Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Protection du bois"
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся зі списками актуальних статей, книг, дисертацій, тез та інших наукових джерел на тему "Protection du bois".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Статті в журналах з теми "Protection du bois":
1
Soh Fogno, Denis Roger. "L’impact des normes de la Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade sur la protection des forêts de l’Afrique centrale : étude à partir du cas du Cameroun." Les Cahiers de droit 59, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 285–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1043693ar.
Анотація:
En privilégiant la signature des Accords de Partenariat Volontaires (APV) individuels avec la plupart des pays producteurs de bois de l’Afrique centrale, l’Union européenne et les pays signataires affichent leur volonté de lancer une croisade contre l’exploitation illégale du bois et assurent, de manière à peine déguisée, la mainmise de l’Union sur le bois exploité dans ces pays. L’application effective de ces APV est récente, certes. Toutefois, jusqu’ici, leur impact sur la protection des forêts de l’Afrique centrale en général et sur celles du Cameroun en particulier reste mitigé au regard de la quantité de bois illégalement exploité qui continue d’y circuler. Cette persistance de l’exploitation illégale du bois peut se justifier par la présence pernicieuse de la pauvreté dans la plupart des pays producteurs de bois de l’Afrique centrale, laquelle est parfois maladroitement avancée pour justifier la corruption endémique dans ces États. Le bois ainsi illégalement exploité ne profite guère aux couches vulnérables de la population, mais engraisse une poignée de fonctionnaires aigrefins, situés parfois jusqu’au sommet de l’administration civile et policière. Alors, si l’impact des normes de la Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) sur la protection des forêts de l’Afrique centrale est perceptible du fait de leur application mitigée, cet impact reste perfectible par l’élargissement du champ matériel et territorial d’application de ces normes, la lutte contre la pauvreté et la corruption, etc.
2
GRIFFIN, F. J. "Black Feminists and Du Bois: Respectability, Protection, and Beyond." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 568, no. 1 (March 1, 2000): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716200568001004.
3
Griffin, Farah Jasmine. "Black Feminists and Du Bois: Respectability, Protection, and Beyond." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 568, no. 1 (March 2000): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000271620056800104.
4
DEBLONDE, J. P. "Les bois et forêts classés comme forêts de protection." Revue Forestière Française, S (1991): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/26256.
5
Prioul, Christian. "Exploitation et protection des bois et des forêts des tropiques." Cahiers d'outre-mer 39, no. 156 (1986): 393–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/caoum.1986.3202.
6
Bécuwe, Stéphane, Bertrand Blancheton, Bossoma Doriane N'Doua, Christophe Lévêque, and Samuel Maveyraud. "Les conséquences de la politique commerciale sur la filière bois : La France et la politique Méline de 1892." Revue forestière française 74, no. 4 (December 11, 2023): 507–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/revforfr.2023.7901.
Анотація:
Cet article mobilise de nouvelles données douanières sur la Troisième République afin de discuter de l’impact d’un choc protectionniste – le tarif Méline de 1892 – sur les importations et les exportations de bois françaises (environ -65 millions de francs par an). Nous montrons que la hausse massive du taux de protection douanière (passant de 0,11 % à 12,74 %) a représenté une aubaine fiscale pour l’État et a diminué les importations. Par ailleurs, nous remarquons un phénomène d’importations préventives en 1891 avant la mise en place du tarif. Nous discutons également de l’effet de ce tarif sur l’évolution de la ressource et sur la filière bois. Au contraire des inquiétudes de certains contemporains, le tarif Méline ne semble pas avoir conduit à une surexploitation des ressources.
Messages clés :• L’instauration du tarif Méline a eu un impact négatif sur les importations de bois et a représenté une aubaine fiscale pour l’État.• En amont du choc protectionniste, on observe une hausse massive des importations, peut-être due à un phénomène de stockage de la ressource.• Le tarif Méline ne semble pas avoir conduit à une surexploitation et des forêts.
7
Dalo, Patrice. "Quelle vision des forêts pour les défenseurs de l’environnement par rapport aux effets du réchauffement climatique ?" Revue forestière française 74, no. 2 (June 23, 2023): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/revforfr.2023.7597.
Анотація:
La société se préoccupe de plus en plus de questions forestières essentiellement sous l’angle de la protection de la nature, ou sous sa forme moderne, de la préservation de la biodiversité. Les attentes de la société s’expriment à travers un tissu associatif fédéré en particulier par France Nature-Environnement. Les préoccupations les plus souvent exprimées concernent les coupes rases, la protection d’espèces emblématiques et l’introduction d’espèces exotiques, tout en reconnaissant l’importance du contexte de changements climatiques de plus en plus prégnant. Ces préoccupations doivent trouver leur place dans un dialogue apaisé avec les gestionnaires forestiers dans le cadre de concertations régionales et nationales. Messages clésFrance Nature Environnement défend un modèle de concertation autour de la gestion multifonctionnelle.Dans ce modèle, les services de production (de bois) et de protection (de la biodiversité) sont pris en compte.
8
Trébuchon, Jean-François. "Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, numéros spéciaux et nouveau comité éditorial." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 356 (September 4, 2023): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2023.356.a37245.
Анотація:
En 2022, deux grandes réunions consacrées à l’Agroforesterie se sont tenues : l’Euraf 2022, du 16 au 20 mai 2022, 6e Conférence européenne d’agroforesterie, en Italie ; et le 5e Congrès mondial de l'agroforesterie, du 17 au 20 juillet 2022 au Canada. Les organisateurs du Congrès mondial de l’Agroforesterie (Bissonnette et al.) ont joué le jeu en relayant l’appel à publier dans un numéro spécial de la revue Bois et Forêts des Tropiques. Quelques conférenciers présentaient des résultats de leurs travaux dans les zones méditerranéennes ou tropicales. Les auteurs ayant tenu les délais et les exigences de la revue voient leur engagement récompensé par la publication dans un numéro spécial qui s’étendra sur deux numéros Le nombre d’articles ayant été plus grand que la capacité d’un volume, quelques articles seront publiés dans le numéro suivant.
En 2023, la réunion IRG54 du Groupe international de recherche sur la protection du bois s’est tenue du 28 mai au 1er juin 2023 en Australie. Certains articles présentés lors de la session spéciale sur « Les bois tropicaux : chimie de la durabilité naturelle et conférée » seront évalués et publiés pour un prochain numéro spécial consacré à la durabilité des bois. La soumission des manuscrits approche de l’échéance et les auteurs peuvent toujours proposer leurs travaux.
Pendant ce temps, la revue Bois et Forêts des Tropiques a renouvelé en grande partie le comité éditorial en accueillant de nouvelles personnes sélectionnées pour accompagner la revue et y siéger en tant que membre. Elles représentent un échantillon de la diversité des recherches forestières appliquées qui sont publiées dans la revue. Nous les remercions de l’attention que chacune d’elles porte à la mission de la revue. Comme l’expose leur mission, nous les encourageons de nouveau à poursuivre l’amélioration des articles soumis et publiés, la proposition de manuscrits de leur entourage de doctorants et de chercheurs confirmés, et la suggestion de relecteurs internationaux potentiels. Le comité éditorial est constitué pour une durée de trois années.
9
Kmadem, Maxime, Gilles Tounsi, and Fabrice Yodjin. "Impact de l’Usage des Foyers Améliorés sur la Végétation au Cameroun." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 19, no. 17 (June 30, 2023): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2023.v19n17p69.
Анотація:
La végétation de la région de l’Ouest dominée par la savane arborée, constitue la principale source de bois d’énergie de cuisson dans les ménages. La présente étude a pour objectif de mettre en évidence l’apport des foyers améliorés sur la préservation de la végétation à l’Ouest Cameroun. Afin d’évaluer cette contribution, l’on a en premier lieu réalisé une analyse spatiale, décrivant l’état de la végétation dans cette région, et en second lieu, évalué l’apport de l’usage des foyers améliorés sur la protection de la savane. L’étude indique qu’entre l’année 2005 et l’année 2015, la superficie de la savane a régressé de 818 300 hectares (8 183 km2), du fait de la pression humaine. Cette régression serait ainsi en partie contenue, si une substitution d’un foyer à trois pierres par un foyer amélioré à bois était réalisable au sein de chaque ménage. Celle-ci conduirait à une économie de 1 648 kg de bois par ménage par an, correspondant à une superficie de 15 614,8 hectares de savane préservée par an.
The vegetation of the western region, dominated by wooded savannah, is the main source of fuelwood for cooking in households. This study aims to highlight the contribution of improved stoves to the preservation of vegetation in West Cameroon. In order to evaluate this contribution, we first carried out a spatial analysis, describing the state of the vegetation in this region, and secondly, evaluated the contribution of the use of improved stoves on the protection of the savannah. The study indicates that between the year 2005 and the year 2015, the area of the savannah decreased by 818,300 hectares (8,183 km2), due to human pressure. This regression would thus be partly contained, if a substitution of a three-stone stove by an improved wood-burning stove were feasible within each household. This would lead to a saving of 1,648 kg of wood per household per year, corresponding to an area of 15,614.8 hectares of preserved savannah per year.
10
FERMOND, Cédric, Olivier FERRY, Julien FIQUEPRON, Patrick LACHASSAGNE, and Simon ROUQUET. "PRINCIPAUX ENJEUX ET PROPOSITIONS POUR UNE GESTION ET UNE PROTECTION HARMONIEUSES DES RESSOURCES EAU ET BOIS." Revue Forestière Française, no. 5 (2013): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/53706.
Дисертації з теми "Protection du bois":
1
Pépin, Simon. "Protection du bois par barrière pénétrante : stratégie multifonctionnelle." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67737.
