Готові списки джерел за темами / Recreation areas Environmental aspects

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Recreation areas Environmental aspects"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Recreation areas Environmental aspects"

Horun, Mariia. "ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SANATORIUM-RESORT ZONES OF THE HUSYATIN-CATANIAN RECREATIONAL DISTRICT." Regional’ni aspekti rozvitku produktivnih sil Ukraїni, no. 23 (2018): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/rarrpsu2018.23.029.

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The article deals with the e environmental aspects of the development of resort areas and іome methodological going near determining of essence and components of the territorial and recreation systems of curative type, and functional zoning of recreation district on the basis of present natural, sociallyte and economic and historical and cultural reactional resources are examined. In the article the next functional zoning of recreational district is offered and reasonable : 1) zone of health and curative recreation; 2) zones of recreation of health rest; 3) zones of recreation of rest.

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Mikhaylyuk, Inna. "Environmental aspects of the development of tourism." Development of Management and Entrepreneurship Methods on Transport (ONMU) 81, no. 4 (2022): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31375/2226-1915-2022-4-124-131.

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At the present stage, considerable attention is paid to the problems of harming the environment, which arises as a result of uncontrolled or unreasonably burdensome tourism and recreational activities for natural landscapes. The article highlights certain ecological aspects of the development of the tourism and recreation sphere. It is determined what impact the growth of mass tourism has on the natural and recreational potential and the natural environment.As you know, the policy of intensifying the use of tourist-recreation potential leads to an increase in the load on the ecosystem. Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to form a policy and develop a strategy for the development of tourism not separately, but as an integral part of a unified regional policy based on the principles of sustainable ecologic economic development.An important factor in the development of tourism is maintaining a balance between ecological, economic and social components. First of all, environmental factors of development should be taken into account: optimal anthropogenic load on the natural resources of the territory, diversification of types of tourism: the formation of ecolo-gically oriented directions, which will make it possible to achieve a balanced develop-ment of tourism.The policy of the development of the tourist and recreational sphere, taking into account the environmental impact, is becoming more and more urgent and relevant. The protection and transformation of recreational areas includes the determination of load standards for natural complexes, the allocation of green zones and resort forests, the protection of recreational lands, forest management measures, the protection of underground water and mineral resources and sources, and the preservation of the purity of the air basin.The rapid development of tourist and recreational activities is reflected in the massive, sharp increase in the number of tourists, includingmotorists. Issues of protection of natural resources should be resolved long before the start of exploitation of the recreational area, i.e. at the design stage.Keywords:ecological aspects, tourist and recreational activities, impact and consequences, balance.

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Teodorovich, Larissa. "Ecotourism in national parks in Ukraine: theoretical and practical aspects." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 41 (September 17, 2013): 318–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2013.41.2005.

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The possibility of development of ecological tourism in Ukraine was considered. The legal basis for environmental protection was studied. A list of national parks of Ukraine and the current state of ecotourism in national parks was provided. Main causes and of problems of development of ecological tourism in national parks Ukraine were lighted. Key words: ecological tourism (ecotourism), National Park, Park, protected areas, recreation, tourist and recreational complex.

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Tihonova, Mariya, Tatyana Simankina, and Aida Kormishova. "Environmental aspects of the theme park development in the Russian Federation." E3S Web of Conferences 244 (2021): 10040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124410040.

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Recreation and leisure are of paramount importance in human life. This article makes a comparison of different recreational areas categories. The main focus of this research is the current situation of Russian amusement and theme parks market. A comparison of Russian and European theme parks, their attributes, qualities, popularity and revenue is given. The research uses data gathering, analysis and synthesis to illustrate the insufficiencies of theme park development in the Russian Federation. The completed research suggests that Russia severely lags behind other European countries in terms of theme park quantity and quality. Factors that contribute towards this insufficiency are revealed in the conclusion of this research.

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Ratnapradipa, PhD, MCHES, Dhitinut, Alexandra Barger, BA, and Heewon Yang, PhD, CTRS. "Application of the core areas of environmental health to recreation therapy practices." American Journal of Recreation Therapy 13, no. 1 (February 12, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajrt.2014.0062.

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Because recreation therapists work in a broad range of settings to promote the well-being of individuals, it is important for them to have an understanding of the role of the environment on individuals’ health. Environmental health is a very broad field, encompassing all aspects of the environment and its impacts on social, emotional, and physical health. It can be divided into 11 core areas: air quality (indoor and outdoor), water quality, radiation, food safety, emergency preparedness, healthy housing, infectious diseases and vector control, toxicology, injury prevention, waste and sanitation, and weather and climate change. This informative article discusses six of the 11 environmental health core areas that recreation therapists and their clients might frequently encounter. This article also provides brief guidelines on preventive actions that can be taken by recreation therapists to reduce the potential risks identified.

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Lu, Yayan, Fang Han, Qun Liu, Zhaoguo Wang, Tian Wang, and Zhaoping Yang. "Evaluation of Potential for Nature-Based Recreation in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: A Spatial-Temporal Perspective." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (May 9, 2022): 5753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095753.

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Nature-based recreation (NBR) is an important cultural ecosystem service providing human well-being from natural environments. As the most concentrated and high-quality wilderness in China, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) has unique advantages for NBR. In this study, we designed an integrated nature-based recreation potential index (INRPI) based on four aspects: nature-based recreation resources, landscape attractiveness, recreation comfort and opportunity, and recreation reception ability. A combination of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and entropy evaluation method was adopted to assess the NBR potential in the QTP from 2000 to 2020. The research shows that: (i) The INRPI for the QTP decreases gradually from southeast to northwest and increases slightly from 2000 to 2020. (ii) The INRPI displays a pronounced difference on either side of the Qilian-Gyirong line. The areas with very high and high potentials mainly distributed in the southeast of the line, while areas with very low and low potentials distributed in the northwest. (iii) The construction of protected areas effectively improves NBR potential. Areas of INRPI at diverse levels within protected areas obviously increased in 2020. (iv) Increasing altitude has a notable effect on INRPI, and 3000 m is a critical dividing line for the NBR in the QTP. These findings can contribute to decision-makers in guiding rational use and spatial planning of natural land and promoting sustainable recreational development.

