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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Proteins alternatives"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Proteins alternatives"

Circus, Victoria Emma, and Rosie Robison. "Exploring perceptions of sustainable proteins and meat attachment." British Food Journal 121, no. 2 (February 4, 2019): 533–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-01-2018-0025.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore consumer perceptions of more sustainable protein alternatives to conventional meat. Design/methodology/approach A mixed method design of interviews and an online survey identified key drivers and barriers to the consumption of laboratory-grown meat, edible insects and plant-based meat substitutes, with meat attachment accounted for in analyses. Differences between personal preference and perceptions of alternative proteins’ role in addressing global environmental concerns were also explored. Findings Findings indicated that plant-based substitutes were favoured for personal consumption for moral and ethical reasons and edible insects were least favoured due to aversion. Meat attachment was significantly associated with personal willingness to consume alternative proteins in each of the three cases. Results challenged previous research that had proposed that when considering the effectiveness of certain alternatives in addressing global environmental issues, people may advocate them but not want to consume them personally. Results imply that the congruity of these perceptions is more complex. Research limitations/implications Avenues for future research, including applications for exploring tailored marketing are suggested based on the preliminary findings of this study. Originality/value This study asked consumers to consider three alternative proteins alongside one another for the first time, exploring how meat attachment is associated with perceptions and quantifying the congruity of consumers’ personal perceptions and global perceptions of these alternative proteins.

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Lynch, Thomas J. "Biotechnology: alternatives to human plasma-derived therapeutic proteins." Best Practice & Research Clinical Haematology 13, no. 4 (December 2000): 669–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/beha.2000.0100.

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de Koning, Wim, David Dean, Frank Vriesekoop, Luis Kluwe Aguiar, Martin Anderson, Philippe Mongondry, Mark Oppong-Gyamfi, et al. "Drivers and Inhibitors in the Acceptance of Meat Alternatives: The Case of Plant and Insect-Based Proteins." Foods 9, no. 9 (September 14, 2020): 1292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9091292.

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Insects as an alternative protein source has gained traction for its advantageous environmental impact. Despite being part of many traditional food cultures, insects remain a novelty in Western cultures and a challenging concept for many. Even though plant-based protein alternatives are not facing the same barriers, product unfamiliarity and limited exposure hinder adoption, which could be detrimental to growth within the food sector. This study is aimed at evaluating plant- and insect-based proteins as alternative dietary proteins. A model indicating the drivers of consumer attitudes towards meat-alternative proteins and consumer willingness to try, buy, and pay a premium was tested. Further, 3091 responses were collected using surveys in nine countries: China, USA, France, UK, New Zealand, Netherlands, Brazil, Spain, and the Dominican Republic. Structural Equation Modelling was used to analyze the data. We found that consumer’s behavioral intentions towards both plant-based and insect-based alternatives are inhibited by food neophobia but to an extent, are amplified by the perceived suitability and benefits of the protein, which in turn are driven by nutritional importance, environmental impact, healthiness, and sensory attributes for both alternatives. The expectation of the nutritional value of meat is the strongest (negative) influence on perceived suitability/benefits of plant-based protein and willingness to try, buy, and pay more for plant-based proteins, but it only has a relatively small impact on the suitability/benefits of insect-based protein and no impact on willingness to try, buy, and pay more for insect-based proteins. Overall, we conclude that consumer adoption towards meat alternatives is complex and is strengthened by the perceived suitability/benefits of the protein and general importance of perceived food healthiness and sustainability. Conversely, adoption is hindered by dietary factors and the experiential importance of meat and food neophobia.

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Jordan, Bertrand. "Bases alternatives et organismes synthétiques." médecine/sciences 34, no. 2 (February 2018): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/20183402017.

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Alternative bases that can fit into the DNA double helix have now been used in vivo to direct the synthesis of proteins incorporating unnatural amino acids. This bioengineering feat is significant at both the conceptual and the practical levels

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Tso, Rachel, Amanda JiaYing Lim, and Ciarán G. Forde. "A Critical Appraisal of the Evidence Supporting Consumer Motivations for Alternative Proteins." Foods 10, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10010024.

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Alternative proteins are receiving increased global attention. This burgeoning interest in plants (especially plant-based meat alternatives), insects, algae, and cultured meat has been attributed to their reported health benefits, lower environmental impact and improved animal welfare compared to conventional animal-based meat. Food producers and the media are promoting acceptance of these products, claiming superior nutritional, environmental and ethical credentials and a desirable novel sensory experience. However, the evidence supporting these claims remains unclear. In this review, we summarise the main evidence underlying the nutritional, sensorial, economical, ethical, and environmental reasons reported for the rise in consumer demand for alternative proteins. We found many of these reasons to lack a strong evidence base. For instance, evidence is emerging for the nutritional benefits of plant-based meat alternatives, but present claims are largely based on established evidence for plant-based diets. Significant research gaps remain, especially longitudinal evidence on the sustained effects of replacing conventional animal-based proteins with alternative sources. For many alternative proteins, challenges exist in achieving desirable sensory properties akin to animal-based meat to promote their acceptance by consumers. Overall, fundamental shifts in the food system are required to create a culture in which healthful and sustainable food choices are the norm.

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Bode, Tom, Kai Höltje, Sara Leal-Marin, Marc Müller, and Birgit Glasmacher. "Evaluation and Implementation of Biocompatible Methods for the Cross-linking of Plasma Proteins." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2021-2048.

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Abstract Autologous plasma proteins can be used to fabricate patient specific cardiovascular implants but need to be cross-linked to increase their mechanical strength and reduce water solubility. Glutaraldehyde is the state-of-the-art solution but its reaction products have been shown to be cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory. In this work, it has been shown, that cross-linking of plasma proteins with biocompatible alternatives to glutaraldehyde is possible. This was achieved by identifying four candidate substances (thrombin, transglutaminase, genipin, EDC) from current literature and investigating their ability to cross-link porcine plasma proteins in vitro. The degree of crosslinking was examined using calorimetric (DSC) and spectroscopic (FTIR, Raman) methods, mapping the influence of cross-linking on the denaturation temperature and primary amino-group content of the proteins. It could be shown that thrombin, genipin and EDC are able to cross-link plasma proteins to a satisfactory degree and thus represent useful alternatives to glutaraldehyde. Transglutaminase, on the other hand, could not sufficiently cross-link the plasma proteins and was therefore ruled out as an alternative.

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Ranly, D. M., D. Horn, and T. Zislis. "The Effect of Alternatives to Formocresol on Antigenicity of Proteins." Journal of Dental Research 64, no. 10 (October 1985): 1225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345850640101001.

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Mamajanov, Irena, Michael P. Callahan, Jason P. Dworkin, and George D. Cody. "Prebiotic Alternatives to Proteins: Structure and Function of Hyperbranched Polyesters." Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres 45, no. 1-2 (May 20, 2015): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11084-015-9430-9.

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Jenkins, Timothy, Thomas Fryer, Rasmus Dehli, Jonas Jürgensen, Albert Fuglsang-Madsen, Sofie Føns, and Andreas Laustsen. "Toxin Neutralization Using Alternative Binding Proteins." Toxins 11, no. 1 (January 17, 2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11010053.

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Animal toxins present a major threat to human health worldwide, predominantly through snakebite envenomings, which are responsible for over 100,000 deaths each year. To date, the only available treatment against snakebite envenoming is plasma-derived antivenom. However, despite being key to limiting morbidity and mortality among snakebite victims, current antivenoms suffer from several drawbacks, such as immunogenicity and high cost of production. Consequently, avenues for improving envenoming therapy, such as the discovery of toxin-sequestering monoclonal antibodies against medically important target toxins through phage display selection, are being explored. However, alternative binding protein scaffolds that exhibit certain advantages compared to the well-known immunoglobulin G scaffold, including high stability under harsh conditions and low cost of production, may pose as possible low-cost alternatives to antibody-based therapeutics. There is now a plethora of alternative binding protein scaffolds, ranging from antibody derivatives (e.g., nanobodies), through rationally designed derivatives of other human proteins (e.g., DARPins), to derivatives of non-human proteins (e.g., affibodies), all exhibiting different biochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles. Undeniably, the high level of engineerability and potentially low cost of production, associated with many alternative protein scaffolds, present an exciting possibility for the future of snakebite therapeutics and merit thorough investigation. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the different types of binding protein scaffolds is provided together with a discussion on their relevance as potential modalities for use as next-generation antivenoms.

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Zhang, Changtai, Xin Guan, Shiqin Yu, Jingwen Zhou, and Jian Chen. "Production of meat alternatives using live cells, cultures and plant proteins." Current Opinion in Food Science 43 (February 2022): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2021.11.002.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Proteins alternatives"

Dehouck, Yves. "Développement de potentiels statistiques pour l'étude in silico de protéines et analyse de structurations alternatives." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211040.

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Cette thèse se place dans le cadre de l'étude in silico, c'est-à-dire assistée par ordinateur, des liens qui unissent la séquence d'une protéine à la (ou aux) structure(s) tri-dimensionnelle(s) qu'elle adopte. Le décryptage de ces liens présente de nombreuses applications dans divers domaines et constitue sans doute l'une des problématiques les plus fascinantes de la recherche en biologie moléculaire.

