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Статті в журналах з теми "Pornography – history"
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Niemann, Janice. "Sex in the Summer-House." Nineteenth-Century Literature 78, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 42–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2023.78.1.42.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Janice Niemann, “Sex in the Summer-House: Setting in Victorian Pornography” (pp. 42–69) Despite scholarship on the history and publication of pornography, on laws surrounding Victorian pornography, and on pornography’s mutually informative relationship with nineteenth-century medical texts, actual Victorian pornographic texts remain relatively understudied. Taking up Lisa Sigel’s call to action that specific “motifs in nineteenth-century pornography deserve closer study,” and responding to previous scholars who have identified setting in Victorian pornography as largely inconsequential, I suggest that certain settings have significant literary impacts in Victorian pornography. Adopting the summer-house as a test case in three Victorian pornographic texts—The Romance of Lust (1873–76), Venus in India (1889), and Lovely Nights of Young Girls (c. 1895)—I investigate specific moments of sex in the summer-house, arguing that the liminality of summer-house settings facilitates character behavior and genre performance being pushed to their own liminal boundaries. Ultimately, I posit that the literary summer-house is a recognizable trope in Victorian pornography, and one that asks us to reexamine the impact of specific settings in the genre. Note: this paper discusses underage sex, incest, and rape.
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Lubey, Kathleen. "How (and How Not) to Study Porn." American Literary History 35, no. 3 (May 31, 2023): 1363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/ajad074.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Over the past several decades, porn studies has cohered as an interdisciplinary field built by scholars of feminism, race, media studies, history, literature, sociology, gender studies, and queer theory. The most compelling recent work in the field, like Heather Berg’s Porn Work (2021) and Steven Ruszczycky’s Vulgar Genres (2021), approaches pornography as a broad textual and cultural field rich with information about how we imagine, consume, and construct sex. They show that the category of pornography expands and deepens as texts are written, excerpted, and republished; as sex workers invent new outlets and conditions for their labor; and as new technologies increase access for user interaction. Such work shows us not simply how pornography indexes pleasure, but how it creates politics, community, and labor theory. Some scholarship, meanwhile, remains wearily sedimented in polarizing arguments for or against pornography’s value, like Bernadette Barton’s The Pornification of America (2021). Locked into an assumption that pornography is harmful and irredeemable, such work avoids engaging with pornographic texts themselves and ignores recent work in the very field to which it claims to make urgent contributions.[T]he best work [in porn studies] defines pornography not as identifiable texts, videos, or films, but as a field that connects sex to the myriad social relations that shape it: gender, labor, pop culture, and consumption.
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Patrinou, Sonia. "Pornohealing: Pornography as a healing process for individuals with a history of sexual violence." Kohl: A Journal for Body and Gender Research 3, Winter (December 1, 2017): 216–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36583/kohl3210.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
By taking as a starting point “The Clit List,” a pornographic database that includes porn material addressed to individuals who have experienced sexual harassment(s) and/or assault(s), this essay brings forward the following question: can pornography take the form of a healing process for individuals with a history of sexual violence? In order to provide an answer, alternative uses and aspects of pornography will be explored, with a particular focus on queer, feminist, and ethical porn. Following the contemporary history of pornography, I engage with both Queer Theory by discussing queer feminist approaches to porn, but also Affect Theory by sharing queer feminist approaches to trauma and the potential healing that an (erotic) film can induce in the spectator. More than simply seeking for alternative aspects of porn, this essay accounts for the (re)introduction of pornography as a productive media with a sexual healing possibility.
