Готові списки джерел за темами / Rain and rainfall Victoria

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Rain and rainfall Victoria"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022
Оновлено: 29 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Rain and rainfall Victoria"

1

Holland, J. E., T. H. Johnston, R. E. White, and B. A. Orchard. "An investigation of runoff from raised beds and other tillage methods in the high rainfall zone of south-western Victoria, Australia." Soil Research 50, no. 5 (2012): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr11200.

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For many years, the poor physical and hydraulic properties of the soils in south-western Victoria have restricted crop production due to waterlogging. In this region of predominantly winter rainfall, raised beds have become popular with farmers to overcome these difficulties; however, little has been reported on the hydrology of raised beds compared with other tillage systems for cropping in the rain-fed environment of south-western Victoria. This study measured rainfall characteristics, runoff volumes, and soil properties such as the soil water content, bulk density, and hydraulic conductivity for three tillage treatments (raised beds, conventional cultivation, and deep cultivation) over 6 years on a Sodosol at a field site near Geelong, Victoria. Runoff was regressed against rainfall variables such as the amount per event, hours of rainfall, rainfall intensity, and maximum rainfall intensity to determine the significance of any differences between the treatments. The relationship between runoff and rainfall amount was best described with an exponential model. Raised beds significantly increased the amount of runoff relative to the other treatments when above-average rainfall was received, but there was little difference in runoff in years of below-average rainfall. No consistent effect of runoff on crop biomass was detected nor could any differences in runoff be attributed to differences in soil water content, hydraulic conductivity, and bulk density between treatments. The most important factor appeared to be the furrows between the raised beds, which acted as conduits for the flow of surface water during the larger storm events. During such events, runoff is an important hydrological process in cropping land in south-western Victoria.
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Cullen, B. R., R. P. Rawnsley, R. J. Eckard, K. M. Christie, and M. J. Bell. "Use of modelling to identify perennial ryegrass plant traits for future warmer and drier climates." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 8 (2014): 758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13408.

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Potential exists to select pasture species better adapted to anticipated warmer temperatures and lower rainfall, associated with increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas concentrations, to maximise pasture yields and persistence. This study assessed the effect of increasing three plant traits in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) to adapt to future climates: root depth; heat tolerance, defined as the ability of plant to grow at high temperatures; and responsiveness to elevated CO2 concentrations. Pasture production was simulated using the Sustainable Grazing Systems Pasture model at three sites with temperate climates in south-eastern Australia: Hamilton, Victoria (medium rainfall); Ellinbank, Victoria (high rainfall); and Elliott, Tasmania (high rainfall). Two future climate scenarios were created at each site by scaling the historical climate (1971–2010) by +1°C with –10% rain (435 ppm CO2) and +2°C with –20% rain (535 ppm CO2). A genotype × environment interaction suggested that the plants traits most effective at increasing pasture yield differed depending on the local climate. Increased root depth was the most effective change in a single trait that increased pasture harvested at Elliott, increased heat tolerance was most effective at Ellinbank, whereas increasing all three individual traits was similarly effective at Hamilton. At each site, the most effective traits increased pasture growth during the period between late spring and mid-summer compared with the current cultivar. When all three traits were increased at the same time, the pasture production advantage was greater than the additive effects of changing single traits at Hamilton and Ellinbank. Further consideration of the feasibility of selecting multiple traits and the effects of a broader range of climate projections is required. Nonetheless, results of this study provide guidance to plant breeders for selection of traits adapted to future climates.
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Adhikary, Sajal Kumar, Nitin Muttil, and Abdullah Gokhan Yilmaz. "Improving streamflow forecast using optimal rain gauge network-based input to artificial neural network models." Hydrology Research 49, no. 5 (December 5, 2017): 1559–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2017.108.

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Abstract Accurate streamflow forecasting is of great importance for the effective management of water resources systems. In this study, an improved streamflow forecasting approach using the optimal rain gauge network-based input to artificial neural network (ANN) models is proposed and demonstrated through a case study (the Middle Yarra River catchment in Victoria, Australia). First, the optimal rain gauge network is established based on the current rain gauge network in the catchment. Rainfall data from the optimal and current rain gauge networks together with streamflow observations are used as the input to train the ANN. Then, the best subset of significant input variables relating to streamflow at the catchment outlet is identified by the trained ANN. Finally, one-day-ahead streamflow forecasting is carried out using ANN models formulated based on the selected input variables for each rain gauge network. The results indicate that the optimal rain gauge network-based input to ANN models gives the best streamflow forecasting results for the training, validation and testing phases in terms of various performance evaluation measures. Overall, the study concludes that the proposed approach is highly effective to achieve the enhanced streamflow forecasting and could be a viable option for streamflow forecasting in other catchments.
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Sivapragasam, Chandrasekaran, Poomalai Saravanan, Saminathan Balamurali, and Nitin Muttil. "Ascertaining Time Series Predictability in Process Control – Case Study on Rainfall Prediction." MATEC Web of Conferences 203 (2018): 07002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820307002.

