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Опубліковано: 21 вересня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Rational actions"

Dubouloz, Adrien, and Alvaro Liendo. "Rationally integrable vector fields and rational additive group actions." International Journal of Mathematics 27, no. 08 (July 2016): 1650060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129167x16500609.

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We characterize rational actions of the additive group on algebraic varieties defined over a field of characteristic zero in terms of a suitable integrability property of their associated velocity vector fields. This extends the classical correspondence between regular actions of the additive group on affine algebraic varieties and the so-called locally nilpotent derivations of their coordinate rings. Our results lead in particular to a complete characterization of regular additive group actions on semi-affine varieties in terms of their associated vector fields. Among other applications, we review properties of the rational counterpart of the Makar–Limanov invariant for affine varieties and describe the structure of rational homogeneous additive group actions on toric varieties.

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Harel, Matan, Elchanan Mossel, Philipp Strack, and Omer Tamuz. "Rational Groupthink*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 136, no. 1 (July 8, 2020): 621–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjaa026.

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Abstract We study how long-lived rational agents learn from repeatedly observing a private signal and each others’ actions. With normal signals, a group of any size learns more slowly than just four agents who directly observe each others’ private signals in each period. Similar results apply to general signal structures. We identify rational groupthink—in which agents ignore their private signals and choose the same action for long periods of time—as the cause of this failure of information aggregation.

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Lorenz, Martin. "Group actions and rational ideals." Algebra & Number Theory 2, no. 4 (June 15, 2008): 467–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2140/ant.2008.2.467.

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Moser, Paul K. "Reasons, Values, and Rational Actions." Journal of Philosophical Research 15 (1990): 127–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jpr_1990_13.

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Hauschild, Volker. "Rational homotopy of circle actions." Pacific Journal of Mathematics 191, no. 2 (December 1, 1999): 275–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.2140/pjm.1999.191.275.

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Sunder, Shyam. "Rational order from ‘irrational’ actions." Mind & Society 19, no. 2 (July 20, 2020): 317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11299-020-00245-1.

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Firmansyah, Muhammad Alvin. "The The Social Action of Edward Kenway in Oliver Bowden's Assassin's Creed Black Flag." Journal of Literature, Linguistics, & Cultural Studies 1, no. 1 (October 31, 2022): 160–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/lilics.v1i1.2344.

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We can see that people's action is based on what motives them that is rational or even irrational. One of the examples of the rational action in real life is when a person decides to become a migrant worker in overseas to improve the economy of their family while the irrational when one destroys stuff due to anger. That kind of action is called as social action. In literature, social action is depicted in one character's behavior whether it is related or not related to the goal of the story. The purpose of this study is to find out the depiction of social action forms of the main character and how he achieves his goal based on his social action in Assassin’s Creed Black Flag novel, whose name is Edward Kenway. This research uses one of the theories in sociology of literaturre sociology of literature from Max Weber which is social action. The methodology used is literary criticism method. Then, the data is collected by read and note the relevant data with the theory and research problems. After doing analysis, the result of this research are: (1) The form of social actions in Edward Kenway are instrumental action which has ten instrumental rational actions, four value rational actions, eight affectual action, and two traditional actions

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Hidayah, Hildan Nurul. "TINDAKAN SOSIAL DALAM NOVEL KITA PERGI HARI INI KARYA ZIGGY ZEZSYAZEOVIENNAZABRIZKIE BERDASARKAN PERSPEKTIF MAX WEBER." CaLLs (Journal of Culture, Arts, Literature, and Linguistics) 9, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/calls.v9i2.12689.

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In the sociology of literature, social action is interpreted as a form of individual behavior to achieve a goal, without social action, social relations will be passive. This study aims to identify and describe the forms of social action in the characters in the novel We Go Today by Ziggy Zezsyazeoviennazabrizkie. This study uses a qualitative method with descriptive analysis, the primary data sources are dialogues and author's narration in the novel We Go Today. Collecting data using the read and sign method, then data analysis through the transcription stage and then data reduction to produce some data that is relevant to Max Weber's theory. The results of this study found 12 forms of social action. 3 in the form of instrumental rational actions, 5 traditional non-rational actions, and 4 affective rational actions.

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Deveney, James K., and David R. Finston. "Fields of Ga Invariants are Ruled." Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 37, no. 1 (March 1, 1994): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cmb-1994-006-0.

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AbstractThe quotient field of the ring of invariants of a rational Ga action on Cn is shown to be ruled. As a consequence, all rational Ga actions on C4 are rationally triangulable. Moreover, if an arbitrary rational Ga action on Cn is doubled to an action of Ga × Ga on C2n, then the doubled action is rationally triangulable.

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Petik, A., and V. Trobyuk. "METHODS OF DETERMINING THE RATIONAL WAY OF ACTIONS OF THE NATIONAL GUARD OF UKRAINE AFTER TERMINATION GROUP ILLEGAL ACTIONS OF CONVICTS IN PENALTIES." Scientific journal of the National Academy of National Guard "Honor and Law" 1, no. 84 (2023): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33405/2078-7480/2023/1/84/276812.

