Готові списки джерел за темами / Printing forms

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Printing forms"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022
Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Printing forms"

1

Alekseev, K. V., E. V. Blynskaya, S. V. Tishkov, V. K. Alekseev, and A. A. Ivanov. "MODIFICATION OF ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR OBTAINING MEDICAL FORMS." Russian Journal of Biotherapy 19, no. 1 (March 22, 2020): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/1726-9784-2019-19-1-13-21.

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Анотація:
This review presents technological approaches to 4-D printing, which are modifications of additive technologies. Showing the distinctive features of this technology from the three-dimensional printing. The use of four-dimensional printing in pharmaceutical technology and advantages over traditional methods of creating dosage forms are described. Demonstrated classification of adaptive materials, the principles of their application and features of printing equipment. Examples of adaptive materials are presented, including smart polymers and stimuli sensitive hydrogels. The advantages of this type of production, its development prospects and technological features of the production of microcapsules, hydrogels and mucoadhesive films of smart polymers by additive printing technology are given.
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2

Zivkovic, Predrag, and Slobodan Jovanovic. "Trends in making offset printing forms." Chemical Industry 59, no. 7-8 (2005): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0508169z.

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3

El Aita, Ilias, Hanna Ponsar, and Julian Quodbach. "A Critical Review on 3D-printed Dosage Forms." Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 42 (March 20, 2019): 4957–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666181206124206.

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Анотація:
Background: In the last decades, 3D-printing has been investigated and used intensively in the field of tissue engineering, automotive and aerospace. With the first FDA approved printed medicinal product in 2015, the research on 3D-printing for pharmaceutical application has attracted the attention of pharmaceutical scientists. Due to its potential of fabricating complex structures and geometrics, it is a highly promising technology for manufacturing individualized dosage forms. In addition, it enables the fabrication of dosage forms with tailored drug release profiles. Objective: The aim of this review article is to give a comprehensive overview of the used 3D-printing techniques for pharmaceutical applications, including information about the required material, advantages and disadvantages of the respective technique. Methods: For the literature research, relevant keywords were identified and the literature was then thoroughly researched. Conclusion: The current status of 3D-printing as a manufacturing process for pharmaceutical dosage forms was highlighted in this review article. Moreover, this article presents a critical evaluation of 3D-printing to control the dose and drug release of printed dosage forms.
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4

Skyba, Vasyl, Каteryna Zolotukhina, and Olena Velychko. "REGULARITIES OF STABILITY FOR PRINTING FORMS OF OFFSET PRINTING WITH DAMPENING IN SHORT RUNS." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 4 (July 29, 2016): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2016.000126.

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Анотація:
The complex research for the changes in the properties of the printing plates’ printing and gap elements influenced by the printing process short runs was conducted, that allowed to determine the change of printing and gap elements’ surface microgeometry, also to determine the change of the oxide layer stability, and to explain the decrease of the ink receptivity coefficient. The mathematical regression equation model of the printing plates’ elements’ impact onto the imprints’ optical density in offset printing was developed, that allows estimating and predicting properties of modern brand of printing plate. Work reveals some new facts about characteristics for printability such as influences of printing plate’s elements parameters’ on color characteristics of imprints. Dampening solution, printing plates application and printing settings as well as color features of the imprints are analyzed in the context of offset printing.
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5

S, Hussain. "Overview of 3D Printing Technology." Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal 5, no. 1 (2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000149.

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Анотація:
The pharmaceutical industry is advancing at an incredible rate. Novel drug formulations for targeted therapy have been developed all thanks to advances in modern sciences. Even so, the manufacturing sector of novel dosage forms is minimal, and the industry continues to rely on traditional drug delivery systems, particularly modified tablets. The use of 3D printing technologies in pharma companies has opened up new possibilities for printed products and device research and production. 3D Printing has slowly progressed from its original use as pre-surgical imaging templates and tooling molds to produce one-of-a-kind instruments, implants, tissue engineering scaffolds, testing platforms, and drug delivery systems. The most significant advantages of 3D printing technologies include the ability to produce small batches of drugs with custom dosages, forms, weights, and drug release profiles. The production of medicines in this manner could eventually contribute to the realization of the principle of personalized medicine. The biomedical industry and academia have also embraced 3D printing in recent years. It offers commercially available medical devices as well as a forum for cutting-edge studies in fields such as tissue and organ printing. This mini-review provides an overview of 3D printed technology in medicines.
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6

Mondal, Kunal, and Prabhat Kumar Tripathy. "Preparation of Smart Materials by Additive Manufacturing Technologies: A Review." Materials 14, no. 21 (October 27, 2021): 6442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216442.

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Анотація:
Over the last few decades, advanced manufacturing and additive printing technologies have made incredible inroads into the fields of engineering, transportation, and healthcare. Among additive manufacturing technologies, 3D printing is gradually emerging as a powerful technique owing to a combination of attractive features, such as fast prototyping, fabrication of complex designs/structures, minimization of waste generation, and easy mass customization. Of late, 4D printing has also been initiated, which is the sophisticated version of the 3D printing. It has an extra advantageous feature: retaining shape memory and being able to provide instructions to the printed parts on how to move or adapt under some environmental conditions, such as, water, wind, light, temperature, or other environmental stimuli. This advanced printing utilizes the response of smart manufactured materials, which offer the capability of changing shapes postproduction over application of any forms of energy. The potential application of 4D printing in the biomedical field is huge. Here, the technology could be applied to tissue engineering, medicine, and configuration of smart biomedical devices. Various characteristics of next generation additive printings, namely 3D and 4D printings, and their use in enhancing the manufacturing domain, their development, and some of the applications have been discussed. Special materials with piezoelectric properties and shape-changing characteristics have also been discussed in comparison with conventional material options for additive printing.
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7

Franklin, Simon. "Printing Social Control in Russia 3: Blank Forms." Russian History 42, no. 1 (February 6, 2015): 114–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04201010.