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Rainfall prediction is a challenging task due to its dependency on many natural phenomenon. Some authors used Hurst exponent as a predictability indicator to ensure predictability of the time series before prediction. In this paper, a detailed analysis has been done to ascertain whether a definite relation exists between a strong Hurst exponent and predictability. The one-lead monthly rainfall prediction has been done for 19 rain gauge station of the Yarra river basin in Victoria, Australia using Artificial Neural Network. The prediction error in terms of normalized Root Mean Squared Error has been compared with Hurst exponent. The study establishes the truth of the hypothesis for only 6 stations out of 19 stations, and thus recommends further investigation to prove the hypothesis. This concept is relevant for any time series which need to be used for real time process control.
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Broecker, Wallace S., Dorothy Peteet, Irena Hajdas, Jo Lin, and Elizabeth Clark. "Antiphasing between Rainfall in Africa's Rift Valley and North America's Great Basin." Quaternary Research 50, no. 1 (July 1998): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1998.1973.

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The beginning of the Bølling-Allerød warm period was marked in Greenland ice by an abrupt rise in δ18O, an abrupt drop in dust rain, and an abrupt increase in atmospheric methane content. The surface waters in the Norwegian Sea underwent a simultaneous abrupt warming. At about this time, a major change in the pattern of global rainfall occurred. Lake Victoria (latitude 0°), which prior to this time was dry, was rejuvenated. The Red Sea, which prior to this time was hypersaline, freshened. Lake Lahontan, which prior to this time had achieved its largest size, desiccated. Whereas the chronologic support for the abruptness of the hydrologic changes is firm only for the Red Sea, in keeping with evidence obtained well away from the northern Atlantic in the Santa Barbara Basin and the Cariaco Trench, the onset and end of the millennial-duration climate events were globally abrupt. If so, the proposed linkage between the size of African closed basin lakes and insolation cycles must be reexamined.
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Onyango, Augustine O., Haiming Xu, and Zhaohui Lin. "Diurnal cycle of rainfall over Lake Victoria Basin during the long‐rain season based on TRMM satellite estimate." International Journal of Climatology 40, no. 10 (January 29, 2020): 4622–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.6479.

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Villalta, O. N., W. S. Washington, G. M. Rimmington, and W. E. MacHardy. "Environmental factors influencing maturation and release of ascospores of Venturia pirina in Victoria, Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 8 (2001): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar00093.

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The influence of moisture, light, and temperature on Venturia pirina ascospore maturation and discharge was studied during 1992–99 in 2 pear-growing regions in Victoria. In each year and site, mature ascospores were trapped over a 3-month period beginning a few days before or at the green-tip stage of pear tree development in early September and ending in late November, with the majority of ascospores ((>80%) trapped between green-tip and petal-fall. Ascospore discharge was associated with rain and dew, with 90–98% of the season’s total number of ascospores trapped during rain events and 2–10% trapped during dew events in the 12 data sets examined. Most ascospores were trapped (82.5– 99.9%) during daytime (0600–1800 hours). The 0.1–17.5% of ascospores detected during night time (1900–0500 hours) were trapped mainly within 1–3 h of dawn or dusk. There were linear relationships between the logit of cumulative percentage of ascospore maturation and temperature accumulation (above 0 degree-days), calculated both daily and for days with >= 0.2 mm of rainfall. Six linear regression equations were formulated with 10 years of field data and using the 2 methods of accumulating degree-days, to predict the cumulative percentage of matured ascospores. Predictions were compared with additional field and laboratory observations not used in the formulation of the linear equations. The importance of the temperature-based linear equations is discussed in relation to the prediction of pear scab ascospore maturity for use in a pear scab management program.
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Myers, BA, DH Ashton, and JA Osborne. "The Ecology of the Mallee Outlier of Eucalyptus behriana F. Muell. Near Melton, Victoria." Australian Journal of Botany 34, no. 1 (1986): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9860015.

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An outlier of mallee vegetation occurs south of the Great Dividing Range in Victoria in a rain shadow region (annual rainfall approx. 500 mm) about 50 km west of Melbourne. A Eucalyptus behriana open-scrub with a sparse understorey of chenopods, mosses, lichens and some grasses occurs on solonetz soil on lateritized Tertiary sandy clays and on skeletal soils on Ordovician slates and sandstones. The dryness of the mallee site is probably exacerbated by the smaller rate of water infiltration and greater salinity of the solonetz soil under E. behriana compared with the solodic soil, in the moister area further north, under an open-forest of E. microcarpa. The multistemmed habit of E. behriana appears to be partly genetically fixed. Hollow lignotuberous rings, filled to a depth of about 15-25 cm with brown, nutrient-rich humus, are common. Pattern analysis of the distribution of stems of E. behriana indicated strong clumping at about 9 m², due to the multistemmed habit, and weaker clumping at about 600 m², which correlated with the size of groups of dense, spindly individuals of E. behriana, resulting from a past phase of gap regeneration.
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9

Khan, S. I., P. Adhikari, Y. Hong, H. Vergara, T. Grout, R. F. Adler, F. Policelli, D. Irwin, T. Korme, and L. Okello. "Observed and simulated hydroclimatology using distributed hydrologic model from in-situ and multi-satellite remote sensing datasets in Lake Victoria region in East Africa." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 4 (July 22, 2010): 4785–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-4785-2010.