Анотація:
Le bois est un matériau de construction hors du commun; solide, léger et esthétique, il permet la construction de bâtiments sécuritaires et accueillants. De plus, en tant qu’important puit de carbone, il est un excellent outil pour combattre l’accumulation de dioxyde de carbone dans l’atmosphère. Étant de nature biologique et hygroscopique, il est cependant sujet à être dégradé par divers agents biotiques et abiotiques. Parmi ceux-ci, les changements de dimensions, suite à l’adsorption et la désorption d’eau, et la biodégradation limitent beaucoup son usage à l’extérieur des bâtiments. Fort heureusement, la dégradation peut être limitée de plusieurs façons, comme en adoptant des pratiques de construction qui réduisent l’exposition du bois aux sources de dégradation et en utilisant différents traitements. Cette thèse, divisée en trois axes, s’est dédiée au développement d’une barrière pénétrante, un traitement du bois permettant à la fois son imprégnation et son revêtement. Le premier axe s’est concentré sur le développement de la partie pénétrante du traitement et ses performances pratiques. Dans le second axe, la partie pénétrante a été caractérisée de manière plus descriptive pour assurer une protection durable. Finalement, lors du troisième axe, des résines acryliques ont été ajoutées au traitement en guise de partie barrière. Le premier axe a permis de développer une partie pénétrante inspirée du traitement Tru-Core® de la compagnie américaine Kop-Coat et d’évaluer son efficacité sur le pin blanc (Pinus strobus L.) et l’épinette blanche (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss). Celle-ci utilise des oxydes d’amines tertiaires pour permettre l’imprégnation du bois par diffusion, évitant les procédés classiques nécessitant des cycles de vide et de haute pression. Les oxydes d’amines permettent la solubilisation de fongicides organiques et leur transport dans le bois, améliorant la résistance à la biodégradation du bois traité. Ils réduisent également les changements de dimensions provoqués par les fluctuations d’humidité relative. Le traitement a permis une inhibition presque complète de la dégradation du champignon à pourriture brune Rhodonia placenta, alors que les échantillons témoins ont perdu plus de 22% de leur masse initiale. Des essais de stabilité dimensionnelle ont montré une réduction de 29% des changements de dimensions chez le pin blanc et de 24% dans le cas de l’épinette. Ces résultats se situent loin de ce qui est obtenu par d’autres traitements, comme l’acétylation, qui peuvent atteindre jusqu’à 70%. Ces traitements son tcependant accompagnés de besoins en équipements beaucoup plus sophistiqués, de coûts et de consommations énergiques supérieurs, et d’un gain de masse de plus de 20% du bois traité. Dans le cas de la barrière pénétrante, le gain masse s’est limité à 1-2%. Lors du deuxième axe, des aspects plus techniques et descriptifs du traitement ont été évalués. Bien qu’ils n’affectent pas directement ses performances, ces aspects sont des indicateurs du niveau de protection du traitement. Des essais de profondeur de pénétration, à partir d’une teinture indigo, ont indiqué que les fongicides ne pénètrent que de deux millimètres dans le bois, et seulement longitudinalement. L’indigo a été sélectionnée pour sa structure chimique et sa masse moléculaire, qui sont celles qui se rapprochaient le plus des fongicides utilisés parmi toutes les teintures disponibles. Pour leur part, les oxydes d’amines ont imprégné le bois plus profondément et dans toutes les directions principales. Les fongicides imprégnés ont été quantifiés par chromatographie liquide, indiquant une concentration supérieure à celle suggérée par les normes en matière de protection du bois (minimum 0.040 kg/m3). Même après deux semaines de lessivage par immersion, la concentration des fongicides représentait encore entre 50% et 200% des recommandations des normes, selon l’espèce et le traitement utilisé. Il est donc raisonnable de s’attendre à ce que la protection antifongique reste efficace sur une longue durée. Lors du troisième axe, des résines acryliques commerciales ont été ajoutées à la formulation développée en guise de partie barrière. Plusieurs propriétés des revêtements ont été évaluées, avant et après vieillissement artificiel, en portant une attention particulière sur l’influence de la partie pénétrante sur celles-ci. L’adhérence du revêtement a sensiblement diminué en présence de la partie barrière, tel qu’évalué par des tests d’arrachement. En effet, une rupture à l’interface bois-revêtement était parfois observée à des valeurs inférieures à 2 MPa. La perméabilité à l’eau liquide a environ doublé, mais celle à l’humidité relative n’a pas été affectée. La pénétration de la teinture indigo a légèrement diminué en présence de la résine acrylique, résultat de la viscosité plus élevée des solutions de traitement.Wood is an outstanding building material; hard, light and aesthetic, it allows the construction of safe and welcoming buildings. Furthermore, as an important carbon sink, it is a great tool to prevent the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Being biologic and hygroscopic, it is however subject to degradation by diverse biotic and abiotic agents. Amongst those, dimensional changes, following the absorption and desorptionof water, and biodegradation limit its use outdoor. Fortunately, degradation may be limited by adopting building practices which reduce the exposition of wood to the sources of degradation and by using wood treatments. This thesis, divided in three axes, was dedicated to the development of a penetrating barrier, a wood treatment allowing both its impregnation and coating. The first axis was focused on the development of the penetrating part of the treatment and its service performances. During the second axis, the penetrating part was characterized to ensure durable performances. Finally, during the third axis, acrylic resins were added to the treatment as a barrier part. The first axis allowed the development a penetrating part, inspired by the Tru-Core® treatment of the American company Kop-Coat, and the evaluation of its service performances on eastern white pine (Pinus strobus, L.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss). It used tertiary amine oxides to allow the impregnation of wood through diffusion, avoiding the classic processes relying on vacuum and high pressure. The amine oxides allow the solubilisation of organic fungicides and their transportation into the wood, improving the treated wood’s resistance to biodegradation. They also reduce the dimensional changes induced by the fluctuating relative humidity. The treatment allowed an almost complete inhibition of the degradation from the brown-rot fungi Rhodonia placenta, while untreated samples lost more than 22% of their initial mass. Dimensional stability tests showed 29% less dimensional changes in white pine and 24% in white spruce. These results do not meet the performances of other treatments, like acetylation, which can attain as much as 70%. These treatments however need more sophisticated equipment, are more expensive and energy consuming, and increase the density of the treated wood by more than 20%. With the penetrating barrier, the mass increase is limited to 1-2%. During the second axis, more descriptive and technical aspects of the treatment were evaluated. While they do not directly affect the performances of the treatment, these aspects indicate the level of protection offered by the treatment. Penetration depth tests, performed with an indigo dye, indicated that the fungicides penetrated 2 mm deeps into the wood, and only longitudinally. The amine oxides impregnated deeper than the dye, and in all the principal axes of the wood. The amount of fungicides impregnated was quantified by liquid chromatography, indicating higher concentrations of fungicides than the 0.040 kg/m3 requested by the wood preservation standards. Even after two weeks of leaching through immersion, the concentration was still higher than the recommendations of the standards. For the third axis, commercial acrylic resins were added to the formulation as the barrier part of the treatment. Many properties of the coatings were evaluated, before and after artificial aging, according a particular attention to the influence of the penetrating part on the former. The adhesion of the coatings were substantially reduced, as evaluated with pull-off tests showing fracture at the wood-coating interface at values below 2 MPa. The permeability to liquid water slightly increased, although the permeability to relative humidity was not affected. The penetration of the indigo blue dye was slightly diminished by the acrylic resins, as a result of the increased viscosity of the treatment solutions.
2
Soulounganga, Patrice. "Etude de nouveaux traitements de protection du bois à base de polyglycérols." Nancy 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NAN10032.
Анотація:
Le bois est un matériau hétérogène composé de tissus d'origine végétale, constitués de lignine, cellulose et hémicelluloses. Anisotrope et hygroscopique, il est sensible aux attaques d'origines biotique et abiotique, et nécessite le recours à des traitements chimiques pour le stabiliser et le préserver. Cependant, la toxicité de certains produits utilisés actuellement, associée aux contraintes environnementales sur les gaz à effet de serre, justifie la recherche de nouvelles alternatives de préservation du matériau bois. C'est ainsi que les travaux menés au cours de cette recherche portent sur l'utilisation de dérivés du polyglycérol comme agents de stabilisation dimensionnelle du bois. Des études antérieures ont montré que les polyglycérols (PG), solubles dans l'eau, stabilisent dimensionnellement le bois, mais sont facilement lessivés. Pour remédier à ce problème, plusieurs solutions ont été développées. La première consiste à utiliser des esters gras de PG, de faible solubilité dans l'eau. Les résultats obtenus dépendent du choix du solvant d'imprégnation. Les traitements sous forme de microémulsion conduisent à de meilleurs résultats de stabilisation dimensionnelle comparativement aux traitements en phase organique. De plus le caractère hydrophobe conféré aux éprouvettes limite la virulence des champignons de pourriture. Une deuxième approche consiste à utiliser des monomères vinyliques de méthacrylate de polyglycérol, obtenus facilement à partir de polyglycérol et de méthacrylate de glycidol. Le traitement du bois effectués en phase aqueuse conduit, après séchage, à la formation d'un polymère résistant au lessivage et conférant au bois une plus grande stabilité dimensionnelle ainsi qu'une résistance accrue aux basidiomycètes. Une étude microscopique a permis de localiser le produit dans les parois cellulaires du bois, expliquant la bonne stabilité dimensionnelle observée. Enfin, la troisième approche envisagée concerne la formation d'un réseau polymèrique dans le bois obtenu à partir de PG, de glyoxal et d'acide borique. Une telle combinaison permet de stabiliser dimensionnellement le bois, de limiter la déplétion du bore par rapport à l'acide borique utilisé seul et de protéger le bois contre les champignons xylophagesWood is an heterogeneous material composed of tissue of vegetable origin. It is constituted of lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses. Anisotropic and hygroscopic, it is sensitive to biotic and abiotic attacks, and requires the use of chemical treatments to be stabilized and preserved. However, the toxicity of certain products currently used, associated to the environmental constraints on greenhouse gases, justifies the search for new alternatives for wood preservation. Thus, the work undertaken during this research concerns the use of polyglycerol derivatives as wood dimensional stabilizing agents. Former studies have showed that polyglycerols (PG), soluble in water, increase wood dimensional stability, but are easily leached. To solve this problem, several solutions were developed. The first solution consists in the use of fatty esters of PG with low solubility in water. The results obtained depend on the solvent chosen for impregnation. Treatments in the form of microemulsion lead to better results of dimensional stabilization compared to treatments in organic phase. Moreover the hydrophobic character conferred to wood limits the virulence of rot fungi. A second approach consists in the use of polyglycerol methacrylate, easily obtained from polyglycerol and glycidol methacrylate. Water-borne treatment of wood leads, after drying, to the formation of a polymer insoluble in water able to improve dimensional stability of wood but also its resistance to the basidiomycetes. A microscopic study has allowed the localisation of the product in the wood cells wall, explaining the good dimensional stability observed. Lastly, the third approach considered relates to the formation of a polymeric network in wood obtained from PG, glyoxal and boric acid. Such a combination allows to stabilize wood dimensionally , to limit the depletion of boron compared to boric acid used alone and protect wood against fungi
3
Sahmim, Wissem. "Modification chimique des extractibles de bois : application à la protection du bois et des matériaux métalliques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0300/document.