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Анотація:
Mainly on the basis of material from archives in St Petersburg, this article presents a classification and chronology of early printed blank forms in Russia, attributing their continuous history to Petrine initiatives from c.1714. Such “ephemera”, it is argued, constitute important but neglected components of Russian print culture and administrative practice.
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8

Zivkovic, Predrag, S. Jovanovic, Nenad Ilic, and Konstantin Popov. "The influence of electroless plated chromium on printing properties of aluminium offset printing plate." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 67, no. 6 (2002): 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0206445z.

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Анотація:
A method for the improvement of the printing properties of offset printing forms is presented. Specimens of technical aluminum were electrochemically roughened and treated in different alkaline solutions of chromium chloride in order to chemically deposit a chromium layer. The composition of the surface layer was investigated by EDAX. Chromium was found on the specimens that had been treated in an alkaline solution of chromium chloride, while no chromium was found on chemically untreated specimens or on specimens that had been treated in an alkaline solution without chromium chloride. The spectral reflectance from treated and non-treated specimens was also measured. The chromium-treated specimens were brighter than the non-chromium-treated ones. The wettability of the chromium- treated samples was compared with the wettability of the non-chromium treated samples by measuring the contact angle with water and the wetted area. The chromium-treated samples showed increased wettability compared with the non-chromium-treated samples.A printing test was performed under real printing conditions. Control prints was analyzed densitometrically and statistically. The chromium-treated printing forms gave clearer prints than the non-chromium-treated printing forms under all printing conditions.
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9

Karalia, Danae, Angeliki Siamidi, Vangelis Karalis, and Marilena Vlachou. "3D-Printed Oral Dosage Forms: Mechanical Properties, Computational Approaches and Applications." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 9 (September 3, 2021): 1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13091401.

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Анотація:
The aim of this review is to present the factors influencing the mechanical properties of 3D-printed oral dosage forms. It also explores how it is possible to use specific excipients and printing parameters to maintain the structural integrity of printed drug products while meeting the needs of patients. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging manufacturing technology that is gaining acceptance in the pharmaceutical industry to overcome traditional mass production and move toward personalized pharmacotherapy. After continuous research over the last thirty years, 3D printing now offers numerous opportunities to personalize oral dosage forms in terms of size, shape, release profile, or dose modification. However, there is still a long way to go before 3D printing is integrated into clinical practice. 3D printing techniques follow a different process than traditional oral dosage from manufacturing methods. Currently, there are no specific guidelines for the hardness and friability of 3D printed solid oral dosage forms. Therefore, new regulatory frameworks for 3D-printed oral dosage forms should be established to ensure that they meet all appropriate quality standards. The evaluation of mechanical properties of solid dosage forms is an integral part of quality control, as tablets must withstand mechanical stresses during manufacturing processes, transportation, and drug distribution as well as rough handling by the end user. Until now, this has been achieved through extensive pre- and post-processing testing, which is often time-consuming. However, computational methods combined with 3D printing technology can open up a new avenue for the design and construction of 3D tablets, enabling the fabrication of structures with complex microstructures and desired mechanical properties. In this context, the emerging role of computational methods and artificial intelligence techniques is highlighted.
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10

Wood, Ross. "Printing Bindery Forms with the User‐defined Function Keys." OCLC Micro 2, no. 6 (June 1986): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb055809.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Printing forms"

1

Palazzolo, Robert D. (Robert David) 1973. "Formulation of oral dosage forms by three dimensional printing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/50617.

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Анотація:
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 1998.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 93).
Pharmaceutical grade materials were used in the fabrication of fast-release and extended-release oral dosage forms. Tablets were processed by employing a method of solid freeform fabrication known as three dimensional printingTM (3DPTM). A microcrystalline cellulose powder was used in combination with pH-dependent and permeable polymeric binder solutions. Release studies in acidic media were performed using both dye and drug (antihistamine) as actives. Deposition was performed by micro pipette into concept devices. It was concluded that printing parameters could be used to control the microstructure and release behavior. The performance of a drop-on-demand inkjet printing system was evaluated to be highly accurate, and the system was used in the fabrication of model oral dosage forms. Tablets were constructed with a permeable polymer as binder. Mechanical tests showed that the tablets were comparable to industry references for both strength and friability. A USP dissolution method involving an acid and buffer stage was used for extended-release studies. Release by diffusion was found to depend on device porosity level and drug distribution as defined during fabrication.
by Robert D. Palazzolo.
S.M.
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2

Kyobula, Mary. "Manufacturing of oral solid dosage forms using 3D inkjet printing." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/42980/.