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Abstract. Floods and droughts are common, recurring natural hazards in East African nations. Studies of hydro-climatology at daily, seasonal, and annual time scale is an important in understanding and ultimately minimizing the impacts of such hazards. Using daily in-situ data over the last two decades combined with the recently available multiple-years satellite remote sensing data, we analyzed and simulated, with a distributed hydrologic model, the hydro-climatology in Nzoia, one of the major contributing sub-basins of Lake Victoria in the East African highlands. The basin, with a semi arid climate, has no sustained base flow contribution to Lake Victoria. The short spell of high discharge showed that rain is the prime cause of floods in the basin. There is only a marginal increase in annual mean discharge over the last 21 years. The 2-, 5- and 10-year peak discharges, for the entire study period showed that more years since the mid 1990's have had high peak discharges despite having relatively less annual rain. The study also presents the hydrologic model calibration and validation results over the Nzoia Basin. The spatiotemporal variability of the water cycle components were quantified using a physically-based, distributed hydrologic model, with in-situ and multi-satellite remote sensing datasets. Moreover, the hydrologic capability of remote sensing data such as TRMM-3B42V6 was tested in terms of reconstruction of the water cycle components. The spatial distribution and time series of modeling results for precipitation (P), evapotranspiration (ET), and change in storage (dS/dt) showed considerable agreement with the monthly model runoff estimates and gauge observations. Runoff values responded to precipitation events that occurred across the catchment during the wet season from March to early June. The hydrologic model captured the spatial variability of the soil moisture storage. The spatially distributed model inputs, states, and outputs, were found to be useful for understanding the hydrologic behavior at the catchment scale. Relatively high flows were experienced near the basin outlet from previous rainfall, with a new flood peak responding to the rainfall in the upper part of the basin. The monthly peak runoff was observed in the months of April, May and November. The analysis revealed a linear relationship between rainfall and runoff for both wet and dry seasons. The model was found to be useful in poorly gauged catchments using satellite forcing data and showed the potential to be used not only for the investigation of the catchment scale water balance but also for addressing issues pertaining to sustainability of the resources within the catchment.
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10

Armstrong, D. P., K. A. Tarrant, C. K. M. Ho, L. R. Malcolm, and W. J. Wales. "Evaluating development options for a rain-fed dairy farm in Gippsland." Animal Production Science 50, no. 6 (2010): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an10009.

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A case study and modelling approach was used to examine options for a dairy farm in the high rainfall area of Gippsland (southern Victoria) that would enable it to maintain or increase profit in the future (next 5–10 years) in the face of a continuing ‘cost-price squeeze’. The economic performance of the business under a range of development options, identified by an ‘expert panel’, was analysed for a planning period of 10 years. The options analysed were: (i) increased herd size without purchasing more land, (ii) increased milking area and (iii) purchasing non-milking area for production of conserved fodder. Expanding the milking area by purchasing more land without significantly increasing herd size (reducing stocking rate from 2.5 to 2.1 cows/ha) increased annual operating profit without increasing variability in profit between years compared with the base farm. The increased profit resulted from a reduction in the amount of purchased feed. The purchase of an additional outblock for fodder production reduced risk compared with the base farm system, but did not improve the profitability of the farm system. Other options significantly reduced profit while increasing risk. The most appropriate changes to dairy farm businesses in response to changes in the operating environment will vary from farm to farm. The analysis suggested that there may be an alternate path to the historical trends of larger and more intensive operations. It has also highlighted the importance of home-grown feed and efficient supplement use to increase or maintain profitability in the medium term.
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Дисертації з теми "Rain and rainfall Victoria"

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Dravitzki, Stacey Maree. "Precipitation in the Waikato River catchment : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geophysics /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-thesis, 2009. http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/handle/10063/955.

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Russell, Frances Marion. "Semi-permanent zones of radar radial shear within the planetary boundary layer : observations and effects on high intensity precipitation in the wider Auckland region, New Zealand : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geophysics /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1215.

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To, Chun-hung. "Stochastic model of daily rainfall." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1989. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31976098.

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Seed, Alan William. "Statistical problems in measuring convective rainfall." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74251.

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Simulations based on a month of radar data from Florida, and a summer of radar data from Nelspruit, South Africa, were used to quantify the errors in the measurement of mean areal rainfall which arise simply as a result of the extreme variability of convective rainfall, even with perfect remote sensing instruments. The raingauge network measurement errors were established for random and regular network configurations using daily and monthly radar-rainfall accumulations over large areas. A relationship to predict the measurement error for mean areal rainfall using sparse networks as a function of raining area, number of gauges, and the variability of the rainfield was developed and tested. The manner in which the rainfield probability distribution is transformed under increasing spatial and temporal averaging was investigated from two perspectives. Firstly, an empirical relationship was developed to transform the probability distribution based on some measurement scale, into a distribution based on a standard measurement length. Secondly, a conceptual model based on multiplicative cascades was used to derive a scale independent probability distribution.
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5

Loong, Man-chun. "An investigation of the rainfall in Hong Kong in the past forty years." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1989. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31976049.

