Готові списки джерел за темами / Rats as laboratory animals

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Rats as laboratory animals"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 3 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Rats as laboratory animals":

Gürlek, Ali. "Rats As Laboratory Animals In Chronic Studies." Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 100, no. 6 (November 1997): 1618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199711000-00052.

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Odenweller, C. M., C. T. Hsu, E. Sipe, J. P. Layshock, S. Varyani, R. L. Rosian, and S. E. DiCarlo. "Laboratory exercise using "virtual rats" to teach endocrine physiology." Advances in Physiology Education 273, no. 6 (December 1997): S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advances.1997.273.6.s24.

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Animal experimentation is limited in many curricula due to the expense, lack of adequate animal facilities and equipment, and limited experience of the teachers. There are also ethical concerns dealing with the comfort and safety of the animals. To overcome these obstacles, we developed a "dry laboratory" using "virtual rats." The "virtual rat" eliminates the obstacles inherent in animal experimentation, such as inadequate budgets, as well as avoiding important animal rights issues. Furthermore, no special materials are required for the completion of this exercise. Our goal in developing this dry laboratory was to create an experience that would provide students with an appreciation for the value of laboratory data collection and analysis. Students are exposed to the challenge of animal experimentation, experimental design, data collection, and analysis and interpretation without the issues surrounding the use of live animals.

Birke, Lynda. "Who—or What—are the Rats (and Mice) in the Laboratory." Society & Animals 11, no. 3 (2003): 207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853003322773023.

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AbstractThis paper explores the many meanings attached to the designation,"the rodent in the laboratory" (rat or mouse). Generations of selective breeding have created these rodents. They now differ markedly from their wild progenitors, nonhuman animals associated with carrying all kinds of diseases.Through selective breeding, they have moved from the rats of the sewers to become standardized laboratory tools and (metaphorically) saviors of humans in the fight against disease. This paper sketches two intertwined strands of metaphors associated with laboratory rodents.The first focuses on the idea of medical/scientific progress; in this context, the paper looks at laboratory rodents often depicted (in advertising for laboratory products) as epitomizing medical triumph or serving as helpers or saviors. The second strand concerns the ambiguous status of the laboratory rodent who is both an animal (bites) and not an animal (data).The paper argues that, partly because of these ambiguous and multiple meanings, the rodent in the laboratory is doubly "othered"—first in the way that animals so often are made other to ourselves and then other in the relationship of the animal in the laboratory to other animals.

Jacob, Howard J. "Modern genetic mapping approaches in laboratory animals/rats." Journal of Experimental Animal Science 41, no. 1-2 (March 2000): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0939-8600(00)80023-1.

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Bowen, W. H., K. M. Madison, and S. K. Pearson. "Influence of Desalivation in Rats on Incidence of Caries in Intact Cagemates." Journal of Dental Research 67, no. 10 (October 1988): 1316–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345880670101401.

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The evidence that dental caries is an infectious and transmitted disease in rodents is unequivocal. However, the factors controlling the transmission of micro-organisms from one animal to another have not been extensively explored. Results from previous studies in our laboratory showed that desalivated animals became infected by Streptococcus sobrinus in a shorter period of time than did intact animals. Furthermore, an additional study in our laboratory showed that animals with intact salivary function caged with desalivated animals harbored more S. sobrinus immediately following establishment of infection than did intact animals housed with other intact animals. Therefore, it seemed appropriate to determine the influence on caries development of caging a desalivated animal with an intact animal. In this study, intact Sprague-Dawley rats were caged with desalivated animals; additional groups of intact animals were housed with chlorhexidine-treated animals that were either intact or desalivated. Although chlorhexidine suppressed both caries development and the level of infection by S. sobrinus, nevertheless, intact animals caged with desalivated animals invariably developed more caries than did intact animals housed with other intact animals. Treating intact animals with chlorhexidine did not affect caries scores in untreated intact cagemates. Overall, the results suggest that a highly acidogenic flora with enhanced virulence (including S. sobrinus) is selected in the desalivated animals; this flora is apparently readily transmitted to intact cagemates, leading to enhanced levels of smooth-surface caries.

Makowska, I. Joanna, and Daniel M. Weary. "Assessing the emotions of laboratory rats." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 148, no. 1-2 (September 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2013.07.017.

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Kunstýř, I., F. Jelínek, U. Bitzenhofer, and W. Pittermann. "Fungus Paecilomyces: a new agent in laboratory animals." Laboratory Animals 31, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367797780600260.

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The fungus Paecilomyces has not yet been considered a health problem in laboratory animals. However, this agent known as a 'spoiler' of fruit beverages and other foodstuffs is an opportunistic pathogen especially in immunocompromised humans. Since 1985, we have isolated Paecilomyces, most probably P. variotti, from six laboratory animal species, mainly rats. In about 90% of cases the organism was localized in the respiratory tract and there are some other findings favouring the hypothesis of an airborne infection. During this long observation period no consequences for the health of rats in one closed 'infected' SPF breeding unit (A) could be observed. In a controlled histological study on five infected rats, no lesions attributable to this mycotic agent could be detected. However, a self-limiting spontaneous outbreak of papular skin lesions associated with Paecilomyces was observed in a breeding colony (F) of hairless mice. The role of this fungus in an acute outbreak of respiratory signs in another colony of conventional rats (B) was considered to be secondary. Bearing in mind its occasionally harmful role in humans, relatively high resistance to disinfectants and toxigenicity, this new agent should be monitored and considered a potential health risk for laboratory animals.

Townsend, P. "USE of In-Cage Shelters by Laboratory Rats." Animal Welfare 6, no. 2 (May 1997): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600019564.

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AbstractThe effect of providing a shelter to single-housed rats was measured in terms of the preference shown for a cage containing a shelter compared with a barren cage, the range of behaviours performed and the apparent fearfulness of the animals. All animals showed a strong preference for cages containing a shelter and rats housed in this environment showed increased exploratory behaviour and were apparently less fearful, based on their willingness to leave the home-cage. It would seem appropriate to provide enclosed shelters within the cages of laboratory rats as a way of improving their environment.

Banerjee, A. K., A. F. Angulo, A. A. Polak-Vogelzang, and A. M. Kershof. "An alternative method for the decontamination of rats carrying Mycoplasma pulmonis without the use of germfree isolators." Laboratory Animals 21, no. 2 (April 1987): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002367728702100210.