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Rassadnikova, S. I. "FEATURES OF STATE REGULATION OF INVESTMENTS IN RECREATIONAL AND TOURIST NATURAL RESOURCES." Economic innovations 19, no. 2(64) (July 7, 2017): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2017.19.2(64).261-265.

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The article analyzes and presents the problems of the issues and features of state regulation of investments in the recreational and tourist nature of the seaside regions, defining their theoretical and applied aspects is an actual scientific topic for finding ways of economic growth, competitiveness of the country, improving the quality of life and improving the population, preserving a rich natural resource potential. The necessity of further researches and realization of the real bases of formation of the system of the state regulation of investments in the recreational and tourist nature use from the standpoint of sustainable tourism and recreation is substantiated. Therefore, state regulation of investments requires the inclusion of direct methods of influencing state-owned objects through projects, budgets and programs, and, on the other hand, creating attractive conditions for attracting investments, their effective use, creating a favorable investment climate for sustainable development and conservation and protection , the use of natural recreational and tourist resources. It is proposed to develop the conceptual bases of state regulation of investment in recreation and tourism environmental management based on the ideas and principles of sustainable development refers to a system of modern ideas, the leading idea which defines a single, overall plan effective use of natural resources, tourism and recreation and environmental and recreational areas. Therefore, in our understanding of the basic components of the theoretical principles of state regulation of investment in recreation and tourism wildlife is a description of the purpose, principles, conditions and basic directions, which contain a combination of methods, forms and instruments of influence on the investment development of recreation and tourism of nature using and adapting foreign experience.

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Сычев, Михаил, Mikhail Sychev, Владимир Минаев, Vladimir Minaev, Александр Фаддеев, and Aleksandr Faddeev. "Geoecological risk assessment on tourist-recreational territories: methodological aspects." Servis Plus 8, no. 4 (December 3, 2014): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/6470.

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The article considers geoecological risks on tourist and recreational areas. The focus is on the relationship fields of bioactive range (electric, magnetic, thermal, radiation, vibration, sound, and infrasound) with the grid of tectonic fault displacements and their influence on the psyche and health of tourists, servicing staff as well as on the state of buildings and structures of tourist-recreational complexes. The conclusion is made about the constant and qualitative carrying out of geoecological monitoring of the territory on which is carried out or planned to implement the tourist product and recreational activities. Discusses problems of the evaluation of geoecological risks, and to develop new and optimize existing strategies manage this risk and geoecological safety in the tourist and recreational activities. We analyze the main factors of environmental influence on tourist-recreational objects and describe the complex of problems connected with geoecological safety of tourist-recreational territories. In the light of the mentioned problems of geoecological safety authors greatest attention ispaidto natural hazards of geological origin, i.e. exogenous geological processes. Classification of the main exogenous geological processes is given. Specific examples of their appearance on tourist and recreational areas are discussed. When considering exogenous processes from the point of view of their possible danger to the objects of recreation and tourism, emphasize their connection with modern earth´s surface — the main component of the environment. The concept and examples «slow» disasters are given. Questions of quantitative evaluation of geoecological risks are discussed.

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Rózová, Zdenka, Martina Turanovičová, and Simona Stašová. "Recreation in the City-A Part of Cultural Ecosystem Services." Ekológia (Bratislava) 39, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eko-2020-0014.

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AbstractCultural ecosystem services (CES) are mainly intangible benefits, obtained by aesthetical and other experiences, recreation, learning and spiritual enrichment, or by the ability to distinguish values. In other words, what makes a service ‘cultural’ is its ‘non-economical’ character. CES are ecosystem services with direct impact on the quality of life in urban systems, and they are directly appreciated by inhabitants and visitors of these urban systems (Plieningeret al., 2013; Zulian et al., 2018). In order to satisfy the needs and expectations of the wider urban community, a ‘broader portfolio of areas’ is needed, which can meet the expectations of different users, from children to older adults. The new methodological approach tested on three model areas in the city of Nitra in the housing estate Chrenová was used to establish the level of benefits provided by existing vegetation areas in urban environment in terms of recreation as a CES. Following data were collected: the quality of vegetation, spatial design, management of vegetation elements, selected environmental aspects, available amenities and architectural elements needed for recreation. In our article, we present the assessment of vegetation in relation to the provision of recreation as a CES. Our results show that the assessed areas can be classified in the category of average to low provision of benefits related to recreation. Vegetation on area P1 is in good condition, mainly the quality of trees and shrubs was assessed as very good (4). Other areas (P2 and P3) assessed provide only low levels of benefits derived from recreation as one of the CES. This was caused by some vegetation deficiencies (mainly related to horticultural and compositional aspects). Methodological approach can be used for different vegetation areas in urban environment and after suitable modifications (e.g. adding other components for assessment) also for different cultural ecosystems services. The results can be used in landscape planning documents or in other types of documents dealing with the quality of vegetation in urban environment.

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Wajchman-Świtalska, Sandra, Alina Zajadacz, Marcin Woźniak, Roman Jaszczak, and Cezary Beker. "Recreational Evaluation of Forests in Urban Environments: Methodological and Practical Aspects." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 15177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215177.