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6

Faridhosseini, Alireza. "Evaluation of Summer Rainfall Estimation by Satellite Data using the ANN Model for the GCM Subgrid Distribution." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1998. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_etd_hy0021_m_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Welles, Edwin. "Comparison of rainfall sampling schemes using a calibrated Stochastic Rainfall Generator." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1994. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_etd_hy0062_m_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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8

To, Chun-hung, and 杜振雄. "Stochastic model of daily rainfall." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31976098.

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Lau, Wai-hin. "Stochastic analysis of monthly rainfall in Hong Kong /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1991. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13028315.

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10

Michaud, Jene Diane. "RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELING OF FLASH FLOODS IN SEMI-ARID WATERSHEDS." Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/614156.

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Flash floods caused by localized thunderstorms are a natural hazard of the semi -arid Southwest, and many communities have responded by installing ALERT flood forecasting systems. This study explored a rainfall- runoff modeling approach thought to be appropriate for forecasting in such watersheds. The kinematic model KINEROS was evaluated because it is a distributed model developed specifically for desert regions, and can be applied to basins without historic data. This study examined the accuracy of KINEROS under data constraints that are typical of semi -arid ALERT watersheds. The model was validated at the 150 km2, semi -arid Walnut Gulch experimental watershed. Under the conditions examined, KINEROS provided poor simulations of runoff volume and peak flow, but good simulations of time to peak. For peak flows, the standard error of estimate was nearly 100% of the observed mean. Surprisingly, when model parameters were based only on measurable watershed properties, simulated peak flows were as accurate as when parameters were calibrated on some historic data. The accuracy of KINEROS was compared to that of the SCS model. When calibrated, a distributed SCS model with a simple channel loss component was as accurate as KINEROS. Reasons for poor simulations were investigated by examining a) rainfall sampling errors, b) model sensitivity and dynamics, and c) trends in simulation accuracy. The cause of poor simulations was divided between rainfall sampling errors and other problems. It was found that when raingage densities are on the order of 1/20 km2, rainfall sampling errors preclude the consistent and reliable simulation of runoff from localized thunderstorms. Even when rainfall errors were minimized, accuracy of simulations were still poor. Good results, however, have been obtained with KINEROS on small watersheds; the problem is not KINEROS itself but its application at larger scales. The study also examined the hydrology of thunderstorm -generated floods at Walnut Gulch. The space -time dynamics of rainfall and runoff were characterized and found to be of fundamental importance. Hillslope infiltration was found to exert a dominant control on runoff, although flow hydraulics, channel losses, and initial soil moisture are also important. Watershed response was found to be nonlinear.
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Книги з теми "Rain and rainfall Victoria"

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An inch of rain: A water history of northern Victoria. North Melbourne, Vic: Australian Scholarly, 2012.

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2

Hall, Susan (Susan G.), ill and Scull Robert, eds. Rain, rain, go away. New York: Simon Spotlight/Nickelodeon, 2010.

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3

Reed, Teresa. Rain, rain, go away. New York, N.Y: Aladdin Paperbacks, 1996.

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4

Kelly, Andrew. Rain. [Santa Rosa, CA]: SRA, 1994.

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5

Donald, Crews, ed. Rain. New York: Scholastic Inc., 1993.

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6

Rain. Mankato, Minn: QEB Pub., 2013.

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7

Hernandez, Christopher. Rain. New York: Scholastic, 2012.

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8

Dineen, Jacqueline. Rain. New York: Bookwright Press, 1989.

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9

Rain. Austin, Tex: Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 1992.

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10

Laser, Michael. The rain. New York: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 1997.

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Частини книг з теми "Rain and rainfall Victoria"

1

Krajewski, Witold F. "Cokriging Radar-Rainfall and Rain Gage Data." In Collected Reprint Series, 9571–80. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118782071.ch4.

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2

Tamaki, Motonori, Takatoshi Hiraki, Yoshihiro Nakagawa, Tomiki Kobayashi, Masahide Aikawa, and Mitsuru Shoga. "Study on Sampling Method of Rainfall, Throughfall, and Stemflow to Monitor the Effect of Acid Deposition on Forest Ecosystem." In Acid rain 2000, 1511–16. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0810-5_99.

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3

Konagai, Kazuo, Asiri Karunawardena, Kithsiri N. Bandara, Kyoji Sassa, Ryo Onishi, Ryosuke Uzuoka, Shiho Asano, Katsuo Sasahara, Sanchitha Jayakody, and Imaya Ariyarathna. "Early Warning System Against Rainfall-Induced Landslide in Sri Lanka." In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 1 Issue 1, 2022, 217–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16898-7_16.