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Amsori, Amsori, and Debby Rizky Isnia. "LEGAL PROTECTION AGAINST CHILDREN ONLINE PORNOGRAPHIC CRIME OBJECTS BASED ON LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA NUMBER 44 OF 2008 CONCERNING PORNOGRAPHY." IBLAM LAW REVIEW 1, no. 01 (January 31, 2021): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.52249/ilr.v1i01.2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The issue of legal protection for children who are the object of crime in Indonesia is very important because they are the future generation of the nation. One of the threats to children is the influence of online pornography, where the online world is now common to society. So that the public knows whether the state has made efforts to provide legal protection for children who are objects of online pornography crimes through the Pornography Law and to find out the extent to which the Pornography Law is used as a reference to get legal protection from perpetrators of online pornography crimes. In this research, it is analyzed juridically with deductive explanation regarding the provisions contained in the Law on Pornography in relation to the legal protection of children as objects of pornography crimes. It was found that since the early part of the Pornography Law has shown the spirit of legal protection for children starting from the definition of age limits categorized as children, the purpose of the law which clearly contains the words to protect children, to criminal provisions that stipulate an additional sentence of one third of the maximum a criminal threat if the pornographic crime involves a child. In decision Number 1363 / Pid.Sus / 2017 / PN JKT.SEL, the Pornography Law is mentioned as a reference in the ruling other than the Law on Electronic Information and Transactions, however in imprisonment and fines in the verdict it does not indicate that what was used is a criminal provision in the Pornography Law. In fact, according to the Criminal Code, if there are different rules, the heavier the criminal provisions are used. From the foregoing, it can be seen that the Pornography Law is here to answer the need for legal protection for children as objects of online pornography crimes. Then, criminal decisions related to pornography crimes should consistently refer to the Pornography Law in order to play an optimal role in preventing similar crimes from recurring and ensuring legal protection for children.
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Sihombing, Eka N. A. M., and Cynthia Hadita. "Pornography in Universalism Perspective: A Freedom Expression?" Jurnal HAM 13, no. 3 (December 22, 2022): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.30641/ham.2022.13.581-588.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The issue of the right to freedom of expression and pornography needs to be studied from a human rights perspective in terms of universalism and particularism. Pornography has the potential to have different standards depending on the time and place of a person’s use of clothing and the extent to which the law restricts pornographic behavior. This study aims to unravel pornography and freedom of expression in the digital space from the Perspective of Human Rights Particularism. The research method used is normative legal research. The results reveal that freedom of expression in Indonesia is intertwined with the dimension of human rights particularism, especially Pancasila so all forms of protests that contain pornography disseminated through the digital space are contrast to the value of Indonesian human rights particularism.
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Meseddi, N., M. Bouhamed, O. Bouattour, A. Chamseddine, F. Charfeddine, L. Aribi, and J. Aloulou. "Pornography cyberaddiction and impulsivity among medical tunisian students." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1542.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
IntroductionMedical studies have always been considered as very stressful. Although these students are generally among the most academically successful students, they are not spared from developing both substance and behavioral addictions, particularly pornography cyberaddiction.ObjectivesTo evaluate the pornography cyberaddiction in a group of tunisian students, to study their impulsivity and determinate the link between these two entities.MethodsA descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study including 155 medical students. We used the S-IAT sex : to evaluate pornography cyberaddiction and Barrat bis 10 : to evaluate impulsivity.ResultsThe average age of students was 25.8 ±3.5 years old. The sex ratio (M/W) was 0,72. This medical students were single in 76.8%, had a high socio-economic status in 99.4% of case. They had a personal psychiatric history in 15.0%. They are smokers in 20%, consume alcohol in 30.3% and cannabis in 9% of case. The mean score of : the BIS 10 was 63.3 and the S-IAT was 15.6. The viewing of pornographic movies started around the age of 15 years old. Pornographic sites are the most frequently used tool (58.2%). The factors correlated with this addiction are: male sex (p=0.014), tobacco consumption (p=0.012), alcohol consumption (p=0.02) and impulsivity (p=0.03).ConclusionsIt resort from our study that medical students may suffer from pornography cyberaddiction. This increased use may be associated with impulsivity and substance use. Psychological support aimed specifically should be used to protect medical students.
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Arnberg, Klara. "Under the Counter, Under the Radar? The Business and Regulation of the Pornographic Press in Sweden 1950–1971." Enterprise & Society 13, no. 2 (June 2012): 350–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700011228.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this article, the process leading to decriminalization of pornography in Sweden in 1971 is analyzed. The interplay between the structural institutional level and company behavior is stressed, with an emphasis on business strategies. The article shows that the division between hard-core and soft-core pornographic magazines in Sweden was quite different than the development in the United Kingdom and the United States. It also shows how the business strategies used by hard-core pornographers challenged the obscenity legislation and regulation of national distribution, making them obsolete. Even though there was fierce competition between the pornography companies, producers formed joint alternative distribution channels crucial to the survival of the industry.
