Готові списки джерел за темами / Rate of cooling (heating) system

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Rate of cooling (heating) system"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022
Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Rate of cooling (heating) system"

1

Wicaksono, Nugroho Budi, and Sukma Meganova Effendi. "Heating and Cooling Rate Study on Water Cooling Thermal Cycler using Aluminium Block Sample." Journal of Electronics, Electromedical Engineering, and Medical Informatics 4, no. 2 (March 4, 2022): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35882/jeeemi.v4i2.1.

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Temperature measurement has many applications in medical devices. In recent days, body temperature become the main screening procedure to justify people infected by SARS-CoV-2. Related to pandemic situation due to SARS-Cov-2, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method become the most accurate and reliable detection method. This method employs a device named PCR machine or Thermal Cycler. In this research, we focus to build a Thermal Cycler using a low-cost material such as aluminium and using a liquid coolant as the cooling system. We use 2 types of coolant solution: mineral water and generic liquid coolant. Peltier device in thermal cycler serves as heating and cooling element. In heating rate experiments, generic liquid coolant shows a better result than using mineral water due to specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity of water. In the cooling rate experiments, the water pump is activated to stream the liquid solution, the flow rate of liquid solution is influenced by viscosity of the liquid. Generic liquid coolant has approx. 4,5 times greater viscosity than water. The higher flow rate means better performance for cooling rate. Using 2 pieces of 60-Watt heaters and a 60-Watt chiller and aluminium material as block sample, our research shows a heating and cooling rate up to approx. 0,1°C/s. Compared to commercially thermal cycler, our thermal cycler has a lower wattage; this lower wattage performance has been tradeoff with lower ramping rate. Some factors are suspected become the source of contributors of lower ramping rate.
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2

Zhang, Wei, Xianzhao Yang, Tao Wang, Xueyuan Peng, and Xiaolin Wang. "Experimental Study of a Gas Engine-driven Heat Pump System for Space Heating and Cooling." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 10 (October 21, 2019): 2282–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091411.

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In this paper, the performance of a gas engine-driven heat pump (GEHP) was experimentally studied for space heating and cooling. An experimental test facility was developed for this purpose. The effect of key parameters on system performance was investigated under both cooling and heating modes. The results showed that as the engine speed increased from 1400 to 2000 rpm, the cooling and heating capacities increased by 23% and 28.5%, respectively while the GEHP system Primary Energy Ratio (PER) decreased by 13.5% and 11.7% in the cooling and heating modes, respectively. The system PER in the cooling mode was found lower than that in the heating mode. This indicated that heat recovery from the engine cylinder and exhaust gas was very important for improving the GEHP system performance. In the heating mode, the ambient temperature and condenser water flow rate had a large effect on the system heating capacity and PER, and insignificant effect on the gas energy input. In the cooling mode, the chilled water inlet temperature showed a large effect on both cooling capacity and gas energy input while the chilled water flow rate had a large effect on cooling capacity and insignificant effect on the gas energy input.
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3

Joubert, G. D., and R. T. Dobson. "Modelling and testing a passive night-sky radiation system." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 28, no. 1 (March 23, 2017): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2017/v28i1a1550.

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The as-built and tested passive night-sky radiation cooling/heating system considered in this investigation consists of a radiation panel, a cold water storage tank, a hot water storage tank, a room and the interconnecting pipework. The stored cold water can be used to cool a room during the day, particularly in summer. A theoretical time-dependent thermal performance model was also developed and compared with the experimental results and it is shown that the theoretical simulation model captures the experimental system performance to within a reasonable degree of accuracy. A natural circulation experimental set-up was constructed and subsequently used to show that under local (Stellenbosch, South Africa) conditions the typical heat-removal rate from the water in the tank is 55 W/m2 of radiating panel during the night; during the day the water in the hot water-storage tank was heated from 24 °C to 62 °C at a rate of 96 W/m2. The system was also able to cool the room at a rate of 120 W/m3. The results thus confirmed that it is entirely plausible to design an entirely passive system, that is, without the use of any moving mechanical equipment such as pumps and active controls, for both room-cooling and water-heating. It is thus concluded that a passive night-sky radiation cooling/heating system is a viable energy-saving option and that the theoretical simulation, as presented, can be used with confidence as an energy-saving system design and evaluation tool. Keywords: passive cooling and heating, buoyancy-driven fluid flow, theoretical simulation, experimental verification Highlights:Passively driven renewable energy heating and cooling systems are considered.Time-dependent mathematical simulation model is presented.Experimental buoyancy-driven heating and cooling system built and tested.Experimental results demonstrate the applicability of the theoretical simulation model.Saving and evaluation design tool.
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4

Xu, Aixiang, Mengjin Xu, Nan Xie, Yawen Xiong, Junze Huang, Yingjie Cai, Zhiqiang Liu, and Sheng Yang. "Thermodynamic Analysis of a Hybrid System Coupled Cooling, Heating and Liquid Dehumidification Powered by Geothermal Energy." Energies 14, no. 19 (September 24, 2021): 6084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196084.

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The utilization of geothermal energy is favorable for the improvement of energy efficiency. A hybrid system consisting of a seasonal heating and cooling cycle, an absorption refrigeration cycle and a liquid dehumidification cycle is proposed to meet dehumidification, space cooling and space heating demands. Geothermal energy is utilized effectively in a cascade approach. Six performance indicators, including humidity efficiency, enthalpy efficiency, moisture removal rate, coefficient of performance, cooling capacity, and heating capacity, are developed to analyze the proposed system. The effect of key design parameters in terms of desiccant concentration, air humidity, air temperature, refrigeration temperature and segment temperature on the performance indicators are investigated. The simulation results indicated that the increase of the desiccant concentration makes the enthalpy efficiency, the coefficient of performance, the moisture removal rate and the cooling capacity increase and makes the humidity efficiency decrease. With the increase of air humidity, the humidity efficiency and moisture removal rate for the segment temperatures from 100 to 130 °C are approximately invariant. The decreasing rates of the humidity efficiency and the moisture removal rate with the segment temperature of 140 °C increases respectively. Six indicators, except the cooling capacity and heating capacity, decrease with an increase of air temperature. The heating capacity decreases by 49.88% with the reinjection temperature increasing from 70 to 80 °C. This work proposed a potential system to utilize geothermal for the dehumidification, space cooling and space heating effectively.
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5

Mushtaq I. Hasan and Dhay Mohammed Muter. "Numerical Investigation of The Air Flow Rate Effect Performance of Earth to Air Heat Exchanger Used for Cooling of Poultry Houses." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 84, no. 2 (July 24, 2021): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.84.2.167184.

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Usually, poultry houses are located in a remote area where there is no electricity, and where there is electricity, it is expensive, so resorting to these solutions is considered important solutions to save electrical energy and provide free cooling. The main part of generated energy is consumed by cooling and heating systems. One of the well-known approaches to implemented heating and cooling system is earth to air heat exchanger (EAHE) system. This system is effective passive heating and cooling systems which can be used with poultry houses and building. This research studies numerically the effect of mass flow rate on the overall performance of earth to air HE for poultry houses. Four parameters (mass flow rate, required rate, required cooling load and pipe lengths) are selected under environment of Nasiriyah city (a city located in the south of Iraq). The study is conducted using PVC material. The study has been done during summer season. The suggested numerical model has been tested and validated using existing approaches selected from literature review papers. This test shows good agreement with results of selected papers. Moreover, validation and simulation results showed that the required cooling load increased with increasing mass flow rate. Also, with the increasing length of pipe of EAHE, the inflow temperature compared to the space temperature is decreased. However, the overall performance factor of EAHEs decreases by the increase of length of pipe and mass flow rate. Which indicate the possibility of using the earth to air heat exchanger for cooling and heating poultry houses and reduce the use of electrical energy.
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6

Bass, Mark, and Rolf R. de Swardt. "Laboratory Heat Transfer Experiments on a 155mm Compound Gun Tube With Full Length Integral Mid-Wall Cooling Channels." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 128, no. 2 (January 17, 2006): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2179434.