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Анотація:
Ink-jet printing is a precise and versatile technique that accurately deposits small volumes of solutions (pico litres) in specific locations. Recently inkjet printing has attracted increasing attention in the pharmaceutical industry because of its ability to deliver low adjustable doses, variable drug release profiles and drug combinations suitable for the paradigm of personalised medicines. The significant growth in the aging population and the rise in the number of patients suffering from multiple chronic diseases are the key drivers. The current traditional tablet compression methods are largely limited in terms of flexibility and complexity of dosage form. There is a need for new innovative technologies that can produce bespoke medicines in a relatively cheap and efficient manner at the point of care. 3D inkjet printing (3DIJP) provides a platform with the potential to address the above need. This thesis investigates the capability of 3DIJP as a tool for manufacturing solid dosage forms. In chapter 3, a piezoelectric drop on demand printer was used. The chapter focuses on two solvent based inkjet printing methods. In the first solvent based method, excipients including hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) and Eudragit RL were investigated for printability. PVP (K10) which showed the best printability behaviour was loaded with digoxin or carbamazepine (CBZ) and printed to obtain films. In the second solvent based method, a solution containing CBZ dissolved in a mixture of of polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) and with poly(caprolactone dimethyl acrylate) (PCLDMA) was printed and polymerised in situ using ultraviolet light to form films. The printed drug loaded films were investigated using time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF SIMS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning microscopy (DSC). PVP formulations were homogeneous, with no evidence of crystallisation PEGDA/PCLDA/CBZAFM images showed a clear phase separation at the micron scale and no drug was detected at the surface. In this chapter, the production of adjustable doses was also evaluatedusing UV-VIS spectrophotometry. In chapters 4 and 5, a solvent-free hot-melt 3D inkjet printing method suitable for manufacturing solid dosage forms was developed. Excipients including beeswax, carnuba wax, gelucire 44/14 and trimyristin were examined for printability. Beeswax a naturally derived and FDA approved material showed the best printability behaviour and was selected as the drug carrier. Traditional circular shaped tablets and cylindrical implants loaded with 5% w/w fenofibrate were successfully fabricated. The printed tablets and implants were well-defined, smooth surfaced and with no apparent defects. The architecture of the tablets was investigated using 3D micro X-ray computed tomography (μCT), revealing well defined and ordered honeycomb channels in the interior of the tablets. The distribution of the drug was evaluated at the macro scale level using DSC and at the micro scale level using ToF - SIMS and Raman spectroscopy. The drug was homogenously distributed within the drug carrier (beeswax matrix ) at the microscale level. At the micron scale level, the drug was heterogeneously distributed. ToF - SIMS studies also revealed that the drug was depleted from the upper most top surfaces. Production of solid dosage forms with intricate and adaptable geometries was demonstrated by printing honeycomb architecture tablets with predetermined variable cell diameters. The diamater of the honeycomb cells was varied, in order to achieve controlled variable drug release profiles. The ablity to control drug release was only applicable above an established critical cell diameter of 0.5 mm. An analytical model describing Fickian diffusion from a slab geometry was developed to allow for the prediction of drug release from the honeycomb tablets. The predicted drug release profiles varied slightly from the experimental data, but the trends for the two data set were identical. For both data sets the rate of drug release increased with increase in the surface area to volume ratio. The findings and the developments demonstrated in this thesis provide an insight into the potential application of 3DIJP as a tool for manufacturing solid dosage forms with bespoke properties for controlled drug release but also highlights some limitations.
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3

Tennberg, Hannes. "WOODEN : in other forms." Thesis, Konstfack, Inredningsarkitektur & Möbeldesign, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-6347.

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4

Katstra, Wendy E. (Wendy Ellen) 1974. "Fabrication of complex oral drug delivery forms by Three Dimensional Printing (tm)." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32709.

Повний текст джерела
Анотація:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 237-241).
Three Dimensional Printing 3DPTM is a novel solid freeform fabrication technology that has been applied to the fabrication of complex pharmaceutical drug devices. Limitations of the technology as relating to pharmaceuticals have been addressed and prototype dosage forms have been fabricated. The resolution of the 3DP tablets was found to depend on particle size and liquid migration during printing and drying. The surface finish of 3DP tablets was enhanced by uniaxial pressing. Migration inhibiting additives were effective in limiting transport. Both aqueous and ethanol-based solutions showed a decrease in migration on the order of 20% when appropriate powder bed additives were introduced. Migration was also decreased by pre-printing barriers to confine secondary printed drug solutions. Low dosage forms were fabricated with as little as 2.3 nanograms. Lower dosages are expected upon dilution of the initial drug solution. Printing forms with high dosage is limited by powder void volume, filling efficiency, and drug solubility limits. Multiple print passes increased the dosage per tablet volume, 6, at the expense of process time. The use of drug suspensions to overcome solubility limits and uniaxial compression to reduce tablet volume was shown to significantly increase 6. The highest 8 achieved was 427 mg/cc for pressed suspension-printed tablets, representing 74% of the theoretical limit. Complex oral dosage forms were fabricated with 3DP to show lagged-release, extended-release, double-release, and zero-order-release. Release properties, such as lag time and release rate, were manipulated by varying the printing parameters.
(cont.) Dual-release and zero-order-release forms were fabricated using a surface degradation/erosion system based on HPMC, lactose, and Eudragitʾ L100. Erosion rate constants were used to model release from tablets with non-uniform drug distributions. Diclofenac and chlorpheniramine dual-release tablets were designed with 3 drug regions, and dissolution of the tablets followed the model closely, exhibiting 2 onsets. Two types of zero-order tablets were invented and fabricated by 3DP. These contained drug concentration gradients designed to complement the volumetric nonuniformity of eroding shells. Three formulations showed constant release of diclofenac sodium over 1-7 hours (9.6mg/hr), 1-15 hours (6.8mg/hr), and 1-36 hours (2.5mg/hr).
by Wendy E. Katstra.
Ph.D.
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5

Khaled, Shaban. "Extrusion based 3D printing as a novel technique for fabrication of oral solid dosage forms." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/38437/.