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This literature review shows that there is no up-to-date common approach to assess the recreational potential of forests. The aim of the study is to present methodological and practical aspects of the evaluation of forests in urban environments for recreational purposes based on the example of urban forests in Poznań (Poland). In this research, the following evaluation criteria were selected: types of forest habitats, ages of dominant species, stand composition, stocking index, the share of undergrowth, soil cover, canopy closure, and surface water. All these criteria are presented in the forest management plan (FMP). We prove that the majority of stands within the study area (81.86%) have medium potential for recreational purposes. Moreover, regarding recreation services, documents existing within the study area are not specified enough. The undoubted advantages of the proposed method are a forestry perspective on the problem, a uniform dataset included in FMPs, data availability, and the possibility of comparing data from different areas.

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Дисертації з теми "Recreation areas Environmental aspects"

Roan, Michael David. "Ecologically sensitive planning for recreational communities in the southeastern low country." Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1217403.

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This creative project will develop a planning method for implementing concepts of ecologically sensitive recreational community design in America's southeastern low country (the coastal regions of South Carolina and Georgia). The first step in developing the method will be identifying a list of indicators measuring the ecological impact of recreational community design in the area. Secondly, the environmental impacts of planning methods if recreational communities in the low country will be analyzed and the most effective planning techniques relative to minimal environmental impact will be cultivated and integrated to formulate a single planning method. This method will subsequently be used to design a recreational community on Hutchinson Island, located on the Savannah River in Savannah, Georgia. The Hutchinson Island recreational community design will then be measured against the set of ecological indicators, and the results will then be compared against the aforementioned existing recreational communities.In the past thirty years, the popularity of the southeastern low country as both vacation destination and place of residence has increased dramatically due to a combination of factors, a beautiful environment with a favorable year-round climate, landmark developments in the area of recreational community design, and a steady growth in the wealth of our nation. As developers continue to meet the demand for housing and amenities (both recreational and commercial) in the area, the ecology, rich in biodiversity and aesthetic character is being compromised. Since development of the area shows no sign of slowing, there is a need for a planning and design methodology that is accountable for its impact on the natural environment. To thoroughly investigate the ecological realm of recreational community planning, this creative project will be limited to that area, although it is recognized that effective community planning addresses social and economic sustainability, as well as that of the environment.
Department of Landscape Architecture

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Nelson, Thomas A. (Thomas Allen). "An Environmental Evaluation and Public Opinion Survey Concerning Park and Recreation Development in Flower Mound, Texas." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1985. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500672/.

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An environmental evaluation concerning land designated for park and recreation development was conducted in Flower Mound, Texas. Results were compared with the findings of a public opinion survey of the citizenry of Flower Mound. The first section is an introduction to land use and recreation planning. Section two presents a review of pertinent literature concerning environmental evaluation and recreation and recreation planning. Third is a brief description of Flower Mound, Texas, and existing park properties. The fourth section discusses both the environmental evaluation and the survey research techniques employed. Results of the environmental evaluation are examined in section five. The public opinion survey results are discussed in the sixth section. Flower Mound is fortunate to have a number of sites suitable for recreational development. If recreational development is to be successful and satisfactory to the users, decisions will need to be made in an organized fashion. Park and recreation planning should be incorporated within a general land use planning framework.

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Ng, Sing-keung, and 伍升強. "Evaluation of recreational values of coastal areas for secondary: contact activities in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255966.

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Thorn, Jamie. "Sustainability in Parks and Protected Areas." Thesis, Prescott College, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10277458.

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The purpose of this research was to explore the state of sustainability in U.S. Parks and Protected Areas (PPAs) as well as to create a tool to help measure and maintain sustainability in PPAs. The primary research question driving this research was “What is the current state of sustainability in U.S. PPAs?” This guiding question also addressed a sub-question, which asked, “Can a tool be developed and validated to measure the state of sustainability in parks?” The second research question in this project was “Do current park managers believe the use of a sustainable parks certificate would aid ongoing efforts to uphold and maintain sustainability in their parks?” Each research question was addressed through the creation of a survey to measure the state of sustainability through five hypothesized domains, with 55 Likert-scale-style questions and six open-ended questions addressing the certificate program. The survey opened in May 2017 and ended in October 2017. It was sent to approximately 2,645 managers across the country and included national parks and state parks in U.S. states and territories. The data showed that participants were in favor of creating a sustainable parks certificate to help them become more sustainable. A chief recommendation was to start an initiative aimed at providing an online platform for sustainability training geared specifically toward PPAs. This research project has begun the steps necessary to advance the state of sustainability in U.S. PPAs.

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Villanueva-Cubero, Luis. "Creating a Self-Sustaining, Conservation-Based Economy in Coastal Recreational Areas of Northeast Puerto Rico| Guidelines for the Valuation of Beaches and Coastal Parks." Thesis, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras (Puerto Rico), 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10094528.

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The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) and the Travel Cost Method (TCM) are used to measure non-market transactions, such as recreational experiences in nature-based coastal recreational areas. The purpose of this study was to find mean Willingness to Pay (WTP) for an average recreational experience in a Puerto Rico beach, based on surveys conducted in eight beach facilities. Using the Logistic Regression Model, the odds of acceptance of the visitor to pay more for their recreational experience (based on a hypothetical increase in transportation costs) was determined. Mean WTP for all beaches surveyed using CVM was $66.30. It was also determined that mean WTP for Blue Flag beaches ($73.37) was greater than that of beaches without this designation ($53.82). Using TCM, the Negative Binomial Count Model was incorporated to predict the average number of visits within a 12 month period. TCM WTP proved to be $35.05.

Based on the results of this study it is proposed that a business plan be developed for a Blue Flag beach in Northeast Puerto Rico operating at a loss, based on the recovery of marginal WTP or Consumer Surplus. The results of this study may be useful for managers of coastal recreational facilities and government agencies concerned with tourism economics in Puerto Rico.

