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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Radio techniques"

1

Budiarjo, Ibrahim, Homayoun Nikookar, and Leo P. Ligthart. "Cognitive radio modulation techniques." IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 25, no. 6 (November 2008): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msp.2008.929365.

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2

Arul, U. Steve, and S. Salai Chandira Rajan. "Spectrum Management Techniques using Cognitive Radios Cognitive Radio Technology." International Journal of Data Mining Techniques and Applications 5, no. 1 (June 15, 2016): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20894/ijdmta.102.005.001.019.

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3

Kazhakov, Stefan. "RELIABILITY TECHNIQUES FOR RFID." Journal Scientific and Applied Research 12, no. 1 (November 14, 2017): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46687/jsar.v12i1.224.

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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology has the potential to dramatically improve numerous industrial practices. However, it still faces many challenges, including security and reliability, which may limit its use in many application scenarios. While security has received considerable attention, reliability has escaped much of the research scrutiny. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is growing rapidly across many different industries. Developers apply the technology not only in traditional applications such as asset or inventory tracking, but also in security services such as electronic passports and RFID-embedded credit cards. However, RFID technology also raises a number of concerns regarding privacy and security.
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4

Prasad, Athul, Anass Benjebbour, Omer Bulakci, Klaus I. Pedersen, Nuno K. Pratas, and Marco Mezzavilla. "Agile Radio Resource Management Techniques for 5G New Radio." IEEE Communications Magazine 55, no. 6 (2017): 62–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2017.7945854.

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5

Ohtsuki, Tomoaki. "Monitoring Techniques with Radio Waves." IEICE Communications Society Magazine 11, no. 1 (2017): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/bplus.11.24.

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6

Parsons, J. D. "HF Radio Systems and Techniques." IEE Review 38, no. 5 (1992): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ir:19920081.

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7

Angevine, Wayne M., W. L. Ecklund, D. A. Carter, K. S. Gage, and K. P. Moran. "Improved Radio Acoustic Sounding Techniques." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 11, no. 1 (February 1994): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1994)011<0042:irast>2.0.co;2.

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8

Budiarjo, I., M. K. Lakshmanan, and H. Nikookar. "Cognitive Radio Dynamic Access Techniques." Wireless Personal Communications 45, no. 3 (February 29, 2008): 293–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-008-9473-6.

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9

Han, Congzheng, Tim Harrold, Simon Armour, Ioannis Krikidis, Stefan Videv, Peter Grant, Harald Haas, et al. "Green radio: radio techniques to enable energy-efficient wireless networks." IEEE Communications Magazine 49, no. 6 (June 2011): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2011.5783984.

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10

Noguchi, T., Y. Daido, and J. Nossek. "Modulation techniques for microwave digital radio." IEEE Communications Magazine 24, no. 10 (October 1986): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.1986.1092947.

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Дисертації з теми "Radio techniques"

1

Bannister, Keith. "Radio transients: Surveys and Techniques." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/13293.

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I present two pilot surveys and a range of new algorithms to aid in planning and implementing wide-field radio surveys for transient and variable sources. The first pilot survey is a blind survey for transient and variable radio sources with the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope at 843~MHz. This survey discovered 53 highly variable sources and 15 transient sources and determined surface densities of $0.268 \unit{deg^{-2}}$ for variable sources and $1.3 \times 10^{-2} \unit{deg^{-2}}$ for transient sources, with associated timescales of between one day and three years. I also propose two new techniques which were developed for this survey. The first technique provides a post-imaging calibration for image gain. The second technique is a statistical method for verifying whether flux error measurements agree with the scatter in light curves over a population of sources. I also describe a follow-up survey for prompt radio emission from gamma ray bursts (GRBs) at 1.4~GHz. This survey used a single-dish telescope to automatically slew to a GRB position within 2~min of the gamma ray trigger and performed single-pulse, repeating and low-time resolution searches for variability. This survey discovered single, dispersed pulses following two long GRBs, which are possibly related to the delayed formation of a black hole at the centre of the GRBs. The high-time resolution measurements from this survey are some of the most constraining limits on prompt radio emission from GRBs to date. I also present two efficient new algorithms for detecting dispersed radio emission in interferometric data: the Chirpolator and the Chimageator. These two techniques excel in the regime of sparse arrays, where they both require substantially lower data rates, and the Chirpolator requires a much lower post-integrator operation rate than the existing algorithms. These techniques are well matched to future supercomputing architectures, where the arithmetic capability is outstripping the bandwidth capa! bility, and are therefore suitable for use by interferometer-based fast transient surveys. The surveys and techniques described in this thesis will have immediate application to upcoming surveys with the next generation of wide-field radio telescopes, such as the two transients surveys proposed for the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder.
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2