Le premier aspect de notre travail concerne le développement de potentiels statistiques dérivés de bases de données de protéines dont les structures sont connues. Ces potentiels présentent plusieurs avantages: ils peuvent être aisément adaptés à des représentations structurales simplifiées, et permettent de définir un nombre limité de fonctions énergétiques qui incarnent l'ensemble complexe d'interactions gouvernant la structure et la stabilité des protéines, et qui incluent également certaines contributions entropiques. Cependant, leur signification physique reste assez nébuleuse, car l'impact des diverses hypothèses nécessaires à leur dérivation est loin d'être clairement établi. Nous nous sommes attachés à l'étude de certaines limitations des ces potentiels: leur dépendance en la taille des protéines incluses dans la base de données, la non-additivité des termes de potentiels, et l'importance souvent négligée de l'environnement protéique spécifique ressenti par chaque résidu. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence que l'influence de la taille des protéines de la base de données sur les potentiels de distance entre résidus est spécifique à chaque paire d'acides aminés, peut être relativement importante, et résulte essentiellement de la répartition inhomogène des résidus hydrophobes et hydrophiles entre le coeur et la surface des protéines. Ces résultats ont guidé la mise au point de fonctions correctives qui permettent de tenir compte de cette influence lors de la dérivation des potentiels. Par ailleurs, la définition d'une procédure générale de dérivation de potentiels et de termes de couplage a rendu possible la création d'une fonction énergétique qui tient compte simultanément de plusieurs descripteurs de séquence et de structure (la nature des résidus, leurs conformations, leurs accessibilités au solvant, ainsi que les distances qui les séparent dans l'espace et le long de la séquence). Cette fonction énergétique présente des performances nettement améliorées par rapport aux potentiels originaux, et par rapport à d'autres potentiels décrits dans la littérature.

Le deuxième aspect de notre travail concerne l'application de programmes basés sur des potentiels statistiques à l'étude de protéines qui adoptent des structures alternatives. La permutation de domaines est un phénomène qui affecte diverses protéines et qui implique la génération d'un oligomère suite à l'échange de fragments structuraux entre monomères identiques. Nos résultats suggèrent que la présence de "faiblesses structurales", c'est-à-dire de régions qui ne sont pas optimales vis-à-vis de la stabilité de la structure native ou qui présentent une préférence marquée pour une conformation non-native en absence d'interactions tertiaires, est intimement liée aux mécanismes de permutation. Nous avons également mis en évidence l'importance des interactions de type cation-{pi}, qui sont fréquemment observées dans certaines zones clés de la permutation. Finalement, nous avons sélectionné un ensemble de mutations susceptibles de modifier sensiblement la propension de diverses protéines à permuter. L'étude expérimentale de ces mutations devrait permettre de valider, ou de raffiner, les hypothèses que nous avons proposées quant au rôle joué par les faiblesses structurales et les interactions de type cation-{pi}. Nous avons également analysé une autre protéine soumise à d'importants réarrangements conformationnels: l'{alpha}1-antitrypsine. Dans le cas de cette protéine, les modifications structurales sont indispensables à l'exécution de l'activité biologique normale, mais peuvent sous certaines conditions mener à la formation de polymères insolubles et au développement de maladies. Afin de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes responsables de la polymérisation, nous avons cherché à concevoir rationnellement des protéines mutantes qui présentent une propension à polymériser contrôlée. Des tests expérimentaux ont été réalisés par le groupe australien du Professeur S.P. Bottomley, et ont permis de valider nos prédictions de manière assez remarquable.

The work presented in this thesis concerns the computational study of the relationships between the sequence of a protein and its three-dimensional structure(s). The unravelling of these relationships has many applications in different domains and is probably one of the most fascinating issues in molecular biology.

The first part of our work is devoted to the development of statistical potentials derived from databases of known protein structures. These potentials allow to define a limited number of energetic functions embodying the complex ensemble of interactions that rule protein folding and stability (including some entropic contributions), and can be easily adapted to simplified representations of protein structures. However, their physical meaning remains unclear since several hypotheses and approximations are necessary, whose impact is far from clearly understood. We studied some of the limitations of these potentials: their dependence on the size of the proteins included in the database, the non-additivity of the different potential terms, and the importance of the specific environment of each residue. Our results show that residue-based distance potentials are affected by the size of the database proteins, and that this effect can be quite strong, is residue-specific, and seems to result mostly from the inhomogeneous partition of hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues between the surface and the core of proteins. On the basis of these observations, we defined a set of corrective functions in order to take protein size into account while deriving the potentials. On the other hand, we developed a general procedure of derivation of potentials and coupling terms and consequently created an energetic function describing the correlations between several sequence and structure descriptors (the nature of each residue, the conformation of its main chain, its solvent accessibility, and the distances that separate it from other residues, in space and along the sequence). This energetic function presents a strongly improved predictive power, in comparison with the original potentials and with other potentials described in the literature.

The second part describes the application of different programs, based on statistical potentials, to the study of proteins that adopt alternative structures. Domain swapping involves the exchange of a structural element between identical proteins, and leads to the generation of an oligomeric unit. We showed that the presence of “structural weaknesses”, regions that are not optimal with respect to the folding mechanisms or to the stability of the native structure, seems to be intimately linked with the swapping mechanisms. In addition, cation-{pi} interactions were frequently detected in some key locations and might also play an important role. Finally, we designed a set of mutations that are likely to affect the swapping propensities of different proteins. The experimental study of these mutations should allow to validate, or refine, our hypotheses concerning the importance of structural weaknesses and cation-{pi} interactions. We also analysed another protein that undergoes large conformational changes: {alpha}1-antitrypsin. In this case, the structural modifications are necessary to the proper execution of the biological activity. However, under certain circumstances, they lead to the formation of insoluble polymers and the development of diseases. With the aim of reaching a better understanding of the mechanisms that are responsible for this polymerisation, we tried to design mutant proteins that display a controlled polymerisation propensity. An experimental study of these mutants was conducted by the group of Prof. S.P. Bottomley, and remarkably confirmed our predictions.

Doctorat en sciences appliquées
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Guellouz, Asma. "Création par évolution dirigée de protéines artificielles en alternatives aux anticorps." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00767675.

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Les travaux décrits dans ce mémoire ont pour objectif d'une part le développementd'une nouvelle famille de protéines artificielles et d'autre part la création de nouveaux sitesde fixation spécifiques dans ces protéines. L'objectif général était de développer une approchegénérale permettant d'obtenir rapidement des protéines reconnaissant toute macromoléculecible choisie. On peut voir ces protéines artificielles spécifiques comme des sortes d'anticorpsartificiels pour leur spécificité et leur affinité mais dont les propriétés physiques : stabilité,solubilité, efficacité d'expression, insensibilité à l'agrégation sont nettement plus favorablesque celles des anticorps et de leur dérivés.Le premier chapitre, présente la conception et la construction d'une bibliothèque deprotéines artificielles dite de première génération où les protéines sont formées par larépétition d'un motif idéalisé à partir d'une famille de motifs naturels appelés HEAT repeats.Toutes les protéines de la bibliothèque, dénommées αRep, sont conçues pour avoir la mêmearchitecture générale mais diffèrent les unes des autres par le nombre de motifs et par laséquence dans certaines positions rendues variables au sein de chaque motif. Cette banquenous a permis de valider l'architecture αRep choisie : Les protéines s'expriment sous formesoluble, sont très stables et adoptent la structure secondaire et tertiaire attendue quel que soitla séquence des positions hypervariables. Le second chapitre présente alors les approchessuivies pour l'amélioration de la qualité et de la diversité de la bibliothèque et a conduit à laconstruction d'une bibliothèque d'αRep de deuxième génération. Cette dernière bibliothèque(2 .1) repose sur le même schéma général mais contient une diversité ayant été optimiséelors de la conception puis améliorée expérimentalement par une procédure dite deFiltration/shuffling. Cette bibliothèque très diverse (1.7*109 clones indépendants) a été alorsexploitée pour y rechercher, par des méthodes d'exposition sur phages, de nouvelles αRepreconnaissant des protéines cibles préalablement choisies. L'ensemble des résultats montretrès clairement que des αRep reconnaissant spécifiquement, avec une affinité élevée, desprotéines cibles choisies arbitrairement peuvent être effectivement obtenues. Les structurestridimensionnelles de plusieurs complexes formés entre les αRep et leur cible a été résoluepermet de comprendre la nature et l'organisation précise de ces capacités de reconnaissancemoléculaire nouvellement créées.

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Bysell, Lisa. "Vegetariska alternativ till kött i svenska livsmedelsbutiker : En fallstudie om utbud, hinder och drivkrafter." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-196683.