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Анотація:
Extrusion based three dimensional (3D) printing is defined as a process used to make a 3D object layer by layer directly from a computer aided device (CAD). The application of extrusion based 3D printing process to manufacture functional oral solid tablets with relatively complex geometries is demonstrated in this thesis. In Chapter 3 the viability of using a basic desktop 3D printer (Fab@Home) to print functional guaifenesin bilayer tablets (GBTs) is demonstrated. Guaifenesin is an over the counter (OTC) water soluble medicine used as expectorant for reduction of chest congestion caused by common cold and infections in respiratory system. The bilayer tablets were printed using the standard pharmaceutical excipients; hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) 2208, 2910, sodium starch glycolate (SSG), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) in order mimic the commercial model formulation (Mucinex®) guaifenesin extended-release bilayer tablets. The 3D printed guaifenesin bilayer tablets (GBTs) were evaluated for mechanical properties as a comparison to the commercial GBTs and were found to be within acceptable range as defined by the international standards stated in the USP. Drug releases from the 3D printed GBTs were decreased as the amount of HPMC 2208 increased due to the increased wettability, swelling properties and gel barrier formation of the HPMC. The 3D printed GBTs also showed, as required, two release profiles: immediate release (IR) from the top layer containing disintegrants; SSG and MCC and sustained release (SR) profile from the lower layer containing HPMC 2208. The kinetic drug release data from the 3D printed and commercial GBTs were best modelled using the Korsmeyer–Peppas model with n values between 0.27 and 0.44. This suggests Fickian diffusion drug release through a hydrated HPMC gel layer. Other physical characterisations: X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) showed that there was no detectable interaction between guaifenesin and the used excipients in both 3D printed and commercial GBTs. A more complex printer (RegenHu 3D bioprinter) was subsequently used to print complex multi-active tablets containing captopril, nifedipine, and glipizide as a model therapeutic combination. These drugs are frequently used to treat hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The 3D printed tablets were evaluated for drug release and showed that captopril was released by osmosis through permeable cellulose acetate (CA) film and both glipizide and nifedipine were released by diffusion through the hydrophilic HPMC 2208 matrix. According to XRPD and ATR-FTIR results, there was no detectable interaction between the actives and the used excipients. In the final experimental chapter, a combined treatment regimen: atenolol, ramipril, hydrochlorothiazide (anti-hypertensive medications), pravastatin (cholesterol lowering agent), and aspirin (anti-platelets) were printed into more complex geometry (polypill) using the RegenHu 3D bioprinter. This combined drug regimen is manufactured by Cadila Pharmaceuticals Limited as a capsule formulation under the trade name of Polycap™ and is currently the only polypill formulation commercially available and is used to treat and prevent cardiovascular diseases. The printed polypills were characterized for drug release using USP dissolution testing and showed the intended immediate and sustained release profiles based upon the active/excipient ratio used. Aspirin and hydrochlorothiazide were immediately released after the polypill contacted the dissolution medium, and atenolol, ramipril, and pravastatin were released over a period of 12 hrs. XRPD and ATR-FTIR showed that there was no detectable interaction between the actives and the used excipients. In this work, extrusion based 3D printing technique was used to print oral solid dosage forms with complex and well-defined geometries and function. The technology of 3D printing could offer the opportunity to print oral tablets with high and precise drug dosing and controlled drug release profiles tailored for sub-populations or individuals. If the manufacturing and regulatory issues associated with 3DP can be resolved such personalised medicine delivered by 3D printing could improve patient compliance and provide more effective treatment regimes.
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El, Aita Ilias [Verfasser], Jörg [Gutachter] Breitkreutz, and Peter [Gutachter] Kleinebudde. "Manufacturing solid dosage forms using pressure-assisted microsyringe 3D-printing / Ilias El Aita ; Gutachter: Jörg Breitkreutz, Peter Kleinebudde." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1232490059/34.

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7

Вихристюк, Ольга Володимирівна. "Поліграфічне підприємство з дослідженням технології виготовлення етикеткової продукції". Master's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2021. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/46346.

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Анотація:
Пояснювальна записка до магістерської дисертації на тему «Поліграфічне підприємство з дослідженням технології виготовлення етикеткової продукції» складається з 112 сторінок, що містять в собі 7 розділів та підрозділи. Загальна кількість ілюстрацій становить 49, таблиць – 52, кількість джерел згідно з переліком посилань 33. Магістерська дисертація складається з семи основних розділів, де детально розкрито головні технічні, конструкторські особливості етикеток, обрано необхідне обладнання та матеріали для виготовлення етикеткової продукції. Проаналізовано всі процеси виготовлення етикеткової продукції, починаючи від вибору способу друку, необхідного друкарського устаткування, додрукарських процесів, технології виготовлення друкарських форм, і закінчуючи післядрукарською обробкою. Розроблено загальну блок-схему технологічних процесів виготовлення етикеткової продукції. Розраховані основні техніко-економічні показники. Проведений аналіз патентної інформації засвідчив, що розробки по вдосконаленню технологій виготовленні етикеткової продукції проводяться й надалі. Однак в межах таких тенденцій надто мало уваги приділено саме методам контролю, що, безумовно, є актуальним напрямком подальших наукових досліджень, так як дозволить суттєво покращити якість відтворення поліграфічної продукції. В експериментальній частині магістерської дисертації здійснено постановку завдання дослідження, де визначено, що удосконалення процесу виготовлення етикеткової продукції є необхідним для покращення технології виготовлення етикеткової продукції, зокрема, було досліджено дефекти при виготовленні етикеткової продукції та досліджено колірні показники пантонних кольорів під час друкування накладу етикеткової продукції.
The explanatory note to the master's dissertation on the topic "Printing company with research on the technology of manufacturing label products" consists of 112 pages, containing 7 sections and subsections. The total number of illustrations is 49, tables - 52, the number of sources according to the list of references 33. The master's dissertation consists of seven main sections, which reveal in detail the main technical, design features of labels, selected the necessary equipment and materials for the manufacture of label products. All processes of manufacturing label products are analyzed, starting from the choice of printing method, necessary printing equipment, pre-printing processes, technology of manufacturing printing plates, and ending with post-printing processing. The general block diagram of technological processes of production of label products is developed. The main technical and economic indicators are calculated. The analysis of patent information showed that the development of improved technologies for the manufacture of label products is carried out in the future. However, within such trends, too little attention is paid to control methods, which, of course, is an important area of further research, as it will significantly improve the quality of reproduction of printed products. In the experimental part of the master's dissertation the research task was set, where it was determined that the improvement of the label manufacturing process is necessary to improve the technology of label production, in particular, defects in label manufacturing were investigated.
Объяснительная записка к магистерской диссертации по «Полиграфическое предприятие с исследованием технологии изготовления этикеточной продукции» состоит из 112 страниц, содержащих 7 разделов и подразделы. Общее количество иллюстраций составляет 49, таблиц – 52, количество источников согласно ссылкам 33. Магистерская диссертация состоит из семи основных разделов, где подробно раскрыты главные технические, конструкторские особенности этикеток, выбрано необходимое оборудование и материалы для изготовления этикеточной продукции. Проанализированы все процессы изготовления этикеточной продукции, начиная от выбора способа печати, необходимого печатного оборудования, допечатных процессов, технологии изготовления печатных форм и заканчивая послепечатной обработкой. Разработана общая блок-схема технологических процессов изготовления этикеточной продукции. Рассчитаны главные технико-экономические характеристики. Проведенный анализ патентной информации показал, что разработки по совершенствованию технологий при изготовлении этикеточной продукции проводятся и в дальнейшем. Однако в рамках таких тенденций слишком мало внимания уделено именно методам контроля, что безусловно является актуальным направлением дальнейших научных исследований, так как позволит существенно улучшить качество воспроизведения полиграфической продукции. В экспериментальной части магистерской диссертации осуществлена постановка задачи исследования, где определено, что усовершенствование процесса изготовления этикеточной продукции необходимо для улучшения технологии изготовления этикеточной продукции, в частности, были исследованы дефекты при изготовлении этикеточной продукции и исследованы цветовые показатели пантонного цвета при печатании тиража.
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Korte, Carolin [Verfasser], Jörg [Gutachter] Breitkreutz, Peter [Gutachter] Kleinebudde, and Julian [Akademischer Betreuer] Quodbach. "3D-Drug-Printing: Extrusion of Printable Drug-Loaded Filaments and Development of Novel Solid Dosage Forms / Carolin Korte ; Gutachter: Jörg Breitkreutz, Peter Kleinebudde ; Betreuer: Julian Quodbach." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1182032192/34.