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A 155 mm compound gun barrel with full-length integral mid-wall cooling channels was manufactured and connected to a purpose built heat exchanger. Laboratory testing of this system was carried out using electrical heating jackets applied to the outer surface of the barrel and an internal electrical chamber heater to heat the barrel as uniformly as possible along its length. A series of tests were then carried out consisting of first heating the barrel to a uniform temperature of approximately 80°C followed by switching on the heat exchanger and monitoring the rate at which the barrel cooled. The purpose of these tests was to determine the optimum cooling characteristics of the system by studying the effect of different coolant flow rates combined with one or both radiators functioning and also the effect of using different cooling fluid solutions. Having derived the optimum flow rate and coolant solution combination a further cooling test was carried out with the heat exchanger configured to these optimum values and with the barrel heaters operating at maximum capacity. Finally a natural cooling test was undertaken where the barrel was uniformly heated to 160°C, the heating jackets removed and the barrel left to cool overnight. The results from these tests prove that natural cooling is dramatically slower than forced mid-wall cooling.
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7

Kim, Il Ho, Won Sik Lee, Se Hyun Ko, Jin Man Jang, and Ho Sung Kim. "Charge and Discharge Properties of Hydrogen in the Alloy Hydride System with Open Cell Al Foam." Materials Science Forum 569 (January 2008): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.569.301.

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The effects of use of open cell Al foam and thermoelectric element in a hydrogen storage system were investigated. Extremely different heat conductivities were observed in two storage systems with or without open cell Al foam. By applying the open cell Al in this hydrogen storage system, the reaction sensitivity of the temperature and equilibrium pressure was far rapidly increased than that without the open cell Al foam. During increasing the temperature by heating element, heating rate of hydride powders was very fast in the storage system including Al foam, while temperature of powders was almost not changed in system without foam. Also, in case of using thermoelectric element, heating and cooling rate was very sensitive in the system with Al foam and heating-cooling cyclic behavior within the system controlled by thermoelectric element is seemed to be satisfied for some applications in industry.
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8

Xu, Shanglong, Weijie Wang, Zongkun Guo, Xinglong Hu, and Wei Guo. "A multi-channel cooling system for multiple heat source." Thermal Science 20, no. 6 (2016): 1991–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci140313123x.

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Анотація:
High-power electronic devices with multiple heating elements often require temperature uniformity and operating within their functional temperature range for optimal performance. A multi-channel cooling experiment apparatus is developed for studying heat removal inside an electronic device with multiple heat sources. It mainly consists of a computer-controlled pump, a multi-channel heat sink for multi-zone cooling and the apparatus for measuring the temperature and pressure drop. The experimental results show the system and the designed multi-channel heat sink structure can control temperature distribution of electronic device with multiple heat sources by altering coolant flow rate.
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9

Seebacher, F., and C. E. Franklin. "Control of heart rate during thermoregulation in the heliothermic lizard Pogona barbata: importance of cholinergic and adrenergic mechanisms." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 24 (December 15, 2001): 4361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.24.4361.

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SUMMARY During thermoregulation in the bearded dragon Pogona barbata, heart rate when heating is significantly faster than when cooling at any given body temperature (heart rate hysteresis), resulting in faster rates of heating than cooling. However, the mechanisms that control heart rate during heating and cooling are unknown. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that changes in cholinergic and adrenergic tone on the heart are responsible for the heart rate hysteresis during heating and cooling in P. barbata. Heating and cooling trials were conducted before and after the administration of atropine, a muscarinic antagonist, and sotalol, a β-adrenergic antagonist. Cholinergic and β-adrenergic blockade did not abolish the heart rate hysteresis, as the heart rate during heating was significantly faster than during cooling in all cases. Adrenergic tone was extremely high (92.3 %) at the commencement of heating, and decreased to 30.7 % at the end of the cooling period. Moreover, in four lizards there was an instantaneous drop in heart rate (up to 15 beats min–1) as the heat source was switched off, and this drop in heart rate coincided with either a drop in β-adrenergic tone or an increase in cholinergic tone. Rates of heating were significantly faster during the cholinergic blockade, and least with a combined cholinergic and β-adrenergic blockade. The results showed that cholinergic and β-adrenergic systems are not the only control mechanisms acting on the heart during heating and cooling, but they do have a significant effect on heart rate and on rates of heating and cooling.
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10

Tan, Jiahui, Mu Chai, Kuanfang He, and Yong Chen. "Numerical Simulation on Heating Effects during Hydrogen Absorption in Metal Hydride Systems for Hydrogen Storage." Energies 15, no. 7 (April 6, 2022): 2673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072673.

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A 2-D numerical simulation model was established based on a small-sized metal hydride storage tank, and the model was validated by the existing experiments. An external cooling bath was equipped to simulate the heating effects of hydrogen absorption reactions. Furthermore, both the type and the flow rate of the cooling fluids in the cooling bath were altered, so that changes in temperature and hydrogen storage capacity in the hydrogen storage model could be analyzed. It is demonstrated that the reaction rate in the center of the hydrogen storage tank gradually becomes lower than that at the wall surface. When the flow rate of the fluid is small, significant differences can be found in the cooling liquid temperature at the inlet and the outlet cooling bath. In areas adjacent to its inlet, the reaction rate is higher than that at the outlet, and a better cooling effect is produced by water. As the flow rate increases, the total time consumed by hydrogen adsorption reaction is gradually reduced to a constant value. At the same flow rate, the wall surface of the tank shows a reaction rate insignificantly different from that in its center, provided that cooling water or oil coolant is replaced with air.
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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Rate of cooling (heating) system"

1

Синотин, А. М. "Автоматизация расчётов нестационарных тепловых режимов при проектировании одноблочных радиоэлектронных аппаратов". Thesis, ХНУРЕ, 2008. http://openarchive.nure.ua/handle/document/6863.

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Thesis is devoted to the research of heat exchange character in radio electronic vehicles which function in an air environment at normal atmospheric pressure; the development of calculation method of the non-stationary temperature fields of REA with the arbitrary law of change of the power dispersed elements from a temperature and time; the research of influence of structural parameters of vehicle taking into account the anisotropy of the heated areas on a heat-conducting on a general temperature condition. First, on the basis of the conducted analytical and experimental researches, the algorithm of the thermophysical planning of onesectional radio electronic vehicles is got that allows to provide the set temperature condition on the initial stages of constructing parallell with development of electric chart and choice of element base. It considerably promotes economic efficiency of developments and eliminates the necessity of substantial changes for a construction on results checking calculations and temperature tests.
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2

Bol, Bullen A. D. "A pervaporation membrane absorption cooling heating system." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289081.

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3

Poulis, P. D. A. "Radiant wall and floor heating and cooling." Thesis, Open University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384588.

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4

VILAFRANCA, MANGUÁN ANA. "Convesion of industrial compression cooling to absorption cooling in an integrated district heating and cooling system." Thesis, University of Gävle, University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-4145.