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A study of European households found that Food and drink causes a fourth of the total various environmental impacts. Globally does the food sector account for 22 % of all the greenhouse gas emissions. The climate impact from different foods do however vary significantly, and meat products does generally cause higher greenhouse gas emissions than plant-based foods. A reduction of the meat consumption is suggested by many researchers as one of the most important measures in order to move towards a more sustainable food consumption and production. The grocery retailers have an important role as gatekeepers between the consumer and the products, and the aim of this thesis is to study a transition towards a larger range and increased sales of plant-based protein alternatives to meat from the retailers’ perspective. It does so by attempting to identify drivers and barriers from their point of view. Data was collected through interviews with representatives for the largest retailer groups (n=3) and interviews with store managers (n=8) as well as by examining the product range in the stores (n=10). Grocery stores were located in two different cities; the district Södermalm in central Stockholm and Östersund, a mid-sized town in the Northern parts of Sweden. The results from the interviews showed an increase in the range as well as the sales of vegetarian products at all the participating retailers and stores, and all the interviewees believed that this will continue to increase even further in the future. Flexitarians and young people stands out as the main groups of consumers who buy these products and thus lies behind this increase. What drives the consumers has been identified as an increased awareness, an improved product range and media attention. From the retailers’ perspective it is also now considered a competitive advantage to offer an attractive range of these products. Price has been identified as one of the main barriers for a future expansion of the sales these vegetarian alternatives, but several of the participants also believed that a lot of people are not at all interested in lowering their meat consumption which would be a central obstacle to overcome to get a wide spread in society as a whole. Even if the products have improved recently they may still not be attractive enough to be considered as an alternative for all consumers. The findings also indicate that there is a relatively small difference between the two participating cities, with the main exception that the stores at Södermalm in general offers more perishable vegetarian alternatives than the stores in Östersund does. The most significant differences, regarding product range, was found within ICA (Sweden’s largest food retailer) where the stores are privately owned and the store managers can choose assortment which differs from the other two large retailers Axfood and Coop where it is centrally controlled. The representatives from the retailer groups had rather different views on their ownrole in the development of the vegetarian alternatives but also on what future measures they believed are needed for a future development and impact. This has consequences for the consumers as the range differs to a large degree, to some extent between the different retailer groups, but mainly within the largest one (ICA). The results from this study cannot be generalised, but may provide new insights to a perspective that seems to not have been studied before and might constitute a point of departure for future research.
Mat och dryck står för ungefär en fjärdedel av vår miljö- och klimatpåverkan och globalt står livsmedelssektorn för 22 % av alla växthusgasutsläpp. Klimatpåverkan varierar dock kraftigt mellan olika typer av livsmedel och generellt sett är utsläppen från kött flera gånger större än för vegetabiliska livsmedel. Att minska köttkonsumtionen och övergå till mer vegetabiliska proteiner anses vara en av de viktigaste åtgärderna för att nå en mer hållbar matkonsumtion. Som länken mellan varan och konsumenten har dagligvaruhandeln en viktig roll för att förutsättningarna ska finnas på plats. Den här studien syftar till att undersöka handelns syn på utvecklingen av en ökad´andel vegetariska alternativ till kött, genom att belysa drivkrafter, hinder samt hur utbudet ser ut. Data samlades in genom intervjuer med centrala representanter för ICA, Coop och Axfood (n=3) samt genom intervjuer med butikschefer (n=8) och sortimentsundersökningar i butik (n=10) i en stor respektive mellanstor svensk stad (på Södermalm i Stockholm samt i Östersund). Resultaten visar att försäljningen och utbudet av vegetariska produkter har de senaste åren ökat kraftigt hos alla medverkande butiker och bolag, och utvecklingen tros även fortsätta i framtiden. Det är främst flexitarianer och unga som är drivande för utvecklingen, och en ökad medvetenhet (miljö, hälsa och djurvälfärd) samt att utbudet blivit bättre pekas ut som bidragande orsaker. För butikerna och bolagen själva är det även en konkurrensfördel att ha ett bra vegetariskt utbud. Ett av de främsta hindren som kommit fram för den fortsatta utvecklingen är att det är många som inte är intresserade av att minska sin köttkonsumtion, att produkterna inte är tillräckligt attraktiva och att de kan vara dyra. Resultaten visar också att skillnaden i utbud mellan städerna är relativt liten, med undantaget att det är en mindre andel färska alternativ i Östersund än på Södermalm. De största skillnaderna i hur många vegetariska alternativ som kunden har att välja på (oberoende av stad) finns inom ICA som drivs av privata handlare och där butikerna i större grad kan påverka sitt sortiment, tillskillnad från Axfood och Coop där sortimenten centralstyrs. De centrala representanter som medverkat har olika syn på sin egen roll i utvecklingen samt vilka åtgärder som behövs för en fortsatt utveckling. För konsumenten finns det en relativt stor skillnad i bredden på det vegetariska utbudet beroende på vilken butik de väljer att gå till, vilket verkar vara en konsekvens av vilken nivå sortimentet bestäms på. Resultaten från studien går inte attgeneraliseras, men de kan ge nya insikter i ett perspektiv som inte verkar studerats tidigare och vara en utgångspunkt för framtida studier.

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Wiedmer, Stefanie, Alexander Erdbeer, Beate Volke, Stephanie Randel, Franz Kapplusch, Sacha Hanig, and Michael Kurth. "Identification and analysis of Eimeria nieschulzi gametocyte genes reveal splicing events of gam genes and conserved motifs in the wall-forming proteins within the genus Eimeria (Coccidia, Apicomplexa)." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-231860.

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The genus Eimeria (Apicomplexa, Coccidia) provides a wide range of different species with different hosts to study common and variable features within the genus and its species. A common characteristic of all known Eimeria species is the oocyst, the infectious stage where its life cycle starts and ends. In our study, we utilized Eimeria nieschulzi as a model organism. This rat-specific parasite has complex oocyst morphology and can be transfected and even cultivated in vitro up to the oocyst stage. We wanted to elucidate how the known oocyst wall-forming proteins are preserved in this rodent Eimeria species compared to other Eimeria. In newly obtained genomics data, we were able to identify different gametocyte genes that are orthologous to already known gam genes involved in the oocyst wall formation of avian Eimeria species. These genes appeared putatively as single exon genes, but cDNA analysis showed alternative splicing events in the transcripts. The analysis of the translated sequence revealed different conserved motifs but also dissimilar regions in GAM proteins, as well as polymorphic regions. The occurrence of an underrepresented gam56 gene version suggests the existence of a second distinct E. nieschulzi genotype within the E. nieschulzi Landers isolate that we maintain.

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Wiedmer, Stefanie, Alexander Erdbeer, Beate Volke, Stephanie Randel, Franz Kapplusch, Sacha Hanig, and Michael Kurth. "Identification and analysis of Eimeria nieschulzi gametocyte genes reveal splicing events of gam genes and conserved motifs in the wall-forming proteins within the genus Eimeria (Coccidia, Apicomplexa)." EDP Sciences, 2017. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A30707.

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Lindström, Mikael. "Functional characterization of the alternative reading frame protein p14ARF /." Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7349-917-x.

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Knave, Axel. "Production and characterization of alternative scaffold proteins for medical applications." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-278838.

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Antibodies, as forerunners in the field of biological drugs, are originally an organism’s answer to the invasion of different pathogens. Today, antibodies are a common treatment for many chronic diseases such as the immune-mediated inflammatory diseases rheumatoid arthritis or psoriasis. It is suspected that the cytokines interleukin 17a (IL17a) and interleukin 17c (IL17c) are involved in those diseases and are commonly treated with antibodies that inhibit the cytokines. Even though antibodies have been a huge success as biological drugs they also have downsides when it comes to their production, size and stability. In quest of finding alternatives to antibodies in diagnostics and therapy, a novel class of biologics has been developed. So-called alternative scaffold proteins are small polypeptide chains that can be engineered to show affinity towards different biomarkers. ABD-Derived Affinity ProTeins or ADAPTs are one example of these alternative scaffolds that can be modified to bind a biomarker as target and keep their affinity to Human Serum Albumin (HSA) at the same time, making them bispecific. In this project, twenty-four previously selected ADAPT binder candidates that have shown good prospects towards IL17a and IL17c in previous experiments were cloned, produced, purified and characterized to determine if they show potential as tools in diagnostics or therapy of autoimmune diseases. The proteins were produced in E. coli, purified by affinity chromatography and characterized using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), Circular Dichroism (CD) and Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC). All candidates were successfully cloned into E. coli and out of these, 10 could be produced and 5 showed affinity towards their target using SPR. Examination by SEC and CD showed that the protein variants did not seem to be structurally stable and hints of impurities in the samples could be detected. This and a low yield could be further confirmed via SDS-PAGE. In conclusion, binders were produced that could theoretically be promising candidates as tools in diagnostics or therapy of chronic diseases were IL17a and/or IL17c are important. Nevertheless, in order to support these claims further investigations and developments are necessary.
Antikroppar, som föregångare inom området biologiska läkemedel, är ursprungligen en organisms svar på invasionen av olika patogen. Idag är antikroppar en vanlig behandling för många kroniska sjukdomar, såsom de immunmedierade inflammatoriska sjukdomarna reumatoid artrit eller psoriasis. Cytokinerna interleukin 17a (IL17a) och interleukin 17c (IL17c) tros vara involverade i dessa sjukdomar och behandlas vanligtvis med antikroppar som hämmar cytokinerna. Trots att antikroppar har varit en stor framgång som biologiska läkemedel har de också nackdelar när det gäller deras produktion, storlek och stabilitet. För att hitta alternativ till antikroppar inom diagnostik och terapi har en ny klass av biologiska läkemedel utvecklats. Så kallade alternative scaffold proteins är små polypeptidkedjor som kan manipuleras för att visa affinitet gentemot olika biomarkörer. ABD-Derived Affinity ProTeins eller ADAPTs är ett exempel på dessa alternative scaffolds som kan modifieras för att binda en biomarkör som mål utan att påverka affiniteten till Humant Serum Albumin (HSA), vilket gör dem bispecifika. I detta projekt klonades, producerades, renades och karakteriserades tjugofyra tidigare utvalda ADAPT-bindarkandidater som har visat goda förutsättningar gentemot IL17a och IL17c i tidigare experiment. Proteinerna producerades i E. coli, renades genom affinitetskromatografi och karakteriserades med användning av Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), Circular Dichroism (CD) och Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC). Alla kandidater klonades framgångsrikt i E. coli och av dessa kunde 10 produceras. Fem bindare visade affinitet till deras mål med SPR. Undersökning med SEC och CD visade dock att proteinvarianterna inte var strukturellt stabila och antydan till föroreningar kunde detekteras i proverna. Detta och ett lågt utbyte kunde ytterligare bekräftas via SDS-PAGE. Sammanfattningsvis kunde bindare producerades och dessa kan teoretiskt vara lovande kandidater till diagnostik eller terapi av kroniska sjukdomar där IL17a och/eller IL17c är viktiga. För att stödja dessa påståenden krävs dock ytterligare experiment och utveckling av bindarna.