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Two strains of Lewis rat were successfully freed from Mycoplasma pulmonis infection by using a combination of oral treatment with oxytetracycline hydrochloride and obtaining young by hysterectomy. Laminar flow cabinets were used to perform hysterectomies on donor animals and for rearing hysterectomy-derived animals. After thorough microbiological examination the rats were brought to the breeding colony of the Laboratory Animal Centre. Periodic laboratory tests using both cultural and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods showed that the animals have remained free from M. pulmonis for the last 3 years.

Krasnikova, E. S., R. V. Radionov, A. V. Krasnikov, and A. Yu Svetozarova. "WEIGHTINGS IN EXPERIMENTAL BLV INFECTION IN LABORATORY RATS." Scientific Life 16, no. 2 (2021): 218–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/1991-9476-2021-16-2-218-228.

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The causative agent of bovine enzootic leukemia (BLV) has a tropism to lymphoid tissue and, due to the presence of these cell elements in various organs, can contribute to changes at the organ level, both due to hyperplasia and malignant proliferation of lymphoid elements, and due to inflammatory, dystrophic and atrophic processes in organs. The pathogen is able to infect heterologous organisms, in particular white laboratory rats of the Wistar line, in connection with which the goal of our studies was a comparative analysis of the vesometric characteristics of the internal organs of BLV-infected and intact rats, including relative to the body weight of animals in the dynamics of the experiment. Rats were divided into three groups. The first group of rats was fed milk of intact cows, the second - milk of BLV-infected cows and the third - milk of clinically treated cows with leukemia. The adult rats and their offspring, showing the presence of proviral DNA in the blood, were subjected to a quarterly study within a year of the start of the experiment. A comparative analysis of rat body weight dynamics showed that at the beginning of the experiment, animals actively gained weight, but by the end of the experiment, their body weight gain sharply decreased compared to the control, both in absolute and relative values, up to negative, and cachexia developed. This was most clearly seen in the offspring of the third group of rats, where positive dynamics were completely absent. The relative liver mass of the experimental rats was initially negative, and in the second half of the experiment - sharp positive dynamics. The dynamics of rat spleen relative weight initially had a negative tendency in rats treated with BLV-infected cow milk, which was replaced by positive by the end of the experiment. In rats of the third group, a persistent downward trend in organ volume was observed. The tendency to change the relative weight of the kidneys indicates an initial decrease in the index against the background of an increase in the body weight of animals, and then an increase in the relative weight of the organ in all experimental groups. The exception was the offspring of animals of the third group: their relative kidney weight increased in the dynamics of the entire experiment. In rats of the third group, the relative weight of the lungs increased sharply, which can be associated with the development of most of them with one- or bilateral pneumonia. The relative heart weight of animals in the experimental groups decreased 2.5-3 times compared to the control, despite the development of cachexia. Thus, experimental BLV infection of rats is accompanied by natural trends and changes in the ratio of body weight of animals and their internal organs, probably due to metabolic disorders and the development of various kinds of pathological processes: inflammatory, dystrophic, atrophic and proliferative.

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Дисертації з теми "Rats as laboratory animals":

Spangenberg, Elin. "Housing laboratory dogs and rats : implications of physical and social activity /." Uppsala : Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/2007103.pdf.

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Wickens, Nicolas John. "Histopathological changes in male wistar rats maintained on a water-based sutherlandia frutescens extract." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/4742.

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In this study a standardized 46 week chronic drinking water toxicity protocol was used to elucidate the toxic potential of Sutherlandia frutescens (S. frutescens) using histopathologic, morphometric and transmission electron microscopic analysis. The histopathologic changes in the duodenum, heart, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas and spleen of male Wistar rats were evaluated. Fifty-four rats were randomly divided into four groups: Group 1 – Normal diet control (ND control), n=7, Group 2 – Normal diet + plant extract (ND + p), n=9, Group 3 – High fat diet control (HFD control), n=19Group 4 – High fat diet + p (HFD + p), n=19In the high fat group male Wistar rats were fed ±55 g/day of a specialised high fat diet over a 46 week period to induce obesity and an insulin resistant state. The treatment groups (groups 2 and 4) received a dose concentration of a tea extract of the S. frutescens plant in their drinking water daily. This study showed that the consumption of S. frutescens significantly reduces weight gain in male Wistar rats on a chronic high fat diet (p≤0.001 vs. HFD control group). S. frutescens appears to propagate periportal and centrilobular glycogen storage in rat hepatocytes in the experimental groups as exemplified by a significantly (p≤0.0001 vs. control groups) increased incidences of Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) positive staining S. frutescens also reduced intracellular lipid accumulation as made evident by the significantly lower incidence of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), hepatic steatosis and pancreatic interstitial fat. Obesity was associated with increased fibrotic lesions such as myocardial perivascular fibrosis, centrilobular hepatic fibrosis and pancreatic periductal fibrosis. Obesity associated hypertension contributed to the widespread and significant increase in the average lesion severity of arterial congestion in all organs in the HFD control group. Pulmonary infection was equally prevalent in all rats. Despite the complex histopathology in all groups, differences in the control groups, such as, the presence of a conservative polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) infiltration, substantial intra-alveolar oedema and focal arterial wall hypertrophy in the control groups was highly suggestive of Sendai viral infection. However histopathologic evidence, in the treatment groups, suggested chronic recurrent viral infection with superimposed Mycoplasma pulmonis (M. pulmonis) bacterial infection. The impact of advanced suppurative pulmonary infection was widespread and exemplified by increased lesion incidences of spontaneous murine progressive cardiomyopathy (MCP) and spontaneous chronic progressive nephropathy (CPN) among others. In conclusion S. frutescens administered for 46 weeks to male Wistar rats significantly lowered intracellular lipid accumulation and obesity associated myocardial, renal, hepatobiliary, pulmonary and pancreatic histopathology. Moreover, duodenal, cardiovascular, hepatobiliary, pulmonary, renal, pancreatic and splenic tissue did not show histopathologic evidence of direct plant extract associated toxicity or carcinogenicity.

Bueno, Aline [UNESP]. "Repercussões de diferentes intensidades glicêmicas no início do desenvolvimento embrionário de ratas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99239.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:59:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bueno_a_me_botfm.pdf: 693767 bytes, checksum: 41a33fd1c28d4062c5457b2ea2de4450 (MD5)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
In vitro studies suggest that maternal hyperglycemia insult impairs the early embryogenesis in the preimplantation period. In this paper, we show that streptozotocin given at birth day of life or in adulthood of rats caused hyperglycemic state. Regardless of hyperglycemic intensities (mild or severe diabetes), the embryos of these dams presented development retardation and decreased development competence. Apoptosis was detected using terminal dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays, and the morulas from mild and severe diabetic rats have a higher incidence of apoptotic cells than control embryos. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, a cytokine whose synthesis is up-regulated in the diabetic uterus, did not alter the incidence of TUNEL-positive nuclei. The glycemic intensity is related with the increased in the apoptosis indexes in morulas. On the other hand, dams with hyperglycemia, regardless of the glycemic intensity and of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha level presented preimplantation embryos with development retardation and increase of non-viable preimplantation embryos, suggesting that the presence of the hyperglycemia leads to a decreased competence development of preimplantation embryos

Xu, Cen Reith Maarten E. A. "Cocaine and the dopamine transporter." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9721400.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1996.
Title from title page screen, viewed May 30, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Maarten E. A. Reith (chair), Hou Tak Cheung, John W. Dailey, Robert L. Preston, Brian J. Wilkinson. Includes bibliographical references and abstract. Also available in print.