Videv, Stefan. "Techniques for green radio cellular communications." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7988.

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This thesis proposes four novel techniques to solve the problem of growing energy consumption requirements in cellular communication networks. The first and second part of this work propose a novel energy efficient scheduling mechanism and two new bandwidth management techniques, while the third part provides an algorithm to actively manage the power state of base stations (BSs) so that energy consumption is minimized throughout the day while users suffer a minimal loss in achieved data rate performance within the system. The proposed energy efficient score based scheduler (EESBS) is based on the already existing principle of score based resource allocation. Resource blocks (RBs) are given scores based on their energy efficiency for every user and then their allocation is decided based on a comparison between the scores of the different users on each RB. Two additional techniques are introduced that allow the scheduler to manage the user’s bandwidth footprint or in other words the number of RBs allocated. The first one, bandwidth expansion mode (BEM), allows users to expand their bandwidth footprint while retaining their overall transmission data rate. This allows the system to save energy due to the fact that data rate scales linearly with bandwidth and only logarithmically with transmission power. The second technique, time compression mode (TCoM), is targeted at users whose energy consumption is dominated by signalling overhead transmissions. If the assumption is made that the overhead is proportional to the number of RBs allocated, then users who find themselves having low data rate demands can release some of their allocated RBs by using a higher order modulation on the remaining ones and thus reduce their overall energy expenditure. Moreover, a system that combines all of the aforementioned scheduling techniques is also discussed. Both theoretical and simulation results on the performance of the described systems are provided. The energy efficient hardware state control (EESC) algorithm works by first collecting statistical information about the loading of each BS during the day that is due to the particular mobility patterns of users. It then uses that information to allow the BSs to turn off for parts of the day when the expected load is low and they can offload their current users to nearby cell sites. Simplified theoretical, along with complete system computer simulation, results are included. All the algorithms presented are very straightforward to implement and are not computationally intensive. They provide significant energy consumption reductions at none to minimal cost in terms of experienced user data rate.
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3

Li, Haibin. "Multiple access techniques for cognitive radio." Thesis, University of York, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.546818.

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Webb, William. "QAM techniques for digital mobile radio." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385448.

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Shen, Juei-Chin. "Detection and estimation techniques in cognitive radio." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/detection-and-estimation-techniques-in-cognitive-radio(8d246e71-4484-4843-a1f4-4cce4504dd1c).html.