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Matlin, Arianne Jane. "Regulation of α-actinin alternative splicing by polypyrimidine tract binding protein and CUG binding proteins". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614724.

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Gasparini, Isabella. "Alternativ splicing och hur den förhåller sig till växters alternativa splicing." Thesis, Linköping University, Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-57190.

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Alternativ splicing är en process som ger upphov till att olika mRNA-sekvenser bildas från en enda gen, vilket bidrar till en ökad proteindiversitet hos organismen. Olika mRNA-sekvenser kan uppstå eftersom att det förekommer olika varianter av alternativ splicing som även kan kombineras på flera olika sätt: cassette exon (inkludering/exkludering av exon), intron retention (intronet behålls), alternative 5´splice-site choice (olika 5´ splice sites kan väljas) och slutligen alternative 3´ splice-site choice (andra 3´ splice sites kan väljas). För att alternativ splicing ska äga rum i olika pre-mRNA måste den regleras av cis-reglerande element. De cis-reglerande elementen utgörs av fyra grupper: exonic splicing enhancers (ESE), exonic splicing silencers (ESS), intronic splicing enhancers (ISE) samt intronic splicing silencers (ISS). Som namnen förtäljer finns de antingen i exoner eller introner, där de interagerar med transagerande faktorer, SR-proteiner (aktiverare) eller hnRNPs (hämmare). Alternativ splicing förekommer både i djur och i växter. Hos Homo sapiens genomgår över 74 % av de 25,000 gener som finns hos organismen, alternativ splicing. Däremot i växten Arabidopsis thaliana, genomgår endast 22 %, av den totala mängden på cirka 26,000 gener, alternativ splicing. Eftersom att processen bidrar till en ökad proteindiversitet, kommer det medföra att olika processer i organismerna påverkas, exempelvis celltillväxt, celldöd samt utvecklingen av olika sjukdomar, såsom Parkinson och cystisk fibros. Många studier har gjorts som bekräftar dess betydelse för organismerna men på grund av processens komplexitet är det fortfarande ett ämne som ständigt måste utforskas.

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Barbosa, Keila Abadia. "Avalia??o nutricional do farelo de crambe para codornas de corte." UFVJM, 2016. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1288.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Objetivou-se avaliar a energia metaboliz?vel aparente (EMA), a energia metaboliz?vel aparente corrigida (EMAn) e o coeficiente de metaboliza??o aparente da energia bruta (CMAEB) do farelo de crambe e sua inclus?o em ra??es para codornas de corte sobre o desempenho, caracter?sticas de carca?a e an?lise de rentabilidade econ?mica. O primeiro experimento foi realizado para a determina??o da EMA, da EMAn e o CMAEB pelo m?todo de coleta total de excretas. Para isso utilizou-se 315 codornas de corte machos, com 42 dias de idade, durante 10 dias, distribu?das em tr?s tratamentos, sendo T1: ra??o refer?ncia (RR); T2: 80% RR + 20% de farelo de crambe e T3: 70% RR + 30% de farelo de crambe, com sete repeti??es de 15 aves por unidade experimental. Para o segundo experimento foram utilizadas 390 codornas, Coturnix coturnix, da linhagem LF1, machos e f?meas, distribu?das em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e seis repeti??es de 13 aves por unidade experimental. As fases experimentais foram divididas em inicial (8 a 21 dias) e de crescimento (22 a 35 dias de idade). Os n?veis de substitui??o de parte da prote?na da ra??o pela prote?na do farelo de crambe foram: 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12%. Para o primeiro experimento os valores obtidos de EMA, EMAn e CMAEB foram de 2445,58 kcal; 2197,29 kcal e 51,97%, respectivamente, para a ra??o teste T2. Para ra??o teste T3, obteve-se para EMA, EMAn e CMAEB os valores de 1772,18 kcal; 1592,25 kcal e 37,66%, respectivamente. Para o segundo experimento observou-se que n?o houve diferen?as significativas pela substitui??o de parte da prote?na bruta da ra??o pela prote?na do farelo de crambe sobre o desempenho das codornas nas fases inicial e de crescimento. Recomenda-se a substitui??o de parte da prote?na da ra??o pela prote?na do farelo de crambe at? o n?vel de 12%, por n?o influenciar negativamente no desempenho das codornas de corte. Pela an?lise de rentabilidade o n?vel de 6% de substitui??o de parte da prote?na da ra??o pela prote?na do farelo de crambe apresentou o melhor resultado.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016.
This study aimed to evaluate the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), the corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) and apparent metabolization coefficient of gross energy (AMCGE) of crambe meal and their inclusion in diets for meat quails on performance, carcass features, and economic profitability analysis. The first experiment was conducted to determine the AME, the AMEn and AMCGE by the total excreta collection method. Three hundred and fifteen male meat quails with 42 age days, during 10 days, distributed in three treatments, T1: basal diet (BD); T2: 80% BD + 20% crambe meal and T3: 70% BD + 30% crambe meal, with seven replicates and fifteen birds each. For the second experiment, three hundred and ninety quails, Coturnix coturnix, the LF1 strain, male and female, were distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and six repetitions with thirteen birds each. Experimental phases were divided into initial phase (8 to 21 days) and growing phase (22 to 35 days of age). The replacement levels of feed protein by crambe meal protein were 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12%. For the first experiment AME, AMEn and AMCGE values were 2445.58 kcal, 2197.29 kcal and 51.97%, respectively, to feed test T2. To feed test T3, was obtained for AME, AMEn and AMCGE values of 1772.18 kcal, 1592.25 kcal and 37.66%, respectively. For the second experiment there were no significant differences by dietary crude protein replacing part by crambe meal protein on the quails performance in the initial and growing phases. It is recommended to replace part of the feed protein at level 12% of crambe meal, not influencing negatively the meat quails performance. For the profitability analysis the replacement level of 6% crambe meal have better results.

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Книги з теми "Proteins alternatives"

Bekhit, Alaa El-Din A., William W. Riley, and Malik A. Hussain. Alternative Proteins. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429299834.

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Watkins, Stephen. Lupins: Niche or alternative crop? Are they a viable source of home-produced GM-free protein? Market Harborough: Nuffield Farming Scholarships Trust, 2003.

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Adam Mariod, Abdalbasit, ed. African Edible Insects As Alternative Source of Food, Oil, Protein and Bioactive Components. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32952-5.

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J, Blencowe Benjamin, and Graveley Brenton R, eds. Alternative splicing in the postgenomic era. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 2007.

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Institute, Pennsylvania Bar, ed. IRS appeals process and alternative dispute resolution through fast track settlements. [Mechanicsburg, Pa.]: Pennsylvania Bar Institute, 2009.

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Institute, Pennsylvania Bar, ed. IRS appeals process and alternative dispute resolution through fast track settlements. [Mechanicsburg, Pa.]: Pennsylvania Bar Institute, 2009.

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Office, General Accounting. Tax administration: Alternative filing systems : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Treasury, Postal Service, and General Government, Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.

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Office, General Accounting. Tax administration: Potential impact of alternative taxes on taxpayers and administrators : report to the Chairmen and ranking minority Members, Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate and Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1998.

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1973-, Lappé Anna, ed. Hope's edge: The next diet for a small planet. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam, 2002.

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1973-, Lappé Anna, ed. Hope's edge: The next diet for a small planet. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam, 2003.

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Popot, Jean-Luc. "Alternatives to Detergents for Handling Membrane Proteins in Aqueous Solutions." In Membrane Proteins in Aqueous Solutions, 97–149. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73148-3_3.

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Hosseininezhad, Marzieh, and Malik Altaf Hussain. "Single-Cell Protein – A Group of Alternative Proteins." In Alternative Proteins, 49–63. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429299834-3.

