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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Psychological theories"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 20 лютого 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Psychological theories"

Drndarević, Nikola. "Psychological theories of aggression." Zbornik instituta za kriminološka i sociološka istraživanja XL, no. 2-3 (December 31, 2021): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.47152/ziksi202123026.

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This paper aimed to provide a short exposition of the main theories of aggression. The choice of the theories reflected, in part, the historical progression and rising complexity of the theories over time. A brief overview of the following theoretical perspectives on aggression was presented: Freud’s psychoanalytic theory; Lorenz’s ethological theory; Behaviorist theory; Frustration-aggression hypothesis; Cognitive neo-association theory; and Social learning theory. These theories are representatives of the traditional perspective, which posits that by piecing together fragments of data gained through research, we arrive at the truth about aggression. A radically different perspective was offered through the constructivist perspective, which argues that any theory is just one way of organizing the data. Drawing from personal construct theory, a different psychological perspective on aggression was proposed.

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Penlington, Chris, Monika Urbanek, and Sarah Barker. "Psychological Theories of Pain." Primary Dental Journal 7, no. 4 (May 2018): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/205016841800700407.

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While pain has traditionally been understood within a medical model that equates pain to tissue damage or disease, this understanding is not consistent with everyday observations of pain or with clinical examples of persistent pain where there is often very little correlation between pain experienced and physical findings. This article considers psychological and multidimensional theories of pain, which are described within the historical context within which they were developed, including behavioural, cognitive, contextual and functional theories. Research into the multifactorial nature of persistent pain has tended to focus on mechanisms of pain development and maintenance or on the function of pain. Psychological approaches, which have focused on mechanism traditionally use disability, mood and quality of life measures to assess outcome, claiming little or no impact on pain intensity itself. By contrast, functional approaches include an explicit goal of reducing pain intensity, which is therefore measured as a key treatment outcome. Strong evidence exists from a range of sources of the important contribution of psychological and social factors to the experience of pain. However, evidence is still lacking about the specific mechanisms of change that are targeted by biopsychosocial interventions and about what treatment approach is likely to work best for whom.

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Wernher, Iris, and Martin S. Lipsky. "Psychological theories of aging." Disease-a-Month 61, no. 11 (November 2015): 480–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2015.09.004.

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Turner, Kelly, and Amanda J. Lehning. "Psychological Theories of Poverty." Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 16, no. 1-2 (December 2007): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j137v16n01_05.

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Hernandez, Maria Y. "Psychological Theories of Immigration." Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 19, no. 6 (September 8, 2009): 713–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10911350902910898.

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King, Bryn. "Psychological Theories of Violence." Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 22, no. 5 (June 26, 2012): 553–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2011.598742.

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Nisha K P, Nisha K. P. "Understanding Psychological Theories and Etiology of Child Sexual Abuse." Paripex - Indian Journal Of Research 3, no. 8 (January 15, 2012): 166–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22501991/august2014/49.

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No authorship indicated. "Review of Entwicklungstheorien: Psychologische Theorien der Menschlichen Entwicklung (Developmental Theories: Psychological Theories of Human Development)." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 36, no. 2 (February 1991): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/029467.

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Earnest, William R. "Critical theories of psychological development." New Ideas in Psychology 10, no. 2 (July 1992): 261–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0732-118x(92)90036-y.

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Obersteiner, Andreas, Kristina Reiss, and Aiso Heinze. "Psychological Theories in Mathematics Education." Journal für Mathematik-Didaktik 39, no. 1 (March 26, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13138-018-0134-3.

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Дисертації з теми "Psychological theories"

Jolley, Daniel. "The social psychological consequences of conspiracy theories." Thesis, University of Kent, 2014. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/47912/.

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Conspiracy theories point accusing fingers at authorities, and offer alternatives to official explanations. Scholars have argued that in doing so, they may therefore subvert social systems and undermine confidence in established political, health and environmental positions. In this thesis we empirically put these arguments to the test. In four experiments, we found that exposure to conspiracy theories reduced people’s intention to engage in (a) the political system, (b) environmentally-friendly initiatives and (c) childhood vaccination (Chapters 2 and 3). Ironically however, instead of undermining the social status quo, we found in four experiments that conspiracy theories appear to bolster satisfaction with social systems. They appear to do so because they explain tragedies, disasters and social problems on the actions of destructive individuals and groups, rather than inherent flaws in society. By drawing attention away from the deeper limitations of social systems, conspiracy theories may therefore reduce, rather than increase, the likelihood of social and political change (Chapter 4). Finally, we found that once people have been exposed to conspiracy theories, the negative effects are difficult to attenuate. In two experiments we tested interventions based on counter-arguments (e.g., that vaccines are safe instead of harmful) and a pre-warning that detailed people’s tendency to rely on retracted information. However, both were found to be ineffective in improving intentions to vaccinate a fictional child (Chapter 5). Overall, the research outlined in this thesis highlights some of the potentially damaging consequences of conspiracy theories. This research opens up new avenues for enquiry and calls for ongoing investigations to address the growth of conspiracism in society.

