Готові списки джерел за темами / Pricing

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Pricing"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021
Оновлено: 14 вересня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Pricing"

1

Wang, Xiao-Yong. "Effect of Carbon Pricing on Optimal Mix Design of Sustainable High-Strength Concrete." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 21, 2019): 5827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205827.

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Material cost and CO2 emissions are among the vital issues related to the sustainability of high-strength concrete. This research proposes a calculation procedure for the mix design of silica fume-blended high-strength concrete with an optimal total cost considering various carbon pricings. First, the material cost and CO2 emission cost are determined using concrete mixture and unit prices. Gene expression programming (GEP) is used to evaluate concrete mechanical and workability properties. Second, a genetic algorithm (GA) is used to search the optimal mixture, considering various constraints, such as design compressive strength constraint, design workability constraint, range constraints, ratio constraints, and concrete volume constraint. The optimization objective of the GA is the sum of the material cost and the cost of CO2 emissions. Third, illustrative examples are shown for designing various kinds of concrete. Five strength levels (from 95 to 115 MPa with steps of 5 MPa) and four carbon pricings (normal carbon pricing, zero carbon pricing, five-fold carbon pricings, and ten-fold carbon pricings) are considered. A total of 20 optimal mixtures are calculated. The optimal mixtures were found the same for the cases of normal CO2 pricing and zero CO2 pricing. Optimal mixtures with higher strengths are more sensitive to variation in carbon pricing. For five-fold CO2 pricing, the cement content of mixtures with higher strengths (105, 110, and 115 MPa) are lower than those of normal CO2 pricing. As the CO2 pricing increases from five-fold to ten-fold, for mixtures with a strength of 110 MPa, the cement content becomes lower. Summarily, the proposed method can be applied to the material design of sustainable high-strength concrete with low material cost and CO2 emissions.
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Saputra, Gani. "Pengaruh Pajak, Ukuran Perusahaan, Profitabilitas Terhadap Transfer Pricing Dengan Leverage Sebagai Variabel Moderasi (Stusi Empiris Perusahaan Manufaktur Sektor Makanan dan Minuman Tahun 2017-2021)." Jurnal Literasi Akuntansi 3, no. 1 (March 29, 2023): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.55587/jla.v3i1.88.

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Purpose: This study aims to show the effect of tax, company size and profitability on transfer pricing with leverage as a moderating variable. The nature of this research is quantitative. Methot: The population in this study are food and beverage sub-sector manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2017-2021 and there are 40 companies. The research sample used purposive sampling and obtained 15 companies. This research uses secondary data in the form of financial reports and company annual financial reports which are downloaded from www.idx.co.id and the website of each company that is the sample in this study. Data analysis using multiple linear analysis and moderate regression analysis. Finding: The results of this study indicate that taxes have a positive effect on transfer pricing. Company size has a positive effect on transfer pricing. Profitability has a positive effect on transfer pricing. Leverage can strengthen the positive effect of taxes on pricin transfers. Leverage can strengthen the positive influence of company size on transfer pricing. However, leverage cannot moderate the effect of profitability on transfer pricing.
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Murodova, Nargiza. "TOURISM PRICING STRATEGIES." European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 4, no. 4 (April 1, 2024): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-04-04-34.

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Tourism pricing strategies are vital for businesses in the travel and hospitality sector to maximize revenue, attract and retain customers, and stay competitive. These strategies range from value-based pricing, which relies on the perceived value to the customer, to dynamic pricing, adjusting costs in real-time based on market demand. Other approaches include discount pricing for off-peak periods, package deals offering combined services, psychological pricing to make costs seem more attractive, penetrationpricing to quickly gain market share, premium pricing for exclusive experiences, seasonal adjustments, cost-plus pricing to cover expenses and ensure profit, and geographical pricing to account for regional economic differences. Each strategy has its unique implications and is chosen based on the business’s goals, market conditions, and customer preferences.
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4

Zhang, Lihui, Huiyuan Liu, and Daniel (Jian) Sun. "COMPARISON AND OPTIMIZATION OF CORDON AND AREA PRICINGS FOR MANAGING TRAVEL DEMAND." TRANSPORT 29, no. 3 (May 28, 2014): 248–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2014.914970.

