to be fundamentally altered. In addition, barriers to securing housing mean that many former prisoners will return to their home neighborhoods even when they do not want to because they simply have nowhere else to go. Such barriers curtail efforts at residential change and residential mobility. This chapter suggests that policies that expand stable housing opportunities for the formerly incarcerated, particularly opportunities outside of their old neighborhoods, may be a fruitful way to reduce recidivism. The chapter concludes by calling for a multipronged approach to reduce recidivism, including both mobility-based strategies and place-based interventions.
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Banham, Tony. "War: Australia, 1942–1944." In Reduced to a Symbolical Scale. Hong Kong University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888390878.003.0006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Chapter Five marks the dramatic change caused by the Japanese attack on Hong Kong. Now there was a material difference between the experiences of those evacuated and those who had stayed, and discussion of reunion was instantly cut. With the deaths of so many husbands and fathers in action, and captivity for those who survived, for the majority of families (for their well-being and integrity then and later) it might have been better had they stayed in Hong Kong. On the other hand, those who had been forced out of the Colony at least had freedom, relative safety, privacy, access to good education for children, and sufficient food. While both sides were desperate to communicate, the Japanese occupation and the continuing mortality in the camps made shared decision making impossible. However, with repatriation to Hong Kong now impossible for the foreseeable future, the immediate choices for evacuees were binary: relocate to the UK, or finally (and individually) take the necessary steps with work, housing, and schools, to properly integrate in Australia for the long term. Forced into this situation by the evacuation, behind many such decisions lay the knowledge (or lack thereof) of the fate of the husband/father.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Reducer housing"
1
Mao, He, Guanyi Liu, Deqiang Zeng, Yaning Cao, Kai He, and Ruxu Du. "A New Design of Cycloidal Planetary Reducer With Internal Cycloidal Profile." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86184.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Compared with other speed reducers, the two-stage cycloidal planetary one also known as RV reducer has higher precision, higher mechanical efficiency, higher loading capacity as well as long service life. These characteristics make it attractive for industrial applications, especially for robotics applications and machine tools, where high precision and large torque transmission are required. The traditional RV reducer uses cycloidal drive which is comprised of the cycloidal wheel and the pins. It has some disadvantages in the pin design, because of small clearance between the pin and the cycloidal wheel, the collision between the pin and the cycloidal wheel may lead to unstable stress in the key parts and output velocity fluctuation. This paper presents an innovative cycloidal planetary reducer using internal meshing principle instead of external meshing between cycloidal wheel and pins in traditional RV reducer. In the new design of the reducer, the internal teeth with cycloidal profile are processed inside the reducer housing, meshing with two pin holders which are placed at the inner side of the cycloidal teeth to achieve transmission. The pin holder is a new integral structure of pins integrated on a round plate. Then a comparison study is conducted through establishment of system dynamics analysis. The transmission characteristics and meshing force of both the new type of reducer and the traditional RV reducer are analyzed under the same condition of reduction ratio. The results show the new reducer improves on these shortcomings, its transmission performance is competitive as compared to traditional RV reducer. What’s even better is that its output speed is more stable, and the contact force between the pin position on the pin holder and the internal cycloidal teeth inside the reducer housing is smaller, as well as the contact frequency is obviously decreased.
2
Wang, Yukun, Guanyi Liu, Hao Yu, He Mao, Kai He, and Ruxu Du. "Analysis of Meshing Characteristics of Pins and Pin Housing Integral Structure in Cycloidal Planetary Drive." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-71351.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Precision reducer is one of the key parts of an industrial robot, which generally incorporates cycloidal planetary drive. Engagement of the cycloidal wheel and the pins causes rolling friction between the wheel and the pins as well as sliding friction between the pins and the pin housing in the traditional cycloidal transmission of the reducer. In this paper, we present a new kind of design to make the pins and the pin housing a whole structure, thereby the cost of manufacturing and assembly can be significantly reduced. And in this new structure, we only need to consider sliding friction between the cycloidal wheel and the unibody of the pins and pin housing. The difference between the new structure and the conventional structure in the meshing properties was given. In addition, we used finite element method to analyze the friction and contact stress between the cycloidal wheel and the pins in the actual working condition, and compared it with the traditional structure. The simulation results proved the feasibility of the new structure and provided a theoretical basis for further design and manufacturing of this new kind of cycloidal planetary drive structure.