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Taylor, Kris. "Pornography addiction: The fabrication of a transient sexual disease." History of the Human Sciences 32, no. 5 (July 14, 2019): 56–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695119854624.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
While pornography addiction currently circulates as a comprehensible, diagnosable, and describable way to make sense of some people’s ostensibly problematic relationship with pornography, such a comprehensive description of this relationship has only recently been made possible. The current analysis makes visible pornography addiction as situated within a varied history of concerns about pornography, masturbation, fantasy, and technology in an effort to bring to bear a conceptual critique of the modern concept of pornography addiction. Such a critique in turn works to offer an alternative to treating the study of pornography addiction as the discovery of a new disease, instead conceiving it as the propagation of old forms of knowledge under a new moniker.
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Pezzutto, Sophie, and Lynn Comella. "Trans Pornography." TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly 7, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 152–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/23289252-8141985.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This article introduces the field of trans pornography studies and makes a case for why studying it matters. We locate trans pornography within the broader field of porn studies, while also pointing to its importance to transgender studies. We map the history of trans pornography and examine the wider social, political, and economic forces contributing to the transformation of trans porn into a genre of mainstream straight porn. We discuss the economic organization of the trans porn industry and current industry trends, including geographical shifts in production and the rise of alternative production platforms. We address areas of future research and the need for more scholarship on the political economy of the trans porn industry, audiences and consumers, transmasculine representation in pornography, and research that focuses on trans porn production outside the United States.
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Hunter, I. Q. "Naughty Realism: The Britishness of British Hardcore R18s." Journal of British Cinema and Television 11, no. 2-3 (July 2014): 152–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jbctv.2014.0201.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article offers a history of and a context for videos and DVDs rated as R18 in the United Kingdom. These contain hardcore pornographic material (albeit subject to certain restrictions) and are allowed to be sold only in licensed sex shops. As well as explaining changes in legislation and in censorship practices that allowed the sale of hardcore pornography at R18 after 2000, it explores whether British-produced R18s have a distinctive approach, style and ideology, and tentatively suggests that they share a carnivalesque style of ‘naughty realism’ which is similar to that found in British sexploitation films of the 1970s. The article concludes by describing and analysing the films of two British porn ‘auteurs’, Lindsay Honey (‘Ben Dover’) and Anna Arrowsmith (‘Anna Span’), and reflecting on the potential obsolesence of the R18 in the age of online pornography.
Дисертації з теми "Pornography – history"
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Arnberg, Klara. "En ohejdad kommersialism? : Den pornografiska pressen och regleringen av pornografi i Sverige 1950-2000." Licentiate thesis, Umeå University, Department of Economic History, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1468.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This licentiate thesis describes the Swedish pornography policy and how this policy affected the pornography industry. The main aim of the study is to survey the development of the Swedish porn industry 1950-2000 and to consider how it was imagined both as an industry, and as a commercialized form of sexuality. The focus is on the relationship between the pornography industry and the state, and to study this relationship, the thesis is divided into three different but related parts.
The first part concerns the institutional settings with main focus on the abolition of censorship in 1971. The political debates about legalizing pornography are studied in order to ascertain how industry and its actors are conceptualized in this context. It also draws attention to why regulation of the industry was considered necessary in the first place, as well as the how changes in the legislation affected the economic development of the industry itself.
The second part concerns the Swedish pornographic press. My purpose is to map out all publishing houses that produced pornographic magazines from 1950 to 2000, and to chart some aspects of their economic fortunes. The history of pornography and connections to technological change is also studied in terms of estimating the influence of the video breakthrough on sales figures and market strategies for the publishing houses that had to deal with this development.
In the third part, I study the regulation in action, i.e. when the publishers of pornographic magazines are prosecuted. I analyze all of the pre-1971 prosecutions – that is, the prosecutions that took place before regulation was removed. Using these records, it is possible to determine how the regulation was implemented, what content was considered harmful, and how that changed over time. This material, that includes the preliminary investigations from the police, also shows how the pornography producers handle the institutional settings to escape responsibilities and punishment.