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AbstractBased on solid evidence, scientists attribute the global warming trend observed since the mid-twentieth century to the human expansion of the “greenhouse effect.” Extreme rainfall events have become more frequent worldwide, resulting in hydro-meteorological hazards creating more deaths and devastation. One of the most remarkable disasters of rain-induced rapid long-traveling landslides (RRLL) in Sri Lanka took place at Aranayake, 70 km east of Colombo, in 2016 (JICA Survey Team (2016), Survey results of Aranayake Disaster, JICA. URL: https://www.jica.go.jp/srilanka/english/office/topics/c8h0vm00006ufwhl-att/160720.pdf [Last accessed: April 14, 2020]). The fluidized landslide mass ran over an about 2 km distance claiming the lives of 125 people. This tragic event highlighted the importance of reliable early warning and disaster management mechanisms even more than ever because the presence of these hidden unstable soil masses, as well as their run-out distances, are hardly predicted. Once they start sliding, it is almost impossible to stop them. Since 2020 (after the preceding period of 2019), both the National Building Research Organization, Sri Lanka (NBRO) and the International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) have jointly started a new 5-year research project, “Development of early warning technology of Rain-induced Rapid and Long-travelling Landslides (Project RRLL),” within the framework of SATREPS. SATREPS, standing for “Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development,” is a Japanese government program promoting international joint research. This article reports on the outline of the project, including its background, goals, plans of plots for developing critical technologies for the early warning system, etc.
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Smith, Eric A., and Throy D. Hollis. "Performance Evaluation of Level-2 TRMM Rain Profile Algorithms by Intercomparison and Hypothesis Testing." In Cloud Systems, Hurricanes, and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), 207–22. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-878220-63-9_19.

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Perales, Javier, Gianpierre Zapata, and Carlos Raymundo. "Energy Model Based on Fluvial Rainfall for the Rural Population with Torrential Rain." In Proceedings of the 4th Brazilian Technology Symposium (BTSym'18), 171–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16053-1_16.

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Shiba, S., R. Ito, and T. Sueishi. "Effect of Rainfall Intensity on Acid Rain Formation by Absorption of Sulfur Dioxide." In Water Pollution: Modelling, Measuring and Prediction, 735–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3694-5_51.

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Hakim, Bachir, Etsouri Salim, Smadhi Dalila, and Semar Ahcène. "Representation of Rainfall in Regions with a Low Distribution of Rain Gauging Stations." In Climate Change, Natural Resources and Sustainable Environmental Management, 262–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04375-8_30.

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Ekerete, K’ufre-Mfon E., Francis H. Hunt, Judith L. Jeffery, and Ifiok E. Otung. "Specific Rain Attenuation Derived from a Gaussian Mixture Model for Rainfall Drop Size Distribution." In Wireless and Satellite Systems, 167–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53850-1_17.

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Fattoruso, Grazia, Annalisa Agresta, Saverio De Vito, Antonio Buonanno, Claudio Marocco, Mario Molinara, Francesco Tortorella, and Girolamo Di Francia. "A Sensor Fusion Method Applied to Networked Rain Gauges for Defining Statistically Based Rainfall Thresholds for Landslide Triggering." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 213–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66802-4_28.

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Molina, Luz E. Torres. "Flood Alert System Using High-Resolution Radar Rainfall Data: Comparison Among Rain Gauges, Tropinet and Nexrad 1 , 2." In Flood Assessment, 259–65. Toronto ; New Jersey : Apple Academic Press, 2017. | Series: Innovations in agricultural & biological engineering: Apple Academic Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315365923-14.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Rain and rainfall Victoria"

1

"Modelling rainfall severity and duration in north-eastern Victoria using Copulas." In 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2011.i5.abdulrauf.

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2

Kunhikrishnan, P. K., M. R. Sivaraman, N. V. P. Kiran Kumar, and Denny Alappatu. "Rain Observations with Micro Rain Radar (MRR) over a Tropical Station." In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RAINFALL RATE AND RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION (ISRR '07). AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2767024.

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Chankeaw, Natthapong, Pongputhai Udomariyasap, Donekeo Lakanchanh, Suthichai Noppanakeepong, and Nipha Leelaruji. "Rainfall Rate and Rain Attenuation Model in Bangkok Thailand." In 2008 International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies (ISCIT). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscit.2008.4700202.

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Pitas, Karel, and Ondrej Fiser. "On rainfall type classification to improve rain attenuation prediction." In 2020 30th International Conference Radioelektronika (RADIOELEKTRONIKA). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/radioelektronika49387.2020.9092381.

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Rajasekhar, M., B. V. Appa Rao, A. K. Ghosh, U. Abdul Rahim, K. Prakasam, and G. V. Rama. "Heavy Rain Rate Characteristics over Sriharikota." In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RAINFALL RATE AND RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION (ISRR '07). AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2767015.

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Roy, Surendra Kr, Santosh Kr Jha, and Lallan Jha. "Theoretical Analysis of Rain Attenuation Probability." In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RAINFALL RATE AND RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION (ISRR '07). AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2767035.

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Zrnic, Dusan S. "Rain Characteristic Revealed with the Polarimetric Radar." In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RAINFALL RATE AND RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION (ISRR '07). AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2767010.

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Maheskumar, R. S., S. B. Morwal, and R. Vijayakumar. "A Micro Rain Radar for Precipitation Characterization." In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RAINFALL RATE AND RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION (ISRR '07). AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2767041.