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Goff, Rachel. "The economic value of tourism and recreation in forested areas of Western Australia." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2003. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1302.

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In recent years, natural area tourism has been presented as a more profitable, labour intensive and environmentally sound industry than the traditional extractive industries which have resulted in the depletion of primary resources in many countries (Burr, 1995). However, in order for economic returns from tourism to be maintained over a long period of time, investment in resources and infrastructure that support and encourage sustainable tourism and recreation activity in natural areas is required. The key to sustainability is maintaining the capital stock of resources (Garrod & Fyall, 1998; Russell, 2001). In a society driven by economics, resources are allocated according to their representative worth to the population. However, the true value of the environmental resources, which underpin tourism and recreation in natural areas, is hidden due to the non-price and common-good attributes (Marcouiller, 1998). The application of measurement techniques which capture economic values for these resources provides a decision framework which promotes sustainability in the sector. This thesis estimates the gross economic value of tourism and recreation in the forested areas of the South West of Western Australia. The research utilises an established non-market valuation technique, travel cost analysis. The determination of travel costs by visitors to forested areas is used as a market substitute to estimate the tourism and recreation value of the forests in the Conservation and Land Management's Central and Southern Forest regions in the South West of Western Australia. The findings presented in this thesis provide an order of magnitude estimate of the gross market value of tourism and recreation in the Central and Southern Forest regions in 2000-2001 at between $122 million and $160 million. Primary research at a single forest site in the region, the Valley of the Giants, Tree Top Walk, Walpole, provides an estimate of the annual gross market value at between $27.8 million (intrastate market only) and $28.9 million (entire market) using an attribution factor of 70%. This calculation is based on all visitors to the site, with 70% of their visitor expenditure in the region (Manjimup/ Walpole/ Denmark) being attributable to the Valley of the Giants site. With the inclusion of the opportunity cost of travel time, the estimate increases to $33.16 million (based on the intrastate market only and an attribution factor of 70% ). The consumer surplus value of the Valley of the Giants site, without accounting for the money spent on park entry fees to the site, is estimated at $50.84 million (measure based on the intrastate market only who account for 79% of the market and without the inclusion of the opportunity costs of travel time). With an attribution factor of 70% the consumer surplus value is $35.58 million. Intrastate visitors to the Valley of the Giants spent approximately $760,000 on park entry fees to the Valley of the Giants site in 2000-2001. Therefore with the attribution factor applied, the consumer surplus value, net the park entry fees is approximately $35 million . With a visitation rate of approximately 151,200 intrastate visitors in 2000-2001, the benefits accruing to each individual are $231.48 per person or $83 per person per day spent in the Manjimup/ Walpole/ Denmark region (average length of stay 2.8 days). The findings from this study provides a significant contribution to the management of forested areas in Western Australia providing valuable economic information with which to compare other forest use values. This information can be used to facilitate zoning decisions and multiple-use management strategies in forested areas, particularly when aggregated with other valuation studies. In a climate where public funds are limited, the economic measurement of tourism and recreation in forested areas provides justification for the allocation of government resources to facilitate the sustainable management of tourism in the region. In addition, the methodology adopted will provide a basis for future repeat studies and may also be applicable to other forest regions around Australia.

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Suh, Jungho. "An economic evaluation of environmental recovery of the skier-dominated area in the Mt Togyu National Park in South Korea /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16163.pdf.

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Lambert, Robert A. "The history of nature conservation and recreation in the Cairngorms, 1880-1980." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14229.

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This thesis presents the history of nature conservation and recreation in the Cairngorms area of the eastern Highlands of Scotland, over the century 1880-1980. An introductory chapter sets the scene by describing the observations of travellers, sportsmen and naturalists who visited the area from c.1770. The study then traces the history of the National Park debate in the Cairngorms area (and to an extent, in Scotland), the history of the National Forest Park ideal focusing in on Glenmore, and the history of two National Nature Reserves, including the Cairngorms NNR (the largest in Great Britain). Other chapters address, within an historical framework, the public nature conservation success story of the Osprey on Speyside; the nineteenth and twentieth century rights of way debate and the question of access to mountains and moorland; the development of Aviemore and the Spey Valley as a year-round recreational playground and winter sports centre. Photography and film-making are highlighted as mediums through which nature conservation and recreation have been legitimised and popularised for a mass audience outside the Cairngorms area. The thesis discusses the background to the present landuse conflicts that have dogged the Cairngorms area from 1980, and may prove helpful to land-managers and policymakers in government, conservation and recreation bodies, as it charts the remarkable degree of change in attitudes to nature conservation and recreation witnessed in the Cairngorms. Recreation has always been seen to directly benefit more people, but it is the quality of the environment that supports that recreation. The Cairngorms represent a case study in this kind of conflict, which over the past century has become increasingly common in the UK, Europe and North America. The work is a contribution to the construction of a modem environmental history of Great Britain.

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Glavovic, Bruce Christopher. "A proposed framework for recreation planning in South Africa, with particular reference to the Cederberg." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15843.

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Bibliography: pages 158-178.
Over the years, recreation opportunities in South Africa have been subject to increasing visitor use and pressure from widespread environmental changes. There has been growing imbalance between recreation opportunities in more and less developed environments. As a result conflicts have arisen between different user groups. The "Cederberg Controversy" demonstrates the need for a redefined, comprehensive recreation planning framework to resolve such conflicts. Traditional recreation planning approaches have not provided a suitable framework. By comparison, the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum concept has considerable potential for aiding recreation planners in South Africa. An application of principles of the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum concept, and closer analysis, reveal that the concept is limited. An extension to the concept is proposed whereby the goal of visitor satisfaction is supplemented by a policy declaration to maintain diverse recreation opportunities. Whenever the consequences of a decision affecting the supply of recreation opportunities are irreversible, the maintenance of diversity should take precedence over visitor demand.