Connolly, Ashley Rex. "Cytokine gene expression in a rat model of polyarthritis /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc75238.pdf.

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Vetter, Courtney Suzanne. "Time-course of elevated ethanol intake in adolescent relative to adult rats under continuous, voluntary-access conditions." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.

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Bueno, Aline. "Repercussões de diferentes intensidades glicêmicas no início do desenvolvimento embrionário de ratas /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99239.

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Orientador: Débora Cristina Damasceno
Coorientador: Yuri Karen Sinzato
Banca: Maria José Sparça Salles
Banca: Felipe Perecin
Resumo: Não disponível
Abstract: In vitro studies suggest that maternal hyperglycemia insult impairs the early embryogenesis in the preimplantation period. In this paper, we show that streptozotocin given at birth day of life or in adulthood of rats caused hyperglycemic state. Regardless of hyperglycemic intensities (mild or severe diabetes), the embryos of these dams presented development retardation and decreased development competence. Apoptosis was detected using terminal dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays, and the morulas from mild and severe diabetic rats have a higher incidence of apoptotic cells than control embryos. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, a cytokine whose synthesis is up-regulated in the diabetic uterus, did not alter the incidence of TUNEL-positive nuclei. The glycemic intensity is related with the increased in the apoptosis indexes in morulas. On the other hand, dams with hyperglycemia, regardless of the glycemic intensity and of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha level presented preimplantation embryos with development retardation and increase of non-viable preimplantation embryos, suggesting that the presence of the hyperglycemia leads to a decreased competence development of preimplantation embryos
Mestre

Hu, Dan. "Brain cytochrome oxidase activity related to vicaroius trial-and-error behavior during Y-maze learning in the rat /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Kong, Hei-man Lowell, and 江希文. "Adrenomedullin: distribution in the male accessory sex glands of the rat and the effects of adrenomedullin inthe seminal fluid on the female reproductive tract." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45605671.

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Agnelli, Silvia. "Regulation of amino acid catabolism in rats fed diets with different protein content." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400005.

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Current lifestyle with high-energy diets and characterized by sedentary is triggering an alarming growth in obesity. Obesity along with metabolic syndrome- related co-morbidities (i.e. insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, sleep apnea, depression, asthma, hypertension and the alteration of blood lipid transport) are the most apparent consequence of the excess energy. Under conditions of excess dietary energy, the body cannot easily dispose of the excess amino-N against the evolutively-adapted schemes that prevent its wastage; thus ammonia and glutamine formation and urea excretion are decreased. High lipid and energy availability limit the utilization of glucose, and high glucose spares the production of ammonium from amino acids, decreasing the synthesis of glutamine and its utilization by the intestine and kidney. In contrast, high protein diets enhance protein synthesis and growth, and the synthesis of non-protein-N-containing compounds. But these outlets are not enough; consequently, less- conventional mechanisms are activated, such as increased synthesis of NO∙ followed by higher nitrite (and nitrate) excretion and changes in the microbiota. In this study we studied how the initial phase of development of metabolic syndrome can affects the function of liver as main site of amino-N metabolism, and to determine whether doubling the protein content in the diet induced significant changes in enzyme of amino acids metabolism along intestine and on liver. The common result obtained by these studies is that, both in case of hyperlipidic or hyperproteic diets, elimination of excess N is necessary but cannot be easily carried out through the metabolic pathways/tissues we evaluated, although possible alternative pathways have been taken into consideration.
L’estil de vida actual amb les dietes d'alt contingut energètic, i caracteritzat pel sedentarisme, està provocant un creixement alarmant de l'obesitat. L'obesitat, juntament amb les comorbiditats relacionades amb la síndrome metabòlica (és a dir, resistència a la insulina, aterosclerosi, apnea del son, depressió, asma, la hipertensió i l'alteració del transport de lípids en la sang) són la conseqüència més evident de l'excés d’energia. En condicions d'excés d'energia de la dieta, el cos no pot eliminar ràpidament l'excés d'amino-N contra els esquemes adaptats evolutivament i que impedeixin el seu deteriorament; així, la formació d'amoníac i de glutamina i l'excreció d'urea disminueixen. Els elevats nivells de lípids i de la disponibilitat d'energia limiten la utilització de la glucosa, i nivells elevats de glucosa estalvia la producció d'amoni a partir dels aminoàcids, disminuint la síntesi de glutamina i la seva utilització per l'intestí i el ronyó. En contrast, les dietes d’elevat contingut en proteïnes incrementen la síntesi de proteïnes i el creixement, i la síntesi de compostos que contenen N i no són proteïnes. Però aquests mecanismes no són suficients i en conseqüència, s'activen mecanismes menys convencionals, com ara augment de la síntesi de NO ∙ seguides per l’augment del nitrit (i nitrat) i la seva excreció, juntament amb canvis en la microbiota. En aquest treball es va estudiar com la fase inicial de desenvolupament de la síndrome metabòlica pot afectar la funció del fetge com lloc principal del metabolisme d'amino-N, i per determinar si la duplicació del contingut de proteïnes en la dieta induïa canvis significatius en els enzims del metabolisme d'aminoàcids al llarg intestí i al fetge. El resultat genèric obtingut per aquests estudis és que, tant en el cas de que la dieta sigui hiperlipídica o hiperproteica, l'eliminació de l'excés de N és necessària, però no es pot dur a terme fàcilment a través de les vies metabòliques / teixits que avaluem, tot i les possibles vies alternatives s'han tingut en consideració.

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Книги з теми "Rats as laboratory animals":

Sharp, Patrick E. The laboratory rat. Edited by La Regina Marie C and Suckow Mark A. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1998.

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Sharp, Patrick. The laboratory rat. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1998.

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G, Krinke, ed. The laboratory rat. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press, 2000.

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Sharp, Patrick E. The laboratory rat. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis, 2013.