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Анотація:

Astra Zeneca plant in Gärtuna has many compression cooling machines for comfort that consume about 11.7 GWh of electricity per year. Many of the cooling machines are old; due to the increase of production of the plant, cooling capacity was limited and new machines have been built. Now, the cooling capacity is over-sized. Söderenergi is the district heating plant that supplies heating to Astra Zeneca plant. Due to the strict environmental policy in the energy plant, last year, a bio-fuelled CHP plant was built. It is awarded with the electricity certificate system.

The study investigates the possibility for converting some of the compression cooling to absorption cooling and then analyzes the effects of the district heating system through MODEST optimizations. The effects of the analysis are studied in a system composed by the district heating system in Södertälje and cooling system in Astra Zeneca. In the current system the district heating production is from boiler and compression system supplies cooling to Astra Zeneca. The future system includes a CHP plant for the heating production, and compression system is converted to absorption system in Astra Zeneca. Four effects are analyzed in the system: optimal distribution of the district heating production with the plants available, saving fuel, environmental impact and total cost. The environmental impact has been analyzed considering the marginal electricity from coal condensing plants. The total cost is divided in two parts: production cost, in which district heating cost, purchase of electricity and Emissions Trading cost are included, and investment costs. The progressive changes are introduced in the system as four different scenarios.

The introduction of the absorption machines in the system with the current district heating production increases the total cost due to the low electricity price in Sweden. The introduction of the CHP plant in the district heating production supposes a profit of the production cost with compression system due to the high income of the electricity produced that is sold to the grid; it profit increases when compression is replaced by absorption system. The fuel used in the production of the future system decreases and also the emissions. Then, the future system becomes an opportunity from an environmental and economical point of view. At higher purchase electricity prices predicted in the open electricity market for an immediately future, the future system will become more economically advantageous.

 

 

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5

Alharbi, Abdulrahman. "Investigation of sub-wet bulb temperature evaporative cooling system for cooling in buildings." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/27806/.

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The work presented in this thesis investigates design, computer modelling and testing a sub-wet bulb temperature evaporative cooling system for space air conditioning in buildings. The context of this evaporative cooling technology design is specifically targeted at locations with a hot and dry climate such as that prevailing in most regions of Middle East countries. The focus of this technology is to address the ever-escalating energy consumption in buildings for space cooling using mechanical vapour compression air conditioning systems. In this work, two evaporative cooling configurations both based on sub-wet bulb temperature principle have been studied. Furthermore, in these designs, it was sought to adopt porous ceramic materials as wet media for the evaporative cooler and as building element and use of heat pipes as heat transfer devices. In the first test rig, the prototype system uses porous ceramic materials as part of a functioning building wall element. Experimental and modelling results were obtained for ambient inlet air dry bulb temperature of 30 and 35oC, relative humidity ranging from 35% to 55% and intake air velocity less than 2 (m/s). It was found that the design achieved sub-wet bulb air temperature conditions and a maximum cooling capacity approaching 242 W/m2 of exposed ceramic material wet surface area. The wet bulb effectiveness of the system was higher than unity. The second design exploits the high thermal conductivity of heat pipes to be integrated as an effective heat transfer device with wet porous ceramic flat panels for evaporative cooling. The thermal performance of the prototype was presented and the computer model was validated using laboratory tests at temperatures of 30 and 35oC and relative humidity ranging from 35% to 55%. It was found that at airflow rates of 0.0031kg/s, inlet dry-bulb temperature of 35oC and relative humidity of 35%, the supply air could be cooled to below the inlet air wet bulb temperature and achieve a maximum cooling capacity of about 206 W/m2 of wet ceramic surface area. It was shown that the computer model and experimental tests are largely in good agreement. Finally, a brief case study on direct evaporative cooling thermal performance and environmental impact was conducted as part of a field trip study conducted on an existing large scale installation in Mina Valley, Saudi Arabia. It was found that the evaporative cooling systems used for space cooling in pilgrims’ accommodations and in train stations could reduce energy consumption by as much as 75% and cut carbon dioxide emission by 78% compared to traditional vapour compression systems. This demonstrates strongly that in a region with a hot and dry climate such as Mina Valley, evaporative cooling systems can be an environmentally friendly and energy-efficient cooling system compared to conventional vapour compression systems.
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6

Liu, Shuli. "A novel heat recovery/desiccant cooling system." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11602/.

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The global air temperature has increased by 0.74± 0.18 °C since 1905 and scientists have shown that CO2 accounts for 55 percentages of the greenhouse gases. Global atmospheric CO2 has been sharply increased since 1751, however the trend has slowed down in last fifty years in the Western Europe. UK and EU countries have singed the Kyoto agreement to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by a collective average of 12.5% below their 1990 levels by 2020. In the EU, 40% of CO2 emission comes from the residential energy consumption, in which the HVAC system accounts for 50%, lighting accounts for 15% and appliances 10%. Hence, reducing the fossil-fuel consumption in residential energy by utilizing renewable energy is an effective method to achieve the Kyoto target. However, in the UK renewable energy only accounts for 2% of the total energy consumption in 2005. A novel heat recovery/desiccant cooling system is driven by the solar collector and cooling tower to achieve low energy cooling with low CO2 emission. This system is novel in the following ways: • Uses cheap fibre materials as the air-to-air heat exchanger, dehumidifier and regenerator core • Heat/mass fibre exchanger saves both sensible and latent heat from the exhaust air • The dehumidifier core with hexagonal surface could be integrated with windcowls/catchers draught • Utilises low electrical energy and therefore low CO2 is released to the environment The cooling system consists of three main parts: heat/mass transfer exchanger, desiccant dehumidifier and regenerator. The fibre exchanger, dehumidifier and regenerator cores are the key parts of the technology. Owing to its proper pore size and porosity, fibre is selected out as the exchanger membrane to execute the heat/mass transfer process. Although the fibre is soft and difficult to keep the shape for long term running, its low price makes its frequent replacement feasible, which can counteract its disadvantages. A counter-flow air-to-air heat /mass exchanger was investigated and simulation and experimental results indicated that the fibre membranes soaked by desiccant solution showed the best heat and mass recovery effectiveness at about 89.59% and 78.09%, respectively. LiCl solution was selected as the working fluid in the dehumidifier and regenerator due to its advisable absorption capacity and low regeneration temperature. Numerical simulations and experimental testing were carried out to work out the optimal dehumidifier/regenerator structure, size and running conditions. Furthermore, the simulation results proved that the cooling tower was capable to service the required low temperature cooling water and the solar collector had the ability to offer the heating energy no lower than the regeneration temperature 60℃. The coefficient-of-performance of this novel heat recovery/desiccant cooling system is proved to be as high as 13.0, with a cooling capacity of 5.6kW when the system is powered by renewable energy. This case is under the pre-set conditions that the environment air temperature is 36℃ and relative humidity is 50% (cities such as Hong Kong, Taiwan, Spain and Thailand, etc). Hence, this system is very useful for a hot/humid climate with plenty of solar energy. The theoretical modelling consisted of four numerical models is proved by experiments to predict the performance of the system within acceptable errors. Economic analysis based on a case (200m2 working office in London) indicated that the novel heat recovery/desiccant cooling system could save 5134kWh energy as well as prevent 3123kg CO2 emission per year compared to the traditional HVAC system. Due to the flexible nature of the fibre, the capital and maintenance cost of the novel cooling system is higher than the traditional HVAC system, but its running cost are much lower than the latter. Hence, the novel heat recovery/desiccant cooling system is cost effective and environment friendly technology.
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7

CAMPOS, SERGIO LIBANIO DE. "DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMOTIVE AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR HEATING AND COOLING." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2014. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=24641@1.