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Slavin, Courtney Natasha. "The Relationship Between Traffic Signals and Pedestrian, Bicyclist and Transit User Exposure in Urban Areas." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/616.

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Improving the efficiency of traffic operations along arterials is currently a priority for many agencies as their roadway infrastructure is built out to the largest possible capacity within the urban environment. Many advanced systems are being implemented to optimize traffic signal timing. Air quality is typically not a consideration when these decisions are made. The relationship between exposure to air pollution and traffic signal timing has not been fully explored by other researchers. This study is the first research effort to combine detailed traffic signal timing data (at 5 second intervals) and air pollutant exposure data. Results show that longer green time along the busy arterial reduces pollutant levels, while increased volume per cycle increases pollutant levels. This research quantifies the factors that contribute to pedestrian, bicyclist, and transit user exposure at a busy intersection along an urban arterial. The factors include traffic signal timing, weather related variables, traffic volumes, and heavy vehicle and bus presence. Additionally, the impact of an adaptive traffic signal system on air quality is assessed to understand the implications of signal timing on air pollutant exposure.

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Книги з теми "Recreation areas Environmental aspects"

N, Cole David, ed. Wildland recreation: Ecology and management. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.

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N, Cole David, ed. Wildland recreation: Ecology and management. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2015.

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N, Cole David, ed. Wildland recreation: Ecology and management. New York: Wiley, 1987.

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Design for outdoor recreation. London: E & FN Spon, 1997.

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Montana. Dept. of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks. Thompson Chain of Lakes: Site specific environmental assessment. Kalispell: Montana Dept. of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, 1995.

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United States. National Park Service. Rocky Mountain Regional Office., ed. Environmental assessment -- development concept plan: Lees Ferry, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Arizona. [Denver, Colo.?]: National Park Service, Rocky Mountain Region, 1986.

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United States. Bureau of Land Management. Needles Resource Area. East Mojave National Scenic Area management plan and environmental assessment: Draft. Needles, Calif: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, California Desert District, Needles Resource Area, 1987.

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United States. Bureau of Land Management. Vernal District. Diamond Mountain resource area: Draft : resource management plan and environmental impact plan. Vernal, Utah: The District, 1991.

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Montana. Dept. of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks. Region 1. Thompson Chain of Lakes: Management plan and environmental assessment. [Kalispell?]: Montana Dept. of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, [Region One], 1993.

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Bailey, John R. East Mojave National Scenic Area environmental assessment. Needles, Calif: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, California Desert District, Needles Resource Area, 1988.

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Частини книг з теми "Recreation areas Environmental aspects"

Wagenet, Robert J., Johanas Bouma, and John L. Hutson. "Conceptual and Methodological Aspects of Assessing Pesticide Environmental Impact in Developing Areas." In Economic, Environmental, and Health Tradeoffs in Agriculture: Pesticides and the Sustainability of Andean Potato Production, 41–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4854-2_3.

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Appleton, Evan, and Piers Millett. "Technical Aspects of Biosecurity: Screening Guidance, Attribution, and Traceability." In NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, 141–67. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-2086-9_10.

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AbstractBiosecurity is a multi-disciplinary topic that covers areas of policy, public health, economics, and science. This chapter focuses on the technical scientific aspects of the current international biosecurity framework. We discuss these technical areas in terms time horizon. We begin this chapter with review of current technology within the international biosecurity framework and discuss weakness and opportunities for further work. We then focus on near-term technical developments and imminent opportunities to strengthen the existing framework. Specifically, we break down the range of issues into biological threat prevention, detection, and response. We discuss how technical tools can assist in policy development and the engineering cycle of Design, Built, and Test. Finally, this chapter describes a ‘futuring’ exercise conducted by the working group that created this chapter to explore broader longer-term issues in the biosecurity space.

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Elberling, B. "Disposal of Mine Tailings in Continuous Permafrost Areas: Environmental Aspects and Future Control Strategies." In Cryosols, 677–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06429-0_35.

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Shek-Vugrovečki, A., L. Radin, J. Pejaković, K. Sinković, and M. Šimpraga. "Current aspects and recommendations in health management of organic sheep and goat farming in karst areas of Croatia." In Animal farming and environmental interactions in the Mediterranean region, 121–25. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-741-7_15.

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Jakobsen, Ingvild Ulrikke. "Marine Protected Areas as a Tool to Ensure Environmental Protection of the Marine Arctic: Legal Aspects." In Arctic Marine Governance, 215–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38595-7_10.

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Carić, Hrvoje, and Ivo Beroš. "Aspects of Intensive Short Day Trips on the Remote Pelagic Location: Incorporating Visitor Survey, Radar Tracking and Environmental Risk Analysis in NATURA 2000 Monitoring of the Blue Cave, the Island of Biševo." In Mediterranean Protected Areas in the Era of Overtourism, 265–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69193-6_13.

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Anand, Anupam, and Geeta Batra. "Application of Geospatial Methods in Evaluating Environmental Interventions and Related Socioeconomic Benefits." In Transformational Change for People and the Planet, 275–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78853-7_19.