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Al-Ansari, Banan Ahmed. "Interrelated Histories, Practices, and Forms of Communication: Using Arabic Calligraphy to Learn Arabic Typography." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc804911/.

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Анотація:
In this self-study inquiry, I studied my graphic design practice in a professional setting, focusing on my Arabic typographic skills and knowledge. My roles as researcher and design educator indivisibly intertwined throughout this research. I worked to understand the value of calligraphy in art and design education, highlighting its power as an art form while also emphasizing its pedagogical potentials. I utilized two theoretical approaches suited to investigating and understanding the Arabic letters as text and image, Ibn Arabi’s science of letters, or 'ilm al-hurûf, and semiotics. I applied my theoretical framework to three distinctive artworks to investigate their uses of the Arabic letters, contemplating their roles in modern and contemporary Arab art. Essential to my research was learning Arabic calligraphy through two approaches: 1) I attended a calligraphy workshop, and 2) I conducted three self-study experimentations. I analyzed my experience through visual representations, commentary, and narrative inquiry to assess Arabic calligraphy’s significance for graphic design education. As such, my experimentations confirmed Arabic calligraphy’s aesthetic and educational value. I employed my findings to create a contemporary Arabic typography curriculum suitable for university-level students. This curriculum is built on learning theories such as visual culture analysis, semiotics, constructivist theory, play principles, and critical thinking, aiming to situate Arabic calligraphy as a modern learning model significant for typography education. Finally, I constructed a basic course for Arabic typography to support students’ development of Arabic typography fluency.
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Sundaram, Subramanian Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "3D-printing form and function." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/120416.

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Анотація:
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 153-171).
Integrating diverse functions inside man-made parts with specific shapes, in a highly scalable manner, is the central challenge in manufacturing. Functional integration is typically achieved by assembling specialized parts, each independently made using carefully designed production techniques - for example, in assembly lines in the automotive industry. Externally assembling specialized parts is tedious at certain length scales (e.g. mesoscale manufacturing), imposes restrictions on achievable geometries, and limits functional integration. In contrast, nature excels at packing disparate materials and functions into unconstrained geometries across different length scales (e.g. distributed sensors in cuttlefish, or sensorimotor pathways and resonant muscles in insects). These far exceed our current fabrication capabilities, and replicating all the functions of natural systems has remained a distant dream. 3D-printing has resolved many challenges in fabricating complex geometries, but despite its promise, assembling diverse materials (including solids, liquids and thin-films) and functions inside a single, printed composite is a current challenge. This thesis presents a set of materials, processes and design strategies - a full experimental toolkit - to address the question: how can we distribute diverse materials and functions in free-form geometries? First, a fully-3D-printed autonomous composite that can sense an external stimulus, process it, and respond by varying its optical transparency is described. The composite consists of seamlessly integrated solids (UV-cured polymers), thin-films (conducting and semiconducting, solvent-evaporated films), and encapsulated liquids. Techniques to engineer material interfaces are also presented in this section. A stimulus-free strategy to 3D-print self-folding composites at room temperature is presented in the second part of this thesis. Specifically, the focus is on printing flat electrical composites that fold into pre-programmed shapes after printing using residual stress defined in specific regions. This provides advantages in the fabrication speed, and also expands the range of achievable geometries when using solvent-based inks. The third portion of this thesis focuses on 3D-printing soft actuators. After highlighting a few example applications of printed actuator arrays, this is used as a case study for topology optimization based design strategies. It is shown that the inclusion of a topology optimizer in the 3D-printing pipeline enables the automated design and fabrication of high-dimensional designs. The final section of this work focuses on creating tactile sensor arrays, with an emphasis on the acquisition of tactile datasets that can be used to understand the human grasp. The concluding section summarizes the role of the fabrication strategies presented here in creating composites of increasing levels of autonomy and self-sufficiency.
by Subramanian Sundaram.
Ph. D.
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Книги з теми "Printing forms"

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Updike, Daniel Berkeley. Printing types: Their history, forms, and use. 4th ed. New Castle, Del: Oak Knoll Press, 2001.