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Hassoun, Abdo, Turid Rustad, and Alaa El-Din A. Bekhit. "Bioconversion of Marine By-Products into Edible Protein." In Alternative Proteins, 297–327. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429299834-10.

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Irvani, Neda, Alan Carne, Dominic Agyei, and Indrawati Oey. "Algae as an Alternative Source of Protein." In Alternative Proteins, 65–84. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429299834-4.

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Bhat, Zuhaib F., James D. Morton, Alaa El-Din A. Bekhit, Sunil Kumar, and Hina F. Bhat. "Cultured Meat: Challenges in the Path of Production and 3D Food Printing as an Option to Develop Cultured Meat-Based Products." In Alternative Proteins, 271–95. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429299834-9.

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Mohamed Ahmed, Isam A., Fahad Y. Al-Juhaimi, Zuhaib F. Bhat, Alan Carne, and Alaa El-Din A. Bekhit. "Non-Traditional Meat Sources, Production, Nutritional and Health Aspects, Consideration of Safety Aspects and Religious Views." In Alternative Proteins, 215–70. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429299834-8.

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Hussain, Malik Altaf, William Riley, and Alaa El-Din A. Bekhit. "Trends and Motivations for Novel Protein Sources and Contribution towards Food Security." In Alternative Proteins, 1–16. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429299834-1.

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Bekhit, Alaa El-Din A., Jinlin Shi, Zhijing Ye, Isam A. Mohamed Ahmed, Fahad Y. Al-Juhaimi, William W. Riley, and Ravi Gooneratne. "Snails." In Alternative Proteins, 133–72. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429299834-6.

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Jayawardena, Reshan, James David Morton, Charles S. Brennan, Zuhaib Fayaz Bhat, and Alaa El-Din A. Bekhit. "Meat Co-products." In Alternative Proteins, 329–59. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429299834-11.

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Gouda, Mostafa, and Alaa El-Din A. Bekhit. "Allergenicity Risks Associated with Novel Proteins and Rapid Methods of Detection." In Alternative Proteins, 379–406. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429299834-13.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Proteins alternatives"

Zhou, Hualu, Giang Vu, and David J. McClements. "Rubisco Proteins as Plant-based Alternatives to Egg White Proteins: Characterization of Thermal Gelation Properties." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/vamx3998.

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RuBisCO proteins can be isolated from abundant and sustainable plant sources, such as duckweed (e.g., Lemnoideae). These plant-based globular proteins are capable of irreversibly unfolding and forming gels when heated, which means they may be able to mimic some of the functional attributes exhibited by animal globular proteins. In this study, we examined the ability of RuBisCo proteins to mimic the initial rheology and thermal gelation properties of egg white, which the aim of developing plant-based egg analogs. The impact of protein concentration (10-15% w/w), pH (7 to 9), and calcium concentration (0 to 50 mM CaCl2) on the properties of the egg white analogs was examined. The appearance (colorimetry), thermal denaturation (differential scanning calorimetry), thermal gelation (dynamic shear rheology), and texture profiles (compression testing) were measured. RuBisCO-based egg white analogs could be successfully produced at 10% protein content and pH 8 in the absence of salt. These RuBisCO protein solutions had similar apparent viscosity-shear rate profiles, shear modulus-temperature profiles, gelling temperatures, and final gel strengths as egg white. However, there were some differences. RuBisCO protein gels were slightly darker than egg white, which was attributed to the presence of some phenolic impurities. RuBisCo protein exhibited a single thermal transition temperature (~ 66 ℃) whereas egg white exhibited two (~66 and ~81 ℃). RuBisCo protein gels were more brittle but less chewy and resilient than egg white gels. This study provides valuable insights into the potential of RuBisCo protein for formulating plant-based egg white analogs, which may help improve the sustainability of the modern food supply.

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Jeganathan, Brasathe, Feral Temelli, and Thavaratnam Vasanthan. "Functional properties of faba bean proteins extracted by different aqueous processes for food applications." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/phkb7574.

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Dry fractionation of faba bean protein is a sustainable alternative to energy-intensive wet fractionation approaches. However, it can only lead to relatively modest enrichment in protein content. The primary goal of this study was to compare the impact of aqueous protein extraction processes on the functionalities of faba bean proteins for food applications. Proteins from two Canadian faba bean cultivars Snowbird (zero-tannin, ZT) and Athena (high-tannin, HT) were extracted by dialysis following water extraction (W) and salt extraction (S) processes, and conventional alkali-acid approach (A). Although salt-soluble globulins were the primary proteins found in faba beans based on Osborne's protein classification, protein isolates (PIs) from ZT-W and HT-W had significantly higher (P< 0.05) protein contents on a dry matter basis (89.8±0.4% and 92.0±0.0%, respectively, Nx6.25) as compared to protein concentrates (PCs) from ZT-S (78.2±0.4%) and HT-S (77.7±0.2%). These differences in protein extractability could be attributed to the higher levels of naturally present minerals. Substantially lower (P< 0.05) mineral contents were detected in HT in comparison to ZT, plausibly due to the affinity of tannins towards minerals. Calorimetric analysis of W-PIs and A-PIs maintained at low-moisture contents resulted in a very high denaturation temperature range (225-235°C), implying their thermal stability for high-temperature processing. Furthermore, solubility, foaming and emulsification properties, and hydration capacities of W-PIs were higher or comparable to those of A-PIs and S-PCs. Dynamic rheological studies (25€“95€“25 °C) of W-PI heat-induced gels indicated that storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G'') increased over time with an early crossover point (G' > G'') as compared to A-PIs. The stress and strain at fracture of W-PIs and A-PIs gels were comparable to those of whole egg gels. In summary, W-PIs were superior to S-PCs in terms of their functionalities and can be considered chemical-free alternatives to A-PIs, for sustainable food applications.

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Hojilla-Evangelista, Milagros, and Roque Evangelista. "Green' Production of Protein Isolate from Novel Golden Pennycress Seeds." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/trho6904.

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A new field pennycress variety with golden yellow seeds (TT8) was developed to enhance protein properties and for use as an alternative plant protein source. The chemical and functional properties of TT8 proteins have not been determined. Additionally, alternatives to hexane for defatting are being sought due to negative consumer perception on the use of petroleum-based solvents for food processing. In this research, alcohol defatting of the TT8 ground seeds and saline extraction (AL-SE) of the protein were evaluated as approaches for protein production and compared with the previous hexane defatting/saline extraction (HX-SE) techniques. Seeds were ground (final particle size 250-350 μ) and then defatted with anhydrous ethanol or hexane (60°C) until residual oil content was around 0.7%. Protein extraction from defatted meal was done using our saline-based method (1: 10 w/v, 0.1 M NaCl, 2 h, 50°C) for wild pennycress. Alcohol defatted meal was more protein-enriched (49% protein) than hexane-defatted meal (39% protein), but its protein yield and extraction efficiency were reduced. AL-SE protein had lower purity (85% protein) than did the HX-SE protein (94%). Solubility (73-98%) of AL-SE protein from pH 2-8.5 was notably greater than those observed for HX-SE protein. Foaming capacity (125-145 mL), foam stability (90-93% remaining foam after 15 min), emulsifying activity index (141-236 m2/g protein), and emulsion stability index (15-26 min) were also improved in the AL-SE protein. Overall, TT8 protein was more soluble than wild pennycress protein from pH 2-7 and showed better foaming and emulsifying properties. This work demonstrated that proteins with desirable properties can be produced by AL-SE from TT8, a new golden pennycress variety.

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Stork, Larissa Rosa, Lucca Stephani Ribeiro, Izabella Savergnini Deprá, Luísa D’Ávila Camargo, and Maria Angélica Santos Novaes. "Tau protein and its role in Alzheimer’s disease physiopathology: a literature review." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.132.

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Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a double proteinopathy: deposition of amyloid-β into plaques and hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein. Objectives: To understand the genetic and molecular aspects of Tau protein and its relationship with Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search using Pubmed/ MEDLINE and ClinicalKey databases, applying the descriptors: “Alzheimer Disease” AND “Tau proteins’’ AND Tauopathies, during July and August of 2020. The inclusion criteria were English and Portuguese articles published between 2015 and 2020, with human limited study and free full text, excluding images, books, clinical tests, and narrative reviews. After analyzing titles and abstracts, we selected 12 articles and included 7 additional studies. Results: Mapt, the encoder gene of Tau, is located in the 17q21.3 locus and presents 16 exons that, when transcripted, originates 12 copies of mRNA by alternative splicing and 6 Tau’s isoforms. Tau is a microtubule-associated protein (MAP) responsible for cellular cytoskeleton stabilization and maintenance, promoting neuronal axonal transport. A kinase-phosphatase imbalance turns Tau hyperphosphorylated, disassociating it from tubulin and grouping it into insoluble paired helical filaments, which originates neurofibrillary tangles. The tauopathy’s progress causes neurotransmitter destabilization and neuronal death, inducing AD symptomatic manifestations. Conclusions: Due to the gradual worsening of the disease to more debilitating stages, studies focused on deepening the knowledge of genetic and molecular aspects of Tau protein are viable and promising alternatives to improve the quality of patient’s lives.