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Анотація:
PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
Sistemas condicionadores de ar automotivos têm sido extensivamente estudados, buscando melhor eficiência de resfriamento e redução do consumo de combustível. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo de um sistema condicionador de ar automotivo operando nos modos de resfriamento e aquecimento, este último atendendo às necessidades de conforto em dias frios nos veículos elétricos, os quais não apresentam calor de rejeito do motor, como nos veículos convencionais. Para tal foi projetado e montado, no Laboratório de Refrigeração, Condicionamento de Ar e Criogenia da PUC-Rio, um aparato experimental composto por duas câmaras de temperatura e umidade controladas, uma simulando o compartimento de passageiros e a outra, o ambiente externo. Um típico sistema condicionador de ar automotivo, composto por componentes comercialmente disponíveis e utilizados nos veículos atuais, foi dotado de válvulas direcionais, permitindo a inversão do ciclo de compressão de vapor do modo de resfriamento para o modo de aquecimento, operando neste último como bomba de calor. Dados experimentais foram levantados sob operação em regime permanente e transiente (período de partida), com temperaturas entre – 5 graus Celcius e 45 graus Celcius. Para o modo de resfriamento, seguiu-se a norma SAE J2765 e, para o de aquecimento, na ausência de normas, foram cobertas as operações em modos de recirculação do ar da cabine e de renovação com ar externo, entre as temperaturas de -5 graus Celcius e 10 graus Celcius. Foi também realizada uma simulação numérica, validada pelos dados experimentais, utilizando as equações fundamentais da termodinâmica e transferência de calor. O sistema testado mostrou-se viável na aplicação em veículos elétricos, uma vez que nestes o calor de rejeito previsto (regeneração de frenagem e efeito Joule na eletrônica de potência) não é suficiente para o conforto térmico em dias frios. Demonstrou-se que a bomba de calor consome menos energia que resistências as elétricas atualmente utilizadas.
Automotive air conditioning systems have been extensively studied, searching for better cooling efficiency and reduced fuel consumption. The present work aims to study a system of automotive air conditioner operating in cooling and heating modes, the latter satisfies the needs of comfort on cold days in electrical vehicles, which do not include waste heat from the engine as the conventional vehicles. To this was designed and assembled in the Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Cryogenics Laboratory, in Puc-Rio, an experimental apparatus consists of two chambers with temperature and humidity controlled, one, simulating the passenger compartment and the other, the external environment. A typical automotive air conditioning system, composed of commercially available components used in current vehicles is provided with a directional valve, allowing the inversion of vapor compression cooling mode to the heating mode cycle, the latter operating as a heat pump.
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8

Terblanche, Johann Pierre. "Design and performance evaluation of a HYDROSOL space heating and cooling system." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97095.

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Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Space heating and cooling, as required for chicken poultry farming, is an energy intensive operation. Due to the continuous rise in the prices of fossil fuel, water and electricity, there is a need to develop renewable and sustainable energy systems that minimise the use of fuel or electricity, for heating, and water, for cooling of air. The HYDROSOL (HYDro ROck SOLar) system, developed at Stellenbosch University, is such a renewable energy system that potentially provides a low cost solution. Instead of using conventional gas and electricity heaters for the heating of air during winter, the HYDROSOL system collects solar heat, stores it in a packed bed of rocks and dispatches the heat as required. During hot summer days, when cooling is needed, the rocks are cooled during the night when the ambient temperatures are low and/ or by evaporative cooling by spraying water onto them. During the day, hot air is then cooled when it passes through the colder rocks with minimal water consumption compared to current systems. In this thesis, a prototype of the HYDROSOL system is presented, designed and built for experimental testing. A transient 2-D thermo flow model is developed and presented for the analytical and experimental performance evaluation of this system for solar heating and night air cooling operation. This model is used to conduct a parametric study on HYDROSOL to gain a better understanding of the operation and control of the system. The HYDROSOL concept is intended to be used for heating and cooling of residential buildings, office suites, warehouses, shopping centres, food processing industries e.g. drying of foods, and various agricultural industries e.g. greenhouses. In this thesis, a HYDROSOL system is developed mainly for poultry broiler houses in South Africa focussing on convective dry cooling, charging the rock bed with night-time ambient air, and convective heating, harvesting solar heat during the day, with different modes of operation available.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ruimte verhitting en verkoeling, soos benodig vir hoender pluimvee boerdery, is ‘n energie intensiewe bedryf. As gevolg van die voortdurende styging in fossiel brandstof-, water- en elektrisiteitpryse, het ‘n behoefte ontstaan om hernubare en volhoubare energie-stelsels te ontwikkel wat minder brandstof of elektrisiteit, vir verhitting, en water, vir verkoeling van lug, gebruik. Die HYDROSOL (HYDro ROck SOLar) stelsel, wat ontwikkel is by die Universiteit van Stellenbosch, is ‘n hernubare energie-stelsel wat ‘n potensiële lae koste oplossing bied. In plaas daarvan om konvensionele gas en elektrisiteit verwarmers vir verhitting van lug gedurende die winter te gebruik, maak HYDROSOL gebruik van son warmte, stoor dit in `n gepakte bed van klip en onttrek die warmte soos benodig. Gedurende die warm somer dae wanneer verkoeling benodig word, word die klippe gedurende die nag, met kouer omgewings lug en/of met verdampingsverkoeling, deur water op die klippe te spuit, afgekoel. Gedurende die dag word warm lug afgekoel deur die lug oor die koue klippe te forseer met minimale waterverbruik in vergelyking met huidige stelsels. ‘n Prototipe van die HYDROSOL word voorgestel, ontwerp en gebou vir eksperimentele doeleindes. ‘n 2-D tyd afhanklike termo- vloei model word voorgestel vir die analitiese en eksperimentele verrigting evaluering vir son verhitting en nag lug verkoeling. Hierdie model word gebruik om ‘n parametriese studie te doen om die werking en beheer van HYDROSOL beter te verstaan. Die HYDROSOL stelsel is bedoel om die verwarming en verkoeling vereistes van residensiële geboue, kantoor areas, pakhuise, winkelsentrums, voedsel verwerking nywerhede, soos bv. die droging van voedsel, en verskeie landboubedrywe, soos bv. kweekhuise, te bevredig. In hierdie tesis word ‘n HYDROSOL stelsel, hoofsaaklik vir pluimvee kuikenhuise in Suid- Afrika, ondersoek en fokus op die droë verkoeling, deur die rotsbed te laai gedurende die nag, asook droë- verhitting, wat gebruik maak van son energie gedurende die dag en kan beheer word op verskillende maniere.
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9

Kamal, Majd. "Potential for low temperature district heating system : Integrating 4th generation district heating system with existing technology." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-35816.