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The article defines and reveals the essence of the following typical features of the process of stopping group illegal actions of convicts in penal institutions by the forces of the National Guard of Ukraine: specificity of the environment, thorough preparation, coordination with other services, ensuring security and minimizing consequences. The main limitations that must be taken into account during research are formulated: legality, proportionality, short duration, preservation of life and health, attentiveness and caution, protection of rights and freedoms. It is shown that a number of assumptions were taken into account during the construction of the methodology for determining the rational course of action of the National Guard of Ukraine to stop group illegal actions of convicts in penal institutions. The essence and main stages of the methodology for determining the rational method of action of the National Guard of Ukraine to stop group illegal actions of convicts in penal institutions are given. The methodology for determining the rational method of action of the National Guard of Ukraine to stop group illegal actions of convicts in penal institutions involves the implementation of five main stages. It is illustrated that the analytical basis of the methodology proposed in the article for determining the rational method of actions of the National Guard of Ukraine to stop group illegal actions of convicts in penal institutions is a discrete-continuous stochastic model of the actions of the National Guard of Ukraine to stop group illegal actions of convicts in penal institutions. This discrete-continuous stochastic model is implemented programmatically on the basis of a standard subroutine for the numerical integration of Kolmogorov-Chapman differential equations written in the ASNA 2000 software environment. The formalization of the methodology proposed in the article for determining the rational method of action of the National Guard of Ukraine to stop group illegal actions of convicts in penal institutions can be implemented on the basis of analytical expressions to determine its effectiveness indicators.

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Дисертації з теми "Rational actions"

Juric, Adrian R. "The actions/artifacts of historical agents as expressions of rational, purposive thought: R. G. Collingwood's own 'absolute presupposition'." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/7498.

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The purpose of this thesis will be to defend R. G. Collingwood's claims about the existence, and the significance, of Absolute Presuppositions. This defense will fall into three main sections. In the first section, I will provide a detailed critical examination of the methods of metaphysical analysis prescribed by Collingwood for uncovering Absolute Presuppositions in the first place: the 'logic of question and answer'. In the second section, I will draw attention to what I take to be the main problem with the Essay on Metaphysics: the fact that this method of metaphysical analysis is never applied in any systematic, thoroughgoing way. In the third and final section of the thesis I will try and remedy this situation. I will do so by applying the method of analysis prescribed by Collingwood to his own historical inquires--specifically, those contained in Roman Britain. This application will produce two important results. (1) It will provide a much-needed demonstration of Collingwood's method in an applied setting. (2) It will reveal the operation of one of Collingwood's own absolute presuppositions, viz. the presupposition that the actions of historical agents and the artifacts left by them are expressions of rational, purposive thought. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Gouthier, Bianca. "Actions rationnelles de schémas en groupes infinitésimaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0123.

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Cette thèse porte sur l’étude des actions (rationnelles) des schémas en groupes infinitésimaux, avec un accent particulier sur les schémas en groupes infinitésimaux commutatifs unipotents et les actions génériquement libres et les actions fidèles. Pour tout k-schéma en groupes fini G agissant rationnellement sur une k-variété X, si l’action est génériquement libre, alors la dimension de l’algèbre Lie(G) est majorée par la dimension de la variété. Nous montrons que c’est la seule obstruction lorsque k est un corps parfait de caractéristique positive et que G est infinitésimal commutatif trigonalisable. Si G est unipotent, nous montrons aussi que toute action rationnelle génériquement libre sur X du noyau de (toute puissance du) Frobenius de G s’étend à une action rationnelle génériquement libre de G sur X. De plus, nous donnons des conditions nécessaires pour avoir des actions rationnelles fidèles de schémas en groupes infinitésimaux commutatifs trigonalisables sur des variétés, et des conditions suffisantes (différentes) dans le cas unipotent sur un corps parfait. L’étude des actions fidèles des schémas en groupes sur une variété X fournit des informations sur les sous-groupes représentables du foncteur-groupe des automorphismes AutX de X. Pour tout corps k, PGL2,k représente le foncteur-groupe des automorphismes de P1 k et donc les sous-schémas en groupes de PGL2,k correspondent aux actions fidèles sur P1 k. De plus, PGL2,k(k) coïncide avec le groupe de Cremona en dimension un, c’est-à-dire les morphismes birationnels de P1 k, puisque toute application rationnelle d’une courbe projective non singulière dans elle-même s’étend à la courbe entière. En caractéristique positive, la situation est complètement différente si l’on considère les actions rationnelles de schémas en groupes infinitésimaux. La plupart des actions infinitésimales fidèles sur la droite affine ne s’étendent pas à P1 k. Si la caractéristique d’un corps k est impaire, tout sous-schéma en groupes infinitésimal de PGL2,k se relève à SL2,k. Ceci n’est pas vrai en caractéristique 2 et, dans ce cas, nous donnons une description complète, à isomorphisme près, des sous-schémas en groupes infinitésimaux unipotents de PGL2,k. Enfin, nous prouvons un résultat qui donne une description explicite de tous les k-schémas en groupes infinitésimaux commutatifs unipotents avec algèbre de Lie unidimensionnelle définis sur un corps algébriquement clos k, montrant qu’il y a exactement n tels schémas en groupes non isomorphes d’ordre fixé pn
This thesis focuses on the study of (rational) actions of infinitesimal group schemes, with a particular emphasis on infinitesimal commutative unipotent group schemes and generically free actions and faithful actions. For any finite k-group scheme G acting rationally on a k-variety X, if the action is generically free then the dimension of Lie(G) is upper bounded by the dimension of the variety. We show that this is the only obstruction when k is a perfect field of positive characteristic and G is infinitesimal commutative trigonalizable. If G is unipotent, we also show that any generically free rational action on X of (any power of) the Frobenius kernel of G extends to a generically free rational action of G on X. Moreover, we give necessary conditions to have faithful rational actions of infinitesimal commutative trigonalizable group schemes on varieties, and (different) sufficient conditions in the unipotent case over a perfect field. Studying faithful group scheme actions on a variety X yields information on representable subgroups of the automorphism group functor AutX of X. For any field k, PGL2,k represents the automorphism group functor of P1 k and thus subgroup schemes of PGL2,k correspond to faithful actions on P1 k. Moreover, PGL2,k(k) coincides with the Cremona group in dimension one, i.e. birational self-maps of P1 k, since any rational self-map of a projective non-singular curve extends to the whole curve. In positive characteristic, the situation is completely different if we consider rational actions of infinitesimal group schemes. Most of the faithful infinitesimal actions on the affine line do not extend to P1 k. If the characteristic of a field k is odd, any infinitesimal subgroup scheme of PGL2,k lifts to SL2,k. This is not true in characteristic 2 and, in this case, we give a complete description, up to isomorphism, of infinitesimal unipotent subgroup schemes of PGL2,k. Finally, we prove a result that gives an explicit description of all infinitesimal commutative unipotent k-group schemes with one-dimensional Lie algebra defined over an algebraically closed field k, showing that there are exactly n non-isomorphic such group schemes of fixed order pn

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Petitjean, Charlie. "Actions hyperboliques du groupe multiplicatif sur des variétés affines : espaces exotiques et structures locales." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS009/document.