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Kuntsi, Jonna Pauliina. "Psychological theories of hyperactivity : a behaviour genetic approach." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1318000/.

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This study was an attempt to combine two research literatures on hyperactivity: the behaviour genetic research and the studies testing psychological theories of hyperactivity. We obtained behavioural ratings from the teachers of 1316 twin pairs, aged 7-12, from the general population. For a subsample of 268 twin pairs we obtained ratings also from their parents. Forty-six hyperactive twin pairs (pairs in which at least one twin was pervasively hyperactive) and 47 control twin pairs were then assessed on tests relating to three theories of hyperactivity, those of response inhibition deficit, working memory impairment and delay aversion. Confirming previous findings, genetic factors accounted for 50-70% of the variance in hyperactivity when considered as a continuous dimension. There was also significant evidence of genetic effects on extreme hyperactivity, although the present group heritability estimates were somewhat lower than previous estimates. The hyperactive group performed worse than the control group on the delay aversion measure and some of the working memory tasks. Controlling for IQ removed the significant group differences on the working memory measures, however. Although there were no significant group differences on the inhibition variables, the inhibition measure, stop task, produced evidence of a pattern of responding that was strongly characteristic of hyperactivity: hyperactive children were variable in their speed, generally slow and inaccurate. This pattern of responding may indicate a non-optimal effort/activation state. To investigate the possibility that the cognitive impairments or task engagement factors associated with hyperactivity mediate the genetic effects on the condition, bivariate group heritability analyses were carried out. There was significant evidence of shared genetic effects only on extreme hyperactivity and the variability of speed. The findings are interpreted as supporting the state regulation theory of hyperactivity. Although delay aversion is a characteristic of hyperactivity, it seems to have an environmental rather than a genetic origin.

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Strang, Lynn Reglyn Marie. "Psychological impact on retirement : continuity theory vs. three competing theories /." Title page, contents and introduction only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PM/09pms897.pdf.

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Soyland, A. J. "Describing psychological objects : metaphor and rhetoric in theories of psychology." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240843.

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Davies, Philippa. "The use of psychological theories in clinical guideline implementation research." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401492.

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Clinical guidelines are a feature of any health care systems. They have the potential to improve clinical practice, but a well-developed evidence base to guide the choice of strategies to disseminate and implement guidelines is currently lacking. Psychology has produced theories that have been successful in explaining behaviour and behaviour change across circumstances. They help to explain how interventions to implement guidelines operate to change clinical practice (a form of behaviour), and the circumstances in which interventions may be effective. Aims: 1) To explore the theoretical base of dissemination and implementation strategies currently used in research studies; 2) To consider ways of using psychological theories in implementation research. Study 1: A review of theory use in a systematically selected sample of 235 studies of interventions to disseminate and implement guidelines. Studies were classified according to level and stage of theory use. Fifty-three studies (23%) were judged to have used theories, of which fourteen (6%) were explicitly theory-based. In the majority of cases theory was used to guide the choice or design of interventions. Study 2: The Theory of Planned Behaviour (The TPB) was used alongside a trial of an intervention to implement preventive health care practice among Canadian family physicians (n = 73). The TPB explained 54% and 34% of the variance in intentions to offer lifestyle counselling and screening tests respectively. Physicians possessed strong attitudes and intentions towards offering preventive procedures to patients but perceptions of control over the behaviours were lower. Use of the TPB to guide the choice, design and evaluation of interventions to change practice was considered. Conclusion: Psychological theories represent a useful tool for the development of effective interventions to implement clinical guidelines. More studies that make explicit use of theory are needed. Recommendations for the conduct of theory-based research are discussed.

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Roberts, Nicholas John. "Psychological and theological theories of addiction : towards an integrated study." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2015. http://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/psycholigical-and-theological-theories-of-addiction(86596529-358c-42d7-b420-4e01eca61d19).html.

