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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Race discrimination Government policy Singapore"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 29 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Race discrimination Government policy Singapore"

Gomez, James. "Politics and Ethnicity: Framing Racial Discrimination in Singapore." Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 28, no. 2 (January 31, 2012): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/cjas.v28i2.3431.

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Racial discrimination is a global phenomenon that the United Nations seeks to eradicate. In contemporary Singapore, research shows that the basis for racial discrimination is anchored in the role of ethnic identity and how it frames the formulation of policies related to education, employment, housing, immigration and politics. These policies have been formulated and implemented by the People's Action Party (PAP) government that has been in power for over 50 years. When confronted with its racially based policies, the PAP government insists that it follows a tolerant approach towards different races and that it promotes the idea of multiculturalism and meritocracy as a racial equalizer. However, ethnic minorities in Singapore complain they are being discriminated against daily on the basis of their race or religion. They argue that their views are often not given airing in the local mainstream media and they are further prevented from discussing these issues openly due to legislation restricting freedom of expression and assembly on these matters. Given this background, the first visit of a UN Rapporteur on racism to Singapore, at the invitation of the PAP government in April 2010, allowed the city-state's race-based policies to be put in an international spotlight. This study examines the visit of the UN Rapporteur, his initial findings, government and civil society responses, and the significance of this first UN mission. The paper locates its research on racial discrimination in the context of Singapore's political framework and the United Nations' efforts to eradicate racism. It argues that ultimately, policy changes in Singapore can only take place as a result of politically challenging the PAP government.

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ALAGIRISAMY, DARINEE. "Toddy, Race, and Urban Space in Colonial Singapore, 1900–59." Modern Asian Studies 53, no. 05 (May 14, 2019): 1675–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x1700083x.

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AbstractBritish Malaya's toddy industry features in history as a problem that plagued the plantation economy, when the city toddy shop was no less important in contributing to a racialized discourse of modernity in Singapore. Although colonial policy served to engender the racialization of toddy drinking as a peculiarly Tamil vice, toddy's social life in Singapore demonstrates that it became the poor man's beer regardless of race. The alcoholic drink gave rise to new adaptations, enterprises, and innovations in colonial Singapore, thus carving out a unique place for itself in the city's cultural landscape. Yet, Singapore's toddy industry dominated the public spotlight for less palatable reasons, which rendered it the subject of numerous demands for increased government regulation. The colonial government responded with a slew of measures that often differed from the federation's toddy policy. Singapore's toddy industry yielded divergent imaginaries of modernity, particularly in the aftermath of the Second World War. Some reformers sought its abolition or relocation away from city spaces, whilst others demanded its modernization on the grounds that this meagre establishment was the labourer's sole source of recreation. In light of recent developments that have prompted the government's intervention in limiting migrant labourers’ access to alcohol, this article will examine the considerations that informed the colonial establishment's urban toddy policy and its corresponding impact on Singapore society as it sped towards decolonization. Through an exploration of toddy's treatment in the English-language press, oral histories, and colonial office records, this article seeks to contribute perspectives on an aspect of Singapore's social history that remains largely unexplored.

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Gupta, Anthea Fraser. "Nirmala Srirekam PuruShotam, Negotiating language, constructing race: Disciplining difference in Singapore. (Contributions to the sociology of language, 79.) Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1998. Pp. viii, 294. Hb DM 178.00." Language in Society 29, no. 2 (April 2000): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500352046.

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Singapore has been much discussed as a highly developed, multilingual, multicultural city-state with a clearly articulated language policy, implemented by a strong government as part of its efforts at social engineering. Singapore's policies are variously derided and praised. Some of those who have written on the sociology of language in Singapore have reiterated government policy with little or no assessment of its meaning; thus one regularly reads that all children in Singapore receive education in English and in their mother tongue – a statement that cannot be understood without a grasp of what the concept “mother tongue” means in Singapore's socio-political system. PuruShotam's book comes from a group of scholars who are working with a theoretically informed perspective on language and ethnicity, which questions terminologies and seeks to understand how notions like “race,” “mother tongue,” and “language” work as social constructs. In Singapore this approach has been especially associated with the sociologists Geoffrey Benjamin, Sharon Siddique, Chua Beng Huat, and PuruShotam herself.