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This paper analyses both the cordon and area pricings from the perspective of travel demand management. Sensitivity analysis of various performance measures with respect to the toll rate and demand elastic parameter is performed on a virtual grid network. The analysis shows that cordon pricing mainly affects those trips with origins outside of the Central Business District and destinations inside, while area pricing imposes additional cost on the trips with either origins or destinations in the Central Business District. Though both pricing strategies are able to alleviate traffic congestion in the charging area, area pricing seems more effective, however, area pricing owns the risk to detour too much traffic and thus cause severe congestion to the network outside of the Central Business District. Following the sensitivity analysis, a unified framework is proposed to optimize the designs of the both pricing strategies, which is flexible to account for various practical concerns. The optimization models are formulated as mixed-integer nonlinear programs with complementarity constraints, and the solution procedure is composed of solving a series of nonlinear programs and mixed-integer linear programs. Results from the numerical examples are in line with the findings in the sensitivity analysis. Under the specific network settings, cordon pricing achieves the best system performance when the toll rate reaches the maximum allowed, while area pricing finds the optimal design scheme when the toll rate equals half of the maximum allowed.
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Lahiri, Atanu, Rajiv M. Dewan, and Marshall Freimer. "Pricing of Wireless Services: Service Pricing vs. Traffic Pricing." Information Systems Research 24, no. 2 (June 2013): 418–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/isre.1120.0434.

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Clarabella, Angelina, and Edi Pranoto. "JURIDICIAL ANALYSIS OF TRANSFER PRICING DOCUMENTS IN RESPECT OF TAX AVOIDANCE FOR MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES." UNTAG Law Review 5, no. 2 (December 11, 2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.56444/ulrev.v5i2.2657.

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<span class="fontstyle0">Essential principle within business world definitely would be maximizing profit and minimizing capital. Hence many companies would struggle<br />and develop their own ways to avoid taxes as much as they could. Tax avoidance which is taken illegally would disrupt government's revenue indeed. This paper discusses normative juridical approach to examine problems as 1. How does transfer pricing documents could help to diagnose tax avoidance practice within companies? 2. How to prevent the occurrence of transfer pricing's shortcomings? This would highlight the transfer pricing's existence to eliminate illegal practice of tax avoidance<br />within multinational companies and some methods to prevent the shortcomings of transfer pricing. The results shows that 1. transfer Pricing documents are useful for diagnosing tax avoidance practices in multinational companies through an analysis of fairness and business practice and 2. in order to prevent deficiencies in Transfer Pricing documents, the Government must establish a cooperative relationship<br />between companies and reliable tax administrations. such as through AEoI (Automatic Exchange of Information) between countries to encourage transfer pricing inspection processes in multinational companies. The government should conduct cooperative relationship between the companies and tax administration to encourage the process of transfer pricing examination within multinational companies in precise scheduled time frame. Fair and favorable assessment of business report is significant due to undermine unnecessary cost and improper result.<br />The competence and professional judgement from the Directorate General of Taxes are substantial.</span> <br /><br />
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Swart, Barbara. "Fair pricing, and pricing paradoxes." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 19, no. 2 (May 13, 2016): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v19i2.1136.

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The St Petersburg Paradox revolves round the determination of a fair price for playing the St Petersburg Game. According to the original formulation, the price for the game is infinite, and, therefore, paradoxical. Although the St Petersburg Paradox can be seen as concerning merely a game, Paul Samuelson (1977) calls it a “fascinating chapter in the history of ideas”, a chapter that gave rise to a considerable number of papers over more than 200 years involving fields such as probability theory and economics. In a paper in this journal, Vivian (2013) undertook a numerical investigation of the St Petersburg Game. In this paper, the central issue of the paradox is identified as that of fair (risk-neutral) pricing, which is fundamental in economics and finance and involves important concepts such as no arbitrage, discounting, and risk-neutral measures. The model for the St Petersburg Game as set out in this paper is new and analytical and resolves the so-called pricing paradox by applying a discounting procedure. In this framework, it is shown that there is in fact no infinite price paradox, and simple formulas for obtaining a finite price for the game are also provided.
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Wrede, Matthias. "Uniform Pricing Versus Mill Pricing." Journal of Regional Science 43, no. 1 (February 2003): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9787.00008.

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Johansson, Magnus, Niklas Hallberg, Andreas Hinterhuber, Mark Zbaracki, and Stephan Liozu. "Pricing strategies and pricing capabilities." Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management 11, no. 1 (December 28, 2011): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/rpm.2011.42.

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Rosenberg, Alan E. "Congestion Pricing or Monopoly Pricing?" Electricity Journal 13, no. 3 (April 2000): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1040-6190(00)00094-4.

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Дисертації з теми "Pricing"

1

Rodriguez, Claudia Patricia. "Transmission pricing." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0028/MQ50390.pdf.

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Jonason, Andreas. "Innovative pricing." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Tekniska högsk, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3221.

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Loon, Joyce van. "Algorithmic pricing." Maastricht : Maastricht : Universitaire Pers ; University Library, Universiteit Maastricht [host], 2009. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=14955.

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Gesua', Sive Salvadori Davide <1993&gt. "Transfer pricing." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/10654.

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Jordan-Wagner, James M. (James Michael). "Arbitrage Pricing Theory and the Capital Asset Pricing Model: Evidence from the Eurodollar Bond Market." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc330578/.