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Cette thèse est consacré à l'étude des T-variétés affines à l'aide de la présentation due à Altmann et Hausen. On s'intéresse plus particulièrement au cas des actions hyperboliques du groupe multiplicatif Gm. Dans une première partie, on étudie les espaces affines exotiques, c'est-à-dire des variétés affines lisses et contractiles, en supposant de plus qu'elles sont munies d'une action de Gm. En particulier, dans le cas de dimension 3, on réinterprète la construction des variétésde Koras-Russell en terme de diviseurs polyédraux, et on donne des constructions de variétés affines lisses et contractiles en dimension supérieure à 3.Dans une deuxième partie, on introduit la propriété pour une G-variété d'être G-uniformément rationnelle, c'est-à-dire que tout point de cette variété admet un voisinage ouvert G-stable, qui est isomorphe de manière equivariante à un ouvert G-invariant de l'espace affine. En particulier, on exhibera des Gm-variétés qui sont lisses et rationnelles mais qui ne sont pas Gm-uniformément rationnelle
This thesis is devoted to the study of affine T-varieties using the Altmann-Hausen presentation. We are especially interested in the case of hyperbolic actions of the multiplicative group Gm. In the first part, exotic affine spaces are studied, that is, smooth contractible affine varieties, assuming in addition that they are endowed with a Gm-action. In particular, in the case of dimension 3, we reinterpret the construction of Koras-Russell threefolds in terms of polyhedral divisors andwe give constructions of smooth contractible affine varieties and in dimensionslarger than 3.In the second part we consider the property of G-uniform rationality for a G-variety. This means that every point of this variety there exists an open G-stable neighborhood, which is equivariantly somorphic to a G-stable open subset of the affine space. In particular we will exhibit Gm-varieties which are smooth and rational but not Gm-uniformly rational

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Kjellin, Sofia. "Political leaders' motives to action : An analysis of Jair Bolsonaro's and Emmanuel Macron's motives in the Amazon rainforest fires." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-91153.

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This study seeks to explain political leaders' motives to action, by studying how Jair Bolsonaro and Emmanuel Macron have acted in the matter of the fires in the Amazon rainforest. It is assumed that while political leaders may try to act rationally, they are influenced by psychological factors in terms of educational background and style. The theories of rational choice and political psychology are therefore used and integrated to explain their motives. The method used in the paper is a comparative qualitative content analysis, in which various statements and speeches made by the Presidents are read and analyzed. The results of the thesis show that for Bolsonaro, the Amazon fires is an internal matter and should be handled by the Amazonian countries. He seems to be seeking to achieve national goals, while being influenced by his conservative educational background. Macron indicates that the Amazon is an issue for the international community and that it is of major importance for the whole world. He appears to be seeking international goals, while being influenced by his liberal educational background. The assumption that political leaders' style influence their motives to action is not supported.

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Waechter, Matthias. "Rational action and social networks in ecological economics /." Zürich, 1999. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=13244.

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Froemming, Steven John. "Rational choice and collective action in an Andean community /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6525.

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Patel, A. M. "Rational formulation design of pharmaceutical and cosmetic actives." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1543215/.

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The skin is the outermost organ vital for human life. Its unique structure creates a formidable barrier, one that must be overcome for the delivery of pharmaceutical and cosmetic actives. Ibuprofen is often used for the short term management of musculoskeletal conditions and is applied topically for local delivery. Retinyl palmitate is a vitamin A derivative commonly included in cosmetics as an anti-ageing ingredient. Both model actives were formulated based on their physiochemical properties and solubility or miscibility with selected excipients. Clinically relevant or finite doses were used throughout to simulate point of use conditions. Ibuprofen was prepared in volatile formulations and after evaporation of alcohol only ibuprofen and the excipient remained on the skin. The in vitro permeation of ibuprofen using Franz diffusion cells was initially studied through silicone membranes and porcine skin. Neither of these model membranes were comparable to human skin. Permeation and mass balance studies using human skin were carried out for ibuprofen and the vehicle. This was to determine the vehicle fate and to establish its role during the permeation process. The use of human skin mounted in Franz diffusion cells was also used to determine the penetration of retinyl palmitate from single and binary vehicle formulations. Mass balance studies were primarily used to determine the penetration of both retinyl palmitate and the vehicle. Analysis was also performed for retinol, a metabolite of retinyl palmitate. Finally an in vivo study using confocal Raman spectroscopy was performed on human subjects. Volatile ibuprofen formulations were applied and the delivery of ibuprofen and vehicle to the stratum corneum was determined. A good relationship between in vitro and in vivo data was observed. Overall the formulation strategy adopted demonstrates that a rational selection of the vehicle can deliver enhanced efficacy of topical formulations.