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N, Looney Jackie, ed. Floral patterns for stencilling with full instructions for wall printing. New York: Sterling Pub. Co., 1986.

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Eyraud, Patrick. Waste reduction activities and options at a printer of forms and supplies for the legal profession. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, 1992.

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Programs, National Endowment for the Humanities Division of Research. Texts, publication subvention: Application instructions and forms. Washington, D.C. (Room 318, 1100 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Washington 20506): National Endowment for the Humanities, Division of Research Programs, 1991.

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5

Aaris, Sherin, ed. Forms, folds, sizes: All the details graphic designers need to know but can never find. 2nd ed. Beverly, Mass: Rockport Publishers, 2008.

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Evans, Poppy. Forms, folds, sizes: All the details graphic designers need to know but can never find. 2nd ed. Beverly, Mass: Rockport Publishers, 2008.

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Evans, Poppy. Forms, folds, and sizes: All the details graphic designers need to know but can never find. Gloucester, MA: Rockport Publishers, 2004.

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8

LaserWrite it!: A desktop publishing guide to reports, resumes, newsletters, directories, business forms, and more. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1986.

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9

Palmer, Michele. Toile: The storied fabrics of Europe and America. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Pub., 2003.

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Jan, Tschichold. Treasury of alphabets and lettering: A source book of the best letter forms of past and present for sign painters, graphic artists, commercial artists, typographers, printers, sculptors, architects and schools of art and design. London: Lund Humphries, 1992.

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Частини книг з теми "Printing forms"

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Cornell, Gary, and Jonathan Morrison. "Windows Forms, Drawing, and Printing." In Programming VB .NET: A Guide For Experienced Programmers, 279–331. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-0847-1_8.

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Gosling, Joanna. "Lesson Eight Creating and Printing Forms." In Easily into Multimate Advantage II, 80–89. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10482-6_8.

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Lu, Ming. "Novel Excipients and Materials Used in FDM 3D Printing of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms." In 3D and 4D Printing in Biomedical Applications, 211–37. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527813704.ch9.

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Porter, Stuart C. "Aqueous Polymeric Dispersions for Film Coating of Pharmaceutical Solid-Dosage Forms." In Surface Phenomena and Fine Particles in Water-Based Coatings and Printing Technology, 71–94. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3812-7_6.

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Di Tore, Stefano, Giuseppe De Simone, and Michele Domenico Todino. "Learning by Making. 3D Printing Guidelines for Teachers." In Makers at School, Educational Robotics and Innovative Learning Environments, 181–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77040-2_24.

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AbstractFor many years now, and particularly since the 1930s, educational research has focused on the idea that all authentic education comes from experience. Nowadays, activism has found a natural affinity with the maker movement. Fab labs and creative ateliers have become more popular, especially for educational purposes, suggesting the coming of new types of “learning by doing.” However, these new forms of “learning by doing” must take account of the technologies already present in a particular creative space used by makers. These technologies are mainly: 3D printers, CNC milling machines, 3D scanners, laser cutters, etc. This short paper begins with a premise of educational ergonomics, to introduce teachers, media educators and animatori digitali (digital coordinators) to the didactic implications of introducing different human–machine interfaces (HMI) into their practices. In particular we describe the main features of SLA and SLS 3D printing. The impacts we discuss of 3D printing are resolution, types of printing materials, average printing times, post-processing, and cost. We have selected these criteria because it has been documented that their impact is very heavy in certain school subjects. For example, an FDM 3D printer can be useful in terms of the ease of printing an object, but it may not reach the necessary level of detail for a meticulous reproduction of art objects or precision mechanisms that an SLA 3D printer can achieve.
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Eti Proto, Meltem, and Ceren Koç Sağlam. "Furniture Design Education with 3D Printing Technology." In Makers at School, Educational Robotics and Innovative Learning Environments, 97–105. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77040-2_13.

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AbstractThree-dimensional printing technology has an important place in furniture and interior design, a strong global sector that responds rapidly to the changing needs and expectations of the individual and society. The main objective of design education should be to equip us to imagine new models of life. Among the most attractive benefits of 3D printing technology that make it a boon to designers working in the building and furniture sector are that it enables them to seek original forms that cannot be produced in molds, it generates less waste, and is accessible to all. Today, innovation in the profession, innovative materials, and knowledge of innovative production technologies that feed creative thinking have become ever important features of design education. This knowledge will allow us to imagine, discuss and pioneer design production ideas for new life models. This paper discusses 3D printing technology, the furniture design studio method and its contribution to design education in the Production Techniques courses of the Interior Architecture Department of Marmara University’s Faculty of Fine Arts led by Professor Meltem Eti Proto, Instructor Can Onart, Lecturer T. Emre Eke, and Research Assistant Ceren Koç Sağlam.
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Mohamed, H., D. W. Bao, and R. Snooks. "Super Composite: Carbon Fibre Infused 3D Printed Tectonics." In Proceedings of the 2020 DigitalFUTURES, 297–308. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4400-6_28.