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Doyen, Alain. "Opportunities and challenges for the development of insect protein-rich ingredients." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/kqor7470.

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Over the past decade, the potential of edible insects as a novel food ingredient in high value-added products has been investigated to find alternatives to conventional animal protein sources that are over-exploited and harmful to the environment. One of the most challenge for the edile insect industry is to improve the consumer acceptability for this non conventional food matrix. Although there are many complex factors that influence the consumers' perceptions and acceptability of insects as food, it is well-documented that insect-based foods in which insects were not visible to the consumer created less aversion, highlighting the importance of developing products with processed insects. In this context, the development of edible insect ingredients, from meal until insect protein isolate, is currently largely studied. More specifically, and because these ingredients are composed of a high amount of proteins, this macronutrient is of specific significance. In this context, edible insect proteins represent a great opportunity for the development of the edible insect industry due to their interesting nutritional aspect and bioactive properties. However, for the development of edible insect-based food for human consumption, it become necessary to control the impact of conventional and emerging food processing on the insect protein structures and techno-functional properties. Simultaneously, it is crucial to ensure that the insect-based food products generated after the different processing steps are safe for the consumer, mainly in terms of microbial contaminations and allergenicity. Consequently, and regarding the different points indicated above, this presentation will highlight the different opportunities and challenges regarding the development of insect protein-rich food ingredients.

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Ismail, Pam. "Plant protein functionalization: Exploring cold plasma." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/dyhy9832.

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While plant protein is gaining traction, functionality limitations is hindering its market growth. Improving plant protein functionality will enable successful utilization in various food applications, including meat alternatives. There are several reports on plant protein functionality and applications, but much is still not known about the effect of different processing and modifications on the structural and associated functional changes. Cold plasma, a non-thermal processing technique, is being explored as a novel means for protein functionalization. Cold plasma technology involves the exposure of plasma, a partially ionized gas to proteins. The reactive species, generated by cold plasma can induce several chemical reactions including oxidation, bond cleavage, and/or polymerization. This presentation will demonstrate the effect of various cold plasma treatments on pea and other plant protein structural and functional properties. Protein isolates are subjected to several cold plasma treatment conditions. Reactive species and changes due to potential chemical reactions are monitored. Specifically, changes in the protein tertiary, secondary and primary structure will be evaluated, and chemical reactions will be elucidated. The impact of structural change on protein functionality will be highlighted. This research will provide for the first time a controlled evaluation of the impact of cold plasma on protein structural and functional characteristics. Cold plasma treatment may lead to the production of a viable plant protein ingredient with functional properties that are comparable or better than those of traditional protein ingredients.

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Doković, Vladimir, and Snežana Bogosavljević-Bošković. "ENZIMI U ISHRANI BROJLERA." In XXVII savetovanje o biotehnologiji. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt27.229d.

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The paper presents the most important aspects of the action of exogenous enzymes (amylase, xylanase, glucanase, cellulase, hemicellulase, pectinase, phytase and protease) added to broiler feed. The addition of broiler feed enzymes has nutritional, health, economic and environmental justification. The use of complexes of exogenous enzymes (enzyme cocktails) as additives to complete mixtures for feeding broiler chickens in different phases of fattening, significantly increases the availability of reserve polysaccharides, fats, proteins and some minerals, better energy efficiency from food, better health of chickens, better quality carcasses and chicken meat, reducing the cost of feeding fattening chickens (and thus the total cost of production), as well as reducing environmental pollution and is one of the easiest feasible alternatives to improve the profitability of production in poultry.

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Luo, Fei, Ondrej Halgas, Pratish Gawand, and Sagar Lahiri. "Animal-free protein production using precision fermentation." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/ntka8679.

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The $1.4 trillion animal industry could not sustainably scale further to feed the next billion population, as it is resource intensive, and heavy in greenhouse gas emission. The recent plant-based food movement has provided solution for more sustainable protein sources. However, the plant-based food sector faces challenges in reaching parity in texture, sensory experience (mouthfeel) and nutritional value as animal products, limiting their potential of reaching beyond the vegan and flexitarian consumers. The technical challenge behind this problem is that proteins from plants have intrinsically different amino acid compositions and structures from animal proteins, making it challenging to emulate the properties of animal products using plant-proteins alone. There is a clear and underserved need for novel protein ingredients that can complement plant-based protein ingredients to achieve parity of animal products. Fermentation is considered the third pillar of alternative protein revolution. At Liven, we focus our efforts on developing precision fermentation technology to produce functional protein ingredients that are natural replica of animal proteins. Using engineering biology, we transforms microorganisms with genes that are responsible for producing animal proteins such as collagen and gelatin. The transformed microorganisms are cultivated in fermenters to produce proteins from plant-based raw-materials. Since the protein produced are have identical amino acid sequences and structure as proteins that would be derived from animals, they provide the desired texture and sensory characteristics currently missing in plant-based formulations. For instance, our animal-free gelatin provides the functionality of thermally reversible gel. As our protein ingredients provides functionality and nutrition value of animal proteins, these ingredients could complement plant-based protein ingredients to deliver alt-protein food formulations more accurately emulate animal products, expand the market acceptance of alt-protein foods to mass consumers.

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Discher, Dennis E., and Colin Johnson. "Alternative Splicing for Mechanical Resilience: The Softening Effect of Filamin’s Hinge." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176751.

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Alternative splicing within proteins is common but not well understood in its influence on protein structure and stability. Filamins are ubiquitous actin-crosslinking proteins with two dozen Immunolgobulin (Ig) repeats and one alternatively-spliced ‘hinge’ that has been hypothesized to add flexibility. The hinge is also predicted to perturb folding. The molecular mechanics of filamins are probed here by AFM-forced extension, with a particular focus on the ∼30 aa hinge between repeats R15 and R16. After re-examining full-length filamin to clarify the single molecule limit for AFM experiments on long chains, short concatemers of (R15-R16)m and (R15-hinge-R16)m were studied by both AFM and solution structural methods. AFM shows that the hinged isoform extends and unfolds at smaller forces (60 pN) than the hinge-less form (80 pN), implying that the alternative splicing introduces a random coil that softens both adjacent domains. Circular Dichroism confirms that the hinge is a random coil, and thermal unfolding in solution suggests a weak destabilization by the hinge. Together with the rate-dependence of forced extension in AFM, the results reveal added resilience as the unfolding transition shifts to longer lengths upon insertion of the alternatively spliced hinge.

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Albe Slabi, Sara, Christelle Mathé, Mbalo Ndiaye, Odile Mesieres, and Romain Kapel. "Combined effect of extraction and purification conditions on yield, composition, functional and structural properties of lupin proteins." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/rcdt7862.

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The growing global population combined with the socio-economic changes leads to the increase of the demand of plant proteins for human nutrition. In recent years, many studies has been aimed at developing new high-quality and functional plant-based protein food. Lupin being a widely cultivated legume crop is one of the most promising alternative source of proteins for human nutrition. However, the scientific knowledge of the production process of proteins from lupin meal is still very scarce.In this work, different conditions of extraction and purification were evaluated for production of lupin protein isolates. The results showed that the extraction yield was comparable between acidic and alkaline pH (37% vs 40-45%) and the extracted proteins were principally composed of globulins. This finding was astonishing regarding the selective extraction of albumins in acidic pH previously reported for other plant protein sources. The ionic strength negatively impacted the protein extractability at pH 2, whereas no significant differences were observed between extraction at 20 to 50°C.The selected extraction conditions (pH 2 and 7) combined with purification by isoelectric precipitation or ultrafiltration process generated the isolate grade products. Further structural characterization of isolates revealed a partial denaturation of lupin proteins extracted under acidic pH resulting in low protein solubility at pH 6-7 (10-50%), loss in secondary structure, low thermal stability, and formation of aggregates. However, these modifications did not significantly impact the foaming and emulsifying properties of proteins. The obtained results highlighted the original and previously not described behaviors of lupin proteins observed during the isolation process. For the first time the combined effect of extraction and purification conditions on the process performances and the quality of producing proteins was shown. The presented conclusions may help to better characterize lupin proteins and valorize lupin meal as a source of plant proteins in food industry.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Proteins alternatives"

Barakat, Dr Shima, Dr Samuel Short, Dr Bernhard Strauss, and Dr Pantea Lotfian. https://www.food.gov.uk/research/research-projects/alternative-proteins-for-human-consumption. Food Standards Agency, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.wdu243.

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The UK is seeing growing interest in alternative protein sources to traditional animal-based proteins such as beef, lamb, pork, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy. There is already an extensive market in alternative protein materials, however, technological advances combined with the pressure for more sustainable sources of protein has led to an acceleration of innovation and product development and the introduction of a large amount of new alternative protein ingredients and products to the market. These have the potential to dramatically impact on the UK food system. This report is a combination of desk research, based on thorough review of the academic and non-academic literature and of the alternative proteins start-up scene, and presents an analysis of the emerging market for alternative proteins, the potential implications and the potential policy responses that the FSA might need to consider. Four main categories of alternative proteins are presented and reviewed in this report: Plant-based meat substitutes Novel protein sources Proteins and biomass biosynthesised by microorganisms Cultured meat

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Brice, Jeremy. Investment, power and protein in sub-Saharan Africa. Edited by Tara Garnett. TABLE, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/d8817170.