Анотація:
Dans ce cadre de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à la conception, à la synthèse et à la caractérisation des propriétés physicochimiques de dérivés lipophiles d’extractibles du bois. Nous avons ainsi envisagé de modifier la structure de trois flavonoïdes dont la ressource est importante à partir de différentes essences de bois : la catéchine, le mesquitol et la naringénine pour incorporer des fonctionnalités supplémentaires. Les applications visées ici concernent principalement la protection des matériaux, en l’occurrence le bois et les métaux corrodables. En ce qui concerne la préservation du bois, il semble possible d’envisager différentes stratégies pour inhiber l’action de dégradation des champignons sur le bois. L’imprégnation des composés antioxydant tels que les polyphénols dans le bois, seuls ou en association avec un biocide pour agir en synergie, permet de limiter les effets des radicaux ou autres oxydants utilisés et générés par les pourritures, L’objectif de la modification structurale est ici d’augmenter leur hydrophobie pour limiter leur lessivage en cas d’utilisation du matériau en conditions extérieures. La deuxième application visée est la protection des matériaux métalliques. En effet, l’utilisation des produits antioxydants naturels comme inhibiteur de corrosion permet de substituer les inhibiteurs inorganiques ou les molécules organiques d’origine pétrochimique (polyamines, Imidazole…), car leur production est coûteuse et elles sont issues de ressources non renouvelables. Le greffage d’une chaîne hydrocarbonée hydrophobe sur des polyphénols ayant des propriétés antioxydantes permet d’obtenir un film protecteur sur le matériauWithin the framework of this thesis, we are interested in the design, synthesis and characterization of the physicochemical properties of lipophilic derivatives of wood extractives. We have thus considered modifying the structure of three flavonoids whose resource is important from different wood species: catechin, mesquitol and naringenin to incorporate additional functionalities. The applications reported here mainly deal with the protection of materials like wood and corrodible metals. With respect to wood preservation, it seems possible to consider different strategies to inhibit the wood degradation related to fungi on wood. Impregnation of antioxidant compounds such as lipophilic polyphenols on wood can limit the effects of radicals or other oxidants used and generated by rots. The second intended application is the protection of metallic materials. Indeed, the use of natural antioxidants as a corrosion inhibitor replace inorganic inhibitors or organic molecules (polyamines, imidazole...), because their production is expensive and toxic. The grafting of a hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain on polyphenols which have antioxidant properties allows the formation of protective films on the material
4
Sahmim, Wissem. "Modification chimique des extractibles de bois : application à la protection du bois et des matériaux métalliques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0300.
Анотація:
Dans ce cadre de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à la conception, à la synthèse et à la caractérisation des propriétés physicochimiques de dérivés lipophiles d’extractibles du bois. Nous avons ainsi envisagé de modifier la structure de trois flavonoïdes dont la ressource est importante à partir de différentes essences de bois : la catéchine, le mesquitol et la naringénine pour incorporer des fonctionnalités supplémentaires. Les applications visées ici concernent principalement la protection des matériaux, en l’occurrence le bois et les métaux corrodables. En ce qui concerne la préservation du bois, il semble possible d’envisager différentes stratégies pour inhiber l’action de dégradation des champignons sur le bois. L’imprégnation des composés antioxydant tels que les polyphénols dans le bois, seuls ou en association avec un biocide pour agir en synergie, permet de limiter les effets des radicaux ou autres oxydants utilisés et générés par les pourritures, L’objectif de la modification structurale est ici d’augmenter leur hydrophobie pour limiter leur lessivage en cas d’utilisation du matériau en conditions extérieures. La deuxième application visée est la protection des matériaux métalliques. En effet, l’utilisation des produits antioxydants naturels comme inhibiteur de corrosion permet de substituer les inhibiteurs inorganiques ou les molécules organiques d’origine pétrochimique (polyamines, Imidazole…), car leur production est coûteuse et elles sont issues de ressources non renouvelables. Le greffage d’une chaîne hydrocarbonée hydrophobe sur des polyphénols ayant des propriétés antioxydantes permet d’obtenir un film protecteur sur le matériauWithin the framework of this thesis, we are interested in the design, synthesis and characterization of the physicochemical properties of lipophilic derivatives of wood extractives. We have thus considered modifying the structure of three flavonoids whose resource is important from different wood species: catechin, mesquitol and naringenin to incorporate additional functionalities. The applications reported here mainly deal with the protection of materials like wood and corrodible metals. With respect to wood preservation, it seems possible to consider different strategies to inhibit the wood degradation related to fungi on wood. Impregnation of antioxidant compounds such as lipophilic polyphenols on wood can limit the effects of radicals or other oxidants used and generated by rots. The second intended application is the protection of metallic materials. Indeed, the use of natural antioxidants as a corrosion inhibitor replace inorganic inhibitors or organic molecules (polyamines, imidazole...), because their production is expensive and toxic. The grafting of a hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain on polyphenols which have antioxidant properties allows the formation of protective films on the material
5
Barré, Jean-Baptiste. "Évaluation du niveau de dégradation du bois dans les ouvrages de protection par spectroscopie proche infrarouge et analyse vibratoire." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAS005/document.
Анотація:
La construction d'ouvrages de protection répond à la nécessité de se protéger d'aléas naturels comme les phénomènes d'érosion ou de glissement de terrain. Si le béton est classiquement utilisé pour la construction de tels ouvrages, le bois est régulièrement employé sur des aléas engendrant des contraintes faibles ou modérées. Pour cela, les praticiens s'appuient sur deux approches différentes, le génie civil et l'ingénierie écologique, qui requièrent, dans ce contexte, la mise en œuvre d'une structure construite sur la base d'un agencement de rondins de bois d'essence locale. Il existe cependant des lacunes de connaissances freinant la prescription de ces ouvrages. Les verrous scientifiques concernent notamment l'évaluation du niveau de dégradation, au sens des propriétés mécaniques, des rondins pour le suivi des ouvrages existants.L'objectif de cette thèse est de développer deux méthodes d'évaluation du niveau de dégradation de rondins de sapin blanc à partir de la spectroscopie proche infrarouge (SPIR) et de l'analyse vibratoire. Dans ce travail de thèse, le niveau de dégradation d'un rondin est défini à partir du taux de perte en module d'élasticité ou en module de rupture par rapport à leur valeur à l'état intact.Les résultats obtenus ont montré que les méthodes développées permettaient d'évaluer le niveau de dégradation de rondins aussi bien en conditions semi-contrôlées qu'en conditions naturelles. La méthode par SPIR évalue le niveau de dégradation à partir de modèles de prédiction des indicateurs de référence $Dw_{MOE}$ et $Dw_{MOR}$ basés sur les statistiques multivariées. La méthode par analyse vibratoire mesure le taux de perte en module d'élasticité dynamique ($Dw_{E_n}$) des rondins, qui se caractérisent par leurs imperfections géométriques.Ce travail contribue à approfondir les connaissances sur l'évaluation du niveau de dégradation du bois. Les résultats obtenus permettent d'envisager une application sur des structures réelles. Ces deux méthodes sont effectivement adaptables pour effectuer les mesures textit{in-situ}The construction of protective works responds to the need to protect themselves from natural hazards such as erosion or landslides. If the concrete is conventionally used for their construction, wood is regularly used on natural hazards generating low or moderate stresses. For this, practitioners rely on two different approaches, civil engineering and ecological engineering, which require, in this context, the implementation of a structure built on the basis of an arrangement of logs. However, there are knowledge gaps hampering the prescription of these works. In particular, scientists locks concern the assessment of the level of decay, in the sense of mechanical properties, of logs for monitoring existing structures.The aim of this thesis is to develop two methods for assessing the level of decay of silver fir logs from near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and vibration analysis. In this thesis, the level of decay is set from the rate of loss in modulus of elasticity (MOE) or modulus of rupture (MOR) in relation to their intact value .The results showed that the methods allowed evaluating the log level of decay both in semi-controlled and in natural conditions. The NIRS method assesses the level of decay from prediction models of $Dw_{MOE}$ and of $Dw_{MOR}$ based on multivariate statistics. The method by vibration analysis measuring the loss rate in dynamic MOE ($Dw_{E_n}$)of the logs, which are characterized by their geometric imperfections.This work helps to deepen knowledge on the assessment of the level of decay of wood. The methods may be considered for application on real structures. These two methods are actually suitable for textit{in-situ} measurements.The objective of this thesis is to develop two indicators, DwNIRS and DwE1, from two complementary methods, the near infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS) and the vibration resonant method (VRM), to assess decay-extent of small-diameters silver fir logs decayed by a microbial community. These indicators are intended to help to practitioners in the diagnostic of the structures. The work is based on a mechanical definition of the decay-extent. A reference indicator DwMOE is defined for this purpose from the normalized loss in modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the logs between intact and decayed states.The thesis is composed of three parts. The first part explores the ability of NIRS to assess decay-extent in semi controlled conditions. Small-diameter logs have been degraded in a greenhouse and monitored at different decay levels. The indicator DwNIRS is calculated from a prediction model using multivariate statistics to predict the reference indicator DwMOE. The second part studies VRM. This method allows measuring dynamically the modulus of elasticity of logs at different decay levels. The third part is dedicated to the comparison of both methods in semi-controlled conditions and also in natural conditions.The results show that both methods allow identifying the effects of the microbial community on wood from early stages of decay. The indicators DwNIRS and DwE1 follow faithfully DwMOE even if the intrinsic variability of wood properties coupled with those bring with the microbial activity alter the precision. Thus, the definition of decay classes from DwNIRS and DwE1 limits the undesirable effects of the variability and brings closer the methods from those already used to assess decay in natural conditions. Finally, the classifications obtained from logs decayed in natural conditions are comparable and allow considering an application on real structures. Both methods are effectively adaptable to in-situ measurements with a limited degradation impact on structures
6
Lhumeau, Fanny. "Développement d’un traitement de préservation pour la protection du bois en usage extérieur." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MULH8512.
Анотація:
Lorsque le bois est utilisé en extérieur avec des expositions répétées ou permanentes aux humidifications, les risques d’altération par des agents de dégradations biologiques au cours du temps sont élevés. Par conséquent, il est indispensable de recourir à des systèmes de protection afin de garantir une durée de vie optimale. Les produits traditionnels utilisés pendant des décennies et reconnus comme étant les plus efficaces font actuellement l’objet de fortes restrictions en raison de leur toxicité, entraînant leur disparition progressive du marché européen. Le projet FUI TIMBIRDE a eu pour objectif de développer des formulations permettant de greffer chimiquement des polymères sur les hydroxyles du bois afin de réduire son hygroscopie et limiter le relargage du traitement dans l’environnement. De plus, ces traitements ont pour but de diminuer la porosité du bois en la remplissant par la matrice polymère. Pour ce faire, les fonctions chimiques capables de réagir avec les hydroxyles du bois ont été identifiées en utilisant la cellulose comme composé modèle. Ensuite, des polymères hydrophobes ont été fonctionnalisés par ces fonctions d’accroche en vue de leur greffage sur les groupements hydroxyles du bois par la technique du « graft to ». Dans le cadre de cette étude, les formulations retenues ont été appliquées en profondeur dans le bois par imprégnation en autoclave sous vide/pression. Les systèmes imprégnés dans le bois sous forme de latex ont ainsi permis de diminuer la reprise en eau des bois traités (jusqu’à 50%) par rapport au témoin non traitéWhen wood is used outdoors with repeated or continuous exposures to moisture, degradation by biotic factors is high. Consequently, resorting to systems of protection is essential to ensure an optimal service life. However, some of the traditional wood preservatives, used for decades for wood protection and regarded as the most effective, are currently subjected to severe restrictions in Europe because of their toxicity. The FUI TIMBIRDE project aimed to develop formulations allowing the grafting of non-biocidal polymers on the natural components of wood to limit water uptake and enhance dimensional stability. The grafting of compounds on wood will limit their potential release into the environment and reduce the wood porosity by filling the wood matrix with polymers. In a first step, identification and optimization of grafting functions was performed on cellulose as model compound of wood. Then, hydrophobic polymers were functionalized with these specific functions in order to graft polymers on wood. In this study, wood specimens were treated with selected formulations by vacuum/pressure impregnation in lab autoclave. Thus, a reduction up to 50% of water uptake was observed for wood treated with polymer latex compared to untreated wood
7
Mourant, Daniel. "Développement d'une matrice résinique à base d'huile pyrolytique pour la protection du bois." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24828/24828.pdf.