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L, Altman Philip, Biology Databook Editorial Board (U.S.), Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology., and Pergamon Infoline Incorporated, eds. Pathology of laboratory mice and rats. Bethesda, Md: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 1985.

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Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (U.S.). Committee on Infectious Diseases of Mice and Rats., ed. Infectious diseases of mice and rats. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1991.

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Whishaw, Ian Q. The behavior of the laboratory rat: A handbook with tests. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

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Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (U.S.). Committee on Infectious Diseases of Mice and Rats., ed. Companion guide to Infectious diseases of mice and rats. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1991.

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Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (U.S.). International Committee. and National Research Council (U.S.), eds. Microbial status and genetic evaluation of mice and rats: Proceedings of the 1999 US/Japan conference. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 2000.

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Частини книг з теми "Rats as laboratory animals":

Cloutier, Sylvie. "Behavioral Biology of Rats." In Behavioral Biology of Laboratory Animals, 113–30. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429019517-9.

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Kaliste, Eila, and Satu Mering. "The welfare of laboratory rats." In The Welfare of Laboratory Animals, 153–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2271-5_8.

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Geise, W. "Guidelines for the Use and Care of Small Laboratory Animals in Transplantation Research." In Organtransplantation in Rats and Mice, 27–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72140-3_4.

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Mohan, G. H., R. V. Shwetha Reddy, and C. Yogesh. "Management of Specific Pathogen-Free (SPF) Mice and Rats." In Essentials of Laboratory Animal Science: Principles and Practices, 633–53. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0987-9_26.

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Kasparert-Rittinghausen, J., and F. Deerberg. "Mortality and Tumour Incidence of BDII/Han Rats." In New Developments in Biosciences: Their Implications for Laboratory Animal Science, 425–29. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3281-4_69.

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Beynen, A. C., V. Baumans, J. W. M. Haas, K. K. van Hellemond, F. R. Stafleu, and G. van Tintelen. "Assessment of Discomfort Induced by Orbital Puncture in Rats." In New Developments in Biosciences: Their Implications for Laboratory Animal Science, 431–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3281-4_70.

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Hirsjärvi, Paula A., and Mirja A. Junnila. "The Effects of Gentling on Open-field Behaviour of Rats." In New Developments in Biosciences: Their Implications for Laboratory Animal Science, 399–403. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3281-4_64.

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Kramer, Klaas, and René Remie. "Measuring Electrocardiogram and Heart Rate in Small Laboratory Animals with Radio-Telemetry." In Rodent Model as Tools in Ethical Biomedical Research, 187–201. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11578-8_12.

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van Wouwe, J. P., M. Veldhuizen, and C. J. A. van den Hamer. "Oral 65Zn Loading Test in Rats Fed Iri-Ob Diet with Various Zn Concentrations." In New Developments in Biosciences: Their Implications for Laboratory Animal Science, 419–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3281-4_68.

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Barber, B. R., L. Torielli, M. Ferrandi, P. Ferrari, S. Salardi, P. Parenti, and L. Duzzi. "Investigating Genetic Variability between the MHS Hypertensive Strain of Rats and its Normotensive Control, MNS." In New Developments in Biosciences: Their Implications for Laboratory Animal Science, 191–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3281-4_31.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Rats as laboratory animals":

Belova, Y. I., and O. V. Yakovleva. "Analysis of the content of nitric oxide (II) metabolites rats of different ages." In VIII Vserossijskaja konferencija s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem «Mediko-fiziologicheskie problemy jekologii cheloveka». Publishing center of Ulyanovsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34014/mpphe.2021-27-29.

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Nitrogen monoxide is a gas transmitter that is an important intermediary in many organ systems, especially in the central nervous system. Nitrogen monoxide is involved in the relaxation of smooth vascular muscles, activation of neurons and responsible for the cytotoxicity of macrophages. The study of change nitrogen oxide metabolite concentration helps to determine its effects on human and animal organs. The study was carried out on laboratory animals of different ages. We used a spectrophotometric method to determine the level of metabolites based on the reaction of nitrites to the Griss reagent. We noted that the maximum level of metabolites NO was observed in newborn animals at the age of 4 days. In addition, metabolite concentrations decreased gradually by 14-15 days of life, reaching a minimum of 30 days Key words: nitrogen monoxide, rats, age, metabolites of nitrogen monoxide, spectrophotometry.

Belaya, О. V. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF 2-5G BASE STATION ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD CHRONIC EXPOSURE NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECT TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES." In The 4th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» International Youth Forum (OHIYF-2022). FSBSI «IRIOH», 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-6-9-2022-1-20-24.

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Introduction: the new exposure to electromagnetic fields biological effect assessment is actual with respect to the expected of electromagnetic environment complication due to joint operation of various generation cellular communication systems. The character of biological reaction can be mediated by individual typological characteristics of the organism. The goal: to study the 2–5G base stations electromagnetic field chronic exposure effect to nervous system functional state of laboratory animals with regard to their typological features. Methods: the rats body weight registration and "open field" test were carried out before the start of exposure, after each month of 24-hour exposure (500 µW/cm2, 2-5G mobile standards, 4 months) and 1 month after the end of exposure with accounting of high-entropic and low-entropic animal subgroups. Results: the results indicate a multidirectional effect of rats’ nervous system in groups of various entropy types. According to behavioral parameters and body weight dynamics, there was an inhibition of research activity and functional state of the high-entropic animals after 2 months of exposure. Conclusion: Results can be assumed that used experimental exposure type had a suppression affect to central nervous system functional state with higher responsiveness of animals that initially have a predominance of excitation over inhibition processes.

Veshchemova, T. E., and G. V. Masaltsev. "EVALUATION OF TOXICITY AND ANTICHOLINESTERASE EFFECT OF A METHOMYL-CONTAINING DRUG WHEN ADMINISTERED TO LABORATORY ANIMALS VIA VARIOUS ROUTES." In The 4th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» International Youth Forum (OHIYF-2022). FSBSI «IRIOH», 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-6-9-2022-1-44-48.

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Despite a wide range of insecticidal activity and high efficiency, carbamate insecticides require a highly professional approach to its use due to inherent high toxicity to bees, warm-blooded animals and humans, and undesirable feature of its exhibiting toxic properties not immediately, but after prolonged systematic contact. The goal of this work was to evaluate the toxicity of the methomyl-based drug (25% of the active substance) and its anticholinesterase effect in animal experiments when administered via various routes (rats and rabbits). Materials and methods: Experimental toxicological studies were carried out in accordance with the methodological documents: Guidelines for the hygienic assessment of new pesticides, Guideline R 1.2.3156-13 "Assessment of the toxicity and danger of chemicals and their mixtures for human health." Results: Acute oral and dermal toxicity thresholds, possible irritation and cumulative properties of the formation were evaluated. According to the results, the methomyl-based drug exhibits the highest toxicity when administered intragastrically. When applied to mucous membranes of the eye, the it causes symptoms characteristic of carbamate poisoning. When applied to intact skin of laboratory animals, the drug does not exhibit toxic effects.