3
Wang, Peng. "Slicing Principle and Cutter Design for the Arc Internal Tooth of Pin Gear Housing in RV Reducer." In 2019 2nd World Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Intelligent Manufacturing (WCMEIM). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcmeim48965.2019.00072.
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Rackov, Milan, Ivan Knežević, Maja Čavić, Marko Penčić, Dijana Čavić, and Siniša Kuzmanović. "Design solutions overview of universal motor gear drives with helical gears." In 10th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design,, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2020-p68.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Today there are no products whose appearance is not important. Of course, the greatest attention is paid to products that are intended for mass consumption and personal use, since the customers want to emphasize their uniqueness. That doesn’t mean the other products are not given any attention but on the contrary. Within this paper, only universal gear reducer with helical gears will be considered. These units are often installed within the other products, so that they are usually invisible to the customers, and this paper will give attention to their design solutions overview. Universal gear reducers are relatively simple products and around the world there is a large number of manufacturers of these gear drives of different concepts and shapes. It is interesting to note that most manufacturers try to adopt the shape of gearbox housing that is significantly different from competing solutions. The reason for that is they want to accentuate their solution in order to and to avoid the possibility of an accusation of copying some other’s solution. Although, there are manufacturers which retain almost identical shape as a competing solution, which is probably a reason of bought licence or a consequence of inexperienced copying.
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Hambric, Stephen A., Micah R. Shepherd, and Robert L. Campbell. "Effects of Gears, Bearings, and Housings on Gearbox Transmission Shafting Resonances." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-38980.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Gear noise, comprised of tones centered around gear meshing frequencies, is transmitted through driveshafts, bearings, and transmission housings. Gear noise transmission is amplified, sometimes strongly, by modes of vibration of the shafting. The shafts of the input and output gears vibrate like beams at low to mid frequencies. The resonance frequencies and vibration patterns of these beam-like modes depend strongly on the shaft boundary conditions, which in turn depend on the impedances of the bearings, and of the transmission housing. In this paper, we present simulated and measured modes of the input and output shafts of a single stage spur gear system mounted in a rectangular metal gearbox. The impedances of the gears, bearings, and housing are added in sequence and the effects on the fundamental mode shapes and frequencies are shown. The bearing impedances have the largest effects on the shafting modes, increasing the resonance frequencies significantly, along with spreading the frequencies of similar mode types. Including the housing impedances at the bearing locations reduces slightly the spread of shaft mode frequencies.
6
Song, Fei, Kevin Shi, and Ke Li. "A Nonlinear Finite Element-Based Supervised Machine Learning Approach for Efficiently Predicting Collapse Resistance of Wireline Tool Housings Subjected to Combined Loads." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-72222.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Wireline tools are designed in such a way that they can be lowered into a wellbore on the end of the wireline cable. They can be used for helping evaluate the reservoir and rock properties and formation pressures, locate casing collars, identify the properties of liquid present in the reservoir, and so on. Wireline tools can be subjected to harsh conditions such as those found in many modern oil, gas, and geothermal wells. For instance, pressures in gas wells can exceed 15,000 psi, while temperatures can reach 400 deg Fahrenheit in some geothermal wells. The tools can also experience bending loads when measurement is performed in the curved section of a well, and tension when the tool is pulled out. Housings are critical tubular-like structures that are intentionally designed to withstand such combined loads acting on the tool and protect the measurement components in the tool from damage during