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Анотація:
Monthly returns on twenty-seven Eurobonds from July 1982 to June 1986 were examined. There were no consistent differences in returns based on the country in which a firm is located. There were consistent differences due to industry classification, with energy-related firms exhibiting higher average returns and variances. Excess returns were calculated using the capital asset pricing model and arbitrage pricing theory. The results from calculation of mean average deviation, root mean square, and R2 all indicate that the arbitrage pricing theory was a better descriptor of the Eurobond market. The excess returns were also examined using stochastic dominance. Arbitrage pricing theory never dominated the capital asset pricing model using first-order criteria, but consistently dominated using second-order criteria. The results were discussed in terms of the implications for investors and portfolio managers.
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Ahmed, Hasib. "Pricing of Idiosyncratic Risk in an Intermediary Asset Pricing Model." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2019. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2659.

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Standard asset pricing theories suggest that only systematic risk is priced. Empirical studies report a relationship between idiosyncratic volatility or risk (IVOL) and asset price. The most common explanation for this anomaly is that households under-diversify creating a Bad Model problem. This paper uses an Intermediary Asset Pricing Model (IAPM) as a way to control for under-diversification in evaluating the relationship between IVOL and asset price. We find that IVOL premia is lower in an IAPM. Our findings indicate that under-diversification can explain the anomaly partially.
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Ehlers, Philippe Serge. "Pricing credit derivatives." Zürich : ETH, 2007. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=17274.

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Huang, Liang Hai. "Pricing exchange options." Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1447320.

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Prostakova, Irina, and Alexander Tazov. "Energy Derivatives Pricing." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Tillämpad matematik och fysik (MPE-lab), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-16174.

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In this paper we examine energy derivatives pricing. The previous studies considered the same source of uncertainty for the spot and the futures prices. We investigate the problem of futures pricing with two independent sources of risk. In general the structure of the oil and gas futures markets is closely related to some stock indices. Therefore, we develop a model for the futures market and compound derivatives with pricing in accordance with the correspondent index. We derive a framework for energy derivatives pricing, compute the price of the European call option on futures and corresponding hedging strategy. We calculate the price of the European call option adjusted for an index level, study the American put option on futures and corresponding hedging strategies.
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Xue, Jiang. "Pricing Callable Bonds." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Analys och tillämpad matematik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-162962.

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Книги з теми "Pricing"

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Hanna, Nessim, and H. Robert Dodge. Pricing. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14477-8.

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Hanna, Nessim, and H. Robert Dodge. Pricing. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13447-2.

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Calogridis, Michael. Practical Pricing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230102347.

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Chesney, Marc, Jonathan Krakow, Brigitte Maranghino-Singer, and Vincent Wolff. Asset Pricing. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-37949-0.

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Vorfeld, Michael. Asset Pricing. Wiesbaden: Gabler, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-8243-8.

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Kariya, Takeaki, and Regina Y. Liu. Asset Pricing. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9230-7.

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Conkling, Roger L. Energy Pricing. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15491-1.

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Rothenberger, Sandra, and Florian Siems, eds. Pricing Perspectives. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230594890.

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Himbert, Lena. Unit Pricing. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-13476-1.

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Kellerhals, B. Philipp. Asset Pricing. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24697-8.

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Частини книг з теми "Pricing"

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Hanna, Nessim, and H. Robert Dodge. "The Nature of the Pricing Process." In Pricing, 1–13. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13447-2_1.

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Hanna, Nessim, and H. Robert Dodge. "Geographic Pricing Practices." In Pricing, 133–41. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13447-2_10.

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Hanna, Nessim, and H. Robert Dodge. "Retail Pricing." In Pricing, 142–54. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13447-2_11.

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Hanna, Nessim, and H. Robert Dodge. "Pricing and the Legal Issues." In Pricing, 155–70. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13447-2_12.

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Hanna, Nessim, and H. Robert Dodge. "Pricing of Services." In Pricing, 171–85. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13447-2_13.

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Hanna, Nessim, and H. Robert Dodge. "Pricing During Inflationary and Shortage Conditions." In Pricing, 186–94. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13447-2_14.

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Hanna, Nessim, and H. Robert Dodge. "Pricing in International Markets." In Pricing, 195–211. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13447-2_15.

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Hanna, Nessim, and H. Robert Dodge. "Market Interpretations of Price." In Pricing, 14–29. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13447-2_2.

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Hanna, Nessim, and H. Robert Dodge. "Pricing from the Standpoint of Economic Theory." In Pricing, 30–38. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13447-2_3.

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Hanna, Nessim, and H. Robert Dodge. "Role of Costs in Pricing." In Pricing, 39–50. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13447-2_4.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Pricing"

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Walker, J. "IET Road Pricing Seminar." In IET Seminar on Road Pricing 2007. IEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20070799.