Perov, S. Yu, and S. A. Askerova. "THE NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM RESPONSE OF 2-5 G COMMUNICATION ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD ANIMAL EXPOSURE." In The 16th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» Russian National Congress with International Participation (OHRNC-2021). FSBSI “IRIOH”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-2-1-2021-1-398-402.

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Abstract: Background. The neuroendocrine effect on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex axis is significant example stressor of electromagnetic exposure for biological object. Aim. The neuroendocrine effect investigation of multi-frequency electromagnetic field laboratory animals’ exposure from 2-5 generations cellular base stations Methods. The neuroendocrine status evaluated by corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentrations in blood exposed and sham rats. ACTH and corticosterone rat blood assessed by immunoenzyme method. Results. The results of the multi-frequency electromagnetic field laboratory animals’ exposure from 2-5 generations cellular base stations in a chronic experiment showed wave-like changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function. These changes are manifested in an immediate increase in corticosteroids secretion and depression of the corticosteroid response to normal or subnormal levels. After 3 month chronic exposure there was a secondary rise in hormonal secretion.

Shestakov, N. A., R. I. Aizman, A. S. Ogudov, and N. F. Chuenko. "Effect of combined action of arsenic and antimony compounds on renal function in the subchronic test." In VIII Vserossijskaja konferencija s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem «Mediko-fiziologicheskie problemy jekologii cheloveka». Publishing center of Ulyanovsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34014/mpphe.2021-239-242.

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The study was conducted on male Wistar rats. We used 4 mathematically related series of doses prepared by sequential dilution of water from a man-made lake according to the scheme: arsenic: 0.15 - 0.05 - 0.016 - 0.0055, antimony: 0.68 - 0.227 - 0.075 - 0.025 mg/l. The animals were examined before inoculation (background), on days 40 and 90 of the experiment, taking into account the processes of cumulation of chemical elements in the kidneys. New data on the nature of nephrotoxic effects of arsenic and antimony in the long-term combined intake into the body of laboratory animals have been obtained. Key words: water from a man-made lake, arsenic and antimony compounds, Wistar rats, nephrotoxicity.

Lanets, O. V., M. P. Semenenko, K. A. Semenenko, and L. V. Lazarevich. "ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE NEW STRESS CORRECTOR ON THE LABORATORY ANIMAL ORGANISM IN THE ACUTE EXPERIMENT." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.680-682.

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The article presents the results of acute toxicity of a new complex preparation in various ways of its introduction to laboratory white mice and rats. It was determined that a single intragastric and intramuscular administration of the maximum doses of the preparation does not cause a clinical picture of toxicosis and death of laboratory animals, on the basis of which the preparation is classified as hazardous class (GOST 12.1.007-76 “Harmful substances”) - low-hazard substances.

Kolpakova, Valentina, Denis Kulikov, Ruzaliya Ulanova, Nikolay Lukin, and Irina Gaivoronskaya. "BIOCONVERSION OF CEREAL SERUM - A SECONDARY PRODUCT FOR PRODUCING PROTEIN CONCENTRATES FROM PEA AND CHICK PEAS." In GEOLINKS International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2020/b1/v2/06.

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Studies on the bioconversion of whey water formed from chickpea and pea grains in the preparation of protein concentrates have been performed. The serum remaining after precipitation of the main part of the protein was subjected to a symbiotic transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 121 and Geotrichum candidum 977 yeast cultures with the formation of protein-containing products with a mass fraction of protein (52.27-57.90% of DS) and a complementary amino acid composition. A microbial-plant concentrate was used as an additive in the feeding of Wistar laboratory rats. After 25 days of feeding, there was no negative effect on the physiological parameters and behavior of animals, which indicates the high quality of the protein product and the prospects of its inclusion in the composition of animal feed and diets.

Лепехова, Светлана, Svetlana Lepekhova, Н. Судаков, N. Sudakov, Анастасия Жаркая, and Anastasiya Zharkaya. "Modeling of pathological processes in the experiment-the first step in translational medicine." In Topical issues of translational medicine: a collection of articles dedicated to the 5th anniversary of the day The creation of a department for biomedical research and technology of the Irkutsk Scientific Center Siberian Branch of RAS. Москва: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/conferencearticle_58be81ec90ab1.

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The paper discusses the significance of animal experiments and modeling of pathological processes for pre-clinical drug trials, methods of diagnostics and treatment, which correspond to the concept of the first phase of the study in translational medicine. The article provides information on the methodology, legal framework and applications of experimental surgery. The simulation results of dyslipidemia and hypoparathyroidism are given. Simulation of pathology in small laboratory animals is regarded as an integral component of basic and applied biomedical research.

Lukovnikova, L. V., L. A. Lelbiks, and E. E. Lesiovskaya. "EFFECT OF NICKEL AND ITS INSOLUBLE INORGANIC COMPOUNDS ON REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION OF WHITE RATS." In The 16th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» Russian National Congress with International Participation (OHRNC-2021). FSBSI “IRIOH”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-2-1-2021-1-326-329.

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Abstract. Introduction. The problem of women's health protection in enterprises producing and using nickel and its compounds is particularly relevant, since women make up a significant contingent of workers at some stages of production. Nickel and its compounds are used in the production of high-alloy steels, alloys with copper, chromium, aluminum, as a catalyst in the processes of hydrogenation of fats, in the production of batteries, nickel-plating of metal products. In case of violations of the technological process, labor protection conditions, workers may be exposed to nickel aerosol and its oxides. Purpose. To study the effect of nickel and its insoluble compounds on the reproductive function of white rats. Method of research. The studies were carried out on sexually mature female white rats weighing 180-200 g with a stable estrous cycle lasting 4-6 days. Experimental studies were conducted in accordance with national and international regulatory requirements ensuring humane treatment of animals used in experiments: Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union of September 22, 2010 on the protection of animals used in scientific purposes, Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of 01.04.2016 No. 199n «On approval of the Rules of good laboratory Practice». The industrial conditions for the action of aerosol of insoluble nickel compounds were simulated in a special chamber with an individual intake of aerosol into the breathing zone at a concentration of 0.2 mg / m3 daily for 4 hours during the entire gestation period. The animals were assessed for the dynamics of body weight on the 1st, 8th, 14th and 20th days of pregnancy. On the 20th day of pregnancy, the number of yellow bodies of pregnancy, placentas and fetuses was determined, pre-, post-implantation and total intrauterine death, average length and weight of fetuses, and average placenta weight were calculated. The total number of pregnant females and fetuses was recorded with the subsequent calculation of the number of fetuses per female. Results. The action of an aerosol of insoluble nickel compounds at a concentration of 0.2 mg / m3 in this mode did not lead to a violation of the reproductive function of white rats in all the studied parameters. Conclusion. The experimental data obtained indicate that insoluble nickel compounds at the level of the maximum permissible concentrations for the air of the working area will not pose a risk of developing reproductive health pathology in working women.