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Анотація:
Faced with imminent spectrum scarcity largely due to inflexible licensed band arrangements, cognitive radio (CR) has been proposed to facilitate higher spectrum utilization by allowing cognitive users (CUs) to access the licensed bands without causing harmful interference to primary users (PUs). To achieve this without the aid of PUs, the CUs have to perform spectrum sensing reliably detecting the presence or absence of PU signals. Without reliable spectrum sensing, the discovery of spectrum opportunities will be inefficient, resulting in limited utilization enhancement. This dissertation examines three major techniques for spectrum sensing, which are matched filter, energy detection, and cyclostationary feature detection. After evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques, we narrow down our research to a focus on cyclostationary feature detection (CFD). Our first contribution is to boost performance of an existing and prevailing CFD method. This boost is achieved by our proposed optimal and sub-optimal schemes for identifying best hypothesis test points. The optimal scheme incorporates prior knowledge of the PU signals into test point selection, while the sub-optimal scheme circumvents the need for this knowledge. The results show that our proposed can significantly outperform other existing schemes. Secondly, in view of multi-antenna deployment in CR networks, we generalize the CFD method to include the multi-antenna case. This requires effort to justify the joint asymptotic normality of vector-valued statistics and show the consistency of covariance estimates. Meanwhile, to effectively integrate the received multi-antenna signals, a novel cyclostationary feature based channel estimation is devised to obtain channel side information. The simulation results demonstrate that the errors of channel estimates can diminish sharply by increasing the sample size or the average signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, no research has been found that analytically assessed CFD performance over fading channels. We make a contribution to such analysis by providing tight bounds on the average detection probability over Nakagami fading channels and tight approximations of diversity reception performance subject to independent and identically distributed Rayleigh fading. For successful coexistence with the primary system, interference management in cognitive radio networks plays a prominent part. Normally certain average or peak transmission power constraints have to be placed on the CR system. Depending on available channel side information and fading types (fast or slow fading) experienced by the PU receiver, we derive the corresponding constraints that should be imposed. These constraints indicate that the second moment of interference channel gain is an important parameter for CUs allocating transmission power. Hence, we develop a cooperative estimation procedure which provides robust estimate of this parameter based on geolocation information. With less aid from the primary system, the success of this procedure relies on statistically correlated channel measurements from cooperative CUs. The robustness of our proposed procedure to the uncertainty of geolocation information is analytically presented. Simulation results show that this procedure can lead to better mean-square error performance than other existing estimates, and the effects of using inaccurate geolocation information diminish steadily with the increasing number of cooperative cognitive users.
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6

Koutitas, G. C. "Advanced physical techniques for radio channel modeling." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2007. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843649/.

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Wireless technology constitutes the basis of the majority of modem communication systems. The deployment of wireless systems mainly concerns data services such as mobile and broadcasting applications, or target identification and military services. The key element for the successful planning of any kind of wireless network is the detailed and in depth knowledge of the propagation channel. The mobility of the user and the physical obstructions that may intervene in the propagation path between the communication points cause distortion to the transmitted information. The understanding of the propagation conditions and the channel characterisation is achieved either by extensive measurement campaigns or by employing sophisticated propagation algorithms. Since the measurement campaign is an expensive and time consuming task, contemporary research is focused on the development of deterministic models that can accurately predict the channel behaviour in real environments. The demand for high data delivery services in modem communication systems requires the utilisation of large bandwidth at high frequency regions of the available spectrum. Therefore, asymptotic high frequency modelling techniques and relevant algorithms have emerged as the major propagation modelling tools for modern radio systems analysis and design. In this thesis, we address the problem of high frequency diffraction over complex structures and scenarios that incorporate a cascade of physical canonical obstructions in the propagation path between the two ends. New formulations are derived for field predictions over rounded surfaces and a cascade of multi-shape structures. The Uniform Theory of Diffraction (UTD) is applied in all the work and it is further extended to account for transition zone diffraction over scenarios that incorporate arbitrary multiple canonical objects being multi-shaped in nature. The concept of continuity equations and slope diffraction are also emphasized. The simulation results show uniform and accurate field predictions and extensive comparison tests are performed with other diffraction theories and measurements. The developed formulations are incorporated in a propagation tool for irregular terrain channel modelling. An unambiguous terrain modelling algorithm is synthesized and used to assign optimum fitted canonical shapes to the terrain irregularities. The results of the simulations are compared with real measurements over irregular scenarios and a very good fit is observed. The importance of the choice of the used canonical shape to the terrain modelling is also highlighted.
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7

Rockliff, Simon C. "Frequency hopping techniques for digital mobile radio /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1990. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phr683.pdf.

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8

Jurkov, Alexander S. "Techniques for efficient radio frequency power conversion." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122558.