operation. Collapse of the housings has been one of the major failure modes and concerns for structural integrity of the wireline tools. Moreover, with continuous operation over time, these housings can get worn out, which could result in reduced collapse resistance. Collapse failures, particularly for those nuclear tools with radiation sources and nuclear detectors, can cause not only loss of the expensive assets, but also harm to the environment. Therefore, there is a strong demand to develop a fast-loop model that can be used for efficiently predicting the collapse resistance of the housings under combined service loads. Placement of the tool in a pressure vessel for physical testing could take several weeks’ effort, and is only affordable on a few limited sample configurations and pressure-only conditions. Conventionally, pressure rating of the housing was evaluated with empirical equations and an imposed safety factor, and its accuracy was limited to a ballpark estimation. When a housing needs to be qualified for high pressure applications, a high fidelity FEA (finite element analysis) model needs to be used. However, nonlinear FEA of a pressure housing could take hours due to its high-fidelity nature, which prevents it from being used as a computing engine for real-time applications. It is demonstrated in this paper that such challenges can be overcome with a newly developed computational framework by combining state-of-the art machine learning and nonlinear FEA for efficient and accurate collapse pressure predictions. First, a nonlinear FEA model that captures dimensions of both new and worn housings, elasto-plastic material properties, and environmental loads such as pressure, bending, tension, and temperature was developed, parametrized, and automated for parametric studies. Second, a carefully selected synthesized dataset containing simulation-based solutions, which had been pre-produced with automated FEA of the housings, was used to train a fast-loop predictive model. Third, feature engineering was performed to discover the compressed feature space representation of the data. Finally, modern supervised machine learning (ML) algorithms with hyperparameter tuning techniques were then evaluated to select a best performing model that can map the underlying pattern between the features and the collapse pressure of the housings. The resulting collapse pressure predictions for the housings were found to agree favorably well with the holdout dataset, which contains the experimental measurements from pressure vessel testing. This newly developed surrogate model has been deployed to a cloud-based platform for enabling prompt model-based job planning and asset utilization optimization without consuming expensive commercial FEA software licenses. The implemented model takes 1–2 minutes to calculate the pressure rating of a housing with satisfactory calculation accuracy.
7
Park, Chan Il. "Analytical Investigation of Radiated Noise for a Shaft-Bearing-Plate System Due to the Excitation of Helical Gears." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35585.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Helical gears excite their housing system through forces and moments of bearings and then radiate noise. If noise is to be reduced, the contribution of noise to the gear housing due to the force and the moment must be determined. This work analytically investigated the radiated noise of a helical gear-housing system due to the excitation of helical gears. The helical gear-housing system consisted of gears, shafts, bearings, housings, and accessories. The gears were modeled as a 12-degree of freedom mass-spring-damper system; the shaft was modeled as a rod, a beam, and a torsional shaft so that the force and the moment were transmitted; and the gear housing was modeled as a clamped circular plate with viscous damping. The modeling of this system used transfer matrices for helical gears, shafts, and bearings. Damping for both the bearings and the plate were obtained by modal testing. An analysis of forced vibration of assembled transfer matrices produced a transmission of vibration. For the evaluation of noise, sound pressure from the plate due to the force and the moment in both radial and tangential directions was analytically derived by the Rayleigh integral. The analytical derivation and parameters from the experiment were applied to an analysis of noise for the two sets of helical gears with differing gear ratios. The analysis showed that the moment excitation in both helical gears contributed more to the noise of the plate than axial force excitation.