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Wardah, T., S. Y. Sharifah Nurul Huda, S. M. Deni, and B. Nur Azwa. "Radar rainfall estimates comparison with kriging interpolation of gauged rain." In 2011 IEEE Colloquium on Humanities, Science and Engineering (CHUSER). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/chuser.2011.6163877.

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Suryanti, Krisna, Marzuki, Robi Muharsyah, Mutya Vonnisa, and Fredolin Tangang. "Diurnal rainfall variability in West Sumatra from rain gauge observation." In THE 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PHYSICS AND APPLIED PHYSICS (THE 1ST ICP&AP) 2019: Fundamental and Innovative Research for Improving Competitive Dignified Nation and Industrial Revolution 4.0. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0003182.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Rain and rainfall Victoria"

1

Rivera-Giboyeaux, Arelis. RADAR DERIVED RAINFALL AND RAIN GAUGE MEASUREMENTS AT SRS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1602977.

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2

Charley, William J. The Estimation of Rainfall for Flood Forecasting Using Radar and Rain Gage Data. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada200802.

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3

Downing, W. Logan, Howell Li, William T. Morgan, Cassandra McKee, and Darcy M. Bullock. Using Probe Data Analytics for Assessing Freeway Speed Reductions during Rain Events. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317350.

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Rain impacts roadways such as wet pavement, standing water, decreased visibility, and wind gusts and can lead to hazardous driving conditions. This study investigates the use of high fidelity Doppler data at 1 km spatial and 2-minute temporal resolution in combination with commercial probe speed data on freeways. Segment-based space-mean speeds were used and drops in speeds during rainfall events of 5.5 mm/hour or greater over a one-month period on a section of four to six-lane interstate were assessed. Speed reductions were evaluated as a time series over a 1-hour window with the rain data. Three interpolation methods for estimating rainfall rates were tested and seven metrics were developed for the analysis. The study found sharp drops in speed of more than 40 mph occurred at estimated rainfall rates of 30 mm/hour or greater, but the drops did not become more severe beyond this threshold. The average time of first detected rainfall to impacting speeds was 17 minutes. The bilinear method detected the greatest number of events during the 1-month period, with the most conservative rate of predicted rainfall. The range of rainfall intensities were estimated between 7.5 to 106 mm/hour for the 39 events. This range was much greater than the heavy rainfall categorization at 16 mm/hour in previous studies reported in the literature. The bilinear interpolation method for Doppler data is recommended because it detected the greatest number of events and had the longest rain duration and lowest estimated maximum rainfall out of three methods tested, suggesting the method balanced awareness of the weather conditions around the roadway with isolated, localized rain intensities.
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Douglas, Thomas, Merritt Turetsky, and Charles Koven. Increased rainfall stimulates permafrost thaw across a variety of Interior Alaskan boreal ecosystems. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41050.

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Earth’s high latitudes are projected to experience warmer and wetter summers in the future but ramifications for soil thermal processes and permafrost thaw are poorly understood. Here we present 2750 end of summer thaw depths representing a range of vegetation characteristics in Interior Alaska measured over a 5-year period. This included the top and third wettest summers in the 91-year record and three summers with precipitation close to mean historical values. Increased rainfall led to deeper thaw across all sites with an increase of 0.7 ± 0.1 cm of thaw per cm of additional rain. Disturbed and wetland sites were the most vulnerable to rain-induced thaw with ~1 cm of surface thaw per additional 1 cm of rain. Permafrost in tussock tundra, mixed forest, and conifer forest was less sensitive to rain-induced thaw. A simple energy budget model yields seasonal thaw values smaller than the linear regression of our measurements but provides a first-order estimate of the role of rain-driven sensible heat fluxes in high-latitude terrestrial permafrost. This study demonstrates substantial permafrost thaw from the projected increasing summer precipitation across most of the Arctic region.
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Wagner, Anna, Christopher Hiemstra, Glen Liston, Katrina Bennett, Dan Cooley, and Arthur Gelvin. Changes in climate and its effect on timing of snowmelt and intensity-duration-frequency curves. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41402.

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Snow is a critical water resource for much of the U.S. and failure to account for changes in climate could deleteriously impact military assets. In this study, we produced historical and future snow trends through modeling at three military sites (in Washington, Colorado, and North Dakota) and the Western U.S. For selected rivers, we performed seasonal trend analysis of discharge extremes. We calculated flood frequency curves and estimated the probability of occurrence of future annual maximum daily rainfall depths. Additionally, we generated intensity-duration-frequency curves (IDF) to find rainfall intensities at several return levels. Generally, our results showed a decreasing trend in historical and future snow duration, rain-on-snow events, and snowmelt runoff. This decreasing trend in snowpack could reduce water resources. A statistically significant increase in maximum streamflow for most rivers at the Washington and North Dakota sites occurred for several months of the year. In Colorado, only a few months indicated such an increase. Future IDF curves for Colorado and North Dakota indicated a slight increase in rainfall intensity whereas the Washington site had about a twofold increase. This increase in rainfall intensity could result in major flood events, demonstrating the importance of accounting for climate changes in infrastructure planning.
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Brewer, K. D. Water level data from the Bells Corners Borehole Calibration Facility (2019-2021), Ottawa, Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330087.