8
Sundaryono, Agus. "Synthèse et étude d'analogues de curcumine : complexation de métaux de transition : essais de photoprotection du bois." Bordeaux 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR12426.
Анотація:
Le mémoire traite de la synthèse de nouveaux analogues de curcumine, de l'étude de leur complexation avec les métaux de transition et de leur aptitude à protéger le bois des radiations lumineuses. Deux nouveaux bis-curcuminoi͏̈des incorporant un pont diphénylméthane entre deux motifs curcumine ont été synthétisés et caractérisés. Ils présentent un système préorganisé susceptible de complexer les métaux de transition, l'un d'entre eux possède en plus une cavité éther-couronne capable de complexer sélectivement les cations alcalins. Leurs propriétés d'absorption UV-visible et d'émission de fluorescence ont été examinées. La complexation avec le bore et les métaux de transition, particulièrement avec le cuivre (II), a été abordée. La structure des complexes de Cu (II) a été établie par des calculs quantiques moléculaires. D'autres curcuminoi͏̈des et leurs complexes avec le cuivre (II) et le bore, éléments connus pour leurs propriétés antifongiques, ont été synthétisés et leur aptitude à photostabiliser la couleur des bois a été explorée.
9
Kervern, Daniel. "Synthèse et caractérisation de nouveaux absorbeurs-UV hybrides : Application à la protection du bois." Nantes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NANT2121.
Анотація:
Le bois est le matériau de prédilection de construction pour la maison. Fort de ses propriétés physiques et de son côté esthétique, il possède un potentiel de développement considérable. Cependant, ses constituants et principalement les lignines, peuvent réagir avec le rayonnement UV entrainant des phénomènes de photodégradation via des mécanismes radicalaires complexes. Ceux-ci se traduisent, lors d'une irradiation prolongée en extérieur (à un moindre niveau en intérieur), par des décolorations surfaciques indésirables. Dans un contexte écologique, il est important de limiter ces changements de couleur. La dispersion d'absorbeurs-UV efficaces en surface apparaît être un remède prometteur à ce problème. Dans cette optique, les absorbeurs-UV traditionnels (Ti 02, ZnO,. . . ) s'avèrent être peu convaincants du fait de la coloration blanche qu'ils induisent en surface (phénomènes de diffusion dus à leur fort indice de réfraction). Notre groupe s'intéresse depuis quelques années à des matériaux hybrides organiques-inorganiques, à base de polyoxomolybdates et de cations dits organoammoniums, qui présentent une grande variété de composés. Parmi ceux-ci, une famille de matériaux comportant une charpente inorganique en chaines 1/oo[Mo8026]4- a montré des propriétés intéressantes d'absorption-UV. Notre choix s'est alors porté sur cette nouvelle classe de composés, peu connue pour encore, qui possèdent un indice de réfraction moins élevé grâce à leur partie organique. Ils devraient ainsi ne pas altérer la couleur naturelle du bois. Les enjeux de ces travaux sont donc la synthèse et la caractérisation de nouveaux absorbeurs-UV hybrides, puis leur application en surface d'échantillons bois en vue de leur protection contre le rayonnement UVWood is the predilection material for house construction. Strong of its physical properties and its aesthetic aspect, its potential development is considerable. However, its constituents and mainly lignins, can react with UV radiation leading to photodegradation phenomena via complex radicalar mechanisms. These results induce surface discolorations in case of outdoor long-term irradiation (at a lower scale indoor). The dispersion of efficient UV-absorbers at wood surface appears then as a promising cure for this problem. In this prospect, common UV-absorbers (Ti02, ZnO,. . . ) turn out to be little convincing because of the white coloration they induce at the surface (diffusion phenomena due to their high refractive index). Our team has been investigating for a few years now on hybrid organic-inorganic materials, based on polyoxomolybdates and organoammonium cations, which present a large variety of compounds. Among these, some built on a 1 I oo[Mo8026]4- chain structure exhibit interesting UV-absorption properties. We thus chose to study this new class of compounds, poorly known so far, which possesses a lower refraction index thanks to their organic part. Thereby, we should expect no alteration of wood natural color. In this way, the issues of this work are the synthesis and the characterization of new hybrid UV-absorbers, and their application at the surface of wood samples towards UV behaviour tests
10
Hu, Jinbo. "Associations tanins-bore pour des produits de protection du bois à faible impact environnemental." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS248/document.
Анотація:
Étant donné son origine, le bois reste biodégradable et a besoin d'être protégé contre les agents abiotiques et biotiques afin d'avoir une longue durée de service. Les associations entre les tanins et l'acide borique peuvent être considérés comme un traitement innovant et respectueux de l'environnement. Ces formulations aqueuses de tannins et d'acide borique augmentent la rémanence du bore dans le bois traité. De plus, le bore est partiellement fixé au réseau polymère de tannins autocondensés dans le bois et garde suffisamment de mobilité pour garder son efficacité biologique. Ces associations ont été testées pour une application en extérieur, au-dessus et dans le sol, et pour leurs propriétés ignifugeantes. Une première formulation de tannin-hexamine et acide borique a montré une efficacité certaine face aux dégradations biologiques et au feu. Le comportement au vieillissement naturel et artificiel, au lessivage à l'échelle du laboratoire, ainsi que l'efficacité biologique résultante, de bois traité par ces associations a été étudié. Les résultats montent que ces trois vieillissements mènent à des performances biologiques différentes, toutes liées à la teneur en bore résiduelle. Une formulation tannin-bore dite améliorée, contenant du ɛ-caprolactame pour rendre le réseau polymère plus flexible (et éviter les craquelures comme dans la première formulation) a été étudiée pour les mécanismes chimiques mis en jeu, la résistance biologique au-dessus et dans le sol, et la résistance au feu. Le polymère à base de tannin acquiert une structure plus élastique après incorporation de ɛ-caprolactame, comme démontré par des analyses FT-IR. La résistance biologique du bois traité procure une résistance à long terme en extérieur, même dans le sol. L'effet de protection au feu est moins intéressant que pour la première formulation, mais reste toute de même plus important que pour le témoin. Afin d'améliorer l'efficacité des associations entre bore et tannins, l'élaboration de bois contenant un polymère nano-composite (Wood Tannin NanoComposite, WTNC) utilisant tannins, acide borique et montmorillonite a été étudiée. Des analyses FT-IR et XRD on permit d’identifier des nanoparticules d'argiles dans le WTNC. Par ailleurs, des traces de montmorillonite dans les parois du bois ont été observées en microscopie électronique à balayage. Par comparaison avec des témoins, la résistance à la compression du WTNC est plus importante, l'absorption d'eau et l'aptitude au collage du WTNC dépend de l'essence utilisée (pin sylvestre vs. Hêtre), la stabilité dimensionnelle du WTNC est légèrement abaissée et sa mouillabilité significativement réduite. La résistance à l'attaque de champignons et termites est améliorée dans des proportions variables selon que l'on utilise du pin sylvestre ou du hêtre. Les performances anti-feu des WTNC sont affectées différemment en fonction de l'essence de bois utilisée et des paramètres considérés. Cette étude analyse aussi les impacts environnementaux de la production de produit de préservation tannin-bore (pour la première formulation) et compare aussi les impacts du berceau à la tombe dans le cadre d'une analyse de cycle de vie de bois traité par cette formulation, en comparaison avec 2 formulations industrielles et du béton. Il apparaît que même si ces associations tannin-bore peuvent être encore étudiées plus avant et plus finement du point de vue chimique, pour leurs performances biologiques (vis-à-vis d'insectes coléoptères, essais de champ avec des termites, moisissures…), ainsi que pour leur profil éco-toxicologique, elles ont montré de réelles améliorations du bois dans les domaines de la résistance biologique et de la résistance au feuDue to its origins, wood remains biodegradable and needs to be protected against abiotic and biotic agents for a long service life. Tannin-boron associations can be considered as an innovative preservative formulation and environmentally-friendly treatment. These waterborne associations of tannins and boric acid increase the permanence of boron in the wood. Furthermore, boric acid is partly fixed to the network of autocondensed tannin in the wood and keeps sufficient mobility to maintain its biological action. These associations have been investigated for their outdoor applications, both above and in-ground, as well as for their ability for fire protection. An original formulation of tannin-hexamine and boric acid, has shown efficiency against biological attack and fire degradation. The natural and artificial weathering behaviour, and laboratory scale leaching, of such treated wood have been investigated, and followed by biological tests. The results showed that the weatherings led to different performances, always linked with the amount of remaining boron. An advanced tannin-boron formulation including ɛ-caprolactam to make the polymer network more flexible (and avoiding cracks as noticed for the original formulation) was studied for the chemical mechanisms, biological resistance above and in-ground, fire retardancy. The tannin polymer acquires a more elastic structure after adding ɛ-caprolactam, as seen with FT-IR analyses. The biological resistance of the treated wood provided a long lasting protection against degradation in outdoor exposures, and even in ground contact. However, fire retardant effect of this advanced tannin-boron preservative was negatively influenced with comparison to the original tannin-boron formulation, but still better than control. In order to improve the associations between boron and tannin for wood protection, the conception of wood polymer nanocomposite using tannin, boric acid and montmorillonite tentatively carried out. The analyses of FT-IR and XRD have investigated to identify nanoclay in Wood Tannin Nanocomposite (WTNC). Meanwhile, the trace of montmorillonite in wood cell is also captured by SEM. By comparison with control, compression strengths of WTNC samples increase; water absorption and gluing ability of WTNC depend on the wood species used (Scot Pine vs. Beech); dimensional stability of WTNC is slightly decreased, and wettability was significantly decreased. Fungal and termite resistance of WTNC are improved to different extends if Scots pine or beech samples are used. Fire performances of WTNC is affected differently depending on the wood species used and the parameters considered. This study also analyses the environmental impacts of producing tannin-boron (TB) preservative (the original formulation) and comparatively introduces the cradle-to-grave life cycle environmental impacts (LCA) of TB-treated timber as landscaping materials, compared with 2 industrial formulations and concrete.Even if all these tannin-boron association systems developed still need to be improved for some point of their chemistry, biological performances (coleoptera insects, field tests with termites, molds…), as well as for their eco-toxicological profile, they have shown to improve the biological and fire resistance of the wood
Книги з теми "Protection du bois":
1
Brierley, Anthony. Les bois et les forêts. Chevron (Belgique): Ed. Hemma, 1994.