In this thesis, I show that the pornography industry in Sweden has a complex and changing relationship to the state. Although pornography is unwanted by politicians during the period, pornography is allowed to publish pictures without any restriction on sexual content in the 1970s. The argument for the deregulation is that censorship is incompatible with a modern democratic and liberal state. Pornography serves as a modern dilemma when the phenomenon is viewed as incompatible with a modern society, conflicting with the goal of gender equality, and when a regulation is seen as incompatible with the idea of basic liberties in a modern democracy.
When it comes to the industry it shows that, quite unexpected, a lot of companies are run by women or as family businesses. There are no empirical grounds for the claim that pornography is an all male industry then, at least not in the Swedish case. The study also shows that the Swedish pornography industry was well established before the law change.
2
Stoops, Jamie. "Pornography and Transnational Sexual Subculture in Britain, 1900-1939." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/556820.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This dissertation interrogates the place of pornography within British culture between 1900 and 1939. While numerous scholars have studied British pornography using literary analysis and various cultural history approaches, this has not been accompanied by significant attention to the social dynamics of those involved in producing, consuming, and regulating pornographic materials. By dedicating equal attention to the products and operations of the pornography trade itself and to the surrounding hegemonic forces of state, press, and civil society, this research challenges widespread assumptions regarding the relationship between pornography and mainstream sexual culture. Specifically, this project argues that the pre-1939 pornography trade can best be understood as a queer sexual subculture. Moreover, this subculture operated as a node within a far larger and more complex transnational network rather than as an isolated national or local entity. Pornographic content reflected these conditions of production and consumption, offering subversive alternatives to heteronormative hegemonic practices such as mandatory heterosexuality, monogamy, and binary gender roles. Numerous social trends and competing discourses worked to create cultural spaces in which the subculture operated. The British state, civil anti-vice organizations, and the press all formally opposed the pornography trade yet limited their efforts against it due to competing priorities such as opposition to censorship and the desire to frame pornography as a strictly foreign social issue. This carefully historicized case study of a specific culture of pornography offers a counterpoint to contemporary treatments of pornography as an ahistorical and monolithic cultural production. By placing the pre-1939 British pornography trade in its specific imperial and transnational context, this dissertation shows that pornography can only be studied through close attention to its conditions of production, consumption, and regulation.
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Walker, Amber. "Shakin' Exploitation: Black Female Bodies in Contemporary Hip-Hop and Pornography." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1325121686.
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Tang, GVGK. "The Surprise of a Knight: Excavating Material Legacies through Early Queer Film." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2019. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/567974.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
HistoryM.A.
Absent provenance or any background information, and with both implicit and explicit barriers to access within the archival space, how can we hypothesize—or critically fabulate—queer material legacies? The first—or earliest extant—American film to explicitly depict “queer” sex is The Surprise of a Knight (1929). By synthesizing perspectives on archives, material culture, queer identity, film, the Internet and pornography, this paper treats Surprise as an entry point into a discussion of public history and sexuality—revealing current issues with processing erotic materials and their impact on queer historiographies. This study outlines the problems presented by Surprise and explores contingencies for historical contextualization—methods public historians (archivists and interpreters alike) may adapt to fit similar materials within a broader history of film and queer identity. It explores current methods and future conundrums for best practices in the preservation of (born-digital) pornography, and concludes with impressions from potential audiences and present-day content producers as a means of envisioning new avenues of queer grassroots history-making.