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Waring, Peter, Azad Bali, and Chris Vas. "The fourth industrial revolution and labour market regulation in Singapore." Economic and Labour Relations Review 31, no. 3 (July 24, 2020): 347–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304620941272.

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The race to develop and implement autonomous systems and artificial intelligence has challenged the responsiveness of governments in many areas and none more so than in the domain of labour market policy. This article draws upon a large survey of Singaporean employees and managers (N = 332) conducted in 2019 to examine the extent and ways in which artificial intelligence and autonomous technologies have begun impacting workplaces in Singapore. Our conclusions reiterate the need for government intervention to facilitate broad-based participation in the productivity benefits of fourth industrial revolution technologies while also offering re-designed social safety nets and employment protections. JEL Codes: J88, K31, O38, M53

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Graham, Hugh Davis. "Race, History, and Policy: African Americans and Civil Rights Since 1964." Journal of Policy History 6, no. 1 (January 1994): 12–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600003614.

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Dwarfing all debates over civil rights policy and race relations during the three decades since 1964 has been the storm over affirmative action. Critics have argued that affirmative action in practice has meant requiring racial quotas, and hence practicing “reverse discrimination” against innocent (usually white male) third parties. This has been done, critics contend, in the name of a law, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, that explicitly prohibited racial preferences. Proponents have countered that racism is so deeply rooted in American culture and institutions that mere nondiscrimination will perpetuate the injustice of the past. There is abundant evidence to support both contentions. The purpose of this essay is not to weigh the evidence and determine which side is correct. Ultimately such profound disagreements are not resolvable by logic and evidence alone, because they hinge on divergent assumptions about human nature and the purpose and limits of government. My more modest goal in this essay is to use the insights of history to understand why civil rights policy evolved in this dual fashion following the breakthrough legislation of 1964–68, and to try to assess the consequences.

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Conklin, Michael. "Legality of Explicit Racial Discrimination in the Distribution of Lifesaving COVID-19 Treatments." Indiana Health Law Review 19, no. 2 (July 8, 2022): 315–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/26407.

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In 2021, the Federal Drug Administration released a statement advocating for race and ethnicity to be used in rationing lifesaving COVID-19 treatments. By January 2022, three states had implemented policies explicitly prioritizing treatments based on race, which resulted in multiple legal challenges. This Article analyzes the uphill battle such policies would face in an equal protection challenge. It also rebuts the attempt to analogize these policies to the legally acceptable practice of racial preferences in college admissions. Finally, nonlegal, pragmatic consequences are considered, such as how the policy risks disproportionately favoring the wealthy reduces trust in future government pronouncements regarding COVID-19, perpetuates harmful stereotypes about racial inferiority, breeds racial resentment, and causes unnecessary delays in treatment. The racially disparate outcomes from the COVID-19 pandemic illuminate numerous background factors that disadvantage minority groups. However, the implementation of racial preferences in lifesaving treatments is not the answer. As demonstrated in this Article, such policies spectacularly fail judicial scrutiny. Furthermore, the nonlegal, pragmatic considerations establish that such a policy does far more harm than good. These considerations are of paramount importance not only for the current COVID-19 crisis but also for future pandemics and the rationing of other limited medical resources, such as organ transplants and intensive care unit beds.

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Gotham, Kevin Fox. "Racialization and the State: The Housing Act of 1934 and the Creation of the Federal Housing Administration." Sociological Perspectives 43, no. 2 (June 2000): 291–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389798.