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This thesis undertakes a study of human addictions, particularly drug and alcohol dependency, from the disciplines of psychology and theology, working towards an integrated study. In the first instance it sets out to understand the aetiology of addictive behaviour, as an important stage in the process of helping addicted people to overcome their substance dependency. Secondly, it aims to provide a well-researched and robust framework for the pastoral care of people who are addicted as part of the Christian Churches’ response to serious social problems both for individuals and families. It is argued that confusion about the aetiology of addiction, and how best to treat addicted people, contributes to the failure of many treatment modalities to provide effective long term relief. A new model for understanding addiction is proposed. This model begins in a different place: it argues that we would have a better understanding of addiction and how to treat it if we began by investigating human desires and aspirations, before attempting to understand why for some people desire for drugs becomes excessive or distorted. It is suggested in the final section of the thesis that, in line with Augustinian thought, all human longing has its roots in desire for God, even though people may not be aware that the ultimate goal of their quest is an experience of the divine. In the concluding discussion and conclusion, we suggest that this model has important contributions to make as a discrete element in the clinical care of addicts and in the area of pastoral and spiritual care whether in parishes or other institutions where pastoral care is provided. The new model is then related to existing models of pastoral care, and examples are given of how the model is currently being presented in training programmes for pastoral ministry.

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Blumen, Sheyla. "The development of cognitive abilities following the new outcomes of psychological theories." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 1997. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/101522.

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The most representative models of cognitive development following the new outcomes of psychological theories are presented. Then a brief analysis of the models in terms of six factors related to different areas in psychology and social sciences (importance of each stage, processes, knowledge, individual differences, context and limits in the cognitive development) is developed. Finally, an integration of the model developed by Sincoff and Sternberg (1989) is presented.
Se presentan los modelos más representativos del desarrollo cognitivo según los avances en las teorías psicológicas. Luego se realiza un breve análisis de los modelos en función a seis factores relacionados con diferentes áreas de la psicología y las ciencias sociales (importancia de cada etapa, procesos, conocimiento, diferencias individuales, contexto y limitaciones en el desarrollo cognitivo). Finalmente se presenta una propuesta de integración de los modelos actuales del desarrollo cognitivo desarrollado por Sincoff y Sternberg (1989)

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Adam, Carole. "Emotions : from psychological theories to logical formalization and implementation in BDI agent." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2007. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000513/.

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Cette thèse s'intéresse aux émotions, et plus particulièrement à leur formalisation logique. La première partie est consacrée à l'état de l'art, du point de vue de la psychologie (exposé d'un historique des théories des émotions) et de l'informatique (présentation d'agents émotionnels et de leurs applications). La deuxième partie est consacrée à la formalisation logique des émotions. Elle introduit le formalisme logique utilisé, expose et argumente les définitions formelles de vingt émotions, et démontre certaines de leurs propriétés. Enfin la troisième partie est consacrée aux applications pratiques de ce travail et aux perspectives de continuation. Un tel travail apporte plusieurs contributions : il offre à la communauté agent un modèle formel d'un grand ensemble d'émotions ; il montre l'intérêt des logiques BDI ; enfin il ouvre des perspectives de recherche sur la dynamique des émotions et leur influence sur le comportement des agents, un domaine encore peu exploré
This thesis is about emotions, and more particularly about their logical formalization. The first part is dedicated to the state of the art, from the point of view of both psychology (history of theories of emotions) and computer science (presentation of emotional agents and their applications). The second aprt is dedicated to the logical formalisation of emotions. It introduces our logical framework, exposes and argues the formal definitions of twenty emotions, and proves some of their properties. Finally the last part is dedicated to practical applications and continuation prospects of this work. Such a work offers interesting contributions: it offers to the agent community a formal model of a great number of emotions; it shows the interest of BDI logics; and it opens research prospects about the dynamics of emotions and their influence on the behaviour of agents, a field not much explored for now

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Adam, Carole Herzig Andréas. "Emotions from psychological theories to logical formalization and implementation in BDI agent /." Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2008. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000513.

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湯旭瑜。 and Yuk-yue Tong. "Information organization and storage: the role of implicit theories." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31221737.

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Книги з теми "Psychological theories"

1939-, Burke Peter J., ed. Contemporary social psychological theories. Stanford, Calif: Stanford Social Sciences, 2006.