Temple University--Theses
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Arnberg, Klara. "Motsättningarnas marknad : Den pornografiska pressens kommersiella genombrott och regleringen av pornografi i Sverige 1950-1980." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk historia, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-35990.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis analyses the development towards a mass market pornographic press. Sweden (in addition to Denmark) is often described as a forerunner in this development when the so-called “porn wave” hit most of the Western world in the late 1960s. The “porn wave” was the starting point of the contemporary pornographic press, which put sexually explicit pictures on the international market. Denmark was the first country in the world to decriminalize pornographic pictures in 1969 and Sweden followed in 1971. While previous research in Sweden often blames decriminalisation for the growth of the pornographic market, this thesis shows that the “porn wave” preceded the alteration of the Freedom of the press act and thus calls for a more multifaceted analysis of the development. Very few studies have been made about the development from an underground exclusive market of explicit pornography to a legal mass market. This thesis, however, makes a survey of all the Swedish publishers of pornographic magazines, their length on the market, and the market conditions. By analysing the regulation of pornography prior to 1971 and the legal cases leading to prosecutions of the publishers, the strategies used to challenge the regulation are traced. Special attention is also paid to how the monopoly on distribution held by Pressbyrån, a company owned by the Swedish press, affected the pornographic press. By cooperating and starting their own distribution channels, the pornography publishers managed to challenge Pressbyrån’s regulations. Great emphasis is laid on the discursive construction of pornography in mass media and in the parliamentary debates. This thesis argues that the antagonisms between the pornographic press and its critics are central in understanding how pornography was perceived and that these debates have decisively impacted the market conditions. Sensation-seeking articles in the evening papers, and the politicians’ liberal attitudes towards the pornographic press, made the market seem more open and lucrative. The resistance towards the establishment of a mass market and explicit pornographic press was strong during the whole period – but these critics used quite varying arguments. By analysing these arguments, this thesis shows how the pornographic press touched on sensitive cultural norms regarding marriage, young people’s sexuality, homosexuality, gender and love. The second half of the 1960s was a turning point in the development of the pornographic press, the discursive construction of pornography and in the political strategies used to combat pornography. In just a few years, the pornographic press grew substantially and started to publish explicit pictures of intercourse. In that same period, the construction of pornography went from a conservatively Christian understanding to a sexually liberal – and later to a feminist understanding of its problems. The government introduced a “porn raid” against the magazines, prosecuted many of them, and then paradoxically decriminalized pornography in 1971. Theoretically, the conclusion is made that pornography has to be seen in its historical context and in relation to its special market conditions. Since pornography continually has been a contested commodity, its controversial status has resulted in special regulations, marketing difficulties and lack of income from advertisements.
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Ribeiro, Anderson Francisco. "Desnudando a ditadura militar : as revistas erótico-pornográficas e a construção da(s) identidade(s) do homem moderno (1964-1985) /." Assis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/141986.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Orientador: Antonio Celso FerreiraBanca: Fabiana Lopes da Cunha
Banca: Milton Carlos Costa
Banca: Marcio Luiz Carreri
Banca: Miliandre Garcia de Souza
Resumo: O campo da cultura brasileira, durante o período da ditadura militar brasileira (1964-1985), foi aos poucos invadido por determinados tipos de publicações pouco percebidas pela historiografia: as revistas eróticas e pornográficas. Estas ajudaram a configurar e constituir identidades, principalmente no que se refere à questão da sexualidade e da masculinidade, estabelecendo espaços de negociação na modernização dos costumes, em meio a uma reforma conservadora. Dessa maneira, a pornografia do período incorporou formas de normalizar o leitor das revistas através de posicionamentos, colaborações dos leitores e formas de resistência, através de anonimatos e publicações proibidas. Com isso, diluídas em uma área cinzenta de um processo mais complexo e contraditório, vários enunciados vindos da sociedade tentaram criar um discurso "verdadeiro" sobre o sexo, o qual acabou assimilado pelo mercado, e que pretendemos desnudar. A partir do pensamento histórico genealógico de Michel Foucault, procuraremos indicar que a pornografia enquanto "desordem do discurso" abriu espaço para visões diversas, que são contrárias ao discurso homogeneizante de poder e masculinidade. O público dessas revistas se mostrava amplo e contava com estudantes do colegial (Ensino Médio), senhores, senhoras, "homossexuais", generais, moças, médicos e padres que leram e emitiram diversos discursos sobre estes dois grupos, aparentemente distintos, de periódicos: as revistas softcore com discurso normatizador, como: El... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The field of Brazilian culture during the period of the Brazilian military dictatorship (1964-1985), was gradually invaded by certain types of confusing publications: the erotic and pornographic magazines. These helped to shape and form the identities, especially in regard to the issue of sexuality and masculinity, establishing trading channels in the modernization of customs, in a conservative reform. Thus, the period of pornography incorporated ways to normalize the reader of magazines through placements, contributions from readers and forms of resistance through anonymity and banned publications. As a result, diluted in a gray area of a more complex and contradictory process, various statements coming from the company tried to create a "true" speech about sex, which eventually assimilated by the market, and we intend to denude. From the genealogical historical thought of Michel Foucault, we seek to indicate that the pornography while "disorder of speech" created room for different views that are contrary to the homogenizing discourse of masculinity. The audience of these magazines is proved large and had high school students, older mans and womans, "gay", generals, younger womens, doctors and priests who had read and issued discourses on these two groups of apparently distincts periodicals: the softcore magazines with speech normalizing, like: Ele Ela (1969), Status (1974), A revista do Homem (1975), this which was transformed in the magazine call Playboy (1978) - and a mo... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Allain, Florence. "Musiques extrêmes, sexe et orientation sexuelle : la culture Métal face au genre : de 1970 à nos jours." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H028.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Présentant des styles musicaux spécifiques des musiques extrêmes, cette thèse permet au lecteur de découvrir leurs sources d'inspirations et imaginaires. Elle interroge, à travers l'histoire du genre, le concept de contre-culture attaché à la culture Metal. Dans cette perspective, cette recherche va s'intéresser aux stéréotypes et aux préjugés. Ceux liés à la pornographie, souvent mis en avant par les détracteurs de cette musique, avec l'analyse du projet Girls X présenté par le festival Hellfest Open Air. Puis ceux relatifs à l'homosexualité en étudiant le sous-genre du glam'metal et les figures de l'androgyne et du beefcake tout en s'interrogeant sur la place des femmes dans ce sous-genre. Ce travail met aussi en opposition deux sous-genres musicaux, le métal symphonique et le black métal afin de réaliser une analyse de la présence féminine sur ces deux scènes. Le premier a pour particularité de mettre en scène le conte de La Belle et la Bête et le second d'observer le lien entre femmes et religions, grandes inspiratrices du black métal, et de présenter un héros spécifique du Métal, le prêtre-guerrier. L'étude du corps féminin dans la culture Métal est essentielle. Ce sera l'occasion de mettre en lumière les muses du Métal et les critères auxquels elles doivent correspondre. Enfin, cette thèse s'intéresse aux interactions entre ce qui est traditionnellement associé à la féminité et à la masculinité dans cette culture musicale notamment à travers les notions de puissance et pouvoir, la pratique du maquillage et le port de la jupe. Enfin, le changement de genre fait l'objet d'un dernier point de ce travailIs Heavy Metal music a counterculture? To answer this question this thesis presents various styles of Metal music with their imaginary worlds and inspirations in relation to gender studies. First, this thesis studies pornography stereotypes and prejudices with Hellfest Open Air Festival's project: Girls X. Then, this analysis studies those in relation to homosexuality in the glam'metal and present androgyne and beefcake figures. There is also some question as to, where women are in the glam' metal ? This research shall also estimate the presence of women into symphonic metal and black metal. Symphonic metal staging tale of Beauty and the Beast and black metal study observe link between of women and religions and present the warrior-priest hero character. This work studies the female body in Heavy Metal culture as well as the interactions within this musical culture, which matter and are seen as traditionally masculine or feminine through notions power over and power to, makeup... Lastly the thesis study the transgender people in Heavy Metal culture
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Azevedo, Natanael Duarte de. "Trajetórias pornográficas: O Riso pronto para o ataque, uma história dos jornais eróticos brasileiros." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2015. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/8246.