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The place of protein in sub-Saharan Africa’s food system is changing rapidly, raising complex international development, global health and environmental sustainability issues. Despite substantial growth in the region’s livestock agriculture sector, protein consumption per capita remains low, and high levels of undernourishment persist. Meanwhile sub-Saharan Africa’s population is growing and urbanising rapidly, creating expectations that demand for protein will increase rapidly over the coming decades and triggering calls for further investment in the expansion and intensification of the region’s meat and dairy sector. However, growing disquiet over the environmental impacts of further expansion in livestock numbers, and growing sales of alternative protein products in the Global North, has raised questions about the future place of plant-based, insect and lab-grown proteins in African diets and food systems. This report examines financial investment in protein production in sub-Saharan Africa. It begins from the position that investors play an important role in shaping the development of diets and food systems because they are able to mobilise the financial resources required to develop new protein products, infrastructures and value chains, or to prevent their development by withholding investment. It therefore investigates which actors are financing the production in sub-Saharan Africa of: a) animal proteins such as meat, fish, eggs and dairy products; b) ‘protein crops’ such as beans, pulses and legumes; and c) processed ‘alternative proteins’ derived from plants, insects, microbes or animal cells grown in a tissue culture. Through analysing investment by state, philanthropic and private sector organisations – as well as multilateral financial institutions such as development banks – it aims to establish which protein sources and stages of the value chain are financed by different groups of investors and to explore the values and goals which shape their investment decisions. To this end, the report examines four questions: 1. Who is currently investing in protein production in sub-Saharan Africa? 2. What goals do these investors aim to achieve (or what sort of future do they seek to bring about) through making these investments? 3. Which protein sources and protein production systems do they finance? 4. What theory of change links their investment strategy to these goals? In addressing these questions, this report explores what sorts of protein production and provisioning systems different investor groups might be helping to bring into being in sub-Saharan Africa. It also considers what alternative possibilities might be marginalised due to a lack of investment. It thus seeks to understand whose priorities, preferences and visions for the future of food might be informing the changing place of protein in the region’s diets, economies and food systems.

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Mitchell, Brian G., Amir Neori, Charles Yarish, D. Allen Davis, Tzachi Samocha, and Lior Guttman. The use of aquaculture effluents in spray culture for the production of high protein macroalgae for shrimp aqua-feeds. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7597934.bard.

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The FAO has projected a doubling in world demand for seafood during the 21 ed from aquaculture of marine fish and shrimps fed primarily on fishmeal-based aquafeeds. However, current practices of high intensity monoculture of shrimp in coastal ponds and fish in offshore pens have been strongly criticized as being ecologically and socially unsustainable. This view derives from un- checked eutrophication of coastal marine ecosystems from fish farm effluents, and the destruction of coastal estuarine ecosystems by shrimp farm constructions, plus aquaculture’s reliance on wild-caught small fish - which are excellent food for humans, but instead are rendered into fishmeal and fish oil for formulating aquafeeds. Fishmeal-sparing and waste- reduction aquafeeds can only delay the time when fed aquaculture product are priced out of affordability for most consumers. Additionally, replacement of fishmeal protein and fish oil by terrestrial plant sources such as soybean meal and oil directly raises food costs for human communities in developing nations. New formulations incorporating sustainably-produced marine algal proteins and oils are growing in acceptance as viable and practical alternatives. This BARD collaborative research project investigated a sustainable water-sparing spray/drip culture method for producing high-protein marine macrophyte meals for incorporation into marine shrimp and fish diets. The spray culture work was conducted at laboratory-scale in the USA (UCSD-SIO) using selected Gracilariaand Ulvastrains isolated and supplied by UCONN, and outdoors at pilot-scale in Israel (IOLR-NCM) using local strains of Ulvasp., and nitrogen/phosphorus-enriched fish farm effluent to fertilize the spray cultures and produce seaweed biomass and meals containing up to 27% raw protein (dry weight content). Auburn University (USA) in consultation with TAMUS (USA) used the IOLR meals to formulate diets and conduct marine shrimp feeding trials, which resulted in mixed outcomes, indicating further work was needed to chemically identify and remove anti-nutritional elements present in the IOLR-produced seaweed meals.

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Grubman, Marvin J., Yehuda Stram, Peter W. Mason, and Hagai Yadin. Development of an Empty Viral Capsid Vaccine against Foot and Mouth Disease. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570568.bard.

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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a highly infectious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, is economically the most important disease of domestic animals. Although inactivated FMD vaccines have been succesfully used as part of comprehensive eradication programs in Western Europe, there are a number of concerns about their safety. In this proposal, we have attempted to develop a new generation of FMD vaccines that addresses these concerns. Specifically we have cloned the region of the viral genome coding for the structural proteins and the proteinase responsible for processing of the structural protein precursor into both a DNA vector and a replication-deficient human adenovirus. We have demonstrated the induction of an FMDV-specific immune response and a neutralizing antibody response with the DNA vectors in mice, but preliminary potency and efficacy studies in swine are variable. However, the adenovirus vector induces a significant and long-lived neutralizing antibody response in mice and most importantly a neutralizing and protective response in swine. These results suggest that the empty capsid approach is a potential alternative to the current vaccination strategy.

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Ibrahimi Jarchlo, Ayla, and Lucy King. Survey of consumer perceptions of alternative, or novel, sources of protein. Food Standards Agency, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ncn554.

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This report provides an executive summary of a recent consumer poll conducted on alternative proteins. In December 2021, the FSA commissioned Ipsos MORI to conduct an online survey to understand consumer awareness and perceptions of alternative proteins. The survey was conducted with 1,930 adults aged 16-75 living in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Data was collected between 9th – 11th December 2021 via Ipsos MORI’s online omnibus. The data was weighted to be representative of the adult population aged 16 – 75 living in England, Wales and Northern Ireland on key demographics: age, gender, region, working status and social grade.

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Arnett, Clint, Justin Lange, Ashley Boyd, Martin Page, and Donald Cropek. Expression and secretion of active Moringa oleifera coagulant protein in Bacillus subtilis. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41546.

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Cationic polypeptide proteins found in the seeds of the tropical plant Moringa oleifera have coagulation efficiencies similar to aluminum and ferric sulfates without their recalcitrant nature. Although these proteins possess great potential to augment or replace traditional coagulants in water treatment, harvesting active protein from seeds is laborious and not cost-effective. Here, we describe an alternative method to express and secrete active M. oleifera coagulant protein (MO) in Bacillus subtilis. A plasmid library containing the MO gene and 173 different types of secretory signal peptides was created and cloned into B. subtilis strain RIK1285. Fourteen of 440 clones screened were capable of secreting MO with yields ranging from 55 to 122 mg/L of growth medium. The coagulant activity of the highest MO secreting clone was evaluated when grown on Luria broth, and cell-free medium from the culture was shown to reduce turbidity in a buffered kaolin suspension by approximately 90% compared with controls without the MO gene. The clone was also capable of secreting active MO when grown on a defined synthetic wastewater supplemented with 0.5% tryptone. Cell-free medium from the strain harboring the MO gene demonstrated more than a 2-fold reduction in turbidity compared with controls. Additionally, no significant amount of MO was observed without the addition of the synthetic wastewater, suggesting that it served as a source of nutrients for the effective expression and translocation of MO into the medium.

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Newton, Peter Newton, and Waverly Eichhorst Eichhorst. Livelihood transitions in low- and middle-income countries: From animal agriculture to alternative proteins. Tiny Beam Fund, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15868/socialsector.40561.

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Coplin, David, Isaac Barash, and Shulamit Manulis. Role of Proteins Secreted by the Hrp-Pathways of Erwinia stewartii and E. herbicola pv. gypsophilae in Eliciting Water-Soaking Symptoms and Initiating Galls. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7580675.bard.