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Mirilia, Bonnes, Bonaiuto Marino, and Lee Terence 1924-, eds. Psychological theories for environmental issues. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2003.

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E, Roeckelein Jon, ed. Elsevier's dictionary of psychological theories. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2006.

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Broughton, John M., ed. Critical Theories of Psychological Development. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9886-9.

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Broughton, John M. Critical Theories of Psychological Development. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987.

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A history of psychological theories. New York: Macmillan, 1988.

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Michele, Benjamin, and British Psychological Society, eds. PsiFi: Psychological theories and science fictions. Leicester, UK: British Psychological Society, 1987.

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1926-, Blane Howard T., and Leonard Kenneth E, eds. Psychological theories of drinking and alcoholism. New York: Guilford Press, 1987.

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Blane, Howard T. Psychological Theories of Drinking and Alcoholism. New York, USA: The Guilford Press, 1987.

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Consciousness: Philosophical, psychological, and neural theories. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

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Частини книг з теми "Psychological theories"

Nicolson, Paula, and Rowan Bayne. "Psychological theories." In Psychology for Social Work Theory and Practice, 11–37. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-42713-7_2.

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Tolman, Charles W. "Specific psychological theories." In Psychology, Society, and Subjectivity, 52–68. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315003443-6.

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Słysz, Anna. "Trait Theories." In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_3195-1.

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Słysz, Anna. "Trait Theories." In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 8217–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_3195.

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Lo, Herman Hay Ming. "Psychological and Clinical Theories." In Social Work Theory and Ethics, 1–21. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3059-0_2-1.

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DeHoff, Susan L. "Post-Freudian Psychological Theories." In Psychosis or Mystical Religious Experience?, 93–135. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68261-7_4.

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Clarke, Peter B., and Peter Byrne. "Psychological Theories of Religion." In Religion Defined and Explained, 173–203. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230374249_8.

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Penlington, Chris, Monika Urbanek, and Sarah Barker. "Psychological Theories of Pain." In BDJ Clinician’s Guides, 49–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86634-1_4.

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Scott, Adrian J. "Social and psychological theories." In Forensic Psychology, 23–37. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-36476-9_3.

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Lynch, Orla, and Carmel Joyce. "The Psychological Processes of Terrorism." In Theories of Terrorism, 3–33. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003026303-2.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Psychological theories"

Afandi, Ichlas Nanang. "Psychological Perspective Theories of Harmony of Ethno-Religious Group Relation." In 8th International Conference of Asian Association of Indigenous and Cultural Psychology (ICAAIP 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icaaip-17.2018.64.

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Placencia, Greg. "Psychological and Cultural Components Affecting Rail Worker Culture: A Literature Review." In 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5609.

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Developing and maintaining a healthy work environment is an important consideration to the rail industry. Several theories have been advanced to examine, understand, and influence how workers function and interact within their working environments. These include motivational theories such as Taylor’s Theory of Scientific Management and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, models of moral develop such as developed by Kohlberg and Gilligan, theories of personality types like Myers–Brigg and Keirsey, and the theory of cultural dimensions developed by Hofstede. Positive work environments can contribute to safe and efficient operations, while negative work environments almost inevitably degrade performance and increase the potential for injury and accidents. Therefore understanding and managing these elements properly can greatly contribute to better organizational outcomes. This paper will then examine the underlying role of human behavior as determined by these theories appear to have played in 5 incidents at Metro–North Railroad in 2013–2014.

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Beltaief, Olfa, Sameh El Hadouaj, and Khaled Ghedira. "Multi-agent simulation model of pedestrians crowd based on psychological theories." In 2011 4th International Conference on Logistics (LOGISTIQUA). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/logistiqua.2011.5939418.

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Bianco, Francesca, and Dimitri Ognibene. "From Psychological Intention Recognition Theories to Adaptive Theory of Mind for Robots." In HRI '20: ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3371382.3378364.

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Bergen, James R. "Theories of visual texture perception." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.thz2.

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The development of theories of visual texture perception is reviewed in the context of recent computational approaches. Visual texture is difficult to define precisely; one definition is that it is the visual phenomenon underlying the perception of the texture of surfaces of objects. There have been two major thrusts in thinking about texture segregation phenomena: one begins with the stimulus intensity distribution and the other with the perceptual entities that it contains. The history of the development of these two schools of thought can be described as a slow convergence toward an intermediate point. The former approach is characteristic of the work of L. A. Jones and other authors in the 1940s and early 1950s and of the early work of Bela Julesz and his various colleagues in the 1960s and early 1970s. The other approach is characteristic of the work of Jacob Beck and other perceptual psychological work on texture, which has its roots in the Gestalt theories of grouping and integration. The constructs used in recent computational work in texture modeling exist at a level somewhere between a simple description of image intensities and a true representation of meaningful perceptual objects.

