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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Preference function"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 22 червня 2025

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Статті в журналах з теми "Preference function"

Nguyen, Dat-Dao. "Using Social Choice Function Vs. Social Welfare Function To Aggregate Individual Preferences In Group Decision Support Systems." International Journal of Management & Information Systems (IJMIS) 18, no. 3 (2014): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/ijmis.v18i3.8703.

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In multi-criteria decision making, any Group Decision Support System (GDSS) requires a social judgment model for calculation of weights on decision alternatives, and tabulation of individual votes toward a consensus. One could assess a Social Welfare Function - such as Keeneys - to aggregate individual cardinal preferences or utilities into a group preference. Alternatively, one could use Social Choice Functions - such as Condorcet, Borda, Copeland, and Eigenvector - to aggregate individual ordinal preferences or rankings into a group ranking. This study empirically investigates the consensus between individual preferences and the group preference derived from various aggregation methods.

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Khan, Mohammad Faisal, Md Gulzarul Hasan, Abdul Quddoos, Armin Fügenschuh, and Syed Suhaib Hasan. "Goal Programming Models with Linear and Exponential Fuzzy Preference Relations." Symmetry 12, no. 6 (2020): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12060934.

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Goal programming (GP) is a powerful method to solve multi-objective programming problems. In GP the preferential weights are incorporated in different ways into the achievement function. The problem becomes more complicated if the preferences are imprecise in nature, for example ‘Goal A is slightly or moderately or significantly important than Goal B’. Considering such type of problems, this paper proposes standard goal programming models for multi-objective decision-making, where fuzzy linguistic preference relations are incorporated to model the relative importance of the goals. In the existing literature, only methods with linear preference relations are available. As per our knowledge, nonlinearity was not considered previously in preference relations. We formulated fuzzy preference relations as exponential membership functions. The grades or achievement function is described as an exponential membership function and is used for grading levels of preference toward uncertainty. A nonlinear membership function may lead to a better representation of the achievement level than a linear one. Our proposed models can be a useful tool for different types of real life applications, where exponential nonlinearity in goal preferences exists. Finally, a numerical example is presented and analyzed through multiple cases to validate and compare the proposed models. A distance measure function is also developed and used to compare proposed models. It is found that, for the numerical example, models with exponential membership functions perform better than models with linear membership functions. The proposed models will help decision makers analyze and plan real life problems more realistically.

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Knox, W. Bradley, Stephane Hatgis-Kessell, Sigurdur Orn Adalgeirsson, et al. "Learning Optimal Advantage from Preferences and Mistaking It for Reward." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 38, no. 9 (2024): 10066–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v38i9.28870.

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We consider algorithms for learning reward functions from human preferences over pairs of trajectory segments, as used in reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). Most recent work assumes that human preferences are generated based only upon the reward accrued within those segments, or their partial return. Recent work casts doubt on the validity of this assumption, proposing an alternative preference model based upon regret. We investigate the consequences of assuming preferences are based upon partial return when they actually arise from regret. We argue that the learned function is an approximation of the optimal advantage function, not a reward function. We find that if a specific pitfall is addressed, this incorrect assumption is not particularly harmful, resulting in a highly shaped reward function. Nonetheless, this incorrect usage of the approximation of the optimal advantage function is less desirable than the appropriate and simpler approach of greedy maximization of it. From the perspective of the regret preference model, we also provide a clearer interpretation of fine tuning contemporary large language models with RLHF. This paper overall provides insight regarding why learning under the partial return preference model tends to work so well in practice, despite it conforming poorly to how humans give preferences.

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Zhou, Zhichun, David Burrell McAdam, Deborah Ann Napolitano, and Kathryn Douthit. "Shining a Light on the Challenging Behaviors of Adolescents with Comorbid Diagnoses: Use of Pictorial Concurrent Operant Preference Assessment." Children 8, no. 8 (2021): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8080683.

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Currently, there are no published studies that have used the concurrent operant preference assessment procedure to identify functions of challenging behaviors displayed by individuals with comorbid diagnoses. Four participants (aged 11–16 years) with comorbid diagnoses who displayed multiple challenging behaviors were referred to this study. We modified the standard concurrent operant preference assessment and used the new modified version, the pictorial concurrent operant preference assessment, to identify the functions of the challenging behaviors. Utilizing the triangulation mixed-methods design, we compared the indirect functional behavioral assessment (FBA) and the direct FBA with the pictorial concurrent operant preference assessment. The results obtained successfully demonstrated the concordance among these assessments in identifying the behavioral function for each participant. The results further showed that (1) the preferences served the same functional effects on both the challenging behaviors and the adaptive behaviors and (2) the pictorial concurrent operant preference assessment can be used independently to identify potential behavioral function and to specify the reinforcing potency of each behavioral function. The significance of the study results, limitations of this study, and directions for future research and clinical practice are discussed.

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Weichselbaum, Hanna, Helmut Leder, and Ulrich Ansorge. "Implicit and Explicit Evaluation of Visual Symmetry as a Function of Art Expertise." i-Perception 9, no. 2 (2018): 204166951876146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669518761464.