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Shohfi, Kyle Daniel. "Racial, not rational : economic threat, symbolic racism, and affirmative action." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104568.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Political Science, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 51-54).
For decades, scholars have debated the determinants of whites' attitudes about racialized policies such as welfare, busing, and affirmative action. While some have argued that whites formulate their positions rationally according to perceived economic threat, others have asserted that such policy attitudes are the function of one's level of symbolic racism, with little to no influence from economic considerations. Using data from the 2012 Cooperative Congressional Elections Study and demographic data, I assess the effects of actual economic competition and an individual's other attitudes on white opposition to affirmative action. Furthermore, in order to identify the levels, if any, through which the economic threat mechanism operates, this paper measures economic threat in several different ways: at both the level of the individual and the level of whites as a group, and each of these at both the zip code and county levels. I find strong support for the symbolic racism theory of policy attitude formation, as respondent attitudes are driven mostly by racial affect, ideology, and party identification. No matter the level at which economic threat is measured, objective economic conditions do not seem to influence one's attitudes about affirmative action.
by Kyle Daniel Shohfi.
S.M.

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Gardner, Simon C. "Political violence in Eurasia : radical Islam or rational acting?" Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2000. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA387402.

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Akbas, Madeleine. "Are students acting rational? : A study in Behavioural finance." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Economics, Finance and Statistics, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15219.

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Finance taught in schools generally starts with the efficient market hypothesis, which holds the assumptions of rational investors and markets where all information available is reflected. In recent years however, a lot of critique has been given to efficient markets and its assumptions of rationality. The greatest reason to this is because of crashes and irregularities in the market. The field of behavioural finance has been in existence for many years but is not as established as the efficient market hypothesis. It says that investors may act irrational and are mostly trying to explain the reasons why. People’s behaviour is being closely studied in order to see patterns of behaviour and this has resulted in different heuristics and biases. Heuristics are instances that come to mind when making a decision and differ a lot depending on what kind of decision you are making. Since there are many different heuristics, this thesis only focused on one: the affect heuristic. The method was constructed in a specific way in order to show if the students showed affect in their answers. Also, a check for home bias was made. This thesis presents the behaviour of two different groups of students, finance students from Sweden and MBE-students from Germany. It was proved that both of the groups were acting irrational in their investment decisions. The reason to their irrationality is both because the method was constructed in a way to strategically mislead them but also because of the data collection. There were also some differences noticed depending on age groups, former studies in finance and work experience in finance. The affect heuristic was clearly shown in the answers by both groups of students. A home bias was also noticed in the answers. It was proven that 10,3 percent of the Swedish students invested in Swedish companies in both their first and second choice, even though the three best companies were German. None of the German Students decided to invest in a Swedish company in both the first and second choice.

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Книги з теми "Rational actions"

Walsh, Mike. Nursing rituals, research and rational actions. Oxford: Heinemann Nursing, 1989.

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Pauline, Ford, ed. Nursing rituals: Research and rational actions. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1989.

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Dryden, Windy. Rational emotive behavioural counselling in action. 3rd ed. London: Sage Publications, 2004.

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Dryden, Windy. Rational emotive behavioural counselling in action. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1999.

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Dryden, Windy. Rational emotive behavioural counselling in action. 3rd ed. London: Sage Publications, 2004.

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Heath, Joseph. Communicative action and rational choice. Cambridge, Mass: MIT, 2003.

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Carlo, Jaeger, ed. Risk, uncertainty, and rational action. London: Earthscan, 2001.

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Coval, S. C. Agency in action: The practical rational agency machine. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1992.

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Heimer, Carol Anne. Reactive risk and rational action: Managing moral hazard in insurance contracts. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.

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1938-, Kennedy I. R., ed. Rational environmental management of agrochemicals: Risk assessment, monitoring, and remedial action. Washington, D.C: American Chemical Society, 2007.

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Частини книг з теми "Rational actions"

Kampik, Timotheus, Juan Carlos Nieves, and Helena Lindgren. "Explaining Sympathetic Actions of Rational Agents." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 59–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30391-4_4.

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Kontsevich, Maxim. "Enumeration of Rational Curves Via Torus Actions." In The Moduli Space of Curves, 335–68. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4264-2_12.

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Dryden, Windy, and Michael Neenan. "Outlining REBT’s Position on Emotion and behaviour does not Involve Prescribing Feelings and Actions." In Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy, 101–2. Third edition. | London ; New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: 100 key points: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003132493-38.

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Nelson, Forrest, and Reinhard Tietz. "Expectations and Rational Actions in an Experimental Financial Market." In Contributions to Economics, 193–227. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57458-0_12.

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Subagdja, Budhitama, and Liz Sonenberg. "Learning Plans with Patterns of Actions in Bounded-Rational Agents." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 30–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11553939_5.

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Dubouloz, Adrien, and Charlie Petitjean. "Rational Real Algebraic Models of Compact Differential Surfaces with Circle Actions." In Polynomial Rings and Affine Algebraic Geometry, 109–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42136-6_4.

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Taffoni, Fabrizio, Eugenia Polizzi di Sorrentino, Gloria Sabbatini, Domenico Formica, and Valentina Truppa. "Primates’ Propensity to Explore Objects: How Manual Actions Affect Learning in Children and Capuchin Monkeys." In Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics, 55–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66881-9_4.

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Gauthier, David. "Economic Man and the Rational Reasoner." In Rational Deliberation, 53–76. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192842992.003.0003.

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The orthodox economic understanding of rationality ties an agent’s reasons for action directly to his or her preferences over outcomes. We are to choose to evaluate actions one by one by their (likely) realization of our favoured outcomes. This chapter argues that in contexts of interpersonal action as well as those affected by preference change, rational reasoners will not link preference and action so tightly but will appreciate the importance of sequences of actions, of plans. In these contexts, the focus will be on the (likely) outcomes of the plans.

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Nichols, Shaun. "Closure." In Rational Rules, 95–108. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198869153.003.0005.