8
Norrbin, Clay S., Dara W. Childs, and Stephen Phillips. "Including Housing-Casing Fluid in a Lateral Rotordynamics Analysis on Electric Submersible Pumps." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-58087.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Stability and synchronous-response predictions, which were presented in the paper “A Lateral Rotordynamics Primer on Electric Submersible Pumps (ESPs) for Deep Subsea Applications” [1], are reevaluated to include the effect of the fluid between the pump housing and well casing. Conclusions are made based on these new findings. The same two-line rotor-housing model is used to model the pump’s rotor and its housing. The model dimensions are based on direct measurements of an ESP. The pump rotor and pump housing are only connected together at each stage by reaction forces and moments from seals and bushings. The rotor model is pinned to the housing at the rotor’s ends. The housing model is pinned to ground at its ends. Synchronous response predictions are presented for: (1) relative rotor-housing motion, and (2) housing velocity-response amplitudes. When handling viscosity of water, the rotor-housing model is predicted to be stable at new (centered) 1X clearances but rapidly becomes unstable with enlarged clearances (2X, 3X), primarily due to rapidly dropping rotor-housing natural frequencies. The impact of introducing effective swirl brakes for the stages’ wear ring seals was investigated for a pump running at 3600 rpm. Their predicted impact on stability and synchronous response were: (1) Onset speeds of instabilities (OSIs) were elevated well above running speed, and (2) Synchronous response amplitudes were reduced modestly. Housing-response amplitudes varied considerably with the choice of housing-termination locations. For a pump rotor length of Lr, varying the lengths of a centered housing over 1.5Lr, 2Lr, and 3Lr changes the housing’s natural frequency. This natural frequency can coincide with the running speed with proper termination conditions. If the running speed coincided large housing vibration amplitudes associated with resonance would exceed most vibration regulations; however, relative rotor-stator-response amplitudes were a small fraction of clearances for all cases. When handling emulsions at markedly higher viscosities, with a pump speed of 3600 rpm and new centered clearances, the predicted OSI was below 300 rpm. The OSI rapidly increased as the seals were displaced eccentrically, quickly elevating the 1st rotor-stator natural frequency above 1800 rpm and the OSI above 3600 rpm. With the model stabilized at 0.2 eccentricity, the synchronous relative rotor-housing amplitudes were a small fraction of seal clearances. Swirl brakes were not predicted to be effective in elevating pump OSIs for high viscosity fluids with new clearances; however, they became effective as clearances were increased. An ESP housing can contact the well casing in many possible scenarios (axial locations, contact-area length or girth, etc.). A mid-span, point radial contact was examined and modeled as a stiff-spring connection from the housing to ground. For both water and oil-water emulsions, a stiff housing-to-casing contact produced major elliptical housing motion (versus circular motion without contact). However, it had a comparably minor impact on relative rotor-housing response amplitudes or rotordynamic stability.
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Khattar, Rohit, Sudeep Bosu, Kashinath Akki, and Amit Paspulati. "Experimental Investigation Into Gravity Drained Journal Bearings." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-58804.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Turbomachines with large & heavy rotors have journal bearings that utilize thin hydrodynamic oil film to maintain a gap between the shaft & bearings. They are fed with a continuous supply of lube oil at a high rate to maintain the oil film and remove the heat generated. The shaft imparts high rotational velocities to the oil as it passes through the bearing. Due to high kinetic energy of oil leaving the bearing, gravity drained bearing housings generally have a big sump near the bottom dead center to collect and reduce the kinetic energy of the oil. This facilitates smooth drain of oil back to the oil tank. The use of gravity to facilitate the draining results in a simple and cost-effective bearing system. The size of sump is determined by the oil flow rate in the bearing housing which itself is a function of rotor load, speed & temperature. In absence of this oil sump (in applications where there is little or no room for a large bearing housing) the swirling oil in the bearing housing doesn’t get enough time to slow down. The rapidly swirling oil therefore fails to drain into the drainpipe(s), and eventually floods the housing and leaks out through the shaft seals. The failure to drain can be attributed to multiple reasons like air pressure fluctuation, oil vortex formation, oil frothing, etc. This paper focusses on the design of a journal bearing for gas turbines without an oil sump due to design space restrictions. The flow fields in the bearing are chaotic and difficult to analytically predict without experimental validation. Therefore, a bearing rig was constructed, and multiple tests were conducted to understand the flow characteristics inside the bearing housing. Based on the understanding of the flow characteristics, design modifications were made and validated to enable the design of a sumpless gravity drained bearing housing. This paper discusses the methodology and findings from these rig tests which led to the design solutions that solved the issue of draining the high energy oil back to the oil tank without the need of having a traditional oil sump.