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Many bacterial pathogens of plants can inject pathogenicity proteins into host cells using a specialized type III secretion system encoded by hrpgenes. This system deliver effector proteins, into plant cells that function in both susceptible and resistant interactions. We have found that the virulence of Erwinia stewartii(Es; syn. Pantoea stewartii) and Erwinia herbicola pv. gypsophilae (Ehg, syn. Pantoea agglomerans), which cause Stewart's wilt of corn and galls on Gypsophila, respectively, depends on hrpgenes. The major objectives of this project were: To increase expression of hrpgenes in order to identify secreted proteins; to identify genes for proteins secreted by the type-III systems and determine if they are required for pathogenicity; and to determine if the secreted proteins can function within eukaryotic cells. We found that transcription of the hrp and effector genes in Es and Ehg is controlled by at least four genes that constitute a regulatory cascade. Environmental and/or physiological signaling appears to be mediated by the HrpX/HrpY two component system, with HrpX functioning as a sensor-kinase and HrpY as a response regulator. HrpYupregulateshrpS, which encodes a transcriptional enhancer. HrpS then activates hrpL, which encodes an alternate sigma factor that recognizes "hrp boxes". All of the regulatory genes are essential for pathogenicity, except HrpX, which appears only to be required for induction of the HR in tobacco by Es. In elucidating this regulatory pathway in both species, we made a number of significant new discoveries. HrpX is unusual for a sensor-kinase because it is cytoplasmic and contains PAS domains, which may sense the redox state of the bacterium. In Es, a novel methyl-accepting protein may function upstream of hrpY and repress hrp gene expression in planta. The esaIR quorum sensing system in Es represses hrp gene expression in Es in response to cell-density. We have discovered six new type III effector proteins in these species, one of which (DspE in Ehg and WtsE in Es) is common to both pathogens. In addition, Es wtsG, which is a homolog of an avrPpiB from P. syringae pv. pisi, and an Ehg ORF, which is a homolog of P. syringae pv. phaseolicola AvrPphD, were both demonstrated to encode virulence proteins. Two plasmidborne, Ehg Hop proteins, HsvG and PthG, are required for infection of gypsophilia, but interestingly, PthG also acts as an Avr elicitor in beets. Using a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase (cyaA) reporter gene, we were successful in demonstrating that an HsvG-CyaA fusion protein can be transferred into human HeLa cells by the type-III system of enteropathogenic E. coli. This is a highly significant accomplishment because it is the first direct demonstration that an effector protein from a plant pathogenic bacterium is capable of being translocated into a eukaryotic cell by a type-III secretion system. Ehg is considered a limiting factor in Gypsophila production in Israel and Stewart’s Wilt is a serious disease in the Eastern and North Central USA, especially on sweet corn in epidemic years. We believe that our basic research on the characterization of type III virulence effectors should enable future identification of their receptors in plant cells. This may lead to novel approaches for genetically engineering resistant plants by modifying their receptors or inactivating effectors and thus blocking the induction of the susceptible response. Alternatively, hrp gene regulation might also provide a target for plant produced compounds that interfere with recognition of the host by the pathogen. Such strategies would be broadly applicable to a wide range of serious bacterial diseases on many crops throughout the USA and Israel.

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Barg, Rivka, Erich Grotewold, and Yechiam Salts. Regulation of Tomato Fruit Development by Interacting MYB Proteins. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7592647.bard.

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Background to the topic: Early tomato fruit development is executed via extensive cell divisions followed by cell expansion concomitantly with endoreduplication. The signals involved in activating the different modes of growth during fruit development are still inadequately understood. Addressing this developmental process, we identified SlFSM1 as a gene expressed specifically during the cell-division dependent stages of fruit development. SlFSM1 is the founder of a class of small plant specific proteins containing a divergent SANT/MYB domain (Barg et al 2005). Before initiating this project, we found that low ectopic over-expression (OEX) of SlFSM1 leads to a significant decrease in the final size of the cells in mature leaves and fruits, and the outer pericarp is substantially narrower, suggesting a role in determining cell size and shape. We also found the interacting partners of the Arabidopsis homologs of FSM1 (two, belonging to the same family), and cloned their tomato single homolog, which we named SlFSB1 (Fruit SANT/MYB–Binding1). SlFSB1 is a novel plant specific single MYB-like protein, which function was unknown. The present project aimed at elucidating the function and mode of action of these two single MYB proteins in regulating tomato fruit development. The specific objectives were: 1. Functional analysis of SlFSM1 and its interacting protein SlFSB1 in relation to fruit development. 2. Identification of the SlFSM1 and/or SlFSB1 cellular targets. The plan of work included: 1) Detailed phenotypic, histological and cellular analyses of plants ectopically expressing FSM1, and plants either ectopically over-expressing or silenced for FSB1. 2) Extensive SELEX analysis, which did not reveal any specific DNA target of SlFSM1 binding, hence the originally offered ChIP analysis was omitted. 3) Genome-wide transcriptional impact of gain- and loss- of SlFSM1 and SlFSB1 function by Affymetrix microarray analyses. This part is still in progress and therefore results are not reported, 4) Search for additional candidate partners of SlFSB1 revealed SlMYBI to be an alternative partner of FSB1, and 5) Study of the physical basis of the interaction between SlFSM1 and SlFSB1 and between FSB1 and MYBI. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: We established that FSM1 negatively affects cell expansion, particularly of those cells with the highest potential to expand, such as the ones residing inner to the vascular bundles in the fruit pericarp. On the other hand, FSB1 which is expressed throughout fruit development acts as a positive regulator of cell expansion. It was also established that besides interacting with FSM1, FSB1 interacts also with the transcription factor MYBI, and that the formation of the FSB1-MYBI complex is competed by FSM1, which recognizes in FSB1 the same region as MYBI does. Based on these findings a model was developed explaining the role of this novel network of the three different MYB containing proteins FSM1/FSB1/MYBI in the control of tomato cell expansion, particularly during fruit development. In short, during early stages of fruit development (Phase II), the formation of the FSM1-FSB1 complex serves to restrict the expansion of the cells with the greatest expansion potential, those non-dividing cells residing in the inner mesocarp layers of the pericarp. Alternatively, during growth phase III, after transcription of FSM1 sharply declines, FSB1, possibly through complexing with the transcription factor MYBI serves as a positive regulator of the differential cell expansion which drives fruit enlargement during this phase. Additionally, a novel mechanism was revealed by which competing MYB-MYB interactions could participate in the control of gene expression. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: The demonstrated role of the FSM1/FSB1/MYBI complex in controlling differential cell growth in the developing tomato fruit highlights potential exploitations of these genes for improving fruit quality characteristics. Modulation of expression of these genes or their paralogs in other organs could serve to modify leaf and canopy architecture in various crops.

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Coplin, David L., Shulamit Manulis, and Isaac Barash. roles Hrp-dependent effector proteins and hrp gene regulation as determinants of virulence and host-specificity in Erwinia stewartii and E. herbicola pvs. gypsophilae and betae. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7587216.bard.

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Gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria employ specialized type-III secretion systems (TTSS) to deliver an arsenal of pathogenicity proteins directly into host cells. These secretion systems are encoded by hrp genes (for hypersensitive response and pathogenicity) and the effector proteins by so-called dsp or avr genes. The functions of effectors are to enable bacterial multiplication by damaging host cells and/or by blocking host defenses. We characterized essential hrp gene clusters in the Stewart's Wilt of maize pathogen, Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii (Pnss; formerly Erwinia stewartii) and the gall-forming bacterium, Pantoea agglomerans (formerly Erwinia herbicola) pvs. gypsophilae (Pag) and betae (Pab). We proposed that the virulence and host specificity of these pathogens is a function of a) the perception of specific host signals resulting in bacterial hrp gene expression and b) the action of specialized signal proteins (i.e. Hrp effectors) delivered into the plant cell. The specific objectives of the proposal were: 1) How is the expression of the hrp and effector genes regulated in response to host cell contact and the apoplastic environment? 2) What additional effector proteins are involved in pathogenicity? 3) Do the presently known Pantoea effector proteins enter host cells? 4) What host proteins interact with these effectors? We characterized the components of the hrp regulatory cascade (HrpXY ->7 HrpS ->7 HrpL ->7 hrp promoters), showed that they are conserved in both Pnss and Fag, and discovered that the regulation of the hrpS promoter (hrpSp) may be a key point in integrating apoplastic signals. We also analyzed the promoters recognized by HrpL and demonstrated the relationship between their composition and efficiency. Moreover, we showed that promoter strength can influence disease expression. In Pnss, we found that the HrpXY two-component signal system may sense the metabolic status of the bacterium and is required for full hrp gene expression in planta. In both species, acyl-homoserine lactone-mediated quorum sensing may also regulate epiphytic fitness and/or pathogenicity. A common Hrp effector protein, DspE/WtsE, is conserved and required for virulence of both species. When introduced into corn cells, Pnss WtsE protein caused water-soaked lesions. In other plants, it either caused cell death or acted as an Avr determinant. Using a yeast- two-hybrid system, WtsE was shown to interact with a number of maize signal transduction proteins that are likely to have roles in either programmed cell death or disease resistance. In Pag and Pab, we have characterized the effector proteins HsvG, HsvB and PthG. HsvG and HsvB are homologous proteins that determine host specificity of Pag and Pab on gypsophila and beet, respectively. Both possess a transcriptional activation domain that functions in yeast. PthG was found to act as an Avr determinant on multiple beet species, but was required for virulence on gypsophila. In addition, we demonstrated that PthG acts within the host cell. Additional effector genes have been characterized on the pathogenicity plasmid, pPATHₚₐg, in Pag. A screen for HrpL- regulated genes in Pnsspointed up 18 candidate effector proteins and four of these were required for full virulence. It is now well established that the virulence of Gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria is governed by Hrp-dependent effector proteins. However; the mode of action of many effectors is still unresolved. This BARD supported research will significantly contribute to the understanding of how Hrp effectors operate in Pantoea spp. and how they control host specificity and affect symptom production. This may lead to novel approaches for genetically engineering plants resistant to a wide range of bacterial pathogens by inactivating the Hrp effectors with "plantabodies" or modifying their receptors, thereby blocking the induction of the susceptible response. Alternatively, innovative technologies could be used to interfere with the Hrp regulatory cascade by blocking a critical step or mimicking plant or quorum sensing signals.

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