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When people learn normative systems, they do so based on limited evidence. Many of the possible actions that are available to an agent have never been explicitly permitted or prohibited. But people will often need to figure out whether those unspecified actions are permitted or prohibited. How does a learner resolve this incompleteness? It seems that at least for many people in many contexts, there is an assumption that if an action-type is not expressly forbidden, then acts of that type are permitted. This “closure principle” is one of Liberty. But how might such a principle be acquired? This chapter argues that the statistical technique of pedagogical sampling provides an answer. If one is taught a rule system via a set of prohibitions, this provides reason to think that the set of actions in the domain that are not mentioned in the prohibitions are permitted.

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Peter, Fabienne, and Hans Bernhard Schmid. "Rational Fools, Rational Commitments." In Rationality and Commitment, 3–14. Oxford University PressOxford, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199287260.003.0001.

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Abstract Skepticism about rational choice theory dates back to the subject’s very origins. One of the earliest predecessors of the theory was proposed by Thomas Hobbes. He defended the view that “all the voluntary actions of men tend to the benefit of themselves; and those actions are most reasonable, that conduce most to their ends” (Leviathan xv.4). Hobbes was aware, however, of the possible objection that this conception of practical reason neglects important aspects of human behavior, particularly the demands of morality.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Rational actions"

Wang, Yiwei, Pallavi Shintre, Sunny Amatya, and Wenlong Zhang. "Bounded Rational Game-theoretical Modeling of Human Joint Actions with Incomplete Information." In 2022 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros47612.2022.9982108.

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Lopes, Luciane Cruz. "Anais do V International Workshop on Rational Use of Medicines." In V International Workshop on Rational Use of Medicines. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46943/v.iwrum.2021.01.

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Producing and sharing knowledge have been the main goals of the Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences of the University of Sorocaba. With a focus on the rational use of medicines, the importance of the event is justified by highlighting one of the main concerns worldwide, with an important impact on society, health systems, institutions, and communities. The improvement of professional practices depends on the engagement of researchers, health professionals, managers, students, and others interested in improving health policies, programs, services, and actions. Developing and applying scientific methods in producing and using the best evidence is the path we have chosen. Therefore, everyone was invited to discuss relevant topics in this field of knowledge, including Drug Utilization Research; Health Technology Assessment; Global Health Systems and Environment; and Innovation and Development of Health Technologies. Experts from several countries in deprescribing, interactive teaching approaches, implementation science and policy, environment and pharmaceutical care joined us sharing their experiences and encouraging debate. We are sure that the social distancing, essential in this period, did not represent an obstacle in making new connections, and effective and bright collaborations that are able to transform reality

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Zhang, Mei. "Decision-making processes for e-book products: Mixture of institutional and rational actions." In iConference 2019. iSchools, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21900/iconf.2019.103379.

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Zhang, Yu. "Some Emotions Play a Reasonable Role in Akratic Actions, Not a Rational Role." In 6th International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities. (Philosophy of Being Human as the Core of Interdisciplinary Research) (ICCESSH 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210902.003.

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Gvelesiani, Revaz, and Irine Gogorishvili. "Making decisions in economic policy reflecting expected global changes." In V National Scientific Conference. Grigol Robakidze University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55896/978-9941-8-5764-5/2023-69-76.

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The preparation of informed decisions in economic policy depends on: • to what extent the possibilities of action and its consequences are provided empirically, i.e. how rational is the available and acceptable knowledge about management; and • To what extent the problem of making a decision lends itself to an analytical explanation (depending on the logic of the decision). As a rule, knowledge of managerial practice is the more limited the less the recommended actions take into account or refrain from previous work (ie, the more they are removed from theoretical economic experience). Analytical access to the decision problem is complicated by the difficulty of implementing well-understood actions. The assessment of the status and scale of the decision problem in economic policy depends on how the proposed actions, the proposed changes and the development of the situation in society are understood and comprehended. Keywords: economic order, core values, Critical and constructive rationalism, global change in society and economy, evaluation problem, decision making.

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Lemos, G. C., A. F. Faria, G. P. Viajante, E. G. Domingues, J. L. Domingos, S. B. Silva, O. C. N. Souto, E. J. F. Velloso, and J. L. Franca. "Energy Efficiency Project with Actions to Encourage the Rational and Sustainable Use of Electric Energy." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2019 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eeeic.2019.8783270.

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Gutierrez, Julian, David Hyland, Muhammad Najib, Giuseppe Perelli, and Michael Wooldridge. "Endogenous Energy Reactive Modules Games: Modelling Side Payments among Resource-Bounded Agents." In Thirty-Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-24}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2024/8.

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We introduce Energy Reactive Modules Games (ERMGs), an extension of Reactive Modules Games (RMGs) in which actions incur an energy cost (which may be positive or negative), and the choices that players make are restricted by the energy available to them. In ERMGs, each action is associated with an energy level update, which determines how their energy level is affected by the performance of the action. In addition, agents are provided with an initial energy allowance. This allowance plays a crucial role in shaping an agent’s behaviour, as it must be taken into consideration when one is determining their strategy: agents may only perform actions if they have the requisite energy. We begin by studying rational verification for ERMGs and then introduce Endogenous ERMGs, where agents can choose to transfer their energy to other agents. This exchange may enable equilibria that are impossible to achieve without such transfers. We study the decision problem of whether a stable outcome exists under both the Nash equilibrium and Core solution concepts.

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de los Ríos, I., A. Cazorla, S. Sastre, and C. Cadeddu. "New university-society relationships for rational consumption and solidarity: actions from the Food Banks-UPM Chair." In Envisioning a Future without Food Waste and Food Poverty: Societal Challenges. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-820-9_21.

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Neal Reilly, William, and Leonard Eusebi. "Approaches to Extending Game-Theoretic Analyses to Complex, Real-World Scenarios." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001853.