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Анотація:
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2019
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 293-304).
A diverse range of radio-frequency (RF) power applications demand RF power generation systems that allow for dynamic output power control while having the capability to efficiently deliver power into a varying load. While some of these existing and emerging applications are characterized with narrowband or single-frequency operation, others require operation over a range of frequencies. In such applications, the system architecture typically comprises an RF power amplifier (PA) or inverter along with a tunable impedance matching network (TMN). Electronically-controlled TMNs offer substantial benefits when it comes to the implementability of such highly reconfigurable and adaptive RF systems as they allow for proper impedance termination of the PA or inverter over the operating load and frequency range. This work explores the design of TMNs based on a solid-state technique that allows for faster and more accurate impedance matching compared to traditional approaches. The performance and design of such TMNs is demonstrated for plasma driving applications at 13.56 MHz. In addition, this work proposes techniques for designing switched-mode RF inverters that can operate efficiently over a wide load impedance range. These techniques are applied to the design of class E and class [Phi]2 inverter prototypes at 27.12 MHz, and their ability to handle large load modulation while maintaining high operating efficiency is demonstrated. The techniques presented in this work can be further applied to the integration of an RF power amplifier/inverter and a TMN into a single multi-transistor architecture capable of efficiently operating across frequency and load variation while providing dynamic output power control.
by Alexander Jurkov.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
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9

Jayasinghe, Sankissa G. "Techniques of detection, estimation and coding for fading channels." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1989. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7282.

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The thesis describes techniques of detection, coding and estimation, for use in high speed serial modems operating over fading channels such as HF radio and land mobile radio links. The performance of the various systems that employ the above techniques are obtained via computer simulation tests. A review of the characteristics of HF radio channels is first presented, leading to the development of an appropriate channel model which imposes Rayleigh fading on the transmitted signal. Detection processes for a 4.8 kbit/s HF radio modem are then discussed, the emphasis, here, being on variants of the maximum likelihood detector that is implemented by the Viterbi algorithm. The performance of these detectors are compared with that of a nonlinear equalizer operating under the same conditions, and the detector which offers the best compromise between performance and complexity is chosen for further tests. Forward error correction, in the form of trellis coded modulation, is next introduced. An appropriate 8-PSK coded modulation scheme is discussed, and its operation over the above mentioned HF radio modem is evaluated. Performance comparisons are made of the coded and uncoded systems. Channel estimation techniques for fast fading channels akin to cellular land mobile radio links, are next discussed. A suitable model for a fast fading channel is developed, and some novel estimators are tested over this channel. Computer simulation tests are also used to study the feasibility of the simultaneous transmission of two 4-level QAM signals occupying the same frequency band, when each of these signals are transmitted at 24 kbit/s over two independently fading channels, to a single receiver. A novel combined detector/estimator is developed for this purpose. Finally, the performance of the complete 4.8 kbit/s HF radio modem is obtained, when all the functions of detection, estimation and prefiltering are present, where the prefilter and associated processor use a recently developed technique for the adjustment of its tap gains and for the estimation of the minimum phase sampled impulse response.
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10

Warner, Edward Steven. "Novel bandwidth utilization techniques for radio-determination systems." Thesis, Bangor University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316345.

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Книги з теми "Radio techniques"

1

Myers, Lawrence W. Improvised radio detonation techniques. Boulder, Colo: Paladin Press, 1988.

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2

Lee, Miles. Techniques of radio production. [Nairobi, Kenya]: African Council on Communication Education, 1986.

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3

Hayakawa, Masashi. Earthquake Prediction with Radio Techniques. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons, Singapore Pte. Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118770368.

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4

Earthquake prediction with radio techniques. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons, 2015.

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5

J, Cornwell T., and Perley Richard A, eds. Radio interferometry: Theory, techniques, and applications. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1991.

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6

Zhao, Guodong, Wei Zhang, and Shaoqian Li. Advanced Sensing Techniques for Cognitive Radio. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42784-3.