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This project presents a feasibility study and an investigation of the potential for low temperature district heating system in Västerås. The investigation treats integrations possibilities for 4GDH (4th Generation District Heating) in Kungsängens area in Västerås, which is undergoing a large-scale building-up and construction.  The study is conducted for the company Mälarenergi AB. The advantages of 4GDH technology are identified and analyzed, where energy effectiveness and economic benefits aspects were concluded. Problems with existing technology and higher cooling demand expectations drive 4GDH to be an interesting and necessary technology in the future. Four Different integration solutions between old and new networks are presented, analyzed and discussed. Quantitative analysis conducted where initial cost for the four technical solutions were estimated and compared. The results show that low temperature district heating could lead to reduction in the initial cost for the network by using PEX instead of steel as pipe material. The results show also that one solution using heat exchanger as exchange stations has the lowest cost between the four solutions. The results show that the cost for the retention flow that is linked with 4GDH stands for 20%-30% of the total cost. The importance of the retention flow pipe is investigated using two physical models in OpenModelica and Excel, where simulations were conducted. It is concluded that it is possible to provide Kungsängen area with low temperature district heating without having the retention flow pipe. Three parameters were identified to be critical which are, geographical placement of the consumers, pattern variation for the heat demand and heat systems installed inside consumer’s buildings. The results show also that it might be critical to have a variate and optimized supply temperature for the area, depending on the demand. The simulations of a fictive area that could present a future heat demand for Kungsängen area shows that a temperature of 55°C is satisfying during winter season where the demand is high and a temperature between 60-65°C must be available during spring/autumn seasons and specially during summer. The variation depends directly on the temperature drop through the supply pipes to the consumers. The temperature drop is directly linked with water velocity inside the pipes. The losses increase during summer nights when the heat demand is low which lead to low water velocities.
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10

Midtbust, Hans-Martin. "Simulation of indoor climate in ZEB in relation to heating and cooling system." Thesis, Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet, Institutt for elkraftteknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-27345.

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The purpose of this thesis was to study how the heating-, cooling- and ventilation systems affected the temperature distribution between the different zones in a building. Powerhouse Kjørbo is equipped with central radiator heating without radiators in the office cells. Temperature distribution in the office cells is therefore dependent on air flows through open doors and supply air from the ventilation.Evaluations of temperatures and thermal indoor climate for the office cells would have to be conducted, in order to examine if the temperature distribution was sufficient. A simulation model was therefore created.A Simulation model in IDA ICE was built as similar as possible compared to the actual building. Evaluations of the thermal indoor climate were done by analyzing the simulation results from IDA ICE. The simulations were performed with the aim of examining how different actions affect the temperature and thermal indoor climate in the office cells.The winter simulations showed that the office cells achieved low temperatures and a bad thermal indoor climate by only keeping the doors open outside the residence time. This meant that the temperature distribution through the doors was insufficient. By performing actions like increasing the set point for heating and supplying hot ventilation air, good indoor temperatures and a good thermal indoor climate were achieved.The summer simulations showed that the operative temperature exceeded 26 °C, when no actions to prevent high indoor temperatures were performed. Further, the simulation results showed that external window shading and increased supply of ventilation air was effective for preventing high indoor temperatures. Good results for temperatures and thermal indoor climate were achieved, when these actions were included in the simulation model.The results from the simulations showed that a good thermal indoor climate can be achieved in the office cells, both summer and winter, if the correct actions are implemented.
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Книги з теми "Rate of cooling (heating) system"

1

Hansen, Erwin G. Hydronic system design and operation: A guide to heating and cooling with water. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985.

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2

Yi, Chʻun-u. Yongnyang kabyŏnhyŏng chiyŏrwŏn tajung konggan naengnanbang sisŭtʻem =: The development of capacity variable type geo-thermal source multi space cooling & heating system. [Seoul]: Chisik Kyŏngjebu, 2008.

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3

Yi, Chʻun-u. Yongnyang kabyŏnhyŏng chiyŏrwŏn tajung konggan naengnanbang sisŭtʻem =: The development of capacity variable type geo-thermal source multi space cooling & heating system. [Seoul]: Chisik Kyŏngjebu, 2008.

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4

Yi, Chʻun-u. Yongnyang kabyŏnhyŏng chiyŏrwŏn tajung konggan naengnanbang sisŭtʻem =: The development of capacity variable type geo-thermal source multi space cooling & heating system. [Seoul]: Chisik Kyŏngjebu, 2008.

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5

Air conditioning the cool and E-Z way: Home owners facts, tips, tests and maintenance for your forced air cooling and heating system. Clearwater, FL: Nova Sun Publishing, 2001.

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6

(Firm), VBB Allen. Feasibility of energy recovery for heat pump-assisted district heating & cooling from the Metro Renton wastewater treatment plant and effluent transfer system: Phase 2 report. Salem, Or: VBB Allen, 1986.

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7

Lincoln installs district heating/cooling system. [Golden, Colo.?]: Western Area Power Administration, 1990.

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8

NCCER. 03407 Heating and Cooling System Design: HVAC Level 4 Trainee Guide. Pearson Education, Limited, 2019.

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9

New York State Energy Research and Development Authority., City of Buffalo Development Downtown, Inc., and Resource Development Associates, eds. Buffalo district heating and cooling system: Technical and economic assessment : final report. Albany, N.Y: NYSERDA, 1986.

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10

Direct containment heating experiments at low reactor coolant system pressure in the Surtsey test facility. Washington, DC: Division of Systems Analysis and Regulatory Effectiveness, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1999.

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Частини книг з теми "Rate of cooling (heating) system"

1

Omer, Abdeen Mustafa. "Geoexchanger System for Buildings Heating and Cooling." In Thermo-Mechanics Applications and Engineering Technology, 1–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70957-4_1.

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2

Chang, Wen-Shih, Chih-Cheng Wang, Cheng-Chou Shieh, Biing-Yow Shen, and Chao-Yang Huang. "A Solar-Powered Compound System for Heating and Cooling." In Proceedings of ISES World Congress 2007 (Vol. I – Vol. V), 895–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75997-3_171.

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3

Shimoyamada, Makoto, Kimiko Tsuzuki, Hiroaki Asao, and Ryo Yamauchi. "Effects of Heating Temperature and Cooling Rate on Denaturation of Soymilk Protein." In ACS Symposium Series, 61–70. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2010-1059.ch004.

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4

Badea, Nicolae, and Alexandru Epureanu. "Structural Design of the mCCHP-RES System." In Design for Micro-Combined Cooling, Heating and Power Systems, 133–238. London: Springer London, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6254-4_5.

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5

Badea, Nicolae, Alexandru Epureanu, Emil Ceanga, Marian Barbu, and Sergiu Caraman. "Functional Design of the mCCHP-RES System." In Design for Micro-Combined Cooling, Heating and Power Systems, 239–335. London: Springer London, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6254-4_6.

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6

Picón-Núñez, Martín. "Heating and Cooling System Analysis Based on Complete Process Network." In Handbook of Food Process Design, 299–334. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444398274.ch12.

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7

Colmenar-Santos, Antonio, David Borge-Díez, and Enrique Rosales-Asensio. "Reconciliation of Social Discount Rate and Private Finance Initiative: Application to District Heating Networks in the EU-28." In District Heating and Cooling Networks in the European Union, 55–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57952-8_4.

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8

Ren, Gang, Zishang Zhu, Yanyi Sun, and Xudong Zhao. "Modular Solar System for Building Integration." In Advanced Energy Efficiency Technologies for Solar Heating, Cooling and Power Generation, 143–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17283-1_5.

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Zhang, Xingxing, Xinru Wang, and Xudong Zhao. "Solar System Design and Energy Performance Assessment Approaches." In Advanced Energy Efficiency Technologies for Solar Heating, Cooling and Power Generation, 417–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17283-1_12.

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10

Zhou, Wei-Chen, Pei-Pu Song, Jiing-Yih La, Yao-Chen Tsai, Ming-Hsuan Wang, and Chia-Hsiang Hsu. "Improving the cooling rate of metal injection molding by implementing conformal cooling channels and a baffled hole system." In System Innovation in a Post-Pandemic World, 30–34. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003278474-7.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Rate of cooling (heating) system"

1

Hang, Yin, and Ming Qu. "Life Cycle Cost for a Solar Heating and Cooling System." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90316.