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de Vreede, Triparna, and Roni Reiter-Palmon. "Introduction to the Social and Psychological Perspectives and Theories in Collaboration Research Minitrack." In 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2013.353.

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Faucher, Colette, and Malika Machtoune. "PSYMDEV, a System Intended for Assisting the Military Analyst to Construct Psychological Messages." In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100196.

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In asymmetric conflicts, the Armed Forces generally have to intervene in countries where the internal peace is in danger. They must make the local population an ally in order for them to be able to deploy the necessary military actions with its support. For this purpose, psychological operations (PSYOPS) are used to shape people’s behaviors and feelings by spreading out messages thanks to different media (tracts, loudspeakers, video clips, etc.). In this paper, we present PSYMDEV (PSYchological Message DEViser), a system that helps the military analyst to construct messages that trigger specific feelings in members of the population selected by social criteria like age or political opinion and called the info-targets. Given such a sociocultural group and a feeling that the latter must feel, the system provides a twofold-situation that consists of, on the one hand, a categorization-situation meant to induce a positive or negative initial state of mind in the info-targets depending on the type of feeling to be triggered through a psychological mechanism inspired by theories stemming from Social Psychology and an action-situation aiming at effectively triggering the specific feeling through a psychological process explained by the Intergroup Emotion Theory, an extension of the Appraisal Theory of Emotions. These situations are illustrated by means of images or a film or some auditive elements, thanks to adapted media generally used by the military like tracts or video clips, for example. Therefore, the twofold-situation gives birth to a psychological message intended to trigger a feeling. After presenting the theories underlying the system and its overall structure and functioning, we more specifically focus on the conception of a categorization-situation.

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Wang, Guibao, Liansheng Sun, Haiqing Li, and Hong-Zhong Huang. "Psychological Information Entropy and Its Applications to Reliability Engineering." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87006.

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In general, information contains both of the physical attributes and the psychological attributes. For these two kind attributes of information, this paper discussed the incompleteness of the axioms system of the current information entropy theories. It is necessary to add the condition of boundedness to the axioms system when it is used to measure the uncertainty of psychological information. A new family of information entropy using a convex-concave function is introduced for satisfying the psychological attributes of information. And based on the psychological information entropy function, the divergence measures between two probability distributions of psychological information defined as Wang-Huang divergences are formulated. For the boundedness attributes of the psychological information entropy function and not requiring the condition of absolute continuity to be satisfied by the probability distributions involved, Wang-Huang divergences are totally different with the Kullback-Leiber divergences. The new measures are well characterized by the properties of non-negativity, finiteness. More importantly, their close relationship with the variation and the probability of misclassification error are established in terms of bounds illustrated in numerical examples. These bounds are crucial in many applications of divergence measures such as in the quality and reliability engineering applications.

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de Vreede, Triparna, and Roni Reiter-Palmon. "Introduction to the Social and Psychological Perspectives and Theories in Collaboration and Communication Technology Research Minitrack." In 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2012.377.

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"UNDERSTANDING USERS' UX NEEDS THROUGH THE LENSES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS THEORIES: USERS' EXPECTATIONS AND FELT EXPERIENCES." In 16th International Conference on Interfaces and Human Computer Interaction 2022 and 15th International Conference on Game and Entertainment Technologies 2022. IADIS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33965/ihci_get2022_202205l010.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Psychological theories"

Великодна, Мар’яна Сергіївна. Psychoanalytic Study on Psychological Features of Young Men «Millionaires» in Modern Provincial Ukraine. Theory and Practice of Modern Psychology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3873.