2
Allin, John T. Directives de gestion du bois pour la protection de l'habitat des poissons. [Toronto]: Direction des pêches, Ontario Ministère des richesses naturelles, 1988.
3
Canada, Canada Ressources naturelles, and Association des produits forestiers du Canada, eds. Gestion durable des forêts pour le bois, les animaux à fourrures et la biodiversité des forêts: Un guide à l'intention des trappeurs, des gestionnaires d'animaux à fourrure et des aménagistes forestiers. Ottawa, Ont: Institut de la fourrure du Canada, 2006.
4
Canada, Canada Environment, Secretariat of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora., United States Forest Service, and United States. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service., eds. CITES identification guide.: Guide to the identification of tropical woods controlled under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora = Guide d'identification CITES. Bois tropicaux : guide d'identification des bois tropicaux protégés par la Convention sur le commerce international des espèces de faune et de flore sauvages menacées d'extinction = Guía de identificación de CITES. Maderas tropicales : guía de identificación de las maderas tropicales protegidas por la Convención sobre el Comercio International de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres. [Ottawa]: Environment Canada, 2002.
5
Branch, Canada Wildlife Enforcement and Intelligence Division Enforcement. CITES identification guide - tropical woods : guide to the identification of tropical woods controlled under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora =: Guide d'identification CITES - bois tropicaux : guide d'identification des bois tropicaux protégés par la Convention sur le commerce international des espèces de faune et de flore sauvages menacées d'extinction = Guía de identificación de CITES - maderas tropicales : guía de identificación de las maderas tropicales protegidas por la Convención sobre el Comercio International de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres. Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada = Environnement Canada, 2002.
6
Barreto, Juliana Cunha. Conservar: Olinda boas práticas no casario. Olinda: Centro de Estudos Avançados da Conservação Integrada, 2010.
7
Wilson, Norah. Protecting Paige. [Fredericton, NB?]: Norah Wilson, 2010.
8
Sharpe, Susan. Waterman's boy. New York: Bradbury Press, 1990.
9
Sharpe, Susan. Suspenso en la bahía. México, D.F: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1992.
10
Kindlon, Daniel J. Raising Cain: Protecting the emotional life of boys. London: Penguin Books, 2000.
Частини книг з теми "Protection du bois":
1
Gowthamani, R., K. Sasi Kala Rani, C. R. Jayanth, B. Jeba Regan Raj, and J. Binesh. "Enhancing Protection Against Scalper Bots with ML." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 293–301. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7169-3_27.
2
See, August, Tatjana Wingarz, Matz Radloff, and Mathias Fischer. "Detecting Web Bots via Mouse Dynamics and Communication Metadata." In ICT Systems Security and Privacy Protection, 73–86. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56326-3_6.
3
Linden, Paul. "Body awareness and self-protection training for male sexual abuse survivors." In Healing Sexually Betrayed Men and Boys, 179–99. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Psychoanalysis in a new key book series ; 40: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315673226-10.
4
Albayrak, Ismail, and Robert M. Boes. "Fish Guidance Structure with Wide Bar Spacing: Mechanical Behavioural Barrier." In Novel Developments for Sustainable Hydropower, 99–104. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99138-8_8.
Анотація:
AbstractThis chapter deals with the fish guidance structures (FGS) with wide bar spacing and focuses on Curved-Bar Rack-Bypass Systems (CBR-BS) (Beck 2020) for fish protection and fish guidance at water intakes. In: Boes RM (ed) VAW-Mitteilung, vol 257. VAW, ETH Zurich, Switzerland. https://vaw.ethz.ch/en/the-institute/publications/vaw-communications/2010-2019.html, Beck et al., J Hydraul Res 58:807–818, 2020a; Beck et al., J Hydraul Res 58:819–830, 2020b; Beck et al., Water 12:3244, 2020c). FGS with wider bar spacing are classified as mechanical behavioural barriers and designed for use mainly at run-of-river hydropower plants (HPPs) and water intakes with large design discharges. In the following, different types of the FGS with wide bar spacing are introduced and, fish guidance performance and design recommendations of CBR-BS are presented.
5
Tomczyk, Łukasz, René Szotkowski, Lazar Stošić, Jelena Maksimović, and Milan Počuča. "Problematic Use of Social Networking Sites Among Adolescents in the Czech Republic Versus Offline Risk Behaviour and Parental Control." In Psychology, Learning, Technology, 63–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15845-2_4.
Анотація:
AbstractThe Problematic Use (PU) of Social Networking Sites (SNS) is a diagnostic and preventive as well as educational challenge. Problematic Use of new media is currently a phenomenon discussed by psychologists, sociologists, and media educators in the field of diagnosing the scale of the phenomenon, as well as protective factors and risks related to this phenomenon. This text is part of the debate on the scale of SNS among young people, as well as on the role of parents in reducing this phenomenon. The text also juxtaposes issues related to the prediction of PU SNS and risk behaviours in the offline space. The study employed a triangulation of quantitative tools in the form of: frequency of SNS use, parental control online, and scale of psychoactive substance use. Based on the data collected among a group of adolescents in the Czech Republic (N = 531 individuals aged 13–19 years, study year 2018/2019), it was noted that: 1) Almost 75% of adolescents systematically use SNS before bedtime; 2) Every fifth adolescent consumes dinner daily or almost daily accompanied by SNS; 3) Less than a third of respondents use SNS almost continuously; 4) SNS UI indicators are mutually related; however, the relationship is not always strong; 5) Girls have a slightly higher level of PU SNS than boys; 6) Systematic alcohol consumption is a predictor of PU SNS; 7) Parental restriction of Internet use time leads to a reduction in PU SNS among adolescents.
6
Caruso, Bruno, and Loredana Zappalà. "Un diritto del lavoro ‘tridimensionale’: valori e tecniche di fronte ai mutamenti dei luoghi di lavoro." In Studi e saggi, 29–79. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-484-7.06.
Анотація:
The essay analyses the changes in labour law by examining working places’ modifications induced by the most meaningful driver: technology. In this perspective, the authors point out three macro scenarios. The first relates to industry 4.0 and to the notion of “cognitive enterprise”. This could, or should, act as a magnet model considering its social and organizational positive consequences. The second is the traditional work organization re-considered in the light of new technologies’ impact; it generates a kind of neo digital Fordism, as does the Amazon model in the logistic sector. The third scenario is linked to the rise of the gig economic, with its “workers on tap” (i.e. the platform economy with the algorithm as a boss). These different scenarios, even if characterised by blurred borders, imply the need to think of Labour law differently than in the past. Beyond its traditional protective function, there should be a promotional one, aimed at developing capabilities and positive liberties of the person in the workplace. In the face of this three-fold dimension of the workplaces and of the expansion of Labour law functions, it is also necessary to rethink its techniques and principles. In that sense, the authors propose a different regulatory perspective: no more rigid and uniform rules, as happened in the “short century”, but a regulation made by differentiation, adaptations, extensions, dilutions. With a unifying value: the reference to the individual, to her/his life project, and ultimately to her/his dignity.
7
"R2. Renforcer la protection des bois et forêts sacrés." In Les substances d’origine végétale en Côte d’Ivoire, 144. IRD Éditions, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.irdeditions.47548.
8
Griffler, Keith P. "Reactivating the Antislavery-Antiracism Alliance for a New Century." In The Freedom Movement's Lost Legacy, 52–83. University Press of Kentucky, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813197289.003.0003.
Анотація:
The chapter recounts how late nineteenth and early twentieth century Black abolitionism reconstituted the interracialism of the antebellum movement. It begins with Black South African journalist Alice Kinloch striking up a partnership with Henry Fox Bourne of the Aborigines Protection Society to catalyze an antislavery campaign that helped restore the militant spirit of British abolitionism. Their efforts cemented the partnership of nascent Pan Africanism and British antislavery, building on Ida B. Wells' antilynching crusade, breathing life into a dormant movement. With the founding of the NAACP in 1909, W.E.B. Du Bois spearheaded the launch of a parallel movement across the Atlantic. Later, when he found his efforts stymied by the intransigence of American racial politics and inspired by the successes of Wells and Kinloch in Britain, Du Bois turned his postwar efforts from the American stage to the international in reviving Pan Africanism.
9
Schabas, William A. "The Great War and the Fragile Peace." In The International Legal Order's Colour Line, 25—C2N127. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197744475.003.0002.
Анотація:
Abstract The Paris Peace Conference was a turning point in international law. It confronted issues of race and racial discrimination in several contexts. Japan proposed inclusion of a clause affirming racial equality in the Covenant of the League of Nation that was, in effect, vetoed by the American President, Woodrow Wilson. African Americans, like W.E.B. Du Bois, and representatives of some colonized peoples in Africa, attended the Conference where they campaigned to advance their rights. The Conference also considered prosecution of war crimes, including the genocide of the Armenians, but it neglected crimes committed against people of colour. The Conference also adopted treaties directed at the protection of national minorities, principally in Europe. They contained novel provisions prohibiting discrimination based on race.
10
Burden-Stelly, Charisse. "The Mutual Comradeship of W. E. B. Du Bois and Radical Black Women, 1935–1963." In Forging Freedom in W. E. B. Du Bois's Twilight Years, 175–90. University Press of Mississippi, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496846167.003.0010.
Анотація:
Charisse Burden-Stelly underscores the importance of political networks, what she calls the “mutual comradeship” between Du Bois and radical Black women that produced social and intellectual solidarity in the midst of anti-Black political repression during the Cold War. This chapter shows how Du Bois’s move toward the US Communist Party reflected the connections he made after World War II between communism, freedom for racialized and oppressed people at home and abroad, and international peace. This chapter defines mutual comradeship as an affective practice of collaborative freedom, reciprocal care, and collective learning constituted by the enduring commitment to, advocacy for, and protection of those engaged in radical political struggle on behalf of the racialized, colonized, and oppressed. Mutual comradeship offers collective economic and moral support for radical organizations, institutions, and periodicals as well as the lateral and intergenerational practice of legacy maintenance and preserving Black radical thought in historical memory.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Protection du bois":
1
Hu, Zhiqiang, Weicheng Cui, and Jianmin Yang. "Multidisciplinary Design Optimization: A New Way to Bring Softer Bows." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57145.