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In perception, humans typically prefer symmetrical over asymmetrical patterns. Yet, little is known about differences in symmetry preferences depending on individuals’ different past histories of actively reflecting upon pictures and patterns. To address this question, we tested the generality of the symmetry preference for different levels of individual art expertise. The preference for symmetrical versus asymmetrical abstract patterns was measured implicitly, by an Implicit Association Test (IAT), and explicitly, by a rating scale asking participants to evaluate pattern beauty. Participants were art history and psychology students. Art expertise was measured using a questionnaire. In the IAT, art expertise did not alter the preference for symmetrical over asymmetrical patterns. In contrast, the explicit rating scale showed that with higher art expertise, the ratings for the beauty of asymmetrical patterns significantly increased, but, again, participants preferred symmetrical over asymmetrical patterns. The results are discussed in light of different theories on the origins of symmetry preference. Evolutionary adaptation might play a role in symmetry preferences for art experts similarly to nonexperts, but experts tend to emphasize the beauty of asymmetrical depictions, eventually considering different criteria, when asked explicitly to indicate their preferences.

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Runken, Michael Chris, and Juan Marcos Gonzalez. "Using patients’ stated preferences for immunoglobulin therapies to evaluate administration features in current treatments." Journal of Immunology 196, no. 1_Supplement (2016): 130.5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.130.5.

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Abstract In 2012, Mohamed et al.(J Med Econ) estimated preference weights for changes in the administration features of immunoglobulin (IG) therapies among patients with self-reported primary immunodeficiency disorder (PIDD). The preference weights were estimated using a discrete-choice experiment survey that asked respondents to choose between hypothetical treatments with varying administration features. However, the authors did not discuss the implications of their results on patients’ preferences for currently available IG therapies with specific combinations of the elicited features. Transferring preference results from Mohamed et al. allowed us to evaluate current treatment options not considered during the original study. This transfer of preference information is commonplace in economics, but not in health applications where it is done almost exclusively with treatment outcomes and not treatment administration features. The aim of this study was to assess patients’ relative preferences for currently available IG treatments in terms of their administration features as elicited by Mohamed et al. To achieve this objective, we approximated a preference-weight function through visual examination of the weights plotted in the publication. This function provides a calculation of preference scores for any IG treatment described with the attributes studied in Mohamed et al. This research suggests a general tendency in PIDD patients to prefer the administration features associated with intravenous therapies over subcutaneous therapies. The evaluation of IG therapies with the approximated preference function highlights how attribute preferences can be considered jointly in clinically meaningful treatment profiles.

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Ajaz, Taufeeq. "Nonlinear Reaction functions: Evidence from India." Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice 8, no. 1 (2019): 111–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jcbtp-2019-0006.

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Abstract This paper uses time-series data from India and tests for asymmetries in policy preferences of the Reserve Bank of India (the Central Bank of India, hereafter RBI). The results show evidence in favour of preference asymmetries in monetary policy reaction function in India and hence nonlinearities in the Taylor-rule. Evidence of both recession avoidance preference (RAP) as well as inflation avoidance preference (IAP) is established. And it is found that RAP is dominant over IAP, thus confirming nonlinearities in reaction function which in the present case turns out to be concave in inflation and output gap. Further, the results indicate preference asymmetries in both the objectives. The coefficient weights to positive and negative inflation and output gap differ over long time horizons thus confirming asymmetric policy preferences. Specifically the RBI seems to be more averse to a negative output gap (contraction) as compared to an equal positive gap. In addition, the RBI appears to be more averse to a positive inflation gap as compared to an equal negative gap.

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Akram, Muhammad, Shumaiza, and Ahmad N. Al-Kenani. "Multi-Criteria Group Decision-Making for Selection of Green Suppliers under Bipolar Fuzzy PROMETHEE Process." Symmetry 12, no. 1 (2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12010077.

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The preference ranking organization method for enrichment of evaluations (PROMETHEE) method considers a significant outranking class of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), as it is easy to deal with its simple computations. In the PROMETHEE, different preference functions are used according to the type and nature of attributes or criteria that demonstrate the clearness and reliability of this method. This study provides a new version of the PROMETHEE method using bipolar fuzzy information, named the bipolar fuzzy PROMETHEE method. Bipolar fuzzy sets or numbers constitute an asymmetrical relationship between two judgmental factors of human reasoning. Vague and imprecise knowledge is characterized by bipolar fuzzy linguistic terms which are further represented in the form of trapezoidal bipolar fuzzy numbers. The trapezoidal bipolar fuzzy numbers are used by analysts to assign the preferences of alternatives on the basis of criteria. Further, a ranking function of bipolar fuzzy numbers is considered to access the crisp real preferences of alternatives. The entropy weighting information is employed to calculate the weights of attributes by considering the condition of normality. A numerical example such as the selection of green suppliers by using the bipolar fuzzy PROMETHEE is performed on the basis of the usual criterion preference function in order to explain the procedure of the proposed method. Comparable results are derived by using the combination of linear and level preference functions. The results obtained by using different types of preference functions are the same, representing the authenticity of the proposed bipolar fuzzy PROMETHEE method.

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Chen, Yu-ke, Yan Zou, and Zhe Chen. "Preference Integration and Optimization of Multistage Weighted Voting System Based on Ordinal Preference." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/186545.

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Multistage voting is a common voting form through which the winners are selected. By virtue of weighted multistage voting rules, in this paper, we establish a weighted voting model by analyzing the correlation between individual preference and group preference. The weights of voters in each voting stage are adjusted through preference deviation degrees between individual preferences and group preference, and the ranking among candidates in each stage is determined according to weighted Borda function value. Examples are given to verify our model, which shows that weighted information aggregation model can mine more useful information from different individual preferences of voters to quicken the aggregation of group preference.

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Esposito, Nicholas J. "Function as a Preferred Dimension among Children and Adults." Perceptual and Motor Skills 62, no. 3 (1986): 899–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.62.3.899.