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AbstractEnvironmental interventions underpin the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Rio Conventions. The SDGs are integrated and embody all three aspects of sustainable development—environmental, social, and economic—to capture the interlinkages among the three areas. The Rio Conventions—on biodiversity, climate change, and desertification, also intrinsically linked—operate in the same ecosystems and address interdependent issues, and represent a way of contributing to the SDGs. Assessing the results of environmental interventions and the related socioeconomic benefits is challenging due to their complexity, interlinkages, and often limited data. The COVID-19 crisis has also necessitated creativity to ensure that evaluation’s critical role continues during the crisis. Satellite and other geospatial information, combined with existing survey data, leverage open-source and readily available data to determine the impact of projects. Working with geospatial data helps maintain flexibility and can fill data gaps without designing new and often expensive data tools for every unique evaluation. Using data on interventions implemented by the Global Environment Facility in biodiversity, land degradation, and climate change, we present the application of geospatial approaches to evaluate the relevance, efficiency, and effectiveness of interventions in terms of their environmental outcomes and observable socioeconomic and health co-benefits.

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Azinović, Boris, Vojko Kilar, and David Koren. "Evaluation of Critical Structural Assemblies." In Assessment of Energy-Efficient Building Details for Seismic Regions, 65–105. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97556-2_4.

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AbstractThe chapter presents the proposed evaluation methodology, which includes evaluation from the technical & structural, and environmental & energy-efficiency aspects. All the parameters and the evaluation criteria are described in detail, and guidelines for the design of structural energy-efficient buildings in earthquake-prone areas are provided. The methodology facilitates the separation of details that are more critical from the aspect of earthquake resistance and energy efficiency on the basis of simple engineering approaches.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Recreation areas Environmental aspects"

KONIECZNA, Jadwiga, and Dariusz KONIECZNY. "CAUSES OF SPATIAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN RURAL AREAS IN POLAND." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.127.

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Rural areas, defined as land outside towns, except industrial areas, account for over 93% of the area of Poland. They are attractive as a places of work, residence, leisure, as well as places where agricultural and non-agricultural business activities can be conducted. Agriculture is naturally associated with rural areas. Currently, apart from the agricultural function and (depending on the socioeconomic, natural or historical conditions) rural areas are also places of leisure, recreation, residence or industrial activities. This is a consequence of implementation of the concept of multi-functional development of rural areas, in which conditions are created for diverse business activities, while respecting environmental constraints. Such a multifunctional approach must take into account the interests of all parties to avoid spatial conflicts. Therefore, actions aimed at the development of rural areas should be based on an in-depth analysis of the value of the area under consideration, they should take into account natural conditions (soil, climate, terrain) of the land for conducting agricultural activities, but also take into account environmental, social and economic aspects. Objective and historical conditions affecting agriculture in Poland and the experience gained so far indicate that there is a need to change the spatial arrangement of agricultural areas. This is because of the characteristic features of agriculture in Poland, which include a disadvantageous structure of farms in terms of their area, small size of farms, insufficient technical infrastructure in villages and difficult soil conditions. Rural areas in Poland, including agriculture, are undergoing deep structural changes in regard to agricultural production, but also to farm size and layout, demographic and spatial structures as well as technical and social infrastructure. The changes taking place in rural areas in Poland are greatly affected by the Common Agricultural Policy in the European Union. As a member of the EU, Poland has been receiving aid since 2004 and has been implementing actions within Rural Development Programmes. The aim of this paper is to analyse the transformations that have been taking place in rural areas in Poland and to present selected factors and causes of the changes in rural spaces.

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Krajíčková, Aneta. "Cestovní ruch v Dominikánské republice, jeho aktuální problémy a budoucnost." In XXIII. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách / 23rd International Colloquium on Regional Sciences. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9610-2020-48.

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The Dominican Republic is the most-visited country in the Caribbean. The development of tourism is continuous and, in the future, it is still going to be one of the most important sectors that brings significant source of income for the country. The country's dependence on tourism causes and is going to cause problems in economic, social and environmental areas. The aim of this article is to analyze the current situation and to identify problematic aspects of tourism and possibilities of future development based on an interview with the country's leading tourism expert. Among the most critical identified are water management, which overlaps only to tourism, but also to agriculture and the protection of natural resources, ownership of recreational facilities or the security of the country.

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Zróbek-Sokolnik, Anna, Elžbieta Zysk, Piotr Dynowski, and Alina Zróbek-Rózanska. "The Rural Areas: Sustainable Development of Residential Buildings in Relation to Protected Areas." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.066.

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This paper aims to considering whether protected areas (in particular Natura 2000 areas) are barrier the development of housing opportunities in rural areas. Research in this area, based on the available Polish-language and English- language scientific papers, was conducted in the following aspects: legal, spatial and social. The case studies have shown situations in which the areas have been an incentive for a potential investor to settle in the area, and on the other hand, will identify aspects where legal restrictions may constitute a barrier to settle in the area. The above considerations were indicated for sustainable development, which should be the desired state for any space, including rural areas. Presented results and other literature data indicate therefore a positive impact of Natura 2000 areas on sustainable residential development in rural areas, including the development of the residential function.

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Khandogiy, A. V., E. K. Svistun, I. V. Gubich, V. V. Rottooth, N. А. Anishchenko, A. D. Petkevich, A. A. Neverko, et al. "BIODIVERSITY AND ECOLOGY OF BIRDS IN THE PARK ZONES OF MINSK." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2022: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute of Belarusian State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2022-2-197-201.

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The article discusses the features of the ecology of birds in the parks of Minsk. The territorial heterogeneity of quantitative indicators of the bird population was determined. Factors that threaten birds in urban areas have been identified. Measures are proposed to preserve the species diversity of the avifauna and improve the ecological conditions of habitats in the parks of the capital, such as the creation of special recreation areas for people on the outskirts of park areas, conservation of tree species, planting trees and shrubs, conservation of forest litter, installation of artificial nests and feeders, use for night lighting more modern lighting fixtures, promoting the protection and conservation of the avifauna, educating citizens in a humane and caring attitude towards the animal world. It is concluded that the conservation of bird biodiversity should be addressed in a comprehensive manner, depending on the ecological specifics of a particular bird species and a particular park.