Анотація:
It is well known that sharp bulbous bow has a good performance on ship resistance reduction, but it is also threatens the struck ships and the environment greatly. For their own economy profit, ship owners would like the bulbous bow to be designed sharp and rigid. However, from the viewpoint of environmental protection, the bulbous bow should be designed blunt and soft. Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) is a prosperous design concept and technique, to reconcile this problem effectively. The basic concept and theories of MDO are introduced in this paper. An optimization analysis is accomplished on the bulbous bow design for a container ship, using Collaborative Optimization Method. The characters of the bulbous bow on resistance reduction, collision force density and structural strength requirement are all considered at the same time. A compatible bulbous bow can be obtained by this way.
2
Notardonato, W., G. Haddad, K. V. Krishna-Murty, J. Zhu, J. S. Kapat, and L. C. Chow. "Miniature Joule–Thomson (JT) Cryocoolers for Propellant Management." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-61545.
Анотація:
Boil-off of cryogenic propellants is an issue of concern in any space mission. There could be boil-off of liquid propellants in the cryogenic storage tank, transfer line or in the space vehicle external tank itself due to heat leak. The current insulation technology uses a multilayered thermal protective coating of 304 Stainless Steel and Welded Invar, which allows the propellant to withstand the extreme internal and external temperature variations generated during pre-launch, launch, and flight operations, which does not provide for zero boil-off (ZBO). Usage of a cryocooler to prevent propellant boil-off would potentially reduce the launch costs. Owing to its attractive features like simplicity, compactness and rapid cool-down characteristics, an innovative concept of using Joule-Thomson (JT) cryocoolers for prechilling, densification and ZBO applications of cryogenic propellants is focused upon. The liquid oxygen propellant transfer line at NASA Kennedy Space Center is considered for demonstration of the above concept. Various thermodynamic cycle parameters are optimized for the cryocooler to make the demonstration possible. Cycle optimization is done also taking into account the feasibility to develop some crucial components for the JT cryocooler like a micro channel heat recuperator and cold heads. Current state of developments in the heat exchanger is briefly described. Some advantages of using miniaturized cryocoolers in launch vehicle operations are also discussed.
3
Dwiningrum, Sri Irene Astuti, Rahmawati, Aditya Ramadhan, Dian Rahdiani, Haryo Susetiyo, and Mega Riyanti Bayu Putri. "Are girls more resilient in literacy and numeracy than boys?" In International Conference on Assessment and Learning. ACER Indonesia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-697-0-11.
Анотація:
Based on data from the Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPAI) from 2011 to 2016, there were 7,698 cases of children in conflict with the law, 2,435 cases of children in the education sector (perpetrators of student brawls, perpetrators of violence at school, and so on), and 1,709 cases of children related to pornography and cybercrime. The data shows the importance of student resilience in order to fortify themselves from various behaviors that can harm their future. The formation of student resilience has not been designed comprehensively in the learning process at school. Therefore, there are still many students who have not been able to overcome problems, one of which has an impact on achievement that is not optimal. In fact, resilient students will have better adaptability in overcoming various problems. In general, student resilience is defined as the ability of students to bounce back or rebound after experiencing pressure or stress. Resilience is needed to achieve literacy and numeracy achievements for students in Indonesia. The existence of inequality in the learning process in schools has an impact on differences in student achievement in Indonesia. The level of resilience of students' literacy and numeracy at all levels of education based on data shows that there is a tendency for female students to dominate. Descriptive analysis was carried out in this study to test the hypothesis. The results showed that the level of literacy and numeracy resilience of students nationally from the elementary school level to the same level was highest for female students with a percentage of 11.28% for the level of literacy endurance and numeracy endurance level. the field is at a percentage of 5.97%. for male students. Based on the analysis of the data above, it can be interpreted that from a gender perspective, girls' literacy and numeracy resilience is rated higher than that of boys. This finding still needs to be strengthened by analyzing the data by calculating in more detail the effect of education level. The literacy and numeracy resilience profile describes the social dynamics that are determined by the level of education. This proves that resilience is not limited by gender but is also related to the learning process experienced by different students.
4
Nikonov, G., and I. Baskova. "PROTECTIVE ANTITHROMBOTIC ACTION OF THE PREPARATIONS FROM THE LEECHES HIRUDO MED ICINAL IS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643079.
Анотація:
Blood letting effect of the medicinal leeches is provided by antihaemostatic properties of the salivary gland secretion. We have demonstrated that the natural salivary gland secretion inhibits the vascular-platelets haemostasis and the contact stage of the intrinsic mechnism of blood coagulation but has no effect on the activation of extrinsic mechanism (Bui 1.Exp.Biol.Med.USSR 97, 6, 696; 8, 142, 1984). Leech prostaglandins (Dokl.Acad.Nauk USSR, 1987) and inhibitors of plasma kallikrein and Factor XI la are the main anti haemostatic agents of the leech saliva.The leech saliva does not change the main parameters of blood coagulation of the healthy animals, such as recalcification time, cephalin time, thrombin and prothrombin time 5, 15 and 25 min after intravenous injection. But the platelets aggregation stimulated by thrombin is diminished by 20% (n=30;p 0,02) Recalcification time, cephalin time and platelets aggregation reduced by intravenous injection of human serum is corrected by leech saliva.As the trigger mechanisms of haemostasis are very much alike the trigger mechanisms of thrombogenes?s, we investigated antithrombotic ability of the leech saliva, extracts of dried leeches and blood of intestinal gut. We used Wessler procedure of throm-bous formation in rats.The thrombous formation was diminished by 90% compared to control when 0.3 ml of the leech saliva (diluted with saline 1:4) was injected intravenously 2-4 hrs before injection of human serum. Thrombous formation was diminished by 40% when time interval was elongated to 24-28 hrs. Antithrombotic effect does not depend on the antithrombin activity of hirudin. It slightly decreased in case of oral administration and increased after the multiple intravenous injections or oral administration.Blood from the leech intestinal tract and other preparations from the leeches exhibit less distinct antithrombotic effect than the salivatory gland secretion.
5
Araújo de Souza, Maykon, and Sandro Ronaldo Bezerra Oliveira. "Adequação da MOSE® Competence para a Implementação do Capítulo VII da LGPD: Um Mapeamento dos Ativos de Segurança e Boas Práticas." In Computer on the Beach. São José: Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14210/cotb.v12.p193-200.
Анотація:
This study presents a mapping of the assets present in the Guiding Model for the Success of Public and Private Companies (MOSE) and the articles included in the General Data Protection Law (LGPD) of the Brazilian Government, with regard to Security and Good Practices in Chapter VII of this law. The theme becomes relevant, as more and more companies from different contexts need to implement the articles contained in this law in order to adhere to the standard of regulation of personal data processing activities defined by the Brazilian Federal Government. However, this law still needs guidelines for its proper implementation based on the adoption of good practices in models, methods and/or techniques available in the specialized literature. One of these instruments refers to the MOSE, which helps public and private companies to achieve levels of excellence in performance, governance and quality, in the production of goods and services, based on the use of practices and indicators specific to the area of knowledge or specialty. Thus, the research question guiding this work is: how to correspond/map the practices included in the MOSE to guide the implementation of the articles of the LGPD law? The methodology adopted was the asset mapping, described in a specific section of the paper, which included the following steps: definition of the LGPD chapter that focuses on data security management; definition of the model and law structures, and their inputs to be analyzed; identification of the description of each asset; analysis of correspondence between assets; evaluation of the mapping using the peer review technique with expert in the two target standards of this research. The result was the perception that 33% of the MOSE’s competences goals, with the appropriate adjustments, have total adherence with 100% of the security and good pratices assets of LGPD. This mapping is intended to provide assistance in defining a roadmap containing activities, work products, tools, indicators and expected results to achieve the goals defined in the LGPD.
6
S, Mairos Ferreira, Muthengi K, Mohale M, Mokhameleli S, and Mathosi L. "Empowering transformation: Harnessing child and youth narratives to propel meaningful and sustainable health and well-being in Lesotho." In MSF Paediatric Days 2024. NYC: MSF-USA, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.57740/wrwur6xhz.
Анотація:
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This research emerges from Lesotho's diverse landscapes, where children’s stories remain largely unheard in the realm of health policy. The study aims to harness these narratives to drive equity, inclusivity, and human rights in health interventions, positioning youth not just as beneficiaries but as active participants in all health interventions. METHODS This research represents a meta-analysis of a larger, cross-sectional, qualitative research project, focused on understanding childrens’ narratives and experiences on their health and wellbeing. The study employed Participatory Learning Approach (PLA) tools, notably Social and Resource Mapping, Body Mapping, and Cause and Effect Analysis, to delve into these narratives. It involved a purposeful sample of 180 children, ranging from 6 to 19 years old, including school-goers, herd boys, children with disabilities, and teenagers. It occurred in diverse regions of Lesotho (Lowlands, Mountains, Foothills, and Senqu River Valley). This comprehensive approach also encompassed 18 Focus Group Discussions, enriched by Key Informant Interviews with local stakeholders. RESULTS Key findings from this study highlight significant issues in health, Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), education, nutrition, and child protection. The study underscores the challenges in accessing general healthcare services, particularly stressing the importance of sexual and reproductive health in high HIV/AIDS prevalence areas. The need for improved water and sanitation infrastructure is critically emphasised. In education, children and youth advocate for greater equity and inclusivity. The impact of climate change on nutrition is evident, leading to food insecurity and malnutrition, with high prevalence of stunting. Participants highlighted key facets of child protection, emphasising the increased vulnerability and exploitation of children and youth, alongside a considerable risk of gender-based and sexual violence. CONCLUSIONS Participants powerful testimonies advocate for a paradigm shift towards more inclusive and youth-involved policymaking, challenging the dominance of adult-centric approaches and calling for a holistic integration of their perspectives in programmes and policies.
7
Eglite, Irina, Kaspars Krauklis, and Inta Lace. "MODELLING OF THE HYDROLOGICAL REGIME OF THE TEICHI NATURE RESERVE." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/3.1/s12.16.
Анотація:
Teichi bog is largest intact moss bog in the Baltics states. The article considers the hydrological exchange process of the bog and surrounding areas. It plays an important role in the ecosystem, as well as a factor in stabilizing the water level, as bog peat in its natural state contains 88%-97% water. It belongs to raised bogs, since its upper layer is located above the surrounding relief. Replenishment of water resources in the Teichi Nature Reserve occurs mainly due to precipitation. In turn, the bog with surface runoff and groundwater flow returns excess moisture, thus feeding nearby streams. The reserve area and surroundings modeled in the Groundwater Vistas environment over a 35 km ? 40 km area, with a plane approximation step of 20 m. The hydrogeological model contains seven layers, 24.5 million nodes. The model includes several rivers, lakes and a wide network of drainage ditches, both embedded in the relief and attached as boundary conditions. A novelty is the assignment of different filtration coefficients to the bog. The process of water movement studied by calculating water balances, as well as by performing particle tracing simulations. Result of the research - it was found that there is an intensive interaction of the bog with nearby watercourses. The protection zone of the bog was determined using the results of tracer simulation - movement time and trajectory over a period of 25 years.