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Research examining the impact of corporate interests, state structures, and class contradictions on the state policy formation process has been dominated by three major theoretical perspectives: business dominance theory, state-centered theory, and Marxian structuralism. I argue that these existing perspectives pay insufficient attention to race and racial discrimination as a central component in the formulation and implementation of state policy. This article uses the concept of racialization to reframe existing theories of the state to explain the origin of the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) through the Housing Act of 1934. As an integral component of New Deal legislation, the FHA was created for the purpose of salvaging the home building and finance industries that had collapsed during the Great Depression. I draw on government housing reports and analyses, real estate industry documents, and congressional testimony to examine the racial dynamic of the FHA's housing policies and subsidies. The analysis demonstrates the value of employing a racialization framework to account for the racial motivations surrounding the origin of state policies, the racial basis of corporate interests, and the impact of race and racial discrimination on the creation and development of state structures.

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Jinabhai, Champak C., Hoosen M. Coovadia, and Salim S. Abdool-Karim. "Socio-Medical Indicators of Health in South Africa." International Journal of Health Services 16, no. 1 (January 1986): 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/jtnm-2d1h-8tk8-63dv.

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Socio-medical indicators developed by WHO for monitoring progress towards Health-for-All have been adapted to reveal, clearly and objectively, the devastating impact of state planning based on an outmoded immoral and unscientific philosophy of race superiority in South Africa on the health of the disenfranchised majority within the context of social and economic discrimination; Health policy indicators confirm that the government is committed to three options (Bantustans, A New Constitution, and A Health Services Facilities Plan) all of which are inconsistent with the attainment of Health-for-All; Social and economic indicators reveal gross disparities between African, Coloured, Indian, and White living and working conditions; Provision of health care indicators show the overwhelming dominance of high technology curative medical care consuming about 97 percent of the health budget with only minor shifts towards community-based comprehensive care; and Health status indicators illustrate the close nexus between privilege, dispossession and disease with Whites falling prey to health problems related to affluence and lifestyle, while Africans, Coloureds, and Indians suffer from disease due to poverty. All four categories of the indicator system reveal discrepancies which exist between Black and White, rich and poor, urban and rural. To achieve the social goal of Health-for-All requires a greater measure of political commitment from the state. We conclude that it is debatable whether a system which maintains race discrimination and exploitation can in fact be adapted to provide Health-for-All.

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Di Taranto, Nicholas. "Phoenix and the Fight over the Papago-Inner Loop: Race, Class, and the Making of a Suburban Metropolis, 1969-1979." Journal of Urban History 45, no. 2 (June 16, 2017): 211–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144217711438.

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Few postwar cities grew as quickly as Phoenix, as suburban, pro-growth policies created a sprawling metropolitan area, but also problems like acute traffic congestion, which policymakers attempted to solve with an urban freeway. The Papago Freeway revolt highlights that transportation policy, like other aspects of suburbanization, had deep roots in intentional and incidental race and class discrimination at all levels of government and private decisions. Moreover, the debate reveals the changing relationship between the federal government and cities under President Nixon and the incendiary political, social, and cultural forces fracturing metropolitan America. The revolt led to design changes that mitigated some of the negative impacts of the freeway, but the Papago still resulted in inequitable outcomes for minorities and low-income populations in the inner city. Most important, it shows that ignoring historical inequities in policy decisions runs the risk of continuing or, worse, exacerbating them.

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Glazer, Nathan. "THIRTY YEARS WITH AFFIRMATIVE ACTION." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 2, no. 1 (March 2005): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x05050022.

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Affirmative Discrimination: Ethnic Inequality and Public Policy(1975) criticized government policies requiring goals and timetables from federal contractors in order to implement affirmative action, arguing that this opposed the clear language of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 aiming at a color-blind society, was unnecessary, and threatened a full-scale Balkanization in employment procedures. It also criticized school busing and nascent programs to require publicly supported housing to reach some statistical goal in proportions of Black and White. In time, the author changed his position, as indicated in the introduction to the 1987 edition ofAffirmative Discrimination. In particular, he saw the virtue and necessity of race preference in admission to institutions of higher education, recognizing the degree to which slavery and discrimination had placed blacks in a unique position of disadvantage, and the imperative for a democratic society to incorporate in its leading institutions all major elements of the population.