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T.V., Goncharova. "ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ON DEVELOPMENT LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE IN THE MODERN WORLD." In OF THE ANNIVERSARY Х INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE «INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION» («ITSE 2022» CONFERENCE). DSTU-Print, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/itse.2022.46-48.

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The article gives ideas about the landscape design of park areas. An analysis of modern trends in landscape design architecture was carried out. The widest range of modern landscape directions is illuminated. The importance of the ecological approach in the formation of landscape objects for creating comfortable living and recreation conditions was assessed. The main focus is on the importance of improving the overall ecological situation of the planet through greening spaces.

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Sadikov, Ibragim, Farrukh Tursunboev, Abdusalom Djumaev, and Tojinur Pulatova. "Around roads and recreation areas-reducing environmental damage to vehicles through greening in accordance with environmental landscape." In 2021 ASIA-PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0089600.

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OPREA, Iulia Alexandra, ;. Nicoleta (MARIN) ILIE, and Vlad Constantin TURCEA. "SOCIO-ECONOMIC STRUCTURE CONSOLIDATION OF RURAL AREAS." In Competitiveness of Agro-Food and Environmental Economy. Editura ASE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/cafee/2020/9/17.

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Rural Romania and the agricultural sector development had recorded notable progress as direct results of previous rural development programs’ implementation, programs financed from both Europeans and national sources. Challenges are still to be tackled in the following financing periods as increased numbers of small scale farms, low level of technological upscale in the agricultural sector, rural degradation, farmers and rural population aging, undersupply of qualified workforce, environmental aspects that threat productivity, insufficient infrastructural development, low access at essential services and reduced number of value added products. In this specific context, in order to reach the highest economic and social rural potential and in particularly, the rural agro-food sector, it is essential that up-until-now efforts to be continued and improved. Have the key priorities been fulfilled for the National Rural Development Programme 2014- 2020? Have the key performance indicators been successfully implemented? What are the priorities with the largest-lowest accomplishment rate? These aspects do represent the scope of the article and additionally, there will be highlighted the necessary actions in order to consolidate the socio-economic structure of the rural areas.

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Jović, Njegoslav. "PRAVNI ASPEKTI UGORORA O FRANŠIZINGU KOJI SE ODNOSE NA PROMET PRAVA INDUSTRIJSKE SVOJINE." In 14 Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xivmajsko.477j.

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The subject of this paper is the legal aspects of franchising contracts that relate to the transfer of industrial property rights. The Franchise Agreement is an unnamed commercial contract in most countries of the world. The areas where franchising activities are most common are retail, tourism, hotels, recreation, business and personal services. However, the areas in which this business arises is not exhaustive. The transfer of property rights to industrial property rights falls within the autonomy of the contracting parties. Owners of industrial property rights usually traded industrial property rights through a license contract as a form of constitutive traffic and a cession contract as a form of translational traffic. However, there is no impediment to the exercise of these rights as a form of constitutive traffic and through other more complex contracts. One of these contracts is the franchising contract. This work does not include the economic aspects of franchising, but exclusively relates to legal aspects.

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Zakamskii, Vladimir. "SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF RECREATIONAL FOREST MANAGEMENT OF RECREATION AREAS FOR URBAN AND SUBURBAN LAKES." In 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2018. Stef92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2018/5.1/s20.104.

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Konieczna, Jadwiga, and Agnieszka Trystuła. "Use of Cadastral Databases in Land Consolidation in Poland." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.204.

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Land consolidation in the European Union is not only a tool used to improve the economy of rural areas. When setting goals for land consolidation, one should take into account the social and environmental aspects. The sociocultural needs related to use of natural resources of rural landscape, cultural heritage, agritourism or technical infrastructure are as important as the profit earned by farms; they also help to maintain the harmony with the natural environment. For land consolidation to play a significant role in developing a strategy of multifunctional and sustainable development of rural areas, those who carry it out must have free access to up-to-date and properly selected databases; a cadaster of real property could be one of the sources of such data. A real estate cadaster is a public register, which provides credible identification of plots in a specific space. It is possible because when gathering information about land, buildings, apartments as well about their owners and holders, the system ensures its topicality, which is a priority despite the everchanging space around us. The aim of the study is to present the significant role of cadastral databases in land consolidation as they help to develop the optimum relations between the economy, rural areas, communities and environmental protection.

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Barquet, Karina, Elin Leander, Jonathan Green, Heidi Tuhkanen, Vincent Omondi Odongo, Michael Boyland, Elizabeth Katja Fiertz, Maria Escobar, Mónica Trujillo, and Philip Osano. Spotlight on social equity, finance and scale: Promises and pitfalls of nature-based solutions. Stockholm Environment Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.011.

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Human activity has modified and deteriorated natural ecosystems in ways that reduce resilience and exacerbate environmental and climate problems. Physical measures to protect, manage and restore these ecosystems that also address societal challenges in sustainable ways and bring biodiversity benefits are sometimes referred to as “nature-based solutions” (NBS). For example, reducing deforestation and restoring forests is a major opportunity for climate mitigation, while protecting or restoring coastal habitats can mitigate damage to coastal areas from natural hazard events, in addition to potentially providing co-benefits related to livelihood, recreation, and biodiversity. There is now an impetus to shift towards greater deployment of nature-based solutions. Not only do they offer an alternative to conventional fossil fuel-based or hard infrastructure solutions but, if implemented correctly, they also hold great promise for achieving multiple goals, benefits and synergies. These include climate mitigation and resilience; nature and biodiversity protection; and economic and social gains. 2020 saw an explosion in publications about NBS, which have contributed to filling many of the knowledge gaps that existed around their effectiveness and factors for their success. These publications have also highlighted the knowledge gaps that remain and have revealed a lack of critical reflection on the social and economic sustainability aspects of NBS. Building on these gaps, we decided to launch this mini-series of four briefs to provoke a more nuanced discussion that highlights not only the potential benefits, but also the potential risks and trade-offs of NBS. The purpose is not to downplay the importance of NBS for biodiversity, ecosystems, and coastal mitigation and adaptation, but to ensure that we establish a dialogue about ways to overcome these challenges while leaving no one behind.