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The Geological Survey of Canada's deep borehole test site at the Bells Corners Borehole Calibration Facility in Ottawa, Ontario, has been in use since the 1980's for the development and calibration of geophysical logging instrumentation. In more recent times, the need for monitored deep borehole sites in Canada is increasingly important for long-term research into groundwater flow through fractured bedrock, and surface to groundwater interaction. In 2019, the facility underwent repairs to reopen deep boreholes, replace surface casings, and install atmospheric monitoring equipment. This report documents new groundwater level datasets in three of the six boreholes in the well cluster from March 2019 to October 2021. The compilation also integrates rainfall and air temperature data from a rain gauge installed on the site which provides insight into the rapid response times of this fractured bedrock system. This new water level information augments the growing number of datasets supporting the ongoing study of hydrogeological conditions at the calibration facility.
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Agassi, Menahem, Michael J. Singer, Eyal Ben-Dor, Naftaly Goldshleger, Donald Rundquist, Dan Blumberg, and Yoram Benyamini. Developing Remote Sensing Based-Techniques for the Evaluation of Soil Infiltration Rate and Surface Roughness. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7586479.bard.

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The objective of this one-year project was to show whether a significant correlation can be established between the decreasing infiltration rate of the soil, during simulated rainstorm, and a following increase in the reflectance of the crusting soil. The project was supposed to be conducted under laboratory conditions, using at least three types of soils from each country. The general goal of this work was to develop a method for measuring the soil infiltration rate in-situ, solely from the reflectance readings, using a spectrometer. Loss of rain and irrigation water from cultivated fields is a matter of great concern, especially in arid, semi-arid regions, e.g. much of Israel and vast area in US, where water is a limiting factor for crop production. A major reason for runoff of rain and overhead irrigation water is the structural crust that is generated over a bare soils surface during rainfall or overhead irrigation events and reduces its infiltration rate (IR), considerably. IR data is essential for predicting the amount of percolating rainwater and runoff. Available information on in situ infiltration rate and crust strength is necessary for the farmers to consider: when it is necessary to cultivate for breaking the soil crust, crust strength and seedlings emergence, precision farming, etc. To date, soil IR is measured in the laboratory and in small-scale field plots, using rainfall simulators. This method is tedious and consumes considerable resources. Therefore, an available, non-destructive-in situ methods for soil IR and soil crusting levels evaluations, are essential for the verification of infiltration and runoff models and the evaluation of the amount of available water in the soil. In this research, soil samples from the US and Israel were subjected to simulated rainstorms of increasing levels of cumulative energies, during which IR (crusting levels) were measured. The soils from the US were studied simultaneously in the US and in Israel in order to compare the effect of the methodology on the results. The soil surface reflectance was remotely measured, using laboratory and portable spectrometers in the VIS-NIR and SWIR spectral region (0.4-2.5mm). A correlation coefficient spectra in which the wavelength, consisting of the higher correlation, was selected to hold the highest linear correlation between the spectroscopy and the infiltration rate. There does not appear to be a single wavelength that will be best for all soils. The results with the six soils in both countries indeed showed that there is a significant correlation between the infiltration rate of crusted soils and their reflectance values. Regarding the wavelength with the highest correlation for each soil, it is likely that either a combined analysis with more then one wavelength or several "best" wavelengths will be found that will provide useful data on soil surface condition and infiltration rate. The product of this work will serve as a model for predicting infiltration rate and crusting levels solely from the reflectance readings. Developing the aforementioned methodologies will allow increased utilization of rain and irrigation water, reduced runoff, floods and soil erosion hazards, reduced seedlings emergence problems and increased plants stand and yields.
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Raymond, Kara, Laura Palacios, Cheryl McIntyre, and Evan Gwilliam. Status of climate and water resources at Saguaro National Park: Water year 2019. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2288717.