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Дисертації з теми "Race discrimination Government policy Singapore"

Ouali, Nouria. "Migration et accès au marché du: les effets émancipateurs sur la condition des femmes issues de l'immigration." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210479.

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La thèse a pour objet l'émancipation des femmes issues de l'immigration. Elle propose d'évaluer les effets de la migration et de l'accès au marché du travail sur l'émancipation des filles de migrantes d'origine marocaine en Belgique francophone.

L'étude tente d'abord de mettre en lumière le rôle des femmes immigrées dans l'histoire de la Belgique en le ré-articulant à l'histoire sociale, l'histoire des femmes et l'histoire de l'immigration. Ensuite, elle montre que l'approche dominante des travaux sur les migrations ne prend pas en compte la dimension du genre, ce qui a pour conséquence de masquer la différenciation des expériences migratoires selon le sexe. Enfin, elle replace l'analyse du statut des femmes immigrées et de leurs descendantes dans la complexité des rapports sociaux de sexe, de race et de classe afin de mieux rendre compte des réalités concrètes et de sortir du simplisme des approches culturalistes.

La thèse développe une analyse des politiques d'intégration (politiques éducative, de l'emploi et de lutte contre les discriminations) visant l'émancipation des immigrées et en évalue l'impact sur les filles de migrant-es d'origine marocaine. Elle présente enfin les trajectoires individuelles des filles de migrant.es marocain.es et examine les facteurs individuels et collectifs favorisant leur émancipation.

Doctorat en sciences sociales, Orientation sociologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Matizamhuka, Patience. "The link between racial prejudice and racial policy attitudes : a meta-analytic study." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3442.

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This meta-analytic study analyses the relationship between racial prejudice and racial policy attitudes. Specifically, it examines the effects of race attitudes (i.e., symbolic racism, oldfashioned racism, racial affect and stereotypes) on attitudes towards racial policies such as affirmative action, busing and fair housing laws, among others. Furthermore, the effects of specific policy types (i.e., preferential treatment, compensatory programmes, desegregation and general legal policies) on racial policy attitudes were also examined. Finally, as a matter of interest, a racial attitude by racial policy type interaction was also analysed. 28 studies (N = 187 191,216 effect sizes) were collected for analyses. Overall, results indicate that there is in fact a statistically significant correlation between race prejudice and racial policy attitudes. In terms of racial attitudes, all four dimensions of racial attitude types were significantly correlated with racial policy opinions, with symbolic racism presenting the strongest relationship. All four racial policy types were also significantly correlated with the four racial attitudes.
Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006

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Jubisa, Zingisa. "Constraints and enabling factors affecting the implementation of affirmative action in an industry that is globalising : a study of the Durban automotive cluster." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2690.