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7

McGuire, Peyton D., and Harry M. Estrada. Cognitive radio: Terminology, technology, and techniques. Edited by McGuire Peyton D and Estrada Harry M. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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8

Radio wave propagation: Principles and techniques. Chichester: John Wiley, 2000.

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9

DX power: Effective techniques for radio amateurs. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab Books, 1985.

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10

Faruque, Saleh. Radio Frequency Multiple Access Techniques Made Easy. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91651-4.

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Частини книг з теми "Radio techniques"

1

Macario, R. C. V. "Modulation Techniques." In Cellular Radio, 128–57. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14433-4_6.

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2

Kitchin, Chris. "Radio Telescopes." In Solar Observing Techniques, 185–89. London: Springer London, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0145-1_9.

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3

Hunsucker, Robert D. "Other Radio Techniques." In Radio Techniques for Probing the Terrestrial Ionosphere, 205–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76257-4_9.

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4

Downes, D. "Radio astronomy techniques." In Lecture Notes in Physics, 351–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-51315-9_8.

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5

Heinrich, B. "Radio Frequency Techniques." In Ultrathin Magnetic Structures II, 195–296. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27166-x_3.

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6

Howard, Timothy. "Radio Astronomical Techniques." In Astrophysics and Space Science Library, 115–37. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8789-1_6.

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7

Lyne, A. G. "Radio Pulsar Search Techniques." In Gravitational Wave Data Analysis, 95–103. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1185-7_7.

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8

Emami, Shahriar. "Advanced Impulse Radio Techniques." In UWB Communication Systems: Conventional and 60 GHz, 65–93. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6753-3_4.

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9

Wilson, T. L. "Techniques of Radio Astronomy." In Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems, 283–323. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5618-2_6.

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10

Sizun, Hervé. "Radio Mobile Measurement Techniques." In Measurements using Optic and RF Waves, 191–227. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118586228.ch8.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Radio techniques"

1

Valdes-Garcia, Alberto, and Ramesh Harjani. "Radio receiver techniques." In 2012 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference - CICC 2012. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cicc.2012.6330612.

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2

Du, Jinze, Jean-Francois Diouris, and Yide Wang. "Novel RSSI-based techniques for indoor localization." In 2017 IEEE Radio and Antenna Days of the Indian Ocean (RADIO). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/radio.2017.8242240.

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3

Case, David A. "Software defined radio and cognitive radio techniques." In 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility - EMC 2008. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isemc.2008.4652193.

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4

Thide, Bo, and Fabrizio Tamburini. "Angular momentum radio techniques." In 2015 1st URSI Atlantic Radio Science Conference (URSI AT-RASC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ursi-at-rasc.2015.7302912.

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5

Laly, Pierre, Martine Lienard, Pierre Degauque, Concepcion Sanchis-Borras, and Jose Maria Molina-Garcia-Pardo. "Communication in road tunnels: Predicted performances of LTE precoding techniques." In 2017 IEEE Radio and Antenna Days of the Indian Ocean (RADIO). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/radio.2017.8242224.

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6

Gillies, D. A. G. "Synchronisation techniques for radio LANs." In IEE Colloquium on Radio LANs and MANs. IEE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19950461.

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Fines, P. "Radio architectures employing DSP techniques." In IEE Workshop on Microwave and Millimetre-Wave Communications - the Wireless Revolution. IEE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19951444.

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8

Shukla, A. K., N. K. Jackson-Booth, and P. C. Arthur. "'Cognitive Radios' and their relevance to HF radio systems." In 12th IET International Conference on Ionospheric Radio Systems and Techniques (IRST 2012). IET, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2012.0365.

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Mitchell, John. "Techniques for Radio over Fiber Networks." In 2006 IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/leos.2006.279124.

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Ford, John M., and Kaushal D. Buch. "RFI mitigation techniques in radio astronomy." In IGARSS 2014 - 2014 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2014.6946399.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Radio techniques"

1

Ford, Denise Christine. Insights to Superconducting Radio-Frequency Cavity Processing from First Principles Calculations and Spectroscopic Techniques. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1128729.