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Subjects' preferences for function vs form or for function vs color were tested using a method of triads. Children (16 girls, 24 boys) and adults (65 women, 17 men) showed a strong preference for function over color and adults also for function over form. Color-function concept identification was better when function was the relevant dimension. These data indicate that function can be assessed like physical dimensions, that function is more preferred than or as preferred as other dimensions by children and adults and that responses to preference tests are applicable over a wide range of dimensions and ages.

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Дисертації з теми "Preference function"

Turner, Hannah L. "Quantification of product color preference in a utility function." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2010. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Turner_09007dcc8078c48d.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2010.<br>Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed April 21, 2010) Includes bibliographical references (p. 38-39).

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Bian, Zhenju. "Design of a wizard for preference function modelling software." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0021/MQ48257.pdf.

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Larik, Waseem. "Revealed preference differences among credit rating agencies." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/revealed-preference-differences-among-credit-rating-agencies(6adae219-dd55-468c-a040-1aaf0b48f579).html.

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The thesis studies the factors which underpin the allocation of credit ratings by the two major credit rating agencies (CRAs) namely Moody’s and S&P. CRAs make regular headlines, and their rating’s judgements are closely followed and debated by the financial community. Indeed, criticism of these agencies emerged, both in this community and the popular press, following the 2007-2008 financial crisis. This thesis examines several aspects of the allocation of credit ratings by the major agencies, particularly in relation to (i) their revealed “loss function” preference structure, (ii) the determinants underpinning the allocation of credit ratings and (iii) the reasons determining the circumstances when the two agencies appear to differ in their opinions, and we witness a split credit rating allocation. The first essay empirically estimates the loss function preferences of two agencies by analyzing instances of split credit ratings assigned to corporate issuers. Our dataset utilises a time series of nineteen years (1991-2009) of historical credit ratings data from corporate issuers. The methodology consists of estimating rating judgment differences by deducting the rating implied probability of default from the estimated market implied probability of default. Then, utilising judgment differences, we adapt the GMM estimation following Elliott et al. (2005), to extract the loss function preferences of the two agencies. The estimated preferences show a higher degree of asymmetry in the case of Moody’s, and we find strong evidence of conservatism (relative to the market) in industry sectors other than financials and utilities. S&P exhibits loss function asymmetry in both the utility and financial sectors, whereas in other sectors we find strong evidence of symmetric preferences relative to those of the market. The second essay compares the impact of financial, governance and other variables (in an attempt to capture various subjective elements) in determining issuer credit ratings between the two major CRAs. Utilising a sample of 5192 firm-year observations from S&P400, S&P500 and S&P600 index constituent issuer firms, we employ an ordered probit model on a panel dataset spanning 1995 through 2009. The empirical results suggest that the agencies indeed differ on the level of importance they attach to each variable. We conclude that financial information remains the most significant factor in the attribution of credit ratings for both the agencies. We find no significant improvement in the predictive power of credit rating when we incorporate governance related variables. Our other factors show strong evidence of continuing stringent standards, reputational concerns, and differences in standards during economic crises by the two rating agencies. The third essay investigates the factors determining the allocation of different (split) credit ratings to the same firm by the two agencies. We use financial, governance and other factors in an attempt to capture various subjective elements to explain split credit ratings. The study uses a two-stage bivariate probit estimation method. We use a sample of 5238 firm-year observations from S&P 500, S&P 400, and S&P 600 index constituent firms. Our results indicate that a firm having greater size, favourable coverage and higher profitability are less likely to have a split. However, smaller firms with unfavourable coverage and lower profitability appear to be rated lower by Moody’s in comparison to S&P. Our findings suggest that the stage of the business cycle plays no significant role in deciding splits, but rating shopping and the introduction of regulation FD increase the likelihood of splits arising.

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Lyubchyk, Leonid, and Galina Grinberg. "Nonlinear expert preference function concordance identification for multiple criteria decision making." Thesis, ТВіМС, 2014. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/36757.

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The proposal generalization of expert estimates concordance idea for the case of nonlinear preferance function guaranties on optimal concordance of mesuarement and expert data, whereas machine learning approach ensure the possibility of more accurate approximation expert preference function with complex structure.<br>Предложен подход согласования экспертных оценок для случая нелинейных функций предпочтения, который гарантирует оптимальное согласование данных измерений и экспертных данных, который при использовании методов машинного обучения обеспечивает возможность построения более точной аппроксимационной функции предпочтений эксперта.

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Cronin, Anna Elizabeth. "THE INTERACTION BETWEEN FUNCTION AND MACHINE PREFERENCE IN SLOT MACHINE GAMBLERS." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1538.

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Gambling is a popular pastime in the United States, and it is important that we understand the class of behaviors in a behavior analytic context. The relationship between the function and preference of gambling behavior remains yet to be explored. The purpose of these two studies is to examine this relationship. Participants were asked to play a set of four computerized slot machines. Each slot machine was tied to a separated function-based outcome which they could win. In study 1, 80% of participants had a distinct preference for a single outcome. In study 2, the participants were also administered the GFA. Seven participants completed the MSWO. The relationship between the results of the GFA and the results of the free operant preference assessment did not support the hypothesis. Among other results, was data suggesting that those who score 0's on their GFA's may significantly affect the data and that the MSWO and free operant preference assessment have a strong high correlation.

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Persson, Niklas. "Analysis of Emoji Usage : Differences in Preference and Function Across Genders." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-43856.