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Keller, Scott, Afzal Pasha Mohammed, and Khalid Oumejjoud. "Managing Gas Turbine Combustion System Fuel Manifold Distress Through Ultrasonic Inspections and Calibrated Fracture Analyses." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-63650.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One of the common issues within the industrial gas turbine fleet is the susceptibility of a can-annular combustors’ fuel manifold cover (support housings) to develop embedded cracks. These cracks, located in the assembly joint of cover plates that create internal passages for fuel delivery to the combustion system, have enough of a driving force to propagate to the surface of the component. Once a crack propagates to the surface, gas has the potential to leak into the enclosure, posing a potential fire and safety risk. Furthermore, cracked fuel manifold covers are prone to increased NOx levels and excessive dynamics. Consequently, operators have the potential for a forced outage due to the failure of the fuel manifold. Currently, the existing solution is to replace the support housings with new or refurbished housings, with prior analyses requiring near perfect fusion. An ultrasonic inspection procedure has been developed to inspect a combustor’s fuel manifold cover for embedded cracks, which are not currently detectable with FPI or X-ray methods. Through this method, the amount of fusion in the assembly joint is readily obtained, including the ability to understand if the crack is partial-thickness or through-thickness. Parametric fracture analyses, utilizing experimental material test data calibrated to service-exposed components, are conducted to predict the residual life. Coupled with the engine operating data, including the use of cold- or heated-fuels, a recommendation for the remaining useful operation of the support housings can be provided. Ultimately, by completing the ultrasonic inspection and analysis on the support housing/fuel manifold, both the risk of an unplanned outage in the future and the lifecycle management cost to the operator is reduced.
Звіти організацій з теми "Reducer housing"
1
Venti, Steven, and David Wise. But They Don't Want to Reduce Housing Equity. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2859.
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Broadbent, Ben, and Michael Kremer. Does Favorable Tax-Treatment of Housing Reduce Equipment Investment? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6161.
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Chauvin, Juan Pablo, and Julián Messina. Research Insights: How Does Residential Segregation Shape Economic Inequality, and What Can Policymakers Do about It? Inter-American Development Bank, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In Latin America, average wages vary greatly between countries richest and poorest regions. Differences in average wages across neighborhoods of the same city are even more significant. Residential segregation reduces access to economic opportunity. Families in less accessible neighborhoods spend more time and money commuting, are less likely to apply to distant jobs, and are more likely to remain unemployed if they lose their job. Public transportation investments can help to improve access to economic opportunity and reduce inequality in segregated cities if they are combined with zoning policies that allow for flexible housing supply in beneficiary neighborhoods.
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Frisancho, Verónica, and Martín Valdivia. Savings Groups Reduce Vulnerability, but Have Mixed Effects on Financial Inclusion. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002910.
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This paper evaluates the impact of the introduction of savings groups on poverty, vulnerability, and financial inclusion outcomes in rural Peru. Using a cluster randomized control trial and relying on both survey and administrative records, we investigate the impact of savings groups after more than two years of exposure. We find t hat savings groups channel expensive investments such as housing improvements and reduce households' vulnerability to idiosyncratic shocks, particularly among households in poorer districts. The treatment also induces changes in households labor allocation choices: access to savings groups increases female labor market participation and, in poorer areas, it fosters greater specialization in agricultural activities. Access to savings groups also leads to a four-percentage point increase in access to credit among women, mainly driven by access to the groups loans. However, the introduction of savings groups has no impact on the likelihood of using formal financial services.On the contrary, it discourages access to loans from formal financial institutions and microfinance lenders among the unbanked.
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Asquith, Brian J. Do Rent Increases Reduce the Housing Supply under Rent Control? Evidence from Evictions in San Francisco. W.E. Upjohn Institute, February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/wp19-296.
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Susantono, Bambang, and Robert Guild, eds. Creating Livable Asian Cities. Asian Development Bank, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/sgp210110.