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In domains ranging from military engagements to business to politics to games, competitors take actions to gain an advantage over others. Game theory has been used extensively since the 1950s to analyze such domains and to gain insights into the best moves for all competitors. While it is a powerful tool for analysis, game theory often falls short when applied to real-world encounters. Game-theoretic approaches over-simplify by assuming each side is composed of rational actors that attempt to maximize a single-valued utility function. Even with that simplification, real-world scenarios are often difficult to formalize as a solvable “game,” and even when the problem can be defined as a game, it is computationally expensive to calculate the best actions for each actor.We will present research that extends game theory to include multiple forms of utility for each actor. This enables us to recast traditional, albeit simple game-theory games like the Prisoners’ Dilemma and the Ultimatum Game, which produce results at odds with real-world expectations when confined to traditional measures of utility (i.e., minimizing jail time and maximizing money). By adding utility measures like commitment and fairness, we can generate a Pareto-optimal set of solutions that are better at recreating and explaining real-world behavior than traditional single-utility game theory. In our formulation, the actors are still acting rationally, they are just factoring in a more complex set of tradeoffs that our multi-utility game theory can naturally model.We will also present research into a game representation scheme that lets the scenario modeler express real-world action-to-action constraints like “enables” and “blocks.” These constraints support basic reasoning about ordering of actions without having to build full search tress or reason about time generally. Accounting for these constraints also significantly reduces the space of possible solutions, making it tractable to find exact solutions for certain classes of complex scenarios.Finally, we will present a software toolkit that simplifies the process of defining a game and analyzing the plausible outcomes. The model building tool helps analysts capture the goals and motivations of each actor, the actions available, and how those actions affect goals or other actions. Using these models, the analysis suite calculates the Pareto-optimal choices for each actor in that scenario and helps analysts navigate the plausible outcomes. With these tools, decision makers can assess the value of their strategic options, even in cases where adversaries may choose actions traditional game theory would label incorrect.We have used the software toolkit to create and analyze several models, from simple games like rock-paper-scissors to a real-world political gray-zone conflict with 3 nation states, 23 possible actions, 18 different motivations, and 10^21 possible solutions. The results were computed in seconds and align with behavior of the real-world actors. Policy analysts without a background in computational modeling have also used the toolkit to create “backcasting” models of historical situations. These models successfully explained the behavior of the actors involved. These evaluations show that the toolkit is both useful and usable for analyzing real-world multi-actor interactions.

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Fedorovich, Oleg, Kseniia Rybka, and Yuliia Leshchenko. "Modeling the logistical process of supplying new weapons and training of military personnel for its use in a combat area." In First International Conference "Open Science and Innovation in Ukraine 2022". State Scientific and Technical Library of Ukraine, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35668/978-966-479-129-5-7-16.

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The problem of multivariate nature is formed and solved, which is related to the modeling of logistics actions regarding various military equipment and weapons that enter the combat area. The proposed approach allows planning the supply of new weapons and to select a rational composition of manufacturers of military equipment.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Rational actions"

Yatsymirska, Mariya, and Bohdan Markevych. MEDIA TEXTS AND PERSUASION. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2024.54-55.12170.

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Abstract. The article clarifies specific concepts of persuasion in media texts; describes new techniques of media influence based on materials of online publications; shows the role of expressive means of language and emotions in visual communication. In social communication, persuasive logos refer to meaningful words and thoughts conveyed through mass media and logically perceived as a reasonable persuasion to proper actions based on the principles of morality, ethics, and culture; informational and influential accents. In modern science (Philosophy, Psychology, Rhetoric, Linguistics), logos has acquired not only new meanings, but also has become an important concept of rational expression of free ideas, meanings, reflections. From this perspective, new media serve as the most concentrated source of logosphere and eidosphere creation, which should be thoroughly studied and analyzed every day. The research on multimedia texts, genre diversity, new platforms, and online publications has significantly contributed to the Media Studies. Techniques of persuasive communication, methods of argumentation, and verbal tools form a separate area of the research within the field. Unlike manipulation, persuasion is the conscious use of written or spoken language, interactive visualization, and infographics to influence someone’s beliefs, views, or actions; gain someone’s support, approve the suggested ways of behavior, intentions, etc. Means of persuasion in media texts serve as logical information accents aimed at the proper perception of the corresponding meanings. In general, factors of persuasion are to influence the masses and the motivation of their actions, modify views, and form public opinion. In journalism, these are meaningful words, thoughts, principles of high-quality narrative with the use of convincing arguments, facts and, most importantly, positive intentions for the readers. Persuasive media texts exclude manipulation of public opinion, trust and people’s inclination to perceive doctrines imposed on them. Keywords: persuasion, concept, visual information, social communication.

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Ayadi, Viktor, and László Fehér. Superintegrability of Rational Ruijsenaars-Schneider Systems and their Action-Angle Duals. Journal of Geometry and Symmetry in Physics, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/jgsp-27-2012-27-44.

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Ajzenman, Nicolás, and Laura Jaitman. Crime Concentration and Hot Spot Dynamics in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011745.

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Latin America and the Caribbean is the most violent region in the world, with an annual homicide rate of more than 20 per 100,000 population and with an increasing trend. Yet most evidence of crime concentration, geo-temporal patterns, and event dependence comes from cities in high-income countries. Understanding crime patterns in the region and how they compare to those in high-income countries is of first-order importance to formulate crime reduction policies. This paper is the first to analyze crime patterns of cities in five Latin American countries. Using micro-geographic units of analysis, the paper finds, first, that crime in Latin America is highly concentrated in a small proportion of blocks: 50 percent of crimes are concentrated in 3 to 7.5 percent of street segments, and 25 percent of crimes are concentrated in 0.5 to 2.9 percent of street segments. This validates Weisburd's "law of crime concentration at place" (Weisburd, 2105). These figures are fairly constant over time but sensitive to major police reforms. The second finding is that hot spots of crime are not always persistent. Crime is constantly prevalent in certain areas, but in other areas hot spots either appear or disappear, suggesting a possible rational adaptation from criminals to police actions that cause crime displacement in the medium run to other areas. Finally, the paper finds a significant pattern of repeated crime victimization in location and time for property crimes. There are striking similarities with the developed world in crime concentration, although crime levels are much higher and usually increasing. There are also some differences in terms of the persistence of hot spots that pose interesting policy implications and avenues for future research.