Friedemann, Jochen, Daniel Schock-Kusch, and Yury Shulhevich. "Transcutaneous measurement of glomerular filtration rate in conscious laboratory animals: state of the art and future perspectives." In SPIE BiOS, edited by Samuel Achilefu and Ramesh Raghavachari. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2250887.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Rats as laboratory animals":

Matthew, Gray. Data from "Winter is Coming – Temperature Affects Immune Defenses and Susceptibility to Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans". University of Tennessee, Knoxville Libraries, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7290/t7sallfxxe.

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Environmental temperature is a key factor driving various biological processes, including immune defenses and host-pathogen interactions. Here, we evaluated the effects of environmental temperature on the pathogenicity of the emerging fungus, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), using controlled laboratory experiments, and measured components of host immune defense to identify regulating mechanisms. We found that adult and juvenile Notophthalmus viridescens died faster due to Bsal chytridiomycosis at 14 ºC than at 6 and 22 ºC. Pathogen replication rates, total available proteins on the skin, and microbiome composition likely drove these relationships. Temperature-dependent skin microbiome composition in our laboratory experiments matched seasonal trends in wild N. viridescens, adding validity to these results. We also found that hydrophobic peptide production after two months post-exposure to Bsal was reduced in infected animals compared to controls, perhaps due to peptide release earlier in infection or impaired granular gland function in diseased animals. Using our temperature-dependent infection results, we performed a geographic analysis that suggested that N. viridescens populations in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada are at greatest risk for Bsal invasion. Our results indicate that environmental temperature will play a key role in the epidemiology of Bsal and provide evidence that temperature manipulations may be a viable Bsal management strategy.

Zurlo, Joanne. Institute of Laboratory Animals Research (ILAR). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada416653.

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Shpigel, Nahum, Raul Barletta, Ilan Rosenshine, and Marcelo Chaffer. Identification and characterization of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis virulence genes expressed in vivo by negative selection. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7696510.bard.

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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of a severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in ruminants, known as Johne’s disease or paratuberculosis. Johne’s disease is considered to be one of the most serious diseases affecting dairy cattle both in Israel and worldwide. Heavy economic losses are incurred by dairy farmers due to the severe effect of subclinical infection on milk production, fertility, lower disease resistance and early culling. Its influence in the United States alone is staggering, causing an estimated loss of $1.5 billion to the agriculture industry every year. Isolation of MAP from intestinal tissue and blood of Crohn's patients has lead to concern that it plays a potential pathogenic role in promoting human IDB including Crohn’s disease. There is great concern following the identification of the organism in animal products and shedding of the organism to the environment by subclinically infected animals. Little is known about the molecular basis for MAP virulence. The goal of the original proposed research was to identify MAP genes that are required for the critical stage of initial infection and colonization of ruminants’ intestine by MAP. We proposed to develop and use signature tag mutagenesis (STM) screen to find MAP genes that are specifically required for survival in ruminants upon experimental infection. This research projected was approved as one-year feasibility study to prove the ability of the research team to establish the animal model for mutant screening and alternative in-vitro cell systems. In Israel, neonatal goat kids were repeatedly inoculated with either one of the following organisms; MAP K-10 strain and three transposon mutants of K-10 which were produced and screened by the US PI. Six months after the commencement of inoculation we have necropsied the goats and taken multiple tissue samples from the jejunum, ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes. Both PCR and histopathology analysis indicated on efficient MAP colonization of all the inoculated animals. We have established several systems in the Israeli PI’s laboratory; these include using IS900 PCR for the identification of MAP and using HSP65-based PCR for the differentiation between MAV and MAP. We used Southern blot analysis for the differentiation among transposon mutants of K-10. In addition the Israeli PI has set up a panel of in-vitro screening systems for MAP mutants. These include assays to test adhesion, phagocytosis and survival of MAP to/within macrophages, assays that determine the rate of MAPinduced apoptosis of macrophages and MAP-induced NO production by macrophages, and assays testing the interference with T cell ã Interferon production and T cell proliferation by MAP infected macrophages (macrophage studies were done in BoMac and RAW cell lines, mouse peritoneal macrophages and bovine peripheral blood monocytes derived macrophages, respectively). All partners involved in this project feel that we are currently on track with this novel, highly challenging and ambitious research project. We have managed to establish the above described research systems that will clearly enable us to achieve the original proposed scientific objectives. We have proven ourselves as excellent collaborative groups with very high levels of complementary expertise. The Israeli groups were very fortunate to work with the US group and in a very short time period to master numerous techniques in the field of Mycobacterium research. The Israeli group has proven its ability to run this complicated animal model. This research, if continued, may elucidate new and basic aspects related to the pathogenesis MAP. In addition the work may identify new targets for vaccine and drug development. Considering the possibility that MAP might be a cause of human Crohn’s disease, better understanding of virulence mechanisms of this organism might also be of public health interest as well.

Shantyz, A. K., P. V. Miroshnichenko, E. S. Sadikova, and V. V. Menshenin. Changes in hematological and biochemical blood parameters in laboratory animals with experimental escherichiosis. Краснодарский научный центр по зоотехнии и ветеринарии, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/88sh-e5337.

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Lahav, Ori, Albert Heber, and David Broday. Elimination of emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from confined animal and feeding operations (CAFO) using an adsorption/liquid-redox process with biological regeneration. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695589.bard.