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ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT ROCK ISLAND IL. Environmental Assessment of Bob Shetler and Cottonwood Recreation Areas Bike Trail Construction, Saylorville Reservoir, Polk County, Iowa. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada207293.

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Saville, Alan, and Caroline Wickham-Jones, eds. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.

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Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understanding prehistoric society, both for Scotland and across North-West Europe. Within the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods there are considerable opportunities for pioneering research. Individual projects can still have a substantial impact and there remain opportunities for pioneering discoveries including cemeteries, domestic and other structures, stratified sites, and for exploring the huge evidential potential of water-logged and underwater sites. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology also stimulates and draws upon exciting multi-disciplinary collaborations. Panel Task and Remit The panel remit was to review critically the current state of knowledge and consider promising areas of future research into the earliest prehistory of Scotland. This was undertaken with a view to improved understanding of all aspects of the colonization and inhabitation of the country by peoples practising a wholly hunter-fisher-gatherer way of life prior to the advent of farming. In so doing, it was recognised as particularly important that both environmental data (including vegetation, fauna, sea level, and landscape work) and cultural change during this period be evaluated. The resultant report, outlines the different areas of research in which archaeologists interested in early prehistory work, and highlights the research topics to which they aspire. The report is structured by theme: history of investigation; reconstruction of the environment; the nature of the archaeological record; methodologies for recreating the past; and finally, the lifestyles of past people – the latter representing both a statement of current knowledge and the ultimate aim for archaeologists; the goal of all the former sections. The document is reinforced by material on-line which provides further detail and resources. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic panel report of ScARF is intended as a resource to be utilised, built upon, and kept updated, hopefully by those it has helped inspire and inform as well as those who follow in their footsteps. Future Research The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarized under four key headings:  Visibility: Due to the considerable length of time over which sites were formed, and the predominant mobility of the population, early prehistoric remains are to be found right across the landscape, although they often survive as ephemeral traces and in low densities. Therefore, all archaeological work should take into account the expectation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ScARF Panel Report iv encountering early prehistoric remains. This applies equally to both commercial and research archaeology, and to amateur activity which often makes the initial discovery. This should not be seen as an obstacle, but as a benefit, and not finding such remains should be cause for question. There is no doubt that important evidence of these periods remains unrecognised in private, public, and commercial collections and there is a strong need for backlog evaluation, proper curation and analysis. The inadequate representation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic information in existing national and local databases must be addressed.  Collaboration: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross- sector approaches must be encouraged – site prospection, prediction, recognition, and contextualisation are key areas to this end. Reconstructing past environments and their chronological frameworks, and exploring submerged and buried landscapes offer existing examples of fruitful, cross-disciplinary work. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology has an important place within Quaternary science and the potential for deeply buried remains means that geoarchaeology should have a prominent role.  Innovation: Research-led projects are currently making a substantial impact across all aspects of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology; a funding policy that acknowledges risk and promotes the innovation that these periods demand should be encouraged. The exploration of lesser known areas, work on different types of site, new approaches to artefacts, and the application of novel methodologies should all be promoted when engaging with the challenges of early prehistory.  Tackling the ‘big questions’: Archaeologists should engage with the big questions of earliest prehistory in Scotland, including the colonisation of new land, how lifestyles in past societies were organized, the effects of and the responses to environmental change, and the transitions to new modes of life. This should be done through a holistic view of the available data, encompassing all the complexities of interpretation and developing competing and testable models. Scottish data can be used to address many of the currently topical research topics in archaeology, and will provide a springboard to a better understanding of early prehistoric life in Scotland and beyond.

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CIE. CIE 234:2019 (ES) Guía para un plan director de iluminación urbana. International Commission on Illumination, September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25039/tr.234.2019.es.

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El objetivo de esta publicación es proporcionar orientación sobre los objetivos y principios subyacentes relativos a aspectos de la iluminación del paisaje nocturno urbano. Se tratan los elementos visuales, organizativos, ambientales y técnicos de estos aspectos de la planificación urbana. Esta guía identifica los criterios de planificación del alumbrado que deben tenerse en cuenta a la hora de tomar iniciativas en relación con el alumbrado nuevo o existente en zonas urbanas, o en aglomeraciones urbanas de nueva planificación. Se ofrecen orientaciones tanto sobre los aspectos funcionales como sobre los aspectos expresivos del alumbrado. Esta publicación está destinada a apoyar a los responsables de la toma de decisiones que deben iniciar, promover y gestionar la imagen nocturna de su ciudad, y que necesitan tener un plan director que proporcione una base sólida para el desarrollo de la iluminación a largo plazo. The purpose of this publication is to provide guidance about the objectives and underlying principles relating to the lighting aspects of the urban nightscape. It deals with the visual, organizational, environmental, and technical elements of these aspects of urban planning. This guide identifies the lighting planning criteria that should be considered when initiatives are being taken in relation to new or existing lighting in urban areas or newly planned conurbations. Guidance is provided to both the functional and expressive aspects of lighting. This publication is intended to support those decision makers who are required to initiate, promote, and manage the night-time image of their city and who require a masterplan to provide a sound basis for long term lighting developments.

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