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How do people make use of emojis in their daily computer-mediated communication? In order to obtain data, a sampling methodology was implemented in which data from 15 female and 15 male participants was used to provide reports on the differences in preference and functions of emoji usage across genders. The study found that in variety and in total, males tend to select a greater amount of emojis, in comparison to females. The participants’ reasons for using emojis in instant messages varied across the two gender groups, females focused on illustrating a state of emotion while the males focused on emphasizing a message. This partially corresponded with previous studies. The study also found that the males replace words with emojis because it is easy, fun or quick, and in order to illustrate a state of emotion, while females do not prefer to replace words with emojis. In accordance with previous findings, this study shows that in general, people prefer using emojis to complement rather than to replace words. All of the males in this study tend to make use of emojis in order to complement words, while there was a low amount of females who do not use emojis for the purpose of complementing.

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Lyubchyk, Leonid, Oleksy Galuza, and Galina Grinberg. "Ranking Model Real-Time Adaptation via Preference Learning Based on Dynamic Clustering." Thesis, ННК "IПСА" НТУУ "КПI iм. Iгоря Сiкорського", 2017. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/36819.

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The proposed preference learning on clusters method allows to fully realizing the advantages of the kernel-based approach. While the dimension of the model is determined by a pre-selected number of clusters and its complexity do not grow with increasing number of observations. Thus real-time preference function identification algorithm based on training data stream includes successive estimates of cluster parameter as well as average cluster ranks updating and recurrent kernel-based nonparametric estimation of preference model.

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Mura, Emi. "Studies on the sensory perception and oral function of aversive stimuli in food." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/233849.

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Remus, Britten Grace. "An Investigation of the Effects of Practice on Color Memory as a Function of Condition, Dimension and Color." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31033.

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Forty-two college aged participants took part in a mixed repeated measures factorial design experiment that assessed color memory as a function of condition (practice with feedback, practice without feedback and no practice), dimension (hue, saturation and lightness) and color (red, yellow, green and blue). Attention was focused on the distinction between memory color and color memory, color experience and preference, mechanisms of color perception and theories of color vision (see below). Only two significant effects were found: a significant main effect for dimension and a significant interaction between dimension and color. Pearson correlations were assessed between color memory and color experience, color preference and observer imagery. None of the correlations were significant. The results of the experiments revealed that practice does not have a significant effect on color memory and the conclusion, therefore, is that the phenomenon of color memory is not improved by practice. A tentative explanation involves the early stages of color processing which are presumed to be computational in nature and to take place independently of cognitive processes such as learning and memory, which do not take place until visual information has reached the extrastriate areas. By that time, color information has been combined with information about context, in area V4 of the human visual cortex (Zeki & Marini, 1998). Although it has been shown through this experiment that practice does not improve memory for color, the possibility remains that practice may improve memory color for specific objects - namely ecologically relevant stimuli - since memory color involves higher order processing, such as learning and memory.<br>Master of Science

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Cochet, Hélène. "Hand shape, function and hand preference of communicative gestures in young children : insights into the origins of human communication." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10076/document.

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Bien que l’utilisation précoce de gestes communicatifs par de jeunes enfants soit reconnue comme étant étroitement liée au développement du langage (e.g., Colonnesi et al., 2010), la nature des liens gestes–langage doit encore être clarifiée. Cette thèse a pour but d’étudier la production de gestes de pointage au cours du développement afin de déterminer si la relation prédictive et facilitatrice entre les gestes et l’acquisition du langage implique des fonctions spécifiques du pointage, en association avec des caractéristiques spécifiques en terme de forme de mains, regard et vocalisations. De plus, une attention particulière a été apportée à l’étude des préférences manuelles dans le but de mieux comprendre le développement de la spécialisation hémisphérique gauche pour les comportements communicatifs. Nos résultats ont révélé des relations complexes entre le langage, les gestes communicatifs et les activités de manipulation, qui dépendent de la fonction des gestes (i.e., pointage impératif versus déclaratif) et des étapes spécifiques de l’acquisition du langage. Les gestes déclaratifs sont plus étroitement associés au développement de la parole que les gestes impératifs, au-moins avant la période d’explosion lexicale. De plus, la comparaison des patterns de préférence manuelle chez l’enfant et l’adulte a montré une plus grande proximité pour les gestes que pour la manipulation d’objet. L’asymétrie manuelle droite pour les gestes communicatifs est ainsi établie à des stades précoces, ce qui suggère un rôle primordial des gestes dans la spécialisation hémisphérique.Finalement, nos résultats ont mis en évidence l’existence d’un système de communication dans l’hémisphère cérébral gauche contrôlant à la fois la communication gestuelle et verbale, qui pourrait avoir une origine phylogénétique ancienne (e.g., Corballis, 2010). Par conséquent, le présent travail peut améliorer notre compréhension des origines du langage, y compris des mécanismes de la spécialisation cérébrale pour les comportements communicatifs<br>Even though children’s early use of communicative gestures is recognized as being closely related to language development (e.g., Colonnesi et al., 2010), the nature of speech–gestures links still needs to be clarified. This dissertation aims to investigate the production of pointing gestures during development to determine whether the predictive and facilitative relationship between gestures and language acquisition involves specific functions of pointing, in association with specific features in terms of hand shape, gaze and accompanying vocalizations. Moreover, special attention was paid to the study of hand preferences in order to better understand the development of left hemisphere specialization for communicative behaviors. Our results revealed complex relationships between language, communicative gestures and manipulative activities depending on the function of gestures (i.e., imperative versus declarative pointing) as well as on specific stages of language acquisition. Declarative gestures were found to be more closely associated with speech development than imperative gestures, at least before the lexical spurt period. In addition, the comparison of hand-preference patterns in adults and infants showed stronger similarity for gestures than for object manipulation. The right-sided asymmetry for communicative gestures is thus established in early stages, which suggests a primary role of gestures in hemispheric specialization.Finally, our findings have highlighted the existence of a left-lateralized communication system controlling both gestural and vocal communication, which has been suggested to have a deep phylogenetic origin (e.g., Corballis, 2010). Therefore, the present work may improve current understanding of the evolutionary roots of language, including the mechanisms of cerebral specialization for communicative behaviors

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Книги з теми "Preference function"

Abu-Assab, Samah. Integration of Preference Analysis Methods into Quality Function Deployment. Gabler Verlag, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-7075-6.