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McAfee, R. Preston. "Pricing." In 2007 IEEE Aerospace Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aero.2007.352681.

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Budnitz, H. "Reading's TIF investigations [road pricing]." In IET Conference on Road Pricing 2008. IET, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic.2008.0699.

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Tian, Hou-ping, Shuang Zheng, Chun-fang Jiang, and Chang-xian Liu. "Equal Pricing or Free Pricing? The Pricing Strategies of B2C Platform." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem45057.2020.9309864.

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Walker, J. "CEDAR TSB road-pricing technology trials." In IET Conference on Road Pricing 2008. IET, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic.2008.0704.

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Rao, Divya, and Wee Keong Ng. "Information Pricing: A Utility Based Pricing Mechanism." In 2016 IEEE 14th Intl Conf on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, 14th Intl Conf on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, 2nd Intl Conf on Big Data Intelligence and Computing and Cyber Science and Technology Congress(DASC/PiCom/DataCom/CyberSciTech)2016. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dasc-picom-datacom-cyberscitec.2016.132.

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Zhang, Jinshui, Jinghao Hei, and Haisheng Tan. "Edge Pricing Mechanisms under Cloud Tiered Pricing." In 2022 8th International Conference on Big Data Computing and Communications (BigCom). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bigcom57025.2022.00015.

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Adhikari, Dr Atanu. "Customer Fairness in Participative Pricing: Sustainability of PWYTF Pricing." In 5th World Conference on Business, Management, Finance, Economics, and Marketing, 28. Eurasia Conferences, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62422/978-81-968539-6-9-007.

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Анотація:
The concept of Pay What You Want (PWYW) pricing entails actively engaging customers in the pricing decision-making process. However, prior scholarly investigations have raised concerns regarding the long-term viability of this pricing mechanism, despite the absence of any empirical examination thus far. In contrast, the implementation of Pay What You Think Fair (PWYTF) pricing introduces a novel approach wherein customers are presented with the opportunity to assess the fairness of a given price and subsequently determine their own payment amount. This unique framework allows for the evaluation of customers' perceptions of fairness, thereby enhancing the sustainability of participative pricing mechanisms within the travel industry. Buyers typically lack knowledge regarding the precise cost incurred by sellers for the item being sold, as well as other pertinent information that would enable them to make an accurate estimation of its cost. Therefore, it can be observed that there is a considerable variation in the references made by buyers when forming their judgements regarding price. In essence, the implementation of a participative pricing mechanism that grants customers the freedom to determine the price based on their own reference point for a product may result in the impracticality of such an approach. While the concept of allowing customers to pay what they desire may initially appear sophisticated, it can ultimately undermine the viability of the pricing mechanism. This study aims to explore the relationship between customer knowledge of product price, their reference price, and their willingness to pay a fair price in the context of the sustainability of the Pay What You Think is Fair (PWYTF) pricing mechanism. The present study utilised a structured questionnaire to collect survey data from a sample of 164 participants. The questionnaire aimed to assess the buyers' perceived knowledge regarding the price of the item they purchased, their reference price, their willingness to pay a fair price, and their perception of the sustainability of the Pay What You Think is Fair (PWYTF) pricing mechanism. Participants were asked to rate their responses on a seven-point Likert scale. Measurement and path models were tested.
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Lees, B., and H. Worrall. "US ETC system interoperability." In IET Seminar on Road Pricing 2007. IEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20070808.

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Kerstjens, O. "(RCI) road charging interoperability - the key results of the RCI demonstration and validation, lessons learned for advancing EETS." In IET Conference on Road Pricing 2008. IET, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic.2008.0706.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Pricing"

1

Benmelech, Efraim, and Nittai Bergman. Collateral Pricing. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13874.

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2

Rotemberg, Julio. Fair Pricing. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10915.

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3

Eshaghnia, Sadegh, James Heckman, and Goya Razavi. Pricing Neighborhoods. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w31371.

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4

Chalasani, P., I. Saias, and S. Jha. Approximate option pricing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/373883.

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5

Rothschild, Michael. Asset Pricing Theories. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/t0044.

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6

Roseta-Palma, Catarina, and Henrique Monteiro. Pricing for Scarcity. DINÂMIA'CET-IUL, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.7749/dinamiacet-iul.wp.2008.65.

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7

Sefcik, David. Unit pricing guide :. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.1181.

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8

Lewis, Karen. Global Asset Pricing. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17261.

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9

He, Zhiguo, and Arvind Krishnamurthy. Intermediary Asset Pricing. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14517.

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10

Chernov, Mikhail, Magnus Dahlquist, and Lars Lochstoer. Pricing Currency Risks. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w28260.

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