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Solar absorption cooling has been an intriguing research subject since 1970. However, it is not widely applied because the first cost of the system is high, the commercial hot water absorption chiller is not mature, the site demonstration and evaluation are not adequate and the price of conventional fossil energy sources is relatively low. This paper investigates the commercialization potentials of solar absorption cooling and solar heating system by comparing the life cycle cost between it and the conventional electrical chiller cooling and gas-fired boiler heating system. A computational model has been programmed in the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) to analyze the economical performances of the two systems applied to a dedicated building. The model considers the cost of capital, installation, operation and maintenance, the discount rate, the fuel prices, and the inflation rates. The result of the model indicated that given the present fuel cost, the solar absorption cooling and heating system is not as economic as the conventional system especially when its size is small. However, according to the sensitivity analysis carried, the solar absorption cooling and heating system could compete with the conventional cooling and heating system when the electricity price and fuel inflation increase.
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2

Vahedi, Nasser, Carlos E. Romero, Mark A. Snyder, and Alparslan Oztekin. "Study of Heating and Cooling Rate of Cobalt Oxide-Based TCES System Using Experimental Redox Kinetics Analysis." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10734.

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Abstract Cost-effective solar power generation in CSP plants requires the challenging integration of high energy density and high-temperature thermal energy storage with the solar collection equipment and the power plant. Thermochemical energy storage (TCES) is currently a very good option for thermal energy storage, which can meet the industry requirement of large energy density and high storage temperature. TCES specifically exploits reversible chemical reactions wherein heat is absorbed during the forward endothermic reaction and released during the reverse exothermic reaction. The associated enthalpic storage of energy (i.e., the heat of reaction) offers higher density and enhanced stability compared to sensible and latent heat storage. Metal oxide redox reactions are particularly well-suited for TCES given their characteristically high enthalpy of reaction and high reaction temperature. In addition, the air is suitable as both a heat transfer fluid (HTF) and reactant; thus, simplifying process design and eliminating the need for indirect HTF storage and any intermediate heat exchanger. Among the palette of available metal oxides, cobalt oxide is one of the most promising candidates for TCES given its high enthalpy of reaction with high reaction temperature. One of the critical design parameters for TCES reactors is the optimal heating and cooling rates during respective charging and discharging modes of operation. In order to study the effect of heating/cooling rate on cobalt oxide TCES performance, a constant 10°C/min rate was selected for both storage cycle heating and cooling. Considering the intrinsic redox kinetics of cobalt oxide at considered constant heating/cooling rate, we studied milligram scale quantities of cobalt oxide (99.9% purity, 40 μm average particle size) using a dual-mode thermogravimetric (TGA)/differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) system, which simultaneously measures weight change (TGA) and differential heat flow (DSC) as a function of TCES cycling under continuous air purge. In addition, we investigated the cyclic stability of cobalt oxide in the context of the redox kinetics and particle coarsening behavior, employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM). TGA/DSC tests were conducted for 30 successive cycles using pure cobalt oxide. It was shown that pure cobalt oxide in powder form (38μ particle size) could complete both forward and reverse reaction at the selected heating rate with little degradation between cycles. In parallel, SEM was used to examine morphology and particle size changes before and after heating cycles. SEM results proved grain growth occurs even after only five initial cycles.
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3

Banka, Andrew, Andrew Senita, Robert Goldstein, Tareq Eddir, and Robert Cryderman. "Short Time Dilatometry Quench System Analyses." In HT2019. ASM International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ht2019p0136.

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Abstract Dilatometry test systems are commonly used for characterizing the transformation behavior in steels using induction heating for the heating source and gas flow for the cooling source. In these systems, the steel test article is assumed to have a uniform temperature throughout the sample. The accuracy of this assumption depends on the design of the induction heating and gas cooling systems, as well as the time scales for heating and cooling. Previous papers by the authors have shown the variations in temperature that occur during heating and cooling for a TA Instruments DIL805 dilatometer (dilatometer). Investigations were carried out for development of an improved heating/cooling system for this dilatometer using electromagnetic and thermal analyses for the induction coil and CFD analyses for the high-pressure gas cooling system. Electromagnetic analyses showed that a novel cooling system could be incorporated, though higher power would be required to maintain the same heating rate. While the improved cooling system showed promise on an idealized basis, full CFD modeling shows that the system would not provide improved cooling due to complex flow dynamics.
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4

Jochum, Michael, Gokulakrishnan Murugesan, Kelly Kissock, and Kevin Hallinan. "Low Exergy Heating and Cooling in Residential Buildings." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54671.

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Exergy is destroyed when work is degraded by friction and turbulence and when heat is transferred through finite temperature differences. Typical HVAC systems use a combination of high quality energy from combustion and electricity to overcome relatively small temperature differences between the building and the environment. It is possible to achieve the heating/cooling necessary to maintain comfort in a building without these high quality energy sources and their high potential-energy destruction. A low-exergy heating and cooling system seeks to better match the quality of energy to the loads of the building and thus to minimize exergy destruction and increase the exergetic efficiency of the building’s heating and cooling system. The method described here for low exergy building system design begins by minimizing overall heating and cooling loads using a tight, highly-insulated envelope and passive solar design strategies. Next a low-exergy heating and cooling system is designed that uses hydronic radiant heating and cooling in floors, along with high thermal mass. The large surface area of the floors enable low fluid flow rates and relatively small temperature differences to achieve heat transfer rates that would traditionally be driven by high temperature differentials and flows. The building uses a solar wall to passively drive ventilation requirements and earth tubes to condition the ventilation air. High thermal mass in the floor reduces peak loads and eliminates the need for solar thermal storage tanks. Thus, this paper begins to explore the practical limits of low-exergy design.
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5

Kowalski, Gregory J., and Mansour Zenouzi. "Performance of Fuel Cell and Engine Based Cogeneration Systems in Heating and Cooling Applications." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-60319.

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A generalized thermodynamic model is developed to describe cooling, heating and power generating systems. This model is based on reversible power generation and refrigeration devices with practical, irreversible heat exchanger processes provides valuable information on a system’s performance and allows easy comparisons among different systems at different loading conditions. Using both the first and second laws as well as the carbon dioxide production rate allows one to make a first order system assessment on its energy usage and environment impact. The use of the exergy destruction rate and insuring that its behavior be consistent with that of the first law performance is a important to insure that the thermodynamic system boundaries are correctly and completely defined. The importance of the total thermal load to required power ratio (HLRP) as a scaling parameter is demonstrated. While the reported results confirmed that generalized trends are not possible identify, a number of trends for limited conditions have been identified. The results have shown that a combined vapor compression/absorption refrigeration has higher first law utilization factors and lower carbon dioxide production rate for system with higher refrigeration to total thermal load ratios for all HLRP values. Fuel cell based subsystems outperform engine based subsystems for systems with large refrigeration loads.
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6

Sancho-Bastos, Francisco, and Horacio Perez-Blanco. "Cogeneration System Simulation and Control to Meet Simultaneous Power, Heating and Cooling Demands." In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38840.

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Gas turbines are projected to meet increasing power demand throughout the world. Cogeneration plants hold the promise of increased efficiency at acceptable cost. In a general case, a cogen plant could be able to meet power, heating and cooling demands. Yet those demands are normally uncoupled. Control and storage strategies need to be explored to ensure that each independent demand will be met continuously. A dynamic model of a mid-capacity system was developed, including gas and steam turbines, two heat recovery steam generators (HRSG) and an absorption-cooling machine. Controllers were designed using linear quadratic regulators (LQR) to control two turbines and a HRSG with some novelty. It was found that the power required could be generated exclusively with exhaust gases, without a duct burner in the high-pressure HRSG. The strategy called for fuel and steam flow rate modulation for each turbine. The stability of the controlled system and its performance were studied and simulations for different demand cases were performed.
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7

Jin, Chao, Li Ting Yi, and Jing Liu. "Enhanced Damage Effects Induced by Cell-Level Hyperthermia With Higher Heating Rate or Allied Cooling Procedure." In ASME 2013 4th International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2013-22132.