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This study investigates prevailing factors that impede the implementation of affirmative action in the Durban Automotive Cluster. This study will enable DAC affiliates to determine their obstacles and challenges with respect to the implementation of affirmative action. The service provider of the DAC CB and M Analysts) will also be able to advise companies through their development programmes and recommend what has to be done in order to bring blacks on board. This study relied on primary data. In-depth interviews were conducted with the senior managers ofDAC affiliates using unstructured questionnaires. Secondary data from the DAC database was analysed to strengthen the qualitative data. The data focused on the distribution of different population groups across the levels of occupations. The aim of the study is not to generalise about affirmative action but to obtain more in-depth clarity on the research problem. The findings have established that the pool of technically qualified and experienced blacks is very small and hence they are in short supply in the market. A number of factors such as direct ownership and low turnover of staff were raised as one of the aspects that hinder affirmative action. Constraints such as attitudes of white middle management appeared to have been addressed by these companies. The findings also clarified the role of human resources department in driving affirmative action. In most companies, the human resources department is part and parcel of management and actively involved in affirmative action. The study discovered that poaching also arises as a result of the shortage of skilled blacks. Retention of black employees is a problem for the majority of the companies. Despite these shortcomings, this study revealed that proper channels such as training, development and mentoring were followed for both internal and external recruits. This is being done to avoid window dressing. The other constraint of the affirmative action programme is government capacity. The key constraints to delivery are limited staff capacity, scarcity of human resources at governmental level; lack of coordination and integration with other spheres of national and provincial government labour departments and the lack of effective organizational, technical and managerial support for affirmative action. With respect to globalisation, the automotive sector is a dynamic and global sector which is changing fast due to technology and globalisation. As a result, the requirements of the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM's) who are competing globally were seen as a hindering factor to the realisation of affirmative action. In conclusion, the achievements of affirmative action programmes amongst DAC affiliates were very modest in relation to both national expectations and their own stated goals due to shortage of skills, family and direct ownership and poaching. Implementation has proved far more complex and resource demanding than originally anticipated.
Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2005.

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Seroka, Segopane Freddy. "Implementation of affirmative action in schools : a teacher's perspective." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8961.

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Книги з теми "Race discrimination Government policy Singapore"

1974-, Torr James D., ed. Race relations. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2005.

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Miller, Karen. Race relations. Detroit, MI: Greenhaven Press, 2011.

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Bhattachan, Krishna Bahadur. Jātīya Vibheda tathā Chūvachūta Aparādha Nigarānī Kendrako nirdeśikā: Guidelines of Untouchability Crime Wath Centre (UCWC). Kāṭhamāḍauṃ: Lyānkāu Nepāla, 2009.

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Bouamama, Saïd. Les discriminations racistes: Une arme de division massive. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2010.

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1965-, Winters Paul A., ed. Race relations: Opposing viewpoints. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.

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1960-, Williams Mary E., ed. Race relations: Opposing viewpoints. San Diego, Calif: Greenhaven Press, 2001.

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Erna, Appelt, and Jarosch Monika, eds. Combating racial discrimination: Affirmative action as a model for Europe. Oxford: Berg, 2000.

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M, Goering John, and Wienk Ronald E, eds. Mortgage lending, racial discrimination, and federal policy. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press, 1996.

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L' aide aux victimes de la discrimination ethnique. Paris: Harmattan, 2006.

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Ḥaddād, Muhannā Yūsuf. al- ʻUnṣurīyah fī al-fikrayn al-Gharbī wa-al-ʻArabī. Irbid, al-Urdun: Qudsīyah lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, 1991.

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Частини книг з теми "Race discrimination Government policy Singapore"

Clarke, Jessica. "A Public Policy Approach to Inequality." In Exponential Inequalities, 161—C9P50. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192872999.003.0009.

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Abstract This chapter discusses diverging legal and public policy definitions of equality in the United States and explains the implications of this divergence for addressing exponential inequalities such as those unleashed by the Covid-19 pandemic. Over the past several decades, an increasingly conservative US Supreme Court has narrowly construed the project of equality law. It has marginalized theories of indirect discrimination and narrowed the scope of permissible remedial programmes that identify beneficiaries based on race. It is generally sceptical of statistical evidence of discrimination. These developments have rendered US civil rights law ill-equipped to address the disparate effects of Covid-19 based on race, gender, and other social categories. But more capacious understandings of equality have continued to influence US policy-makers, acting through legislatures, government agencies, and non-governmental organizations. These more capacious understandings of equality have inspired data collection efforts to identify disparities, to explore the causes and consequences of these disparities, and to design interventions to mitigate them. To avoid legal challenge, interventions to mitigate disparities are crafted to avoid the perception of zero-sum conflict with majority group interests. Over the longer term, as public policy approaches to equality are proven effective, they may inform legal developments, hastening the demise of legal rules that are out of sync with new understandings of what equality demands.