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AbstractThis research posits an innovative process of embedding carbon fibre as the primary structure within large-scale polymer 3D printed intricate architectural forms. The design and technical implications of this research are explored and demonstrated through two proto-architectural projects, Cloud Affects and Unclear Cloud, developed by the RMIT Architecture Snooks Research Lab. These projects are designed through a tectonic approach that we describe as a super composite – an approach that creates a compression of tectonics through algorithmic self-organisation and advanced manufacturing. Framed within a critical view of the lineage of polymer 3D printing and high tech fibres in the field of architectural design, the research outlines the limitations of existing robotic processes employed in contemporary carbon fibre fabrication. In response, the paper proposes an approach we describe as Infused Fibre Reinforced Plastic (IFRP) as a novel fabrication method for intricate geometries. This method involves 3D printing of sacrificial formwork conduits within the skin of complex architectural forms that are infused with continuous carbon fibre structural elements. Through detailed observation and critical review of Cloud Affects and Unclear Cloud (Fig. 2), the paper assesses innovations and challenges of this research in areas including printing, detailing, structural analysis and FEA modelling. The paper notes how these techniques have been refined through the iterative design of the two projects, including the development of fibre distribution mapping to optimise the structural performance.
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Gupta, Nikhil, and Mrityunjay Doddamani. "3D Printing of Syntactic Foams for Marine Applications." In Advances in Thick Section Composite and Sandwich Structures, 407–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31065-3_14.

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Kaufmann, Ulrike, Urban Harrysson, Per Johander, and Werner Bauer. "Free Form Fabrication of 3D-Ceramic Parts with InkJet-Printing." In Advances in Science and Technology, 720–25. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908158-01-x.720.

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Ahmed, Zeeshan, Alessia Biffi, Lauri Hass, Freek Bos, and Theo Salet. "3D Concrete Printing - Free Form Geometries with Improved Ductility and Strength." In RILEM Bookseries, 741–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49916-7_74.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Printing forms"

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Richter, Christoph, Stefan Schmülling, Andrea Ehrmann, and Karin Finsterbusch. "FDM printing of 3D forms with embedded fibrous materials." In The 2015 International Conference on Design, Manufacturing and Mechatronics (ICDMM2015). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814730518_0112.

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Hoffmann, Gerd-Albert, Tim Wolfer, O. Suttmann, and Ludger Overmeyer. "Conditioning of flexible substrates for polymer optical waveguides with laser structured printing forms." In 2016 IEEE Photonics Conference (IPC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipcon.2016.7831233.

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Li, Zongqi, and Shoufeng Yang. "Dry Powder Printing Technology: A Possible Dosing Approach for Solid Dosage Forms of Personalized Medicine." In 1st International Conference on Progress in Additive Manufacturing. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-09-0446-3_057.

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Stepanova, E. N. "THE CURRENT STATE OF THE PACKAGING INDUSTRY AS A FACTOR OF OPTIMIZATION OF SOME LOGISTIC PROCESSES." In New forms of production and entrepreneurship in the coordinates of neo-industrial development of the economy. PD of KSUEL, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38161/978-5-7823-0731-8-2020-205-210.

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Modern packaging is one of the key keys to the successful sale of products. The criteria of reliability, safety and aesthetic attractiveness help to promote the product and increase its popularity in the eyes of potential buyers. The printing market offers a wide range of materials - from cardboard and glass to polypropylene and natural fabrics, which allow the most careful to bring the product to the consumer and as effectively as possible to present it on the shelves store or exhibition centre.
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Wienke, Alexander, Gerd-Albert Hoffmann, Jürgen Koch, Peter Jäschke, Ludger Overmeyer, and Stefan Kaierle. "Surface functionalization of flexographic printing forms using a femtosecond laser for adjustable material transfer in MID production processes." In Laser Applications in Microelectronic and Optoelectronic Manufacturing (LAMOM) XXV, edited by Gediminas Račiukaitis, Carlos Molpeceres, Aiko Narazaki, and Jie Qiao. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2543544.

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Lombardi, Jack P., Roozbeh (Ross) Salary, Darshana L. Weerawarne, Prahalada K. Rao, and Mark D. Poliks. "In-Situ Image-Based Monitoring and Closed-Loop Control of Aerosol Jet Printing." In ASME 2018 13th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2018-6487.

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Aerosol jet printing (AJP) is a complex process for additive electronics that is often unstable. To overcome this instability, real-time observation and control of the printing process using image based monitoring is demonstrated. This monitoring is validated against images taken after the print and shown highly correlated and useful for determination of printed linewidth. These images and the observed linewidth are used as input for closed-loop control of the printing process, with print speed changed in response to changes in observed linewidth. Linear regression is used to relate these quantities and forms the basis of a proportional control. A test using multiple print speeds and the observed linewidths is used to set the control gain. Electrical test structures were printed with controlled and uncontrolled printing, and it was found that the control influenced their linewidth and electrical properties, giving improved uniformity in both size and electrical performance.
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Ulu, Furkan Ismail, Ram Mohan, and Ravi Pratap Singh Tomar. "Development of Thermally Conductive Polymer/CNF Nanocomposite Materials via PolyJet Additive Manufacturing by Improvement of Digital Material Design." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11556.

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Abstract PolyJet printing technology allows building polymeric materials with complex multi-material structures in the resolution of tens of microns layer thickness providing high control over the entire 3-D part. On the other hand, thermally conductive polymer/CNF nanocomposite materials offer new opportunities for replacing metals in industry and applications that require heat dissipation to avoid degradation of materials prematurely. CNFs are one of the best promising filler types to enhance thermal conductance of polymers. However, experimental thermal conductivities of polymer/CNF nanocomposites are significantly low compared to the intrinsic thermal conductivity of CNFs. Present work focused on selectively addition CNF fillers to form a thermally conductive path which helps to control dispersion and alignment. PolyJet printing forms the material and the structure simultaneously which allows the control over the material distribution and morphology on entire 3-D parts while providing possibilities to manipulate the design and create a conductive path. In the present research, improvement of thermal conductivity of Polymer/CNF nanocomposites via PolyJet printing using voxel digital printing method was investigated. Samples were designed as VeroClear material, VeroClear with CNFs, VeroCyan material, VeroCyan with CNFs. DSC and TPS were used to perform the thermal characterization of the samples.
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Spiridonov, Iskren, Simeon Yordanov, Rumyana Boeva, and Aleksandar Milkov. "Investigation of process colours variations of electrophotography colour production presses." In 10th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design,, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2020-p48.