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Meandro, Lucy. Classroom seating preference as a function of student personality. Laurentian University, Department of Psychology, 1987.

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Ryan, Mandy. Stated preference: A method for establishing the nature of the patient's utility function. Health Economics Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, 1992.

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Sangalang, P. J. "I like my beer cold, my TV loud, and my homosexuals flaming!": Preference for stereotype consistency as a function of a person x situation interaction. Brock University, Dept. of Psychology, 2006.

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Moskowitz, Herbert. Preference order recursion for finding relevant pure admissible and optimal statistical decision functions. Institute for Research in the Behavioral, Economic, and Management Sciences, Krannert Graduate School of Management, Purdue University, 1987.

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Dervitz, Peggy. Preference, choice, decision: A model for limited guardianship. Guardianship Association of New Jersey, 2001.

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Pemberton, James. Surprises in the utility function: A micro model and some implications for consumption, saving, and asset accumulation. University of Reading, Dept. of Economics, 1992.

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Pemberton, James. Surprises in the utility function: A micro model and some implications for consumption, saving, and asset accumulation. University of Reading, 1992.

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Duque-Páramo, María Claudia. Food as a function of cultural identity among immigrant children: An ethnographic study. Edwin Mellen Press, 2009.

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Duque-Páramo, María Claudia. Food as a function of cultural identity among immigrant children: An ethnographic study. Edwin Mellen Press, 2009.

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Частини книг з теми "Preference function"

Archibugi, Franco. "The Political Preference Function." In The Programming Approach and the Demise of Economics. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78057-3_6.

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Abu-Assab, Samah. "Methods of Preference Measurement." In Integration of Preference Analysis Methods into Quality Function Deployment. Gabler Verlag, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-7075-6_3.

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Merkies, Arnold H. Q. M., and Marjan W. Hofkes. "Operationalizing a Macro-Economic Preference Function." In Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51675-7_13.

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Ono, Taketoshi, Kunio Torii, Eiichi Tabuchi, Takashi Kondoh, and Teruko Uwano. "Central Function in Preference for Amino Acids." In Olfaction and Taste XI. Springer Japan, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68355-1_152.

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Abu-Assab, Samah. "Quality Function Deployment in New Product Development." In Integration of Preference Analysis Methods into Quality Function Deployment. Gabler Verlag, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-7075-6_4.

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Vind, Karl. "Preferences and preference functions." In Independence, Additivity, Uncertainty. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24757-9_3.

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Zhang, Guohui, Gaoyuan Liang, Weizhi Li, et al. "Learning Convolutional Ranking-Score Function by Query Preference Regularization." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68935-7_1.

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Barzilai, Jonathan. "Preference Function Modelling: The Mathematical Foundations of Decision Theory." In International Series in Operations Research & Management Science. Springer US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5904-1_3.

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Abu-Assab, Samah. "Integration of Preference Analysis Methods into QFD for Elderly People." In Integration of Preference Analysis Methods into Quality Function Deployment. Gabler Verlag, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-7075-6_5.

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Abu-Assab, Samah. "Introduction." In Integration of Preference Analysis Methods into Quality Function Deployment. Gabler Verlag, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-7075-6_1.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Preference function"

Ellis, Evan, Gaurav R. Ghosal, Stuart J. Russell, Anca Dragan, and Erdem Bıyık. "A Generalized Acquisition Function for Preference-based Reward Learning." In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icra57147.2024.10611472.

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Lai, Guiyu, Yanmei Luo, Yaohui Zhang, and Zhen Liu. "Preference Incorporation in Evolutionary Multi-Objective Optimization By Logistic Function." In 2024 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Automation Control (AIAC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/aiac63745.2024.10899504.

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Rismala, Rita, Nur Ulfa Maulidevi, and Kridanto Surendro. "Personalized Neural Network-based Aggregation Function with Partial Preference Handling in Multi-Criteria Collaborative Filtering." In 2024 11th International Conference on Advanced Informatics: Concept, Theory and Application (ICAICTA). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaicta63815.2024.10763316.

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Ren, Yi, and Panos Y. Papalambros. "Design Preference Elicitation, Derivative-Free Optimization and Support Vector Machine Search." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28475.

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In design preference elicitation, we seek to find individuals’ design preferences, usually through an interactive process that would need only a very small number of interactions. Such a process is akin to an optimization algorithm that operates with point values of an unknown function and converges in a small number of iterations. In this paper, we assume the existence of individual preference functions and show that the elicitation task can be translated into a derivative-free optimization (DFO) problem. Different from commonly-studied DFO formulations, we restrict the outputs to binary classes discriminating sample points with higher function values from those with lower values, to capture people’s natural way of expressing preferences through comparisons. To this end, we propose a heuristic search algorithm using support vector machines (SVM) that can locate near-optimal solutions with a limited number of iterations and a small sampling size. Early experiments with test functions show reliable performance when the function is not noisy. Further, SVM search appears promising in design preference elicitation when the dimensionality of the design variable domain is relatively high.