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Climate and hydrology are major drivers of ecosystems. They dramatically shape ecosystem structure and function, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Understanding changes in climate, groundwater, and water quality and quantity is central to assessing the condition of park biota and key cultural resources. The Sonoran Desert Network collects data on climate, groundwater, and surface water at 11 National Park Service units in south-ern Arizona and New Mexico. This report provides an integrated look at climate, groundwater, and springs conditions at Saguaro National Park (NP) during water year 2019 (October 2018–September 2019). Annual rainfall in the Rincon Mountain District was 27.36" (69.49 cm) at the Mica Mountain RAWS station and 12.89" (32.74 cm) at the Desert Research Learning Center Davis station. February was the wettest month, accounting for nearly one-quarter of the annual rainfall at both stations. Each station recorded extreme precipitation events (>1") on three days. Mean monthly maximum and minimum air temperatures were 25.6°F (-3.6°C) and 78.1°F (25.6°C), respectively, at the Mica Mountain station, and 37.7°F (3.2°C) and 102.3°F (39.1°C), respectively, at the Desert Research Learning Center station. Overall temperatures in WY2019 were cooler than the mean for the entire record. The reconnaissance drought index for the Mica Mountain station indicated wetter conditions than average in WY2019. Both of the park’s NOAA COOP stations (one in each district) had large data gaps, partially due to the 35-day federal government shutdown in December and January. For this reason, climate conditions for the Tucson Mountain District are not reported. The mean groundwater level at well WSW-1 in WY2019 was higher than the mean for WY2018. The water level has generally been increasing since 2005, reflecting the continued aquifer recovery since the Central Avra Valley Storage and Recovery Project came online, recharging Central Arizona Project water. Water levels at the Red Hills well generally de-clined starting in fall WY2019, continuing through spring. Monsoon storms led to rapid water level increases. Peak water level occurred on September 18. The Madrona Pack Base well water level in WY2019 remained above 10 feet (3.05 m) below measuring point (bmp) in the fall and winter, followed by a steep decline starting in May and continuing until the end of September, when the water level rebounded following a three-day rain event. The high-est water level was recorded on February 15. Median water levels in the wells in the middle reach of Rincon Creek in WY2019 were higher than the medians for WY2018 (+0.18–0.68 ft/0.05–0.21 m), but still generally lower than 6.6 feet (2 m) bgs, the mean depth-to-water required to sustain juvenile cottonwood and willow trees. RC-7 was dry in June–September, and RC-4 was dry in only September. RC-5, RC-6 and Well 633106 did not go dry, and varied approximately 3–4 feet (1 m). Eleven springs were monitored in the Rincon Mountain District in WY2019. Most springs had relatively few indications of anthropogenic or natural disturbance. Anthropogenic disturbance included spring boxes or other modifications to flow. Examples of natural disturbance included game trails and scat. In addition, several sites exhibited slight disturbance from fires (e.g., burned woody debris and adjacent fire-scarred trees) and evidence of high-flow events. Crews observed 1–7 taxa of facultative/obligate wetland plants and 0–3 invasive non-native species at each spring. Across the springs, crews observed four non-native plant species: rose natal grass (Melinis repens), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), crimson fountaingrass (Cenchrus setaceus), and red brome (Bromus rubens). Baseline data on water quality and chemistry were collected at all springs. It is likely that that all springs had surface water for at least some part of WY2019. However, temperature sensors to estimate surface water persistence failed...
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Ayala, David, Ashley Graves, Colton Lauer, Henrik Strand, Chad Taylor, Kyle Weldon, and Ryan Wood. Flooding Events Post Hurricane Harvey: Potential Liability for Dam and Reservoir Operators and Recommendations Moving Forward. Edited by Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Natural Resources Systems, September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.floodingpostharvey.

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When Hurricane Harvey hit the Texas coast as a category 4 hurricane on August 25, 2017, it resulted in $125 billion in damage, rivaling only Hurricane Katrina in the amount of damage caused. It also resulted in the deaths of 88 people and destroyed or damaged 135,000 homes. Much of that devastation was the result of flooding. The storm dumped over 27 trillion gallons of rain over Texas in a matter of days. Some parts of Houston received over 50 inches of rainfall. The potential liability that dam and reservoir operators may face for decisions they make during storm and flooding events has now become a major concern for Texas citizens and its elected officials. Law suits have now been instituted against the federal government for its operation of two flood control reservoirs, as well as against the San Jacinto River Authority for its operation of a water supply reservoir. Moreover, the issues and concerns have been placed on the agenda of a number of committees preparing for the 2019 Texas legislative session. This report reviews current dam and reservoir operations in Texas and examines the potential liability that such operators may face for actions and decisions taken in response to storm and flooding events. In Section III, the report reviews dam gate operations and differentiates between water supply reservoirs and flood control reservoirs. It also considers pre-release options and explains why such actions are disfavored and not recommended. In Section IV, the report evaluates liabilities and defenses applicable to dam and reservoir operators. It explains how governmental immunity can limit the exposure of state and federally-run facilities to claims seeking monetary damages. It also discusses how such entities could be subject to claims of inverse condemnation, which generally are not subject to governmental immunity, under Texas law as well as under the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. In addition, the Section discusses negligence and nuisance claims and concludes that plaintiffs asserting either or both of these claims will have difficulty presenting successful arguments for flooding-related damage and harm against operators who act reasonably in the face of storm-related precipitation. Finally, Section V offers recommendations that dam and reservoir operators might pursue in order to engage and educate the public and thereby reduce the potential for disputes and litigation. Specifically, the report highlights the need for expanded community outreach efforts to engage with municipalities, private land owners, and the business community in flood-prone neighborhoods both below and above a dam. It also recommends implementation of proactive flood notification procedures as a way of reaching and alerting as many people as possible of potential and imminent flooding events. Finally, the report proposes implementation of a dispute prevention and minimization mechanism and offers recommendations for the design and execution of such a program.
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Acid-rain damage to carbonate stone; a preliminary quantitative assessment based on the aqueous geochemistry of rainfall runoff. US Geological Survey, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri874016.

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