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2

Wieselthier, Jeffrey E., and Craig M. Barnhart. The Application of Hopfield Neural Network Techniques to Problems of Routing and Scheduling in Packet Radio Networks. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada229039.

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3

Tea, Céline. REX et données subjectives: quel système d'information pour la gestion des risques? Fondation pour une culture de sécurité industrielle, April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.57071/170rex.

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Анотація:
Le retour d’expérience est conçu, dans une vision classique, comme une démarche de gestion mettant à disposition les informations nécessaires aux managers pour piloter les systèmes et gérer les risques. Malheureusement, la réalité est moins simple. Les systèmes à piloter sont des systèmes socio-techniques complexes. Le futur n’est pas déterminé par le passé. Il s’avère nécessaire de compléter le système d’information supportant la gestion des risques. Le travail présenté propose de passer d’un système fondé sur des informations extraites des expériences incidentelles du système à piloter, vers un système d’information qui intègre au mieux l’expérience des gens qui le font fonctionner. Les connaissances tacites de ces personnes expérimentées doivent alors être élicitées. Le présent travail a permis d’expérimenter au sein de la SNCF une technique d’aide à la décision issue du courant de l’analyse de la décision. Cette technique de MAUT a été appliquée à l’analyse d’un changement de réglementation concernant la conduite des trains en cas d’alerte radio. Les décisions sont traitées ici non sous un angle individuel, mais comme l’aboutissement d’un processus construit au sein d’une organisation, mettant en jeu plusieurs décideurs et plusieurs enjeux (pouvant être partiellement contradictoires). L’apport de cette technique par rapport aux méthodes classiques basées sur les arbres de défaillance est discuté. Un second niveau d’étude de l’impact de cet éventuel changement réglementaire a consisté à analyser en profondeur les raisonnements et les connaissances utilisés par les acteurs pour construire le sens de leur action en cas d’alerte radio. En modélisant les discussions entre les différents acteurs impliqués et en restituant leur point de vue en situation, il est possible d’identifier les divergences éventuelles entre les représentations de différents acteurs concernant une même situation, ainsi qu’un possible écart entre les croyances des concepteurs et les utilisateurs de la règle. Cette seconde analyse s’appuie sur une théorie de la conception dite C/K, qui met en relation les connaissances et les concepts utilisés en situation. L’auteur suggère que l’application de ces méthodes permet de voir l’analyse de risques comme un lieu d’élaboration de sens collectif sur la sécurité du système, plutôt que (dans une vision plus positiviste de la connaissance) comme une activité qui révèle et approche la vérité sur les risques, en s’appuyant sur des données factuelles et objectives. Elle propose de développer l’ingénierie du subjectif pour permettre la construction d’un système de management au sein duquel la vision d’ingénieur de la gestion des risques et la vision inspirée des courants des sciences humaines et sociales pourront cohabiter.
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4

Quinn, Cathy A., Philip K. Hamilton, Scott D. Kraus, and Christopher K. Slay. An assessment of wounds caused by the attachment of remote sensing tags to North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena Glacialis): 1988 - 1997. New England Aquarium and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/29702.

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Because of the increase in usage of remote sensing tags to track the migration and movements of cetaceans, it has become increasingly important to assess the impact of such techniques on the target species. Between 1988 and 1997, 55 tags (41 satellite telemetry, 14 VHF or acoustic radio transmitter) were attached to 49 North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis). All tags had implantable barbs or were fully implanted below the dermis. Right whales are photographically identifiable and the New England Aquarium curates the North Atlantic catalog, which currently numbers 374 individuals. The photo catalog has made it possible for tagged individuals to be tracked after the tag falls off the whale. Photo documentation during and after tagging provides an opportunity to monitor physiological effects from tags and healing responses to tags.
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Gerlach, David C., Christopher J. Gesh, David E. Hurley, Mark R. Mitchell, George H. Meriwether, and Bruce D. Reid. Final Report on Isotope Ratio Techniques for Light Water Reactors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/986731.