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Blankenship, Anne M. "Epilogue." In Christianity, Social Justice, and the Japanese American Incarceration During World War II. University of North Carolina Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469629209.003.0007.

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The Japanese problem compel[led] the church to face other minority problems. —Executive Secretary Mark Dawber, Home Missions Council of North America Christian efforts to confront the incarceration of Japanese Americans revealed shifting attitudes about diversity within American Christianity, the role of race in America, and the limits to which religious institutions will comply with unjust government policy. Progressive Christian leaders addressed systematic and personal discrimination that rent the United States. Only Quakers and a few individuals actively opposed the incarceration from its inception. Joined by Roman Catholics and mainline Protestants, who eventually lobbied for its end, they organized campaigns to alleviate the crisis, educate white parishioners, and minister to incarcerated Christians. Japanese Americans responded to the incarceration and the mixed responses of churches by forming new theologies and negotiating compliance with directives made on their behalf....

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McBride, Spencer W. "Conclusion." In Joseph Smith for President, 207–14. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190909413.003.0017.

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The Conclusion of the book considers the extent to which Joseph Smith was correct that the states’ rights doctrine condoned mob violence against religious minorities and that the United States would never experience universal religious freedom without a federal government empowered to protect religious minorities. The Missouri militia’s invocation of the violent expulsion of Mormons from the state as their plan to expel abolitionists in the 1850s is examined as a telling example. Joseph Smith’s presidential campaign and its tragic end encapsulate the failure of nineteenth-century Americans to establish universal religious freedom. Many Americans championed states’ rights as a way to maintain race-based slavery in the Southern states, but few acknowledged that this philosophy also disadvantaged religious minority groups. The Conclusion also considers the role of systemic religious discrimination in federal policy for the management of Utah Territory and the multiple denied applications for Utah statehood.

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Earnshaw, Valerie A., Sari L. Reisner, Jaana Juvonen, Mark L. Hatzenbuehler, Jeff Perrotti, and Mark A. Schuster. "LGBTQ Bullying: Translating Research to Action in Pediatrics." In Pediatric Collections: LGBTQ+: Support and Care Part 1: Combatting Stigma and Discrimination, 60–69. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781610024730-lgbtq_bullying.

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Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) youth experience significant bullying that undermines their mental and physical health. National health organizations have called for the development of innovative strategies to address LGBTQ bullying. Pediatricians and other clinicians, medical and public health students, interdisciplinary researchers, government officials, school leaders, community members, parents, and youth from around the country came together at a national symposium entitled “LGBTQ Bullying: Translating Research to Action to Improve the Health of All Youth” in May 2016 to generate strategies to prevent LGBTQ bullying and meet the needs of LGBTQ youth experiencing bullying. This article describes key scientific findings on bullying, LGBTQ stigma, and LGBTQ bullying interventions that were shared at the symposium and provides recommendations for pediatricians to address LGBTQ bullying via clinical care, research, interventions, and policy. Symposium participants recommended that pediatricians engage in efforts to foster inclusive and affirming health care environments wherein LGBTQ youth feel comfortable discussing their identities and experiences, identify youth experiencing LGBTQ bullying, and prevent the negative health consequences of bullying among youth. Moreover, pediatricians can attend to how multiple identities (eg, sexual orientation, gender identity, race and/or ethnicity, disability, and others) shape youth experiences of bullying and expand intervention efforts to address LGBTQ bullying in health care settings. Pediatricians can further advocate for evidence-based, antibullying policies prohibiting bullying on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. Collaboration between pediatricians and diverse stakeholders can contribute to the development and implementation of lasting change in all forms of bullying, including LGBTQ bullying.

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