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In this investigation is approached method for assessing and evaluation of colour repeatability and variation for digital electrophotography printing presses. Two of most popular midlevel electrophotography colour production presses were chosen. These presses are widely used in printing houses for the printing of book covers, posters, etc. in small circulations. The similar perception of quality of digital production to the offset printing quality (ISO 12647-2:2013 ) is required from most of the clients of printing houses, publishers, etc. One of the problems of midlevel electrophotography colour production presses are variations of colours in the printing run and variations of colours during the time – weeks, months, years. The variation degree depends on many factors like – the precision of internal calibration method and types of sensors during the printing run, quality of used materials, calibration precision made by press operator, temperature and humidity variation, etc. (Kachin, Spiridonov, 2000) Specially designed for experiment test forms have been printed on two of most widely used materials for book covers, business cards, etc. – 300 g/m2 matt-coated board and 300 g/m2 offset uncoated board. The evaluation method is based on colorimetrical and densitometrical measurements (Kachin, Spiridonov, 2004) of 100 continuous printed sheets. The experiment was repeated in different time periods -between 6 hours and 4 months, to collect data for colour variation between reprinting the same test images in the time.
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Rudenko, Eduard, Tetiana Kyrychok, Valentin Panarin, Mykola Svavilnyi, Denis Polotsky, Mykola Skoryk, Volodymyr Baglai, Nadiia Talimonova, and Anna Novytska. "Influence of helicon discharge treatment on ensuring adhesive strength of protective PVD coating CrN on brass-based forms of intaglio printing." In Fifteenth International Conference on Correlation Optics, edited by Oleg V. Angelsky. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2615570.

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10

Ponnambalam, P., P. K. Rajesh, N. Ramakrishnan, and K. Prakasan. "Simulation of Droplet Formation and Spread in Direct Ceramic Inkjet Printing." In ASME 2004 2nd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icmm2004-2401.

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Recently, drop on demand inkjet printers have been used to deposit ceramic containing inks to develop ceramic components for several strategic applications (for sensors, fuel cells and for intelligent inks to be used as self assembling particles to interact with incident wave forms). It seems that the availability of literature with respect to the studies on fluid-structure interaction in a drop on demand inkjet printer is limited, though enough information is available on the preparation of ceramic inks. The design of nozzle for drop on demand inkjet printing involves transient interaction between fluids and structures to eject ink droplets. Study of phenomena that contribute to the droplet formation, ejection and deposition on a substrate for several combination of physical properties of constituents of the ink and the characteristics of actuation mechanism is relevant for understanding and effective utilization of direct ceramic inkjet printing (DCIJP). This paper focuses on the simulation of formation and ejection of a ceramic ink droplet (paraffin wax loaded with different volume fraction of alumina particles) from a reservoir using piezoelectric actuation. The properties of ceramic ink are found in literature and they are used for simulation. Simulations were performed with computational fluid dynamics software (CFD-ACE+) which can solve multi-physiscs problems as encountered in DCIJP. This study gives details of the tight interaction among different physical phenomena that contribute to he droplet formation and ejection process. The results from this study will be useful for the preparation of ceramic inks to achieve desired droplet characteristics.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Printing forms"

1

Kennedy, Alan, Mark Ballentine, Andrew McQueen, Christopher Griggs, Arit Das, and Michael Bortner. Environmental applications of 3D printing polymer composites for dredging operations. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39341.

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This Dredging Operations Environmental Research (DOER) technical note disseminates novel methods to monitor and reduce contaminant mobility and bioavailability in water, sediments, and soils. These method advancements are enabled by additive manufacturing (i.e., three-dimensional [3D] printing) to deploy and retrieve materials that adsorb contaminants that are traditionally applied as unbound powders. Examples of sorbents added as amendments for remediation of contaminated sediments include activated carbon, biochar, biopolymers, zeolite, and sand caps. Figure 1 provides examples of sorbent and photocatalytic particles successfully compounded and 3D printed using polylactic acid as a binder. Additional adsorptive materials may be applicable and photocatalytic materials (Friedmann et al. 2019) may be applied to degrade contaminants of concern into less hazardous forms. This technical note further describes opportunities for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) project managers and the water and sediment resource management community to apply 3D printing of polymers containing adsorptive filler materials as a prototyping tool and as an on-site, on-demand manufacturing capability to remediate and monitor contaminants in the environment. This research was funded by DOER project 19-13, titled “3D Printed Design for Remediation and Monitoring of Dredged Material.”
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2

Gaponenko, Artiom, and Andrey Golovin. Electronic magazine with rating system of an estimation of individual and collective work of students. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0043.06102017.

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«The electronic magazine with rating system of an estimation of individual and collective work of students» (EM) is developed in document Microsoft Excel with use of macros. EM allows to automate all the calculated operations connected with estimation of amount scored by students in each form of the current control. EM provides automatic calculation of rating of the student with reflection of a maximum quantity of the points received in given educational group. The rating equal to “1” is assigned to the student who has got a maximum quantity of points for the certain date. For the other students the share of their points in this maximum size is indicated. The choice of an estimation is made in an alphabetic format according to requirements of the European translation system of test units for the international recognition of results of educational outcomes (ECTS - European Credit Transfer System), by use of a corresponding scale of an estimation. The list of students is placed on the first page of magazine and automatically displayed on all subsequent pages. For each page of magazine the optimal size of document printing is set with automatic enter of current date and time. Owing to accounting rate of complexity of task EM is the universal technical tool which can be used for any subject matter.
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