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Wan, Jie, and Sundar Krishnamurty. "Towards a Consistent Preference Representation in Engineering Design." In ASME 1998 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc98/dtm-5675.

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Abstract Multiattribute utility theory is commonly used to define and represent the decision-maker’s preferences under conditions of uncertainty and risk. A major issue in implementing this approach deals with the identification and generation of appropriate utility functions, especially in an often nonlinear and complex engineering design environment. Typically, the decision-maker’s preferences are provided through lottery questions rather than based on deductive reasoning to reflect the nonlinear tradeoffs among the attributes. The use of such an intuitive procedure can lead to inconsistent and inexact preference information that may result in inaccuracy and rank reversal problems. Alternatively, this paper presents an Interactive Preference-Modeling (IPM) method towards a consistent preference representation in engineering design. Focusing on the preference orientation by implicitly articulating the designer’s priorities, this method provides a methodical framework to check and eliminate inconsistency in preference information, and to accurately express preferences through rational pairwise comparisons. The development of IPM method and its utilization in the determination of the system utility function from a consistent set of local utility functions are presented in the context of a beam design problem and the results are discussed.

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Orsborn, Seth, Jonathan Cagan, and Peter Boatwright. "Quantifying Aesthetic Form Preference in a Utility Function." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49295.

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One of the greatest challenges in product development is creating a form that is attractive to an intended market audience. Functional product features are easier to test and verify through user surveys and consumer interactions. But, aesthetic preferences are as varied as the people that respond to these products. Currently, there is no technique that clearly and concisely quantifies aesthetic preference. The common methods use semantics like “strong” and “sexy”. A designer then needs to take the consumer’s desire for a certain aesthetic and translate that into a form that the consumer will find desirable. This translation is a gap in understanding that often is not crossed successfully, such as in the creation of the Pontiac Aztek. By providing the designer with a method for understanding and quantifying a consumer’s aesthetic preference for a product’s form, this gap can be closed. The designer would have concrete directions to use as a foundation for development of the product form. Additionally, the quantification of the aesthetics could be used by the designer as leverage when engineering and manufacturing decisions are made that might adversely affect the product form. This paper demonstrates how a qualitative attribute, like form, can be represented quantitatively. This quantification can be molded into a utility function which through design of experiments can be used to capture an individual’s preference for the indicated attributes. Once preference is summarized in the utility function, the utility function can be used as the basis for form generation and modification or design verification.

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Ohshima, Kentarou, and Hideki Aoyama. "Design Emerging System by Applying Consumer’s Preference to Designer’s Idea." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28199.

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In recent years, aesthetic design is given increasing importance in the development of products industry with the growing maturity of product functions. The designer is required to reflect consumer needs in the aesthetic design while giving consideration to use and function. Effective techniques enabling design creation based on consumer preference and needs are indispensable. This study thus aims to construct a design support system which can identify various consumer needs and provide ideas to the designer at an early stage in the design process. In the identification of the consumer preferences, it is necessary to also expose vague consumer preferences. The design support system thus also aims to reduce burden on the consumers during consumer survey and expose consumer preference by using the genetic algorithm (a type of Interactive Evolutionary Computing) for the extraction of consumer preference. The authors also propose the use of rough sets and decision rules for analyzing the acquired consumer preference data specifically and effectively, and formulate consumer preference rules. Furthermore, the constructed system is able to generate multiple design solutions automatically by reflecting the consumer preference rules in design solutions created by the designer, and display the generated solutions to the designer.

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Alviano, Mario, Javier Romero, and Torsten Schaub. "On the Integration of CP-nets in ASPRIN." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/207.

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Conditional preference networks (CP-nets) express qualitative preferences over features of interest.A Boolean CP-net can express that a feature is preferable under some conditions, as long as all other features have the same value.This is often a convenient representation, but sometimes one would also like to express a preference for maximizing a set of features, or some other objective function on the features of interest.ASPRIN is a flexible framework for preferences in ASP, where one can mix heterogeneous preference relations, and this paper reports on the integration of Boolean CP-nets.In general, we extend ASPRIN with a preference program for CP-nets in order to compute most preferred answer sets via an iterative algorithm.For the specific case of acyclic CP-nets, we provide an approximation by partially ordered set preferences, which are in turn normalized by ASPRIN to take advantage of several highly optimized algorithms implemented by ASP solvers for computing optimal solutions.Finally, we take advantage of a linear-time computable function to address dominance testing for tree-shaped CP-nets.

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Afshari, Hamid, Qingjin Peng, and Peihua Gu. "An Agent-Based Method to Investigate Customers’ Preference in Product Lifecycle." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-13415.

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Consumer requirements for products vary dynamically based on the change of technologies, social influence, individual taste, etc. A sustainable product should meet customer requirements in its lifecycle. Different methods and techniques have been proposed to find possible changes of product needs or customers’ preferences. This paper introduces an agent-based technique to address the change of product requirements. Major contribution of the proposed method is to embed customers’ preference in the analysis of product performance using agent interactions. Using the combination of Quality Function Deployment (QFD), agent-based modeling and data mining methods, customers’ preference trends related to elements and functions of product are simulated. The prediction period is flexible based on estimated product lifecycle. The proposed method is compared with other techniques in a case study.

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Swamy, Surya, Seth Orsborn, Jeremy Michalek, and Jonathan Cagan. "Measurement of Headlight Form Preference Using a Choice Based Conjoint Analysis." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35409.