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Janowiak, Maria, Daniel Dostie, Michael Wilson, Michael Kucera, Howard Skinner, Jerry Hatfield, David Hollinger, and Christopher Swanston. Adaptation Resources for Agriculture: Responding to Climate Variability and Change in the Midwest and Northeast. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.6960275.ch.

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Changes in climate and extreme weather are already increasing challenges for agriculture nationally and globally, and many of these impacts will continue into the future. This technical bulletin contains information and resources designed to help agricultural producers, service providers, and educators in the Midwest and Northeast regions of the United States integrate climate change considerations and action-oriented decisions into existing farm and conservation plans. An Adaptation Workbook provides producers a flexible, structured process to identify and assess climate change impacts, challenges, opportunities, and farm-level adaptation tactics and continuously evaluate adaptation actions for improving responses to extreme and uncertain conditions. A synthesis of Adaptation Strategies and Approaches serves as a “menu” of potential responses organized to provide a clear rationale for making decisions by connecting planned actions to broad adaptation concepts. Responses address both short- and long-range timeframes and extend from incremental adjustments of existing practices to major alterations that transform the entire farm operation. Example adaptation tactics—prescriptive actions for agricultural production systems common in the region—for each approach guide producers, service providers, and educators to develop appropriate responses for their farms and location. Four Adaptation Examples demonstrate how these adaptation process resources are used.

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Puri, Mahesh, Anand Tamang, Susheela Singh, and Lisa Remez. Advocacy Case Study: Ensuring Safe Abortion Provision at the Local Level—Madhesh Province, Nepal. Guttmacher Institute, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1363/2023.300432.

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The Advocacy Case Study series provides practical examples from different country contexts of policy or programmatic efforts to advance sexual and reproductive health and rights. By describing the rationale for the actions taken, evidence used, any progress achieved and recommended next steps, these cases illustrate advocacy efforts to achieve specific outcomes, offer useful guidance and spur new thinking and strategies.

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Morkun, Volodymyr, Sergey Semerikov, Svitlana Hryshchenko, Snizhana Zelinska, and Serhii Zelinskyi. Environmental Competence of the Future Mining Engineer in the Process of the Training. Medwell Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/0564/1523.

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A holistic solution to the problem of formation of ecological competence of the future engineer requires the definition of its content, structure, place in the system of professional competences, levels of forming and criteria of measurement the rationale for the select on and development of a technique of use of information, communication and learning technologies that promote formation of ecological competence. The study is of interest to environmental competence of future mining engineer as personal education, characterized by acquired in the process of professional preparation professionally oriented environmental knowledge (cognitive criterion), learned the ways of securing environmentally safe mining works (praxiological criterion) in the interests of sustainable development (axiological criterion) and is formed by the qualities of socially responsible environmental behavior (social-behavioral criterion) and consists of the following components: understanding and perception of ethical norms of behaviour towards other people and towards nature (the principles of bioethics); ecological literacy; possession of basic information on the ecology necessary for usage in professional activity the ability to use scientific laws and methods in evaluating the environment to participate in environmental works to cany out ecological analysis of activities in the area industrial activities to develop action plans for the reduction of the anthropogenic impact on the environment; ability to ensure environmentally balanced activities, possession of methods of rational and integrated development georesource potential of the subsoil.

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Price, Roz. Overview of Political Economy Analysis Frameworks in the Area of Climate Governance and Key Issues to Consider. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.088.

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Despite global recognition of the urgency of climate action and the need to transition to a low-carbon economy, greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, and adaptation needs remain urgent. For a number of years, there have been calls for greater attention to political economy in tackling climate change and development outcomes. The political economy analysis is important as it can be used to assess the factors that may enable or constrain the implementation of climate change policies and actions and sustain political commitment. A framework can guide the process of political economy analysis, identifying relevant stakeholders, their incentives and motives, and other structural factors. This rapid review summarises several such frameworks specifically aimed at climate governance issues developed in recent years, some of these also include useful guidance and steps on the implementation of the framework. The review focuses strictly on the literature around political economy analyses in relation to climate change. It does not explore the history of and rationale for political economy analysis in development in general, nor the accompanying frameworks or operational How-To guides. Another K4D helpdesk by Lucas (2019) looking at what factors affect the political will of African governments to address climate change highlights a number of political economy frameworks that may also be useful to draw on.

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Smalley, A. J. TR-97-1 Crankshaft Protection-Guidelines for Operators of Slow Speed Integral Engine-Compressors. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011856.

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This document presents best practices guidelines for crankshaft protection to operators of slow-speed integral engine/compressors. The text first provides some background to the problem of crankshaft failure. It then summarizes the guidelines in a series of one line recommendations, under the headings of: � Installation � Operation � Condition Monitoring and Inspection � Protection Systems � Condition Monitoring Criteria, Analysis, and Action This series of one-line recommendations is followed by a section that provides narrative discussion, background, rationale, and some illustrative graphics, corresponding to each of the one-line guidelines.

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Altstein, Miriam, and Ronald J. Nachman. Rational Design of Insect Control Agent Prototypes Based on Pyrokinin/PBAN Neuropeptide Antagonists. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593398.bard.