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Chen, Pictiaw, Boaz Zion, and Michael J. McCarthy. Utilization of NMR Technology for Internal Nondestructive Quality Evaluation of Fruits and Vegetables. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568778.bard.

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Objective: The objective of this research was to investigate the potential use of NMR for evaluating various internal quality factors of fruits and vegetables, leading to the eventual development of practical techniques that are useful for future development of NMR sensors. Summary: Investigation on NMR imaging, one-dimension NMR projection, and single-pulse free-induction-decay (FID) spectrum led to the development of high-speed NMR techniques for real-time sensing of internal quality of selected fruits. NMR imaging can be used for detecting internal defects and various quality factors such as bruises, dry regions, worm damage, stage of ripeness, tissue breakdown, and the presence of voids, seeds, sprouts, and pits. The one-dimension (1-D) image profile technique, in which the 1-D projection of the NMR signal of a selected slice of the intact fruit is recorded, is suitable for detecting tissue breakdown regions, presence of pits, and other defects in fruits. The oil and sugar content of fruits can be determined from the single-pulse FID spectrum measurement, in which a surface coil is used to acquire the FID spectrum and the ratio of the resonance peaks is used as the quality index. The latter two techniques are suitable for high-speed sorting of fruits. The most important accomplishment is the successful development of high-speed NMR techniques for determining internal quality of fruits while they are moving at speed up to 30 cm/s. This accomplishment is an important step toward the development of NMR techniques for on-line sorting of fruits and vegetables.
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7

Schipaunboord, W. N., M. A. Lont, and A. H. M. Kron. JTM-00-01 NDE Acceptance Criteria for Girth Defects Linked with Welding and Inspection Technique. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011796.

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Experimental work was conducted on two girth welds in large diameter steel pipes. By a proper selection of welding consumables, yield strength mismatch was obtained from 5 to 12% undermatching and 45% overmatching. The girth welds were non-destructively tested using the time of flight diffraction technique by three NDE companies. The verification of the detection and sizing capabilities of TOFD inspection techniques has shown that the performance levels varied widely. This finding confirms the need to validate the NDE techniques. Tensile specimens, Charpy and CTOD specimens, and curved wide plate testes were taken out of the welded pipes for testing the mismatch ratio, fracture toughness behavior and failure mechanisms. The wide plate tests were supported by an ECA using BS 7910. This work has reconfirmed the validity of the basic toughness and overmatch requirements given by EPRG for the application of the Tier 2 defect limits. The wide plate tests demonstrated that failure to satisfy one (or both) of these requirements results in a significant reduction of the acceptable defect length limit. The derivation of ECA-based NDE acceptance criteria is not specified in the present standards. The way to deal with the performance of welding technique, the NDE systems and its relation to ECA-based acceptance criteria is not prescribed. In the present Dutch project the derivation of ECA-based acceptance criteria will be validated by a probabilistic approach. This approach is based on Monte Carlo simulations by which the effects of weld defect population; the NDE performance and acceptance criteria on the repair rate and integrity level can be investigated.
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Habiger, Kerry W., and Charles Stein. Proof of Principle Study of Thickness Measurements Using Characteristic X-Ray Line Ratio Techniques. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada221113.

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9

Tanny, Josef, Gabriel Katul, Shabtai Cohen, and Meir Teitel. Micrometeorological methods for inferring whole canopy evapotranspiration in large agricultural structures: measurements and modeling. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7594402.bard.