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This book explores how Asia’s fast-growing cities can fulfil their potential as engines of economic prosperity and provide a livable environment for all citizens. But for this to happen, major challenges that reduce urban communities’ quality of life and economic opportunities must be addressed. These include poor planning, a lack of affordable housing, inequalities, pollution, climate vulnerabilities, and urban infrastructure deficits. The book’s 19 articles unwrap these challenges and present solutions focused on smart and inclusive planning, sustainable transport and energy, innovative financing, and resilience and rejuvenation.
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Xiao, Haixiang, Junjun Hou, Min Chen, Weiping Deng, Chuanchen Zhao, Jihong Zhou, and Xiaolu Liu. Eradicating Absolute Poverty in Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China. Asian Development Bank, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps210460-2.
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This paper describes the specific poverty reduction practices applied in Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China. Government-subsidized programs are aimed at elderly living in poverty, people with disabilities, and migrant workers and their left-behind children. They reduce poverty mainly by building a support system for living, housing, medical care, old-age care, education, and employment. Tailored financial support are also intended for natural resources of poverty-stricken areas to be used in developing industries and forming self-development capabilities to eradicate poverty, including through industrial development, employment, and financial tool utilization.
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Stall, Nathan M., Kevin A. Brown, Aaron Jones, Andrew P. Costa, Vanessa Allen, Adalsteinn D. Brown, Gerald A. Evans, et al. COVID-19 and Ontario’s Long-Term Care Homes. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2020.01.05.1.0.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ontario long-term care (LTC) home residents have experienced disproportionately high morbidity and mortality, both from COVID-19 and from the conditions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. There are several measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes, if implemented. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Third, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by approaches that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19.
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Alexander, Serena E., Mariela Alfonzo, and Kevin Lee. Safeguarding Equity in Off-Site Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) Mitigation in California. Mineta Transportation Institute, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2027.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Historically, the State of California assessed the environmental impacts of proposed developments based on how it was projected to affect an area’s level of service (LOS). However, as LOS focused on traffic delays, many agencies simply widened roads, which was an ineffective way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). With the passage of Senate Bill (SB)743 in 2013, LOS was replaced by Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) as a more appropriate metric by which to gauge the environmental impacts of proposed development. Additionally, SB 743 presented an opportunity for off-site VMT mitigation strategies through banking and exchanges– allowing multiple development projects to fund a variety of strategies to reduce VMT elsewhere in the city or region. While the shift from LOS to VMT has generally been lauded, concerns remain about how to apply SB 743 effectively and equitably. This study aimed to: 1) understand how local governments are addressing this shift toward VMT while ensuring equity, including its approaches to off-site VMT mitigation; and 2) evaluate the various built environment factors that impact VMT, which should be considered by local governments, using both qualitative and quantitative research designs. The study posited that both micro and macro level aspects of the built environment needed to be considered when evaluating the impacts of proposed development on VMT, not only to ensure higher accuracy VMT models, but also because of the potential equity implications of off-site mitigation measures. Using multiple linear regression, the study shows that macroscale built environment features such as land use, density, housing, and employment access have a statistically significant impact on reducing VMT (35%), along with transit access (15%), microscale features such as sidewalks, benches, and trees (13%), and income (6%). More notably, a four-way interaction was detected, indicating that VMT is dependent on the combination of macro and micro level built environment features, public transit access, and income. Additionally, qualitative interviews indicate that transportation practitioners deal with three types of challenges in the transition to VMT impact mitigation: the lack of reliable, standardized VMT measure and evaluation tools; the lack of a strong legal foundation for VMT as a component of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA); and the challenge of distributing off-site VMT mitigation equitably. Overall, findings support a nuanced, multi-factor understanding of the context in which new developments are being proposed, both in terms of modeling VMT, but also when considering whether offsite mitigation would be appropriate. The results of this study can help California ensure equitable VMT mitigation that better aligns with the state’s climate goals.