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The measurement and understanding of user aesthetic preference for form is a critical element to the product development process and has been a design challenge for many years. In this article preference is represented in a utility function directly related to the engineering representation for the automobile headlight. A method is proposed to solicit and measure customer preferences for shape of the automobile headlight using a choice task on a main-effects conjoint survey design to discover and design the most preferred shape.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Preference function"

Hertel, Thomas, and Padma Swaminathan. Introducing Monopolistic Competition into the GTAP Model. GTAP Technical Paper, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.tp06.

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This technical paper documents one approach to incorporating monopolistic competition into the GTAP model. In this framework, consumer preferences are heterogeneous, leading to an apparent "love of variety" in the aggregate utility function for each region. The more heterogeneous are preferences, the smaller the elasticity of substitution in the aggregate utility function, and the greater the value placed on the addition of new varieties. The same is true for firms, which experience lower unit costs for differentiated, intermediate inputs, as the number of varieties on offer increases. In order to meet the diverse needs of consumers, firms differentiate their products through research and development (R&D) as well as advertising activities. These costs are assumed to be invariant to the total volume of sales for a given variety of product. With production occurring at constant returns to scale, this gives rise to declining average total costs. A zero profits equilibrium in this model is characterized by firms marking up their price over marginal costs by an amount sufficient to cover the fixed costs associated with establishing a new variety in the marketplace. Since the optimal markup is itself determined by the elasticity of substitution among varieties, this establishes a direct relationship between fixed costs and the degree of preference heterogeneity. The main differences between the monopolistically competitive sectors and the traditional GTAP sectors may be summarized as follows: We introduce two new variables: n, the number of firms in the industry and qof, the output per firm. Minimum expenditure and unit costs are declining in n. Average total costs are declining in output per firm. Unlike the Armington specification, foreign and domestic firms compete directly in the representative consumer's utility function. We illustrate this framework with a 2 commodity/3 region example in which we eliminate US antidumping duti

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Pasupuleti, Murali Krishna. Quantum Cognition: Modeling Decision-Making with Quantum Theory. National Education Services, 2025. https://doi.org/10.62311/nesx/rrvi225.

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Abstract Quantum cognition applies quantum probability theory and mathematical principles from quantum mechanics to model human decision-making, reasoning, and cognitive processes beyond the constraints of classical probability models. Traditional decision theories, such as expected utility theory and Bayesian inference, struggle to explain context-dependent reasoning, preference reversals, order effects, and cognitive biases observed in human behavior. By incorporating superposition, interference, and entanglement, quantum cognitive models offer a probabilistic framework that better accounts for uncertainty, ambiguity, and adaptive decision-making in complex environments. This research explores the foundations of quantum cognition, its empirical validation in behavioral experiments and neuroscience, and its applications in artificial intelligence (AI), behavioral economics, and decision sciences. Additionally, it examines how quantum-inspired AI models enhance predictive analytics, machine learning algorithms, and human-computer interaction. The study also addresses challenges related to mathematical complexity, cognitive interpretation, and the potential link between quantum mechanics and brain function, providing a comprehensive framework for the integration of quantum cognition into decision science and AI-driven cognitive computing. Keywords Quantum cognition, quantum probability, decision-making models, cognitive science, superposition in cognition, interference effects, entanglement in decision-making, probabilistic reasoning, preference reversals, cognitive biases, order effects, quantum-inspired AI, behavioral economics, neural quantum theory, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, human-computer interaction, quantum probability in psychology, quantum decision theory, uncertainty modeling, predictive analytics, quantum computing in cognition.

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Matzkin, Rosa, Richard Blundell, and Dennis Kristensen. Bounding quantile demand functions using revealed preference inequalities. IFS, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.cem.2011.2111.

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Pfajfar, Damjan, and Fabian Winkler. Households' Preferences Over Inflation and Monetary Policy Tradeoffs. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202512.

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We document novel facts about US household preferences over inflation and monetary policy tradeoffs. Many households were attentive to news about monetary policy and to interest rates in 2023. The median household perceives the Federal Reserve's inflation objective to be 3 percent, but would prefer it to be lower. Quantifying the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment, we find an average acceptable sacrifice ratio of 0.6, implying that households are likely to find disinflation costly. Average preferences are well represented by a non-linear loss function with near equal weights on inflation and unemployment. These preferences also exhibit sizable demographic heterogeneity.

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Kim, Jinwon, and Jucheol Moon. Congestion Costs and Scheduling Preferences of Car Commuters in California: Estimates Using Big Data. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2031.

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On average, California car commuters waste 4–5 minutes per morning commute due to congestion. Multiplied across all California car commuters, those few minutes entail a yearly total of approximately 2.3 billion hours of time wasted, costing 6 billion dollars. The objective of this study is to quantify congestion costs and determine how commuters adapt to the level of congestion they face (i.e., commuters’ scheduling utility functions). To that end, this research developed a model of trip scheduling under congestion to construct California commuters’ travel-time profiles, i.e., the menu of travel times that each individual would likely face according to alternate trip timing choices. The results show that commuters facing higher levels of congestion tend to avoid delays by arriving at an inconvenient edge time rather than commuting during the peak. Further, commuters are willing to accept about 0.5 additional minutes of schedule delay to reduce travel time by 1 minute. We found that for most commuters in our data, the travel time profile is much flatter than the estimated schedule utility, which implies that commuters tend to arrive around their own ideal arrival times, although the estimated utility function exhibits a moderate schedule inflexibility. This finding ultimately calls into question the existing bottleneck model’s quantification of the economic cost of congestion as well as the optimal toll to ameliorate congestion.