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Original objectives and revisions The original objectives as stated in the approved proposal were: (1) To establish guidelines for the use of micrometeorological techniques as accurate, reliable and low-cost tools for continuous monitoring of whole canopy ET of common crops grown in large agricultural structures. (2) To adapt existing methods for protected cultivation environments. (3) To combine previously derived theoretical models of air flow and scalar fluxes in large agricultural structures (an outcome of our previous BARD project) with ET data derived from application of turbulent transport techniques for different crops and structure types. All the objectives have been successfully addressed. The study was focused on both screenhouses and naturally ventilated greenhouses, and all proposed methods were examined. Background to the topic Our previous BARD project established that the eddy covariance (EC) technique is suitable for whole canopy evapotranspiration measurements in large agricultural screenhouses. Nevertheless, the eddy covariance technique remains difficult to apply in the farm due to costs, operational complexity, and post-processing of data – thereby inviting alternative techniques to be developed. The subject of this project was: 1) the evaluation of four turbulent transport (TT) techniques, namely, Surface Renewal (SR), Flux-Variance (FV), Half-order Time Derivative (HTD) and Bowen Ratio (BR), whose instrumentation needs and operational demands are not as elaborate as the EC, to estimate evapotranspiration within large agricultural structures; and 2) the development of mathematical models able to predict water savings and account for the external environmental conditions, physiological properties of the plant, and structure properties as well as to evaluate the necessary micrometeorological conditions for utilizing the above turbulent transfer methods in such protected environments. Major conclusions and achievements The major conclusions are: (i) the SR and FV techniques were suitable for reliable estimates of ET in shading and insect-proof screenhouses; (ii) The BR technique was reliable in shading screenhouses; (iii) HTD provided reasonable results in the shading and insect proof screenhouses; (iv) Quality control analysis of the EC method showed that conditions in the shading and insect proof screenhouses were reasonable for flux measurements. However, in the plastic covered greenhouse energy balance closure was poor. Therefore, the alternative methods could not be analyzed in the greenhouse; (v) A multi-layered flux footprint model was developed for a ‘generic’ crop canopy situated within a protected environment such as a large screenhouse. The new model accounts for the vertically distributed sources and sinks within the canopy volume as well as for modifications introduced by the screen on the flow field and microenvironment. The effect of the screen on fetch as a function of its relative height above the canopy is then studied for the first time and compared to the case where the screen is absent. The model calculations agreed with field experiments based on EC measurements from two screenhouse experiments. Implications, both scientific and agricultural The study established for the first time, both experimentally and theoretically, the use of four simple TT techniques for ET estimates within large agricultural screenhouses. Such measurements, along with reliable theoretical models, will enable the future development of lowcost ET monitoring system which will be attainable for day-to-day use by growers in improving irrigation management.
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Gattoni and Olsen. PR-179-10211-R01 Advanced Control Techniques and Sensors for Gas Engines with NSCR. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), July 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010987.

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High exhaust emissions reduction efficiencies from a spark ignited (SI) internal combustion engine utilizing an NSCR catalyst system requires complex fuel control strategies. The allowable equivalence ratio operating range is very narrow where NSCR systems achieve high exhaust emissions reduction efficiencies of multiple species. Current fuel control technologies utilizing lambda sensor feedback are reported to be unable to sustain these demands for extended operation periods and when transients are introduced. Lambda sensor accuracy is the critical issue with current fuel controllers. The goal of this project was to develop a minimization control algorithm utilizing a Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) sensor installed downstream of the NSCR catalyst system for feedback air/fuel ratio control. When the engine is operated lean, NOx is produced and the NOx sensor responds accordingly. When the engine is operated rich, the NSCR catalyst system produces Ammonia. The NOx sensor has a cross sensitivity to Ammonia and responds as though it has been exposed to NOx. This behavior provides an opportunity for a unique control strategy that allows lambda sensor calibration to be ignored. Testing was performed on a 100kW rated Cummins-Onan generator set that was reconfigured to operate utilizing an electronic gas carburetor (EGC2) with lambda sensor feedback and high reduction efficiency NSCR catalyst system. The control algorithm was programmed utilizing a Labview interface that communicated with the electronic gas carburetor where the fuel trim adjustment was physically made. Improvement under steady state operation was observed. The system was also evaluated during load and fuel composition transients.
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