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The project was originally aimed at investigating and developing new efficient methods for cost effective removal of ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO), in particular broiler and laying houses (NH₃) and hog houses (H₂S). In both cases, the principal idea was to design and operate a dedicated air collection system that would be used for the treatment of the gases, and that would work independently from the general ventilation system. The advantages envisaged: (1) if collected at a point close to the source of generation, pollutants would arrive at the treatment system at higher concentrations; (2) the air in the vicinity of the animals would be cleaner, a fact that would promote animal growth rates; and (3) collection efficiency would be improved and adverse environmental impact reduced. For practical reasons, the project was divided in two: one effort concentrated on NH₃₍g₎ removal from chicken houses and another on H₂S₍g₎ removal from hog houses. NH₃₍g₎ removal: a novel approach was developed to reduce ammonia emissions from CAFOs in general, and poultry houses in particular. Air sucked by the dedicated air capturing system from close to the litter was shown to have NH₃₍g₎ concentrations an order of magnitude higher than at the vents of the ventilation system. The NH₃₍g₎ rich waste air was conveyed to an acidic (0<pH<~5) bubble column reactor where NH₃ was converted to NH₄⁺. The reactor operated in batch mode, starting at pH 0 and was switched to a new acidic absorption solution just before NH₃₍g₎ breakthrough occurred, at pH ~5. Experiments with a wide range of NH₃₍g₎ concentrations showed that the absorption efficiency was practically 100% throughout the process as long as the face velocity was below 4 cm/s. The potential advantages of the method include high absorption efficiency, lower NH₃₍g₎ concentrations in the vicinity of the birds, generation of a valuable product and the separation between the ventilation and ammonia treatment systems. A small scale pilot operation conducted for 5 weeks in a broiler house showed the approach to be technically feasible. H₂S₍g₎ removal: The main goal of this part was to develop a specific treatment process for minimizing H₂S₍g₎ emissions from hog houses. The proposed process consists of three units: In the 1ˢᵗ H₂S₍g₎ is absorbed into an acidic (pH<2) ferric iron solution and oxidized by Fe(III) to S⁰ in a bubble column reactor. In parallel, Fe(III) is reduced to Fe(II). In the 2ⁿᵈ unit Fe(II) is bio-oxidized back to Fe(III) by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (AF).In the 3ʳᵈ unit S⁰ is separated from solution in a gravity settler. The work focused on three sub-processes: the kinetics of H₂S absorption into a ferric solution at low pH, the kinetics of Fe²⁺ oxidation by AF and the factors that affect ferric iron precipitation (a main obstacle for a continuous operation of the process) under the operational conditions. H₂S removal efficiency was found higher at a higher Fe(III) concentration and also higher for higher H₂S₍g₎ concentrations and lower flow rates of the treated air. The rate limiting step of the H₂S reactive absorption was found to be the chemical reaction rather than the transition from gas to liquid phase. H₂S₍g₎ removal efficiency of >95% was recorded with Fe(III) concentration of 9 g/L using typical AFO air compositions. The 2ⁿᵈ part of the work focused on kinetics of Fe(II) oxidation by AF. A new lab technique was developed for determining the kinetic equation and kinetic parameters (KS, Kₚ and mₘₐₓ) for the bacteria. The 3ʳᵈ part focused on iron oxide precipitation under the operational conditions. It was found that at lower pH (1.5) jarosite accumulation is slower and that the performance of the AF at this pH was sufficient for successive operation of the proposed process at the H₂S fluxes predicted from AFOs. A laboratory-scale test was carried out at Purdue University on the use of the integrated system for simultaneous hydrogen sulfide removal from a H₂S bubble column filled with ferric sulfate solution and biological regeneration of ferric ions in a packed column immobilized with enriched AFbacteria. Results demonstrated the technical feasibility of the integrated system for H₂S removal and simultaneous biological regeneration of Fe(III) for potential continuous treatment of H₂S released from CAFO. NH₃ and H₂S gradient measurements at egg layer and swine barns were conducted in winter and summer at Purdue. Results showed high potential to concentrate NH₃ and H₂S in hog buildings, and NH₃ in layer houses. H₂S emissions from layer houses were too low for a significant gradient. An NH₃ capturing system was designed and tested in a 100-chicken broiler room. Five bell-type collecting devices were installed over the litter to collect NH₃ emissions. While the air extraction system moved only 10% of the total room ventilation airflow rate, the fraction of total ammonia removed was 18%, because of the higher concentration air taken from near the litter. The system demonstrated the potential to reduce emissions from broiler facilities and to concentrate the NH₃ effluent for use in an emission control system. In summary, the project laid a solid foundation for the implementation of both processes, and also resulted in a significant scientific contribution related to AF kinetic studies and ferrous analytical measurements.

Corscadden, Louise, and Arpaporn Sutipatanasomboon. What Is Operant Behavior And How To Study It. Maze Engineers, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55157/me2022127.

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Operant behavior describes a type of voluntary goal-directed actions in animals based on the repercussions of previous occurrences. It develops when animals learn to specifically respond to recurring situations based on the outcome of their past experience. American psychologist B.F. Skinner was the first to use operant to describe the behaviors he observed in his landmark experiments in laboratory animals. Operant behavior and conditioning refine the nuance between conscious and unconscious behavioral responses, which influence psychology, and applied behavior analysis, and improve our understanding of addiction, substance dependence, child development, and decision-making.

Corscadden, Louise, and Arpaporn Sutipatanasomboon. Rodent Tagging And Identification. ConductScience, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55157/cs20230109.

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Animal tagging is a means to identify and distinguish all the individual animals of interest, which applies to wildlife, farm, or laboratory animals. It involves attaching a tag to a specific animal part that contains a unique identifier for each animal. The identifier can be numbers, alphabets, or a combination of both that distinguish and track the animals throughout their lifespans. In rodents, tagging is the most popular identification approach. Typically, tags are made from metals and attached to the outer part of rodent ears, or the ear pinna. In rare circumstances, metal tags can also be attached to the rodent’s leg or tail.

Morrison, Mark, and Joshuah Miron. Molecular-Based Analysis of Cellulose Binding Proteins Involved with Adherence to Cellulose by Ruminococcus albus. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695844.bard.