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Ericson, Keith Marzilli, and Jawwad Noor. Delay Functions as the Foundation of Time Preference: Testing for Separable Discounted Utility. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21095.

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Orloff, Wendy. Listening Rate Preferences of Language Disordered Children as a Function of Grammatical Complexity. Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2542.

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Nikolova, Natalia, Boyan Mednikarov, and Kiril Tenekedjiev. Local Risk Proneness in Analytically Approximated Utility Functions under Monotonically Decreasing Preferences. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2018.11.13.

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Largoza, Gerardo, and Clarence Gabriel Fernandez. Review of CHED Policies, Standards, and Guidelines (PSGs) Pre- and Post-K to 12 Reforms. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 2025. https://doi.org/10.62986/dp2025.13.

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In the decade from 2012 to 2021, Philippine higher education experienced three major reforms: the adoption of an outcomes-based typology for programs and institutions, the establishment of the Philippine Qualifications Framework to set competency standards, pathways, and equivalencies, and the implementation of K to 12 legislation, which added two years to the country’s basic education cycle. Have these reforms resulted in improvements to the minimum standards embodied in the Policies, Standards, and Guidelines (PSGs) of the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) formulated by independent Technical Panels? This study addresses the issue by taking current PSGs from the ten most-subscribed programs and examining the quality of their learning outcomes and performance indicators, using criteria shared by many global quality assurance bodies. It then compares curriculum designs (total credits, proportion of general education and professional courses, internships) to benchmarks from Australia, the European Union (EU), and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Lastly, it consolidates the findings from key informant interviews with six Technical Panel chairs and identifies good practices that can be shared, as well as forms of CHED support that are most urgently needed. The emergent picture indicates overall improvement in the adoption of outcomes-based principles in curriculum design, but with a high degree of heterogeneity both within and across programs. Quality practices such as the use of verbs from Bloom’s Taxonomy and the preference for more authentic assessments are evident in every set of PSGs, but could still be applied more consistently. On curriculum design (total credits and distribution of course types), the uniform finding is that general education courses have been reduced but promptly replaced by professional courses, resulting in overall academic loads that are significantly higher than benchmarks from Australia, the EU, and ASEAN. Finally, while a few Technical Panels have been able to produce significantly improved, even exemplary, sets of PSGs, strategic clarity and organizational support from CHED are urgently needed for the quality assurance cycle to function effectively.

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Sessa, Guido, and Gregory Martin. A functional genomics approach to dissect resistance of tomato to bacterial spot disease. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695876.bard.

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The research problem. Bacterial spot disease in tomato is of great economic importance worldwide and it is particularly severe in warm and moist areas affecting yield and quality of tomato fruits. Causal agent of spot disease is the Gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv), which can be a contaminant on tomato seeds, or survive in plant debris and in association with certain weeds. Despite the economic significance of spot disease, plant protection against Xcvby cultural practices and chemical control have so far proven unsuccessful. In addition, breeding for resistance to bacterial spot in tomato has been undermined by the genetic complexity of the available sources of resistance and by the multiple races of the pathogen. Genetic resistance to specific Xcvraces have been identified in tomato lines that develop a hypersensitive response and additional defense responses upon bacterial challenge. Central goals of this research were: 1. To identify plant genes involved in signaling and defense responses that result in the onset of resistance. 2. To characterize molecular properties and mode of action of bacterial proteins, which function as avirulence or virulence factors during the interaction between Xcvand resistant or susceptible tomato plants, respectively. Our main achievements during this research program are in three major areas: 1. Identification of differentially expressed genes during the resistance response of tomato to Xcvrace T3. A combination of suppression subtractive hybridization and microarray analysis identified a large set of tomato genes that are induced or repressed during the response of resistant plants to avirulent XcvT3 bacteria. These genes were grouped in clusters based on coordinate expression kinetics, and classified into over 20 functional classes. Among them we identified genes that are directly modulated by expression of the type III effector protein AvrXv3 and genes that are induced also during the tomato resistance response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. 2. Characterization of molecular and biochemical properties of the tomato LeMPK3MAP kinase. A detailed molecular and biochemical analysis was performed for LeMPK3 MAP kinase, which was among the genes induced by XcvT3 in resistant tomato plants. LeMPK3 was induced at the mRNA level by different pathogens, elicitors, and wounding, but not by defense-related plant hormones. Moreover, an induction of LeMPK3 kinase activity was observed in resistant tomato plants upon Xcvinfection. LeMPK3 was biochemically defined as a dual-specificity MAP kinase, and extensively characterized in vitro in terms of kinase activity, sites and mechanism of autophosphorylation, divalent cation preference, Kₘand Vₘₐₓ values for ATP. 3. Characteriztion of molecular properties of the Xcveffector protein AvrRxv. The avirulence gene avrRxvis involved in the genetic interaction that determines tomato resistance to Xcvrace T1. We found that AvrRxv functions inside the plant cell, localizes to the cytoplasm, and is sufficient to confer avirulence to virulent Xcvstrains. In addition, we showed that the AvrRxv cysteine protease catalytic core is essential for host recognition. Finally, insights into cellular processes activated by AvrRxv expression in resistant plants were obtained by microarray analysis of 8,600 tomato genes. Scientific and agricultural significance: The findings of these activities depict a comprehensive and detailed picture of cellular processes taking place during the onset of tomato resistance to Xcv. In this research, a large pool of genes, which may be involved in the control and execution of plant defense responses, was identified and the stage is set for the dissection of signaling pathways specifically triggered by Xcv.

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