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As a core basis, the knowledge of cellular thermal responses is critical to understand the thermal damage mechanism of hyperthermia. In the aid of a cryo-stage system with controlled temperature ranging from −196°C to 125°C, the present work is dedicated to investigate the thermal behaviors of cancer cells (i.e. MCF-7 cells) subject to hyperthermia with a higher heating rate or allied with a rapid cooling procedure. The preliminary results show the following factors: (1) The MCF-7 cells show potential enhanced sensitivity to heat when the heating rate increases from 10 °C/min to 30°C/min; (2) The enhanced degree of thermal damages induced by the higher heating rate is time dependent; (3) The rapid cooling procedure following the hyperthermia would be another effective way to strengthen the killing effects of cancer cells. In addition, further microscopic experiments have also been implemented to observe the morphological changes of cells induced by the rapid heating treatment. The present study partly promotes the mechanistic understandings of cellular damage through an alternative heating approach, which would provide a valuable reference to improve the therapeutic efficiency in the coming time.
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8

Sleiti, Ahmad K., Wahib A. Al-Ammari, and Mohammed Al-Khawaja. "Novel Solar driven Cooling System Integrated with Solar Still System." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0055.

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Novel integrated solar cooling and solar distillation system is introduced to meet the high cooling and fresh water demands in hot and arid regions such as Qatar. The system is composed of a solardriven ejector cooling system coupled with a single-slope solar still. The introduced novel system is the first study that integrates two solar systems for cooling and water production with outputs significantly higher than any existing system. The results show that the productivity of the solar still is improved by enhancing the evaporation rate (using heating coil) and by increasing the condensation rate (using cooling coil). Simultaneously, this improved the COP of the ejector system by increasing its entrainment ratio with a slight increase in the required solar collector area. The performance of four different scenarios of integration between the proposed cooling and distillation systems is investigated. The results showed that the productivity of the still is five times higher than that of the conventional solar still. The annual produced water considering the hourly variation of the radiant flux was 5067 kg/year, which is 5.7 times more than the conventional systems. The estimated cost of one-liter distilled water per 1 m2 area of the present solar still is $0.04, which is only 18% of the water cost of other still technologies.
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9

Welsch, Felix, Susanne-Marie Kirsch, Nicolas Michaelis, Michele Mandolino, Andreas Schütze, Stefan Seelecke, Paul Motzki, and Gianluca Rizzello. "System Simulation of an Elastocaloric Heating and Cooling Device Based on SMA." In ASME 2020 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2020-2262.

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Abstract Elastocaloric (EC) cooling uses solid-state NiTi-based shape memory alloy (SMA) as a non-volatile cooling medium and enables a novel environment-friendly cooling technology. Due to the high specific latent heats activated by mechanical loading/unloading, substantial temperature changes are generated in the material. Accompanied by a small required work input, a high coefficient of performance is achievable. Recently, a fully functional and illustrative continuous operating elastocaloric air cooling system based on SMA was developed and realized. To assist the design process of an optimized device with given performance and efficiency requirements, a fully coupled thermo-mechanical system-level model of the multi-wire cooling unit was developed and implemented in MATLAB. The resulting compact simulation tool is qualified for massively parallel computation, which allows fast and comprehensive parameter studies. In this work, the influence of different SMA diameters, rotation frequencies, and airflow rates is investigated. The results are analyzed to find the suited parameter for high efficiency (COP) and temperature span.
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Shinmoto, Yasuhisa, Shinichi Miura, Koichi Suzuki, Yoshiyuki Abe, and Haruhiko Ohta. "Development of Advanced High Heat Flux Cooling System for Power Electronics." In ASME 2009 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME 2009 Summer Heat Transfer Conference and the ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/interpack2009-89082.

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Recent development in electronic devices with increased heat dissipation requires severe cooling conditions and an efficient method for heat removal is needed for the cooling under high heat flux conditions. Most researches are concentrated on small semiconductors with high heat flux density, while almost no existing researches concerning the cooling of a large semiconductor, i.e. power electronics, with high heat generation density from a large cooling area. A narrow channel between parallel plates is one of ideal structures for the application of boiling phenomena which uses the cooling for such large semiconductors. To develop high-performance cooling systems for power electronics, experiments on increase in critical heat flux (CHF) for flow boiling in narrow channels by improved liquid supply was conducted. To realize the cooling of large areas at extremely high heat flux under the conditions for a minimum gap size and a minimum flow rate of liquid supplied, the structure with auxiliary liquid supply was devised to prevent the extension of dry-patches underneath flattened bubbles generated in a narrow channel. The heating surface was experimented in two channels with different dimensions. The heating surfaces have the width of 30mm and the lengths of 50mm and 150mm in the flow direction. A large width of actual power electronics is realizable by the parallel installation of the same channel structure in the transverse direction. The cooling liquid is additionally supplied via sintered metal plates from the auxiliary unheated channels located at sides or behind the main heated channel. To supply the liquid to the entire heating surface, fine grooves are machined on the heating surface for enhance the spontaneous liquid supply by the aid of capillary force. The gap size of narrow channels are varied as 0.7mm, 2mm and 5mm. Distribution of liquid flow rate to the main heated channel and the auxiliary unheated channels were varied to investigate its effect on the critical heat flux. Test liquids employed are R113, FC72 and water. The systematic experiments by using water as a test liquid were conducted. Critical heat flux values larger than 2×106W/m2 were obtained at both gap sizes of 2mm and 5mm for a heated length of 150mm. A very high heat transfer coefficient as much as 1×105W/m2K was obtained at very high heat flux near CHF for the gap size of 2mm. This paper is a summary of experimental results obtained in the past by the present authors.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Rate of cooling (heating) system"

1

Lowe, James William. Ground Source Geothermal District Heating and Cooling System. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1329477.

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2

Hoeschele, M. A., and D.A. Springer. Development of an Integrated Residential Heating, Ventilation, Cooling, and Dehumidification System for Residences. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/932230.

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3

Gschwander, Stefan, Thomas Haussmann, Georg Hagelstein, Aran Sole, Gonzalo Diarce, Wolfgang Hohenauer, Daniel Lager, et al. Standard to determine the heat storage capacity of PCM using hf-DSC with constant heating/cooling rate (dynamic mode). IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task42-2015-0001.

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4

ANDREWS, J. W. IMPACTS OF REFRIGERANTLINE LENGTH ON SYSTEM EFFICIENCY IN RESIDENTIAL HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS USING REFRIGERANT DISTRIBUTION. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/785053.

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5

Kozubal, Eric J. Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power (CCHP) System: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-14-570. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1467825.

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6

Hansen, Tim, Eric Ringler, and William Chatterton. Demonstration of a Solar Thermal Combined Heating, Cooling and Hot Water System Utilizing an Adsorption Chiller for DoD Installations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada608953.

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7

Kurnik, Charles W., David Jacobson, and Jarred Metoyer. Chapter 4: Small Commercial and Residential Unitary and Split System HVAC Heating and Cooling Equipment-Efficiency Upgrade Evaluation Protocol. The Uniform Methods Project: Methods for Determining Energy Efficiency Savings for Specific Measures. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1408083.