8
Kusumawati, Yeny, and Fresty Africia. "Implementation of No Smoking Area Policy in High School 2, Nganjuk, East Java, Indonesia." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.04.01.
Анотація:
ABSTRACT Background: In school environments, the No Smoking Area Policy is based on protecting young people who are currently studying at school from exposure to harmful cigarette smoke. It is expected to indirectly reduce student smoking rates. This study aimed to describe the implementation of the No Smoking Area policy at High School 2 Nganjuk, East Java and to identify the factors influencing the policy implementation. Subjects and Methods: This was a qualitative study carried out at High School 2 Nganjuk, East Java. The study subjects were included the principal, student deputy principals, counseling guidance teachers, homeroom teachers, employees, and students of High School 2 Nganjuk. Data were collected using observation, interviews, and documentation. The source triangulation technique used the technique of checking the validity of the data. This study used an interactive model of data analysis technique, which is based on the theory of George C. Edward III, consisted of communication, resources, dispositions, and bureaucratic structures. Results: In High School 2 Nganjuk, the No Smoking Area Policy has not been implemented optimally, particularly on the resource factor. For example, some teachers and staff still smoking in schools. This was not in accordance with the provisions in the No Smoking Area Policy. As the budget for funds from School Operational Assistance (BOS) was integrated with the School Environment Introduction Period (MPLS/MOS as well as the Adiwiyata program, there was no special budget for the implementation of the No Smoking Area policy. There was still not enough amount of billboards about no smoking area. The communication factor was the supporting factor. The policy for the No Smoking Area is always communicated to school residents. The disposition factors was the policy implementers’ engagement. The bureaucratic factor were structure and the presence of SOP in policy implementation. Conclusion: The enforcement of the policy of the No Smoking Area in High School 2 Nganjuk has not been maximized, so all factors, both contact factors, resource factors, disposal factors, and bureaucratic factors, need to be assisted. Keywords: smoking area, high school, policy Correspondence: Yeny Kusumawati. School of Health Sciences, Satria Bhakti Nganjuk, East Java, Indonesia. Email: yenykusumawati.sbn.ngk@gmail.com. Mobile: 082244297997 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.04.01
Звіти організацій з теми "Protection du bois":
1
Wong, Xaria, and Iulia Andreea Toma. Gender and Protection Analysis: Juba, Rumbek and Pibor, South Sudan. Oxfam, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2022.8946.
Анотація:
This research was conducted to analyse the distinct gender needs and protection concerns of women, girls, men and boys in order to inform the implementation by Oxfam and its partners of the Sida-funded project, ‘Building resilience through gender- and conflict-sensitive approaches to education, skills development, and sustainable livelihoods in South Sudan’. It explores the gendered power relations between women, girls, men and boys, with a focus on the differences in their roles and responsibilities, decision-making power and access to and control over resources. It draws attention to the limited decision-making power held by women and girls, their specific needs, and the rights denials they face pertaining to education and livelihoods in Juba, Rumbek and Pibor. It provides practical recommendations to meaningfully address gender inequalities during project implementation, but is also intended to be used by the broader humanitarian community working in South Sudan to better inform humanitarian design, programming and response.
2
McElwain, Terry, Eugene Pipano, Guy Palmer, Varda Shkap, Stephen Hines, and Douglas Jasmer. Protection of Cattle Against Babesiosis: Immunization with Recombinant DNA Derived Apical Complex Antigens of Babesia bovis. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7612835.bard.
Анотація:
Bovine babesiosis caused by Babesia bovis continues to be a significant deterrent to global livestock production. Current control methods have both biological and technical drawbacks that have stimulated research on improved methods of vaccination. This BARD project has focused on characterization of candidate Babesia bovis vaccine antigens located in the apical complex, a unique group of subcellular organelles - including rhoptries, micronemes, and spherical bodies - involved in the invation of erythrocytes. Spherical bodies and rhoptries were partially purified and their contents characterized using monoclonal antibodies. Existing and newly developed monoclonal antibodies bound to antigens in the spherical body, rhoptry, merozoite membrane, and infected erythrocyte membrane. In an initial immunization study using biologically cloned strains, it was demonstrated that strain-common epitopes are important for inducing immune protection against heterologous challenge. Rhoptry-associated antigen 1 (RAP-1) had been demonstrated previously to induce partial immune protection, fulfilled criteria of broad interstrain B and T cell epitope conservation, and thus was further characterized. The RAP-1 gene family consists of at least two gene copies, is homologous to the RAP-1 gene family in B. bigemina, and contains significant sequence similarity to other erythroparasitic protozoan candidate vaccine antigens, including the apical membrane antigen of Plasmodium falciparum. A new RAP-1 monoclonal antibody was developed that inhibits merozoite growth in vitro, demonstrating the presence of a RAP-1 neutralization sensitive domain. Based on these observations, cattle were immunized with Mo7 (Mexico) strain recombinant RAP-1 representing one of the two gene copies. All cattle responded with variable levels of serum antibodies inhibitory to heterologous Israel strain merozoite growth in vitro, and RAP-1 specific T lymphocytes that proliferated when stimulated with either homologous or heterologous native parasite antigen. Minimal protection from clinical disease was present after virulent Israel (heterologous) strain B. bovis challenge. In total, the results support the continued development of RAP-1 as a vaccine antigen, but indicate that additional information about the native structure and function of both RAP-1 gene copies, including the relationship of conserved and polymorphic sequences to B and T cell lepitopes relevant for protection, is necessary for optimization of RAP-1 as a vaccine component.
3
Halperin, Sarah, Jen Schneider, Rebecca L. Som Castellano, and Jodi Brandt. Understanding Arguments to Protect Farmland in Idaho. Boise State University, Albertsons Library, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18122/hes.75.boisestate.
Анотація:
Between Spring 2022 and Spring 2023, a team of researchers at Boise State University conducted interviews with people involved in farmland protection efforts. Our goal was to understand how interviewees frame the issue of farmland loss. Frames can draw attention to an issue, contextualize decision-making, and influence the policy solutions considered. Through a frame analysis, we gained a clearer understanding of potential approaches for farmland protection in Idaho. We conducted 10 semi-structured interviews with individuals representing government agencies, academic institutions, land trusts, non-profit organizations, and farmers. After conducting the interviews, we analyzed the transcripts in a systematic manner to identify recurring message frames pertaining to farmland loss. The analysis process enabled us to map these frames onto potential policy solutions applicable to Idaho. Our report outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each frame and pinpoints which ones are likely to resonate with specific groups. Our research revealed a diverse range of frames used to address farmland protection, with many interviewees citing multiple frames. The domestic food security, regional economy, and national/global trade frames are expected to have broad appeal, while the national security and environmental benefits frames may appeal to more specific audiences. The threatened resource and cultural importance frames are likely to resonate with those valuing tradition. We identified a variety of solutions, such as agricultural protection areas, support for rural economies, promotion of regenerative agriculture, and expansion of Idaho's Right to Farm Act protections. Our findings underscore the importance of diverse, flexible, and responsive solutions to improve the feasibility of farmland protection in Idaho. We hope that our work will provide a solid basis for future efforts aimed at preserving Idaho's farmland.
4
McElwain, Terry F., Eugene Pipano, Guy H. Palmer, Varda Shkap, Stephn A. Hines, and Wendy C. Brown. Protection of Cattle against Babesiosis: Immunization against Babesia bovis with an Optimized RAP-1/Apical Complex Construct. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573063.bard.
Анотація:
Previous research and current efforts at control of babesiosis fall short of meeting the needs of countries where the disease is endemic, such as Israel, as well as the needs of exporting countries and countries bordering on endemic areas, such as the U.S. Our long-term goal is to develop improved methods of immunization against bovine babesiosis based on an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of immune protection and parasite targets of a protective immune response. In our previous BARD project, we established the basis for focusing on rhoptry antigens as components of a subunit vaccine against bovine babesiosis, and for additional research to better characterize rhoptry associated protein-1 (RAP-1) as a target of protective immunity. In this continuation BARD project, our objectives were to [1] optimize the immune response against RAP-1, and [2] identify additional rhoptry candidate vaccine antigens. The entire locus encoding B. bovis RAP-1 was sequenced, and the rap-1 open reading frame compared among several strains. Unlike B. bigemina, in which multiple gene copies with variant domains encode RAP-1, the B. bovis RAP-1 locus contains only two identical genes which are conserved among strains. Through testing of multiple truncated constructs of rRAP-1, one or more immunodominant T cell epitopes were mapped to the amino terminal half of RAP-1. At least one linear and one conformational B cell epitope have been demonstrated in the same amino terminal construct, which in B. bigemina RAP-1 also contains an epitope recognized by neutralizing antibody. The amine terminal half of the molecule represents the most highly conserved part of the gene family and contains motifs conserved broadly among the apicomplexa. In contrast, the carboxy terminal half of B. bovis RAP-1 is less well conserved and contains multiple repeats encoding a linear B cell epitope potentially capable of inducing an ineffective, T cell independent, type 2 immune response. Therefore, we are testing an amino terminal fragment of RAP-1 (RAP-1N) in an immunization trial in cattle. Cattle have beer immunized with RAP-1N or control antigen, and IL-12 with Ribi adjuvant. Evaluation of the immune response is ongoing, and challenge with virulent B. bovis will occur in the near future. While no new rhoptry antigens were identified, our studies did identify and characterize a new spherical body antigen (SBP3), and several heat shock proteins (HSP's). The SBP3 and HSP21 antigens stimulate T cells from immune cattle and are considered new vaccine candidates worthy of further testing. Overall, we conclude that a single RAP-1 vaccine construct representing the conserved amino terminal region of the molecule should be sufficient for immunization against all strains of B. bovis. While results of the ongoing immunization trial will direct our next research steps, results at this time are consistent with our long term goal of designing a subunit vaccine which contains only the epitopes relevant to induction of protective immunity. Parallel studies are defining the mechanisms of protective immunity. Apicomplexan protozoa, including babesiosis and malaria, cause persistent diseases for which control is inadequate. The apical organelles are defining features of these complex protozoa, and have been conserved through the evolutionary process, Past and current BARD projects on babesiosis have established the validity and potential of exploiting these conserved organelles in developing improved control methods applicable to all apicomplexan diseases.
5
Knowles, Donald, and Monica Leszkowicz Mazuz. Transfected Babesia bovis expressing the anti-tick Bm86 antigen as a vaccine to limit tick infestation and protect against virulent challenge. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598160.bard.