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The general objective of this study was to develop rationally designed mimetic antagonists (and agonists) of the PK/PBAN Np class with enhanced bio-stability and bioavailability as prototypes for effective and environmentally friendly pest insect management agents. The PK/PBAN family is a multifunctional group of Nps that mediates key functions in insects (sex pheromone biosynthesis, cuticular melanization, myotropic activity, diapause and pupal development) and is, therefore, of high scientific and applied interest. The objectives of the current study were: (i) to identify an antagonist biophores (ii) to develop an arsenal of amphiphilic topically active PK/PBAN antagonists with an array of different time-release profiles based on the previously developed prototype analog; (iii) to develop rationally designed non-peptide SMLs based on the antagonist biophore determined in (i) and evaluate them in cloned receptor microplate binding assays and by pheromonotropic, melanotropic and pupariation in vivo assays. (iv) to clone PK/PBAN receptors (PK/PBAN-Rs) for further understanding of receptor-ligand interactions; (v) to develop microplate binding assays for screening the above SMLs. In the course of the granting period A series of amphiphilic PK/PBAN analogs based on a linear lead antagonist from the previous BARD grant was synthesized that incorporated a diverse array of hydrophobic groups (HR-Suc-A[dF]PRLa). Others were synthesized via the attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers. A hydrophobic, biostablePK/PBAN/DH analog DH-2Abf-K prevented the onset of the protective state of diapause in H. zea pupae [EC50=7 pmol/larva] following injection into the preceding larval stage. It effectively induces the crop pest to commit a form of ‘ecological suicide’. Evaluation of a set of amphiphilic PK analogs with a diverse array of hydrophobic groups of the formula HR-Suc-FTPRLa led to the identification of analog T-63 (HR=Decyl) that increased the extent of diapause termination by a factor of 70% when applied topically to newly emerged pupae. Another biostablePK analog PK-Oic-1 featured anti-feedant and aphicidal properties that matched the potency of some commercial aphicides. Native PK showed no significant activity. The aphicidal effects were blocked by a new PEGylated PK antagonist analog PK-dF-PEG4, suggesting that the activity is mediated by a PK/PBAN receptor and therefore indicative of a novel and selective mode-of-action. Using a novel transPro mimetic motif (dihydroimidazole; ‘Jones’) developed in previous BARD-sponsored work, the first antagonist for the diapause hormone (DH), DH-Jo, was developed and shown to block over 50% of H. zea pupal diapause termination activity of native DH. This novel antagonist development strategy may be applicable to other invertebrate and vertebrate hormones that feature a transPro in the active core. The research identifies a critical component of the antagonist biophore for this PK/PBAN receptor subtype, i.e. a trans-oriented Pro. Additional work led to the molecular cloning and functional characterization of the DH receptor from H. zea, allowing for the discovery of three other DH antagonist analogs: Drosophila ETH, a β-AA analog, and a dF analog. The receptor experiments identified an agonist (DH-2Abf-dA) with a maximal response greater than native DH. ‘Deconvolution’ of a rationally-designed nonpeptide heterocyclic combinatorial library with a cyclic bis-guanidino (BG) scaffold led to discovery of several members that elicited activity in a pupariation acceleration assay, and one that also showed activity in an H. zea diapause termination assay, eliciting a maximal response of 90%. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a CAP2b antidiuretic receptor from the kissing bug (R. prolixus) as well as the first CAP2b and PK receptors from a tick was also achieved. Notably, the PK/PBAN-like receptor from the cattle fever tick is unique among known PK/PBAN and CAP2b receptors in that it can interact with both ligand types, providing further evidence for an evolutionary relationship between these two NP families. In the course of the granting period we also managed to clone the PK/PBAN-R of H. peltigera, to express it and the S. littoralis-R Sf-9 cells and to evaluate their interaction with a variety of PK/PBAN ligands. In addition, three functional microplate assays in a HTS format have been developed: a cell-membrane competitive ligand binding assay; a Ca flux assay and a whole cell cAMP ELISA. The Ca flux assay has been used for receptor characterization due to its extremely high sensitivity. Computer homology studies were carried out to predict both receptor’s SAR and based on this analysis 8 mutants have been generated. The bioavailability of small linear antagonistic peptides has been evaluated and was found to be highly effective as sex pheromone biosynthesis inhibitors. The activity of 11 new amphiphilic analogs has also been evaluated. Unfortunately, due to a problem with the Heliothis moth colony we were unable to select those with pheromonotropic antagonistic activity and further check their bioavailability. Six peptides exhibited some melanotropic antagonistic activity but due to the low inhibitory effect the peptides were not further tested for bioavailability in S. littoralis larvae. Despite the fact that no new antagonistic peptides were discovered in the course of this granting period the results contribute to a better understanding of the interaction of the PK/PBAN family of Nps with their receptors, provided several HT assays for screening of libraries of various origin for presence of PK/PBAN-Ragonists and antagonists and provided important practical information for the further design of new, peptide-based insecticide prototypes aimed at the disruption of key neuroendocrine physiological functions in pest insects.

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Canto, Patricia, ed. A participatory methodology for evaluating the cluster policy of the Basque Country. Universidad de Deusto, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/nmti9154.

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Cluster policies have become a consolidated tool among regional policies, and albeit their growing presence there remains scepticism around the way in which the cluster concept is often treated as a policy panacea. Indeed, the evaluation of cluster policies is a critical yet under-examined issue. In Spain, the Basque Country Autonomous Community, was one of the pioneers of regional cluster policy, and in recent years various evaluations have been made of different aspects of the policy. Yet it has proved challenging to undertake a holistic evaluation in terms of the success of the policy in achieving its ultimate aim of enhancing the competitiveness of the Basque economy. This paper develops the rationale for applying a participatory evaluation approach, rooted in an action research framework, to the cluster policy of the Basque Government. Based on this rationale we present a methodology that has been designed for specific pilot application with the Basque aerospace cluster. In doing so, we aim to contribute to debate around the applicability and practical implementation of such methodologies to the evaluation of ‘soft’, co-operationbased regional policies.

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