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At the beginning of this project, it was clear that R. albus adhered tightly to cellulose and its efficient degradation of this polysaccharide was dependent on micromolar concentrations of phenylacetic acid (PAA) and phenylpropionic acid (PPA). The objectives for our research were: i) to identify how many different kinds of cellulose binding proteins are produced by Ruminococcus albus; ii) to isolate and clone the genes encoding some of these proteins from the same bacterium; iii) to determine where these various proteins were located and; iv) quantify the relative importance of these proteins in affecting the rate and extent to which the bacterium becomes attached to cellulose. BARD support has facilitated a number of breakthroughs relevant to our fundamental understanding of the adhesion process. First, R. albus possesses multiple mechanisms for adhesion to cellulose. The P.I.'s laboratory has discovered a novel cellulose-binding protein (CbpC) that belongs to the Pil-protein family, and in particular, the type 4 fimbrial proteins. We have also obtained genetic and biochemical evidence demonstrating that, in addition to CbpC-mediated adhesion, R. albus also produces a cellulosome-like complex for adhesion. These breakthroughs resulted from the isolation (in Israel and the US) of spontaneously arising mutants of R. albus strains SY3 and 8, which were completely or partially defective in adhesion to cellulose, respectively. While the SY3 mutant strain was incapable of growth with cellulose as the sole carbon source, the strain 8 mutants showed varying abilities to degrade and grow with cellulose. Biochemical and gene cloning experiments have been used in Israel and the US, respectively, to identify what are believed to be key components of a cellulosome. This combination of cellulose adhesion mechanisms has not been identified previously in any bacterium. Second, differential display, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (DD RT-PCR) has been developed for use with R. albus. A major limitation to cellulose research has been the intractability of cellulolytic bacteria to genetic manipulation by techniques such as transposon mutagenesis and gene displacement. The P.I.'s successfully developed DD RT- PCR, which expanded the scope of our research beyond the original objectives of the project, and a subset of the transcripts conditionally expressed in response to PAA and PPA have been identified and characterized. Third, proteins immunochemically related to the CbpC protein of R. albus 8 are present in other R. albus strains and F. intestinalis, Western immunoblots have been used to examine additional strains of R. albus, as well as other cellulolytic bacteria of ruminant origin, for production of proteins immunochemically related to the CbpC protein. The results of these experiments showed that R. albus strains SY3, 7 and B199 all possess a protein of ~25 kDa which cross-reacts with polyclonal anti-CbpC antiserum. Several strains of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Ruminococcus flavefaciens strains C- 94 and FD-1, and Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 produced no proteins that cross-react with the same antiserum. Surprisingly though, F. intestinalis strain DR7 does possess a protein(s) of relatively large molecular mass (~200 kDa) that was strongly cross-reactive with the anti- CbpC antiserum. Scientifically, our studies have helped expand the scope of our fundamental understanding of adhesion mechanisms in cellulose-degrading bacteria, and validated the use of RNA-based techniques to examine physiological responses in bacteria that are nor amenable to genetic manipulations. Because efficient fiber hydrolysis by many anaerobic bacteria requires both tight adhesion to substrate and a stable cellulosome, we believe our findings are also the first step in providing the resources needed to achieve our long-term goal of increasing fiber digestibility in animals.

Jung, Carina, Matthew Carr, Denise Lindsay, Eric Fleischman, and Chandler Roesch. Microbiome perturbations during domestication of the green June beetle (Cotinis nitida). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43342.

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Animal-associated microbiomes are critical to the well-being and proper functioning of the animal host, but only limited studies have examined in-sect microbiomes across different developmental stages. These studies revealed large shifts in microbiome communities, often because of significant shifts in diet during insects’ life cycle. Establishing insect colonies as model laboratory organisms and understanding how to properly feed and care for animals with complex and dynamic life cycles requires improved data. This study examined laboratory raised green June beetles (Cotinis nitida) captured from the field upon emergence from pupae. Starting with wild-caught adults, two generations of beetles were reared in the laboratory, ending with an entirely laboratory raised generation of larvae. The study compared the microbiomes of each generation and the microbiomes of larvae to adults. This study suggests that a diet of commercial, washed fruit for adults and commercial, packaged, organic alfalfa meal for larvae resulted in depauperate gut microbiome communities. Fermentative yeasts were completely absent in the laboratory-raised adults, and major bacterial population shifts occurred from one generation to the next, coupled with high morbidity and mortality in the laboratory-raised generation. Providing laboratory-raised beetles fresh-collected fruit and the larvae field-harvested detritus may therefore vastly improve their health and survival.

Cahaner, Avigdor, Susan J. Lamont, E. Dan Heller, and Jossi Hillel. Molecular Genetic Dissection of Complex Immunocompetence Traits in Broilers. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586461.bard.

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Objectives: (1) Evaluate Immunocompetence-OTL-containing Chromosomal Regions (ICRs), marked by microsatellites or candidate genes, for magnitude of direct effect and for contribution to relationships among multiple immunocompetence, disease-resistance, and growth traits, in order to estimate epistatic and pleiotropic effects and to predict the potential breeding applications of such markers. (2) Evaluate the interaction of the ICRs with genetic backgrounds from multiple sources and of multiple levels of genetic variation, in order to predict the general applicability of molecular genetic markers across widely varied populations. Background: Diseases cause substantial economic losses to animal producers. Emerging pathogens, vaccine failures and intense management systems increase the impact of diseases on animal production. Moreover, zoonotic pathogens are a threat to human food safety when microbiological contamination of animal products occurs. Consumers are increasingly concerned about drug residues and antibiotic- resistant pathogens derived from animal products. The project used contemporary scientific technologies to investigate the genetics of chicken resistance to infectious disease. Genetic enhancement of the innate resistance of chicken populations provides a sustainable and ecologically sound approach to reduce microbial loads in agricultural populations. In turn, animals will be produced more efficiently with less need for drug treatment and will pose less of a potential food-safety hazard. Major achievements, conclusions and implications:. The PI and co-PIs had developed a refined research plan, aiming at the original but more focused objectives, that could be well-accomplished with the reduced awarded support. The successful conduct of that research over the past four years has yielded substantial new information about the genes and genetic markers that are associated with response to two important poultry pathogens, Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and Escherichia coli (EC), about variation of immunocompetence genes in poultry, about relationships of traits of immune response and production, and about interaction of genes with environment and with other genes and genetic background. The current BARD work has generated a base of knowledge and expertise regarding the genetic variation underlying the traits of immunocompetence and disease resistance. In addition, unique genetic resource populations of chickens have been established in the course of the current project, and they are essential for continued projects. The US laboratory has made considerable progress in studies of the genetics of resistance to SE. Microsatellite-marked chromosomal regions and several specific genes were linked to SE vaccine response or bacterial burden and the important phenomenon of gene interaction was identified in this system. In total, these studies demonstrate the role of genetics in SE response, the utility of the existing resource population, and the expertise of the research group in conducting such experiments. The Israeli laboratories had showed that the lines developed by selection for high or low level of antibody (Ab) response to EC differ similarly in Ab response to several other viral and bacterial pathogens, indicating the existence of a genetic control of general capacity of Ab response in young broilers. It was also found that the 10w-Ab line has developed, possibly via compensatory "natural" selection, higher cellular immune response. At the DNA levels, markers supposedly linked to immune response were identified, as well as SNP in the MHC, a candidate gene responsible for genetic differences in immunocompetence of chickens.