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The article is based on three cases of private psychoanalytic work with successful businessmen from central and northern parts of Ukraine. The research methodology was psychoanalytic theories devoted to the unconscious meanings of money and the role of money in the psychoanalytic setting, including object theory, drive theory, psychosexual development theory, narcissism theory, Oedipus complex, transference and resistance. What presents the interest of this study are the cases when those who grew up in poverty finally obtains such a desired object — money, wealth, however, something unconscious hinders this person to get satisfied by it and even to admit obtaining it. The presented clinical work was conducted as classic psychoanalysis in person with different duration: 5, 10 and 46 months. Men were asked to tell whatever comes to mind: thoughts, memories, dreams, phantasies, feelings etc. The role of psychoanalyst was to hear specific connections between patient’s stories and to analyze them together with the patient. The cases presented highlight several psychological features of young men «millionaires» who suffer from their own success. 1. Sensitivity to Father’s (real or symbolic) acceptance of their business and financial success. 2. Activation of unconscious Oedipus complex and Complex of castration because of the risk to dethrone the Father in reality, with experiences of guilt, fear and expectation of punishment. 3. Projection of their own envy, hate, wish to avenge and killing phantasies into external objects (friends, partners, psychoanalyst) with building individual defensive strategies from them. These psychological features were associated not only with suffering and psychopathological symptoms but also with impossibility to continue business development. In addition, the cases analyzed in the article show some difficulties in building business connected with the generations gap. Fathers from the USSR or the 90s teach their sons to act in the way that is not relevant for successful careers nowadays. This latent or manifested struggle between generations may be an important factor in abovementioned psychological features.

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Hillestad, Torgeir Martin. The Metapsychology of Evil: Main Theoretical Perspectives Causes, Consequences and Critique. University of Stavanger, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.224.

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The purpose of this text or dissertation is to throw some basic light on a fundamental problem concerning manhood, namely the question of evil, its main sources, dynamics and importance for human attitudes and behaviour. The perspective behind the analysis itself is that of psychology. Somebody, or many, may feel at bit nervous by the word “evil” itself. It may very well be seen as too connected to religion, myth and even superstition. Yet those who are motivated to lose oneself in the subject retain a deep interest in human destructiveness, malevolence and hate, significant themes pointing at threatening prospects for mankind. The text is organized or divided into four main ordinary chapters, the three first of them organized or divided into continuous and numbered sections. A crucial point or question is of cause how to define evil itself. It can of cause be done both intentional, instrumental and by consequence. Other theorists however have stated that the concept of evil exclusively rests on a myth originated in the Judean-Christian conception of Satan and ultimate evil. This last argument presupposes evil itself as non-existent in the real rational world. It seems however a fact that most people attach certain basic meaning to the concept, mainly that it represents ultimately bad and terrible actions and behaviour directed toward common people for the purpose of bringing upon them ultimate pain and suffer. However, there is no room for essentialism here, meaning that we simply can look “inside” some original matter to get to know what it “really” is. Rather, a phenomenon gets its identity from the constituted meaning operating within a certain human communities and contexts loaded with intentionality and inter-subjective meaning. As mentioned above, the concept of evil can be interpreted both instrumental and intentional, the first being the broadest of them. Here evil stands for behaviour and human deeds having terrifying or fatal consequences for subjects and people or in general, regardless of the intentions behind. The intentional interpretation however, links the concept to certain predispositions, characteristics and even strong motives in subjects, groups and sometimes political systems and nations. I will keep in mind and clear the way for both these perspectives for the discussion in prospect. This essay represents a psychological perspective on evil, but makes it clear that a more or less complete account of such a psychological view also should include a thorough understanding or integration of some basic social and even biological assumptions. However, I consider a social psychological position of significant importance, especially because in my opinion it represents some sort of coordination of knowledge and theoretical perspectives inherent in the subject or problem itself, the main task here being to integrate perspectives of a psychological as well as social and biological kind. Since humans are essential social creatures, the way itself to present knowledge concerning the human condition, must be social of some sort and kind, however not referring to some kind of reductionism where social models of explanation possess or holds monopoly. Social and social psychological perspectives itself represents parts of the whole matter regarding understanding and explanation of human evil. The fact that humans present, or has to represent themselves as humans among other humans, means that basically a social language is required both to explain and describe human manners and ways of being. This then truly represents its own way or, more correctly, level or standard of explanation, which makes social psychology some sort of significant, though not sufficient. More substantial, the vision itself of integrating different ontological and theoretical levels and objects of science for the purpose of manifesting or make real a full-fledged psychological perspective on evil, should be considered or characterized a meta-psychological perspective. The text is partially constructed as a review of existing theories and theorists concerning the matter of evil and logically associated themes such as violence, mass murder, genocide, antisocial behaviour in general, aggression, hate and cruelty. However, the demands of making a theoretical distinction between these themes, although connected, is stressed. Above all, an integral perspective combining different scientific disciplines is aimed at.

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