Анотація:
Bovine babesiosis, caused by the apicomplexan parasites Babesiabovisand B. bigemina, is a major tick borne disease of cattle with significant economic importance globally. The vectors of Babesia parasites are R. (Boophilus) annulatusand R. microplus. In Israel these parasites are transmitted manly by R. annulatus. The main goal of the proposal was developing and testing a novel B. bovisvaccine based on stably transfected attenuated B. bovisexpressing the anti-tick Bm86 antigen. This required generating a transfected- attenuated B. bovisparasite containing a bidirectional promoter expressing both, the gfp- bsd selectable marker and the tick vaccine antigen Bm86. The vaccine was tested for its ability to elicit protective immune responses against T. annulatusticks. Efficient control of babesiosis is based on a complex scheme of integrated management, including preventive immunization, anti-babesial chemotherapy and control of tick populations. Live vaccines based on attenuated parasites are the most effective measure to control babesiosis, and are currently used in several countries, including Israel. Live attenuated parasites lead to a chronic infection and development of strong and long term immunity in vaccinated cattle. Still, live vaccines have several limitations, including the difficulty to distinguish among vaccinated and naturally infected cattle and potential for sporadic outbreaks in vaccinated animals. Tick limitation is essential to control babesiosis but the main measure to reduce tick infestation is traditionally approached using acaricides, which is limited by environmental concerns and the development of resistance by the ticks. Alternative tick-control measures including the use of anti-tick vaccines are emerging, and at least partial protective immunity has been achieved against tick vectors by vaccination with recombinant protective tick antigens (ie: Bm86). In addition, the Babesia vaccine development toolbox has been recently expanded with the development of transfection technology in Babesia parasites. In this approved proposal we successfully developed a Babesia live attenuated transfected vaccine, which is able to express a B. bovisMSA-1 signal-Bm86 chimera and eGFP genes under the control of the B. bovisef- 1 and actin promoters respectively. Genetic analysis demonstrated specific stable integration of the transfected genes in the expected ef-1 locus, and immunofluorescence analysis confirmed expression of Bm86 in the surface of transfected parasites. When applied to splenectomized calves, the transfected parasites were able to cause persistent B. bovisinfection with production of antibodies reactive with Bm86 for at least six months. In addition, partial protection against ticks was also observed upon challenging the vaccinated animals with R. annulatuslarvae. However, when used on intact calves, the vaccine failed to elicit detectable immune responses against Bm86, and we are still in the process of interpreting the data and make necessary changes in our experimental approaches. Overall, the results obtained here represent a step forward towards the development of integrated vaccines against both ticks and tick –borne pathogens, using the Babesia attenuated parasites as a platform to the delivery of exogenous protective antigens
6
Ueti, Massaro Wilson, and Monica Leszkowicz Mazuz. Identification, characterization and testing of geographically conserved Babesia bovis vaccine antigen candidates. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2022.8134143.bard.
Анотація:
During the development of this project, we selected four potential B. bovis antigens for a subunit vaccine to prevent the clinical signs of acute bovine babesiosis. Selection of the target antigens was based on: (1) profile of expression in parasite blood stages; (2) prediction for protein location on the parasite surface and/or on the surface of infected red blood cells; and (3) target conservation between US and Israeli strains of B. bovis. Following these criteria, the B. bovis targets BBOV_IV009170, BBOV_III007410, BBOV_II001790, and BBOV_III008720 were selected. Full-length genomic sequences of these four targets were compared between Israeli and US strains of B. bovis. Four Israeli parasite strains/isolates were selected for gene conservation analysis: sample ID # 3330 (from Refet Netofa); sample ID # 2673 (Refet Netofa); Sample ID Newe Yaar - Shahar; and the Israeli B. bovis cultured live vaccine 2S61411. The reference B. bovis Texas stain was also used in the analysis. Sequencing analysis showed considerable levels of conservation ranging from 72.2-91.1% and 84.6-94.1% of amino acid identity and similarity, respectively, by comparing Israeli and US B. bovis strains. Recombinant version of the four target antigens were produced in E. coli, purified by nickel columns, and used for antigenic and immunogenic analyses. Antigenic analysis revealed that B. bovis-infected cattle develop high antibody titers to BBOV_III008720. In contrast, no antibodies against BBOV_IV009170, BBOV_III007410, and BBOV_II001790 were detected in sera from infected cattle. Vaccine trial of the four antigens in cattle is currently being carried out. However, preliminary data show that after three inoculations all vaccinated animals (n=5) seroconverted to all four B. bovis antigens. At the time of the preparation of this report, vaccinated and control animals are being challenged with a virulent B. bovis strain from Israel to evaluate protection. Results from the vaccination/trial experiment will set the future directions of this work. Considering the overall results from this project, two manuscripts are currently in preparation. A manuscript currently in preparation will describe the bioinformatics analysis and antigenic evaluation of the four transmembrane B. bovis proteins as potential targets for a subunit vaccine. A second manuscript will report the results from the vaccination/challenge trial. We believe that we have successfully accomplished our objective in this project. By developing this work, we have identified, expressed, and tested conserved antigens for a potential subunit vaccine against B. bovis, and have advanced the state-of-the-art concerning the development of an efficient and sustainable control strategy to bovine babesiosis.
7
Banerj, Manjistha, Bipasa Banerjee, and Vidya Diwakar. Mitigating Learning Disruption During Covid-19: Evidence from India. Institute of Development Studies, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/cpan.2023.004.
Анотація:
Long school closures in India during the pandemic caused significant learning disruption, with particularly adverse consequences for marginalised girls and boys. Data from large-scale representative surveys does not show a massive fall in enrolment because of the closures. However, low levels of basic reading and maths skills among school-age children are concerning. In response, various centrally managed interventions took place during the pandemic (e.g. to encourage enrolment, including through social protection). Schools also undertook measures with a more direct bearing on children’s learning. Continued efforts are needed to reach severely disadvantaged children who are not enrolled.
8
Busso, Matías, and Verónica Frisancho. Research Insights: Can Good Peers Hurt?: The Effect of Top Students on Girls' Educational Outcomes. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003565.
Анотація:
Exposure to good peers of either sex during middle school reduces the probability that top-performing girls are placed in one of their preferred high schools. High-achieving boys have a detrimental effect on the selectiveness of the schools in which top female students are placed. These placement effects are driven by both lower admission scores and weakened preferences for selective and academic schools. Exposure to high-achieving girls improves the admission exam scores of poor-performing girls. This protective effect on scores translates into an average increase in the selectivity of the high schools in which low-performing girls are placed.
9
Yogev, David, Ricardo Rosenbusch, Sharon Levisohn, and Eitan Rapoport. Molecular Pathogenesis of Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma agalactiae and its Application in Diagnosis and Control. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573073.bard.
Анотація:
Mycoplasma bovis and M. agalactiae are two phylogenetically related mycoplasmas which cause economically significant diseases in their respective bovine or small ruminant hosts. These organisms cause persistent asymptomatic infections that can result in severe outbreaks upon introduction of carrier animals into susceptible herds. Little is known about the mechanisms underlying mycoplasma-host interaction, variation in virulence, or of the factors enabling avoidance of the host immune system. In recent years it has become apparent that the ability of pathogenic microorganisms to rapidly alter surface antigenic structures and to fine tune their antigenicity, a phenomena called antigenic variation, is one of the most effective strategies used to escape immune destruction and to establish chronic infections. Our discovery of a novel genetic system, mediating antigenic variation in M. bovis (vsp) as well as in M. agalactiae (avg) served as a starting point for our proposal which included the following objectives: (i) Molecular and functional characterization of the variable surface lipoproteins (Vsp) system of M. bovis and comparison with the Vsp-counterpart in M. agalactiae (ii) Determination of the role of Vsp proteins in the survival of M. bovis when confronted by host defense factors, (iii) Assessment of Vsp-based genetic and antigenic typing of M. bovis and M. agalactiae for epidemiology of infection and (iv) Improvement of diagnostic tests for M. bovis and M. agalactiae based on the vsp-and vsp-analogous systems. We have carried out an extensive molecular characterization of the vsp system and unravelled the precise molecular mechanism responsible for the generation of surface antigenic variation in M. bovis. Our data clearly demonstrated that the two pathogenic mycoplasma species possess large gene families encoding variable lipoprotein antigens that apparently play an important role in immune evasion and in pathogen-host interaction during infection. Phase variable production of these antigens was found to be mediated by a novel molecular mechanism utilizing double site-specific DNA inversions via an intermediate vsp configuration. Studies in model systems indicate that phase variation of VspA is relevant in interaction between M. bovis and macrophages or monocytes, a crucial stage in pathogenesis. Using an ELISA test with captured VspA as an antigen, phase variation was shown to occur in vivo and under field conditions. Genomic rearrangements in the avg gene family of M. agalactiae were shown to occur in vivo and may well have a role in evasion of host defences and establishment of chronic infection. An epidemiological study indicated that patterns of vsp-related antigenic variation diverge rapidly in an M. bovis infected herd. Marked divergence was also found with avg-based genomic typing of M. agalactiae in chronically infected sheep. However, avg-genomic fingerprints were found to be relatively homogeneous in different animals during acute stages of an outbreak of Contagious Agalactiae, and differ between unrelated outbreaks. These data support the concept of vsp-based genomic typing but indicate the necessity for further refinement of the methodology. The molecular knowledge on these surface antigens and their encoding genes provides the basis for generating specific recombinant tools and serological methods for serodiagnosis and epidemiological purposes. Utilization of these methods in the field may allow differentiating acutely infected herds from chronic herds and disease-free herds. In addition the highly immunogenic nature of these lipoproteins may facilitate the design of protective vaccine against mycoplasma infections.
10
Kaitlin, Ball. New Technologies for Combatting Sexual Violence in Conflict and Non-conflict Settings. Institute of Development Studies, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.136.
Анотація:
There are a significant number of new technologies aimed at combatting sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV)—primarily in the form of “emergency mobile apps”, but they are generally geographically and culturally limited, and under-studied. There are fewer applications of new technologies addressing conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV), as regards prevention, monitoring, and early warning systems. Well established issues related to the under-reporting of SGBV also impact the accuracy of digital monitoring tools used in both conflict and non-conflict contexts. The use of digital tools to combat SGBV also raises novel challenges related to new technologies, such as bias and data protection concerns. This report reviews evidence of the deployment of new technologies to address sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) both in and outside of conflict settings, and the potential for applications from non-conflict settings to apply to CRSV. Although certain literature is beginning to address the specific limitations of new technologies (e.g. usability in urban environments, cultural and linguistic appropriateness, and other accessibility questions), the limited nature of the literature assessing these new technologies and—more importantly—the design of these new technologies, means that the needs of disabled individuals, LGBTQIA+, and even men and boys, are often not centred or addressed in the design and critique of these new technologies. The review found that the studies assessing new technologies designed for and deployed in non-conflict settings identify many of the same issues affecting societal understanding of SGBV generally (under-reporting, for example), as well as new issues specific to the digital turn, such as serious and evolving privacy and data protection concerns. As regards the application of new technologies to CRSV specifically, both the applications and literature assessing them are nascent. Nevertheless, scholars are seeking to define frameworks aimed at harm reduction for the proliferation of new technologies in the humanitarian field specific to CRSV.