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Stall, Nathan M., Kevin A. Brown, Antonina Maltsev, Aaron Jones, Andrew P. Costa, Vanessa Allen, Adalsteinn D. Brown, et al. COVID-19 and Ontario’s Long-Term Care Homes. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.07.1.0.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Key Message Ontario long-term care (LTC) home residents have experienced disproportionately high morbidity and mortality, both from COVID-19 and from the conditions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. There are several measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes, if implemented. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Third, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by approaches that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Summary Background The Province of Ontario has 626 licensed LTC homes and 77,257 long-stay beds; 58% of homes are privately owned, 24% are non-profit/charitable, 16% are municipal. LTC homes were strongly affected during Ontario’s first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Questions What do we know about the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Ontario LTC homes? Which risk factors are associated with COVID-19 outbreaks in Ontario LTC homes and the extent and death rates associated with outbreaks? What has been the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the general health and wellbeing of LTC residents? How has the existing Ontario evidence on COVID-19 in LTC settings been used to support public health interventions and policy changes in these settings? What are the further measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes? Findings As of January 14, 2021, a total of 3,211 Ontario LTC home residents have died of COVID-19, totaling 60.7% of all 5,289 COVID-19 deaths in Ontario to date. There have now been more cumulative LTC home outbreaks during the second wave as compared with the first wave. The infection and death rates among LTC residents have been lower during the second wave, as compared with the first wave, and a greater number of LTC outbreaks have involved only staff infections. The growth rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC residents was slower during the first two months of the second wave in September and October 2020, as compared with the first wave. However, the growth rate after the two-month mark is comparatively faster during the second wave. The majority of second wave infections and deaths in LTC homes have occurred between December 1, 2020, and January 14, 2021 (most recent date of data extraction prior to publication). This highlights the recent intensification of the COVID-19 pandemic in LTC homes that has mirrored the recent increase in community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 across Ontario. Evidence from Ontario demonstrates that the risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks and subsequent deaths in LTC are distinct from the risk factors for outbreaks and deaths in the community (Figure 1). The most important risk factors for whether a LTC home will experience an outbreak is the daily incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the communities surrounding the home and the occurrence of staff infections. The most important risk factors for the magnitude of an outbreak and the number of resulting resident deaths are older design, chain ownership, and crowding. Figure 1. Anatomy of Outbreaks and Spread of COVID-19 in LTC Homes and Among Residents Figure from Peter Hamilton, personal communication. Many Ontario LTC home residents have experienced severe and potentially irreversible physical, cognitive, psychological, and functional declines as a result of precautionary public health interventions imposed on homes, such as limiting access to general visitors and essential caregivers, resident absences, and group activities. There has also been an increase in the prescribing of psychoactive drugs to Ontario LTC residents. The accumulating evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been leveraged in several ways to support public health interventions and policy during the pandemic. Ontario evidence showed that SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC staff was associated with subsequent COVID-19 deaths among LTC residents, which motivated a public order to restrict LTC staff from working in more than one LTC home in the first wave. Emerging Ontario evidence on risk factors for LTC home outbreaks and deaths has been incorporated into provincial pandemic surveillance tools. Public health directives now attempt to limit crowding in LTC homes by restricting occupancy to two residents per room. The LTC visitor policy was also revised to designate a maximum of two essential caregivers who can visit residents without time limits, including when a home is experiencing an outbreak. Several further measures could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by measures that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Third, LTC homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Other important issues include improved prevention and detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in LTC staff, enhanced infection prevention and control (IPAC) capacity within the LTC homes, a more balanced and nuanced approach to public health measures and IPAC strategies in LTC homes, strategies to promote vaccine acceptance amongst residents and staff, and further improving data collection on LTC homes, residents, staff, visitors and essential caregivers for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic. Interpretation Comparisons of the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in the LTC setting reveal improvement in some but not all epidemiological indicators. Despite this, the second wave is now intensifying within LTC homes and without action we will likely experience a substantial additional loss of life before the widespread administration and time-dependent maximal effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines. The predictors of outbreaks, the spread of infection, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes are well documented and have remained unchanged between the first and the second wave. Some of the evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been effectively leveraged to support public health interventions and policies. Several further measures, if implemented, have the potential to prevent additional LTC home COVID-19 outbreaks and deaths.