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8

Pullammanappallil, Pratap, Haim Kalman, and Jennifer Curtis. Investigation of particulate flow behavior in a continuous, high solids, leach-bed biogasification system. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600038.bard.

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Recent concerns regarding global warming and energy security have accelerated research and developmental efforts to produce biofuels from agricultural and forestry residues, and energy crops. Anaerobic digestion is a promising process for producing biogas-biofuel from biomass feedstocks. However, there is a need for new reactor designs and operating considerations to process fibrous biomass feedstocks. In this research project, the multiphase flow behavior of biomass particles was investigated. The objective was accomplished through both simulation and experimentation. The simulations included both particle-level and bulk flow simulations. Successful computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of multiphase flow in the digester is dependent on the accuracy of constitutive models which describe (1) the particle phase stress due to particle interactions, (2) the particle phase dissipation due to inelastic interactions between particles and (3) the drag force between the fibres and the digester fluid. Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations of Homogeneous Cooling Systems (HCS) were used to develop a particle phase dissipation rate model for non-spherical particle systems that was incorporated in a two-fluid CFDmultiphase flow model framework. Two types of frictionless, elongated particle models were compared in the HCS simulations: glued-sphere and true cylinder. A new model for drag for elongated fibres was developed which depends on Reynolds number, solids fraction, and fibre aspect ratio. Schulze shear test results could be used to calibrate particle-particle friction for DEM simulations. Several experimental measurements were taken for biomass particles like olive pulp, orange peels, wheat straw, semolina, and wheat grains. Using a compression tester, the breakage force, breakage energy, yield force, elastic stiffness and Young’s modulus were measured. Measurements were made in a shear tester to determine unconfined yield stress, major principal stress, effective angle of internal friction and internal friction angle. A liquid fludized bed system was used to determine critical velocity of fluidization for these materials. Transport measurements for pneumatic conveying were also assessed. Anaerobic digestion experiments were conducted using orange peel waste, olive pulp and wheat straw. Orange peel waste and olive pulp could be anaerobically digested to produce high methane yields. Wheat straw was not digestible. In a packed bed reactor, anaerobic digestion was not initiated above bulk densities of 100 kg/m³ for peel waste and 75 kg/m³ for olive pulp. Interestingly, after the digestion has been initiated and balanced methanogenesis established, the decomposing biomass could be packed to higher densities and successfully digested. These observations provided useful insights for high throughput reactor designs. Another outcome from this project was the development of low cost devices to measure methane content of biogas for off-line (US$37), field (US$50), and online (US$107) applications.
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Willits, Daniel H., Meir Teitel, Josef Tanny, Mary M. Peet, Shabtai Cohen, and Eli Matan. Comparing the performance of naturally ventilated and fan-ventilated greenhouses. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7586542.bard.

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The objectives of this project were to predict the performance of naturally and fan-ventilated greenhouses as a function of climate, type of crop, evaporative cooling and greenhouse size, and to estimate the effects of the two cooling systems on yield, quality and disease development in the different crops under study. Background In the competitive field of greenhouse cultivation, growers and designers in both the US and Israel are repeatedly forced to choose between naturally ventilated (NV) and fan ventilated (FV) cooling systems as they expand their ranges in an effort to remain profitable. The known advantages and disadvantages of each system do not presently allow a clear decision. Whether essentially zero operating costs can offset the less dependable cooling of natural ventilation systems is question this report hopes to answer. Major Conclusions US It was concluded very early on that FV greenhouses without evaporative pad cooling are not competitive with NV greenhouses during hot weather. During the first year, the US team found that average air temperatures were always higher in the FV houses, compared to the NV houses, when evaporative pad cooling was not used, regardless of ventilation rate in the FV houses or the vent configuration in the NV houses. Canopy temperatures were also higher in the FV ventilated houses when three vents were used in the NV houses. A second major conclusion was that the US team found that low pressure fogging (4 atm) in NV houses does not completely offset the advantage of evaporative pad cooling in FV houses. High pressure fog (65 atm) is more effective, but considerably more expensive. Israel Experiments were done with roses in the years 2003-2005 and with tomatoes in 2005. Three modes of natural ventilation (roof, side and side + roof openings) were compared with a fan-ventilated (with evaporative cooling) house. It was shown that under common practice of fan ventilation, during summer, the ventilation rate is usually lower with NV than with FV. The microclimate under both NV and FV was not homogeneous. In both treatments there were strong gradients in temperature and humidity in the vertical direction. In addition, there were gradients that developed in horizontal planes in a direction parallel to the direction of the prevailing air velocity within the greenhouse. The gradients in the horizontal direction appear to be larger with FV than with NV. The ratio between sensible and latent heat fluxes (Bowen ratio) was found to be dependent considerably on whether NV or FV is applied. This ratio was generally negative in the naturally ventilated house (about -0.14) and positive in the fan ventilated one (about 0.19). Theoretical models based on Penman-Monteith equation were used to predict the interior air and crop temperatures and the transpiration rate with NV. Good agreement between the model and experimental results was obtained with regard to the air temperature and transpiration with side and side + roof ventilation. However, the agreement was poor with only roof ventilation. The yield (number of rose stems longer than 40 cm) was higher with FV
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Linker, Raphael, Murat Kacira, Avraham Arbel, Gene Giacomelli, and Chieri Kubota. Enhanced Climate Control of Semi-arid and Arid Greenhouses Equipped with Fogging Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7593383.bard.

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The main objectives were (1) to develop, implement and validate control procedures that would make it possible to maintain year-round air temperature and humidity at levels suitable for crop cultivation in greenhouses operating in arid and semi-arid regions and (2) to investigate the influence of the operational flexibility of the fogging system on the performance of the system. With respect to the development of climate controllers, we developed a new control approach according to which ventilation is used to maintain the enthalpy of the greenhouse air and fogging is used to adjust the humidity ratio inside the greenhouse. This approach is suitable mostly for greenhouses equipped with mechanized ventilation, and in which the air exchange rate can be controlled with enough confidence. The development and initial validation of the controllers were performed in a small experimental greenhouses located at the Agricultural Research Organization and very good tracking were obtained for both air temperature and relative humidity (maximum mean deviations over a 10-min period with constant setpoints lower than 2.5oC and 5% relative humidity). The robust design approach used to develop the controllers made it possible to transfer successfully these controllers to a much larger semi-commercial greenhouse located in the much drier Arava region. After only minimal adjustments, which did not require lengthy dedicated experiments, satisfactory tracking of the temperature and humidity was achieved, with standard deviation of the tracking error lower than 1oC and 5% for temperature and relative humidity, respectively. These results should help promote the acceptance of modern techniques for designing greenhouse climate controllers, especially since given the large variety of greenhouse structures (shape, size, crop system), developing high performance site-specific controllers for each greenhouse is not feasible. In parallel to this work, a new cooling control strategy, which considers the contribution of humidification and cooling from the crop, was developed for greenhouses equipped with natural ventilation. Prior to the development of the cooling strategy itself, three evapotranspiration models were compared in terms of accuracy and reliability. The cooling strategy that has been developed controls the amount of fog introduced into the greenhouse as well as the percentage of vent openings based on the desired vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and enthalpy, respectively. Numerical simulations were used to compare the performance of the new strategy with a constant fogging rate strategy based on VPD, and on average, the new strategy saved 36% water and consumed 30% less electric energy. In addition, smaller air temperature and relative humidity fluctuations were achieved when using the new strategy. Finally, it was demonstrated that dynamically varying the fog rate and properly selecting the number of nozzles, yields additional water and electricity savings.
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