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The presence of pornography in literature is considered as a category since the nineteenth century for its formal qualities which make it possible analysis that comprehend the intentionality of the insertion of pornographic text and/or its functionality in the literary genres. This second perspective makes it possible the study of the pornographic elements of satire that serves as an instrument for the critic to power. Supported by theoretical postulates of Hodgart (2010) and Frye (2014), according to which pornography serves as an instrument for the construction of satire, under the vision of the attack, we will analyze how pornography was taken as a satirical feature by the humorous and pornographic newspaper O Riso (1911-1912) in the Brazilian Belle Époque. To understand the production and circulation context of O Riso and how it incorporated pornography it is necessary to do a research by means of the methods proposed by Cultural History (CHARTIER, 1991 and 2007). According to Chartier, the history of reading and literature can only be made if the researcher take into account the practices and forms of reading, as well as ownership and representation of the discourse of a given time. We discuss here, more specifically, the pornographic and political discourses that constitute the newspaper O Riso in order to analyze the stress points and organization of those discourses in relation to the political critique restrained in the paper. We aim at understanding the pornographic discourse of the O Riso and its relation with the history of literature by means of the pornography and politics. We analyzed columns that deal with political and social issues as well as the pornographic novel “As Aventuras do Rei Pausolo” and other newspapers that had a direct dialogue with O Riso such as O Rio Nu (1898-1916), O Coió (1901-1902) and O Nabo (1900). The results of our analysis show that, by means of satire instruments and the different ways of appropriation of pornography, it is possible to see that the political criticism used pornography and, also, its inherent character that is the reader's excitement. The discourse that constitutes the newspaper O Riso it is not only the sexual one, but mainly its political positioning which was against the Republican government of Hermes da Fonseca.
La présence de la pornographie dans la littérature commence à être considérée comme catégorie à partir le XIXe siècle à travers ses qualités formelles, qui ont crée des possibilités d’analyse qui couvrent l’intentionnalité de l’insertion du texte pornographique et/ou sa fonctionnalité dans les genres littéraires. Cette seconde perspective possibilite l’étude des éléments pornographiques de la satire, qui servent d’instrument de critique au pouvoir. Basés sur des études théoriques de Hodgart (2010) et Frye (2014), selon lesquelles la pornographie joue le rôle d’instrument pour la construction de la satire, vue par le point de vue de l’attaque, nous voulons analyser comment la pornographie a été prise comme recours satirique par le journal humoristique et pornographique O Riso (1911-1912) à la Belle Époque brésilienne. Pour comprendre le contexte de production et circulation de O Riso et, par conséquent, comment celui-ci s’est approprié de la pornographie, il faut que nous réalisons une recherche par le biais des méthodes proposées par le domaine l’Histoire Culturelle (CHARTIER, 1991 et 2007), selon lequel l’histoire de la lecture et de la littérature ne se fait que si le chercheur prend en compte les pratiques et les modes de lecture, ainsi que l’appropriation et la représentation du discours d’une époque donnée. Notre discussion aborde, de façon plus spécifique, les discours pornografiques et politiques qui ont constitué le journal O Riso pour analyser les points de tension et d’organisation de ces discours en relation à la critique politique qui se présente dans le journal. Le but de notre recherche est de comprendre le discours pornografique dans le journal O Riso et sa relation avec l’histoire de la littérature à travers la pornographie et la politique. Notre corpus est composé par des colonnes qui traitaient des questions socio-politiques et le feuilleton pornographique «As aventuras do Rei Pausolo» présents dans O Riso, en outre, il y a d’autres journaux qui ont gardé un dialogue direct avec O Riso, tels que O Rio Nu (1898-1916), O Coió (1901-1902) et O Nabo(1900). Les résultats de notre analyse montrent que, à travers les instruments de satire et les différents moyens d’appropriations de la pornographie, c’est possible d’apercevoir que la pornographie était à service de la critique politique, en plus de son caractère inhérent qui c’est l’excitation du lecteur. En ce sens, le discours qui constitue le journal O Riso ce n’est pas seulement celui de la sexualité, mais (et principalement) celui du positionnement politique contraire au gouvernement républicain d’Hermes da Fonseca.
A presença da pornografia na literatura passa a ser considerada como categoria a partir do século XIX através de suas qualidades formais, que criam possibilidades de análise que abrangem a intencionalidade da inserção do texto pornográfico e/ou a sua funcionalidade nos gêneros literários. Esse segunda possibilidade dá margem ao estudo dos elementos pornográficos da sátira, que servem de instrumento de crítica ao poder. Amparados em postulados teóricos de Hodgart (2010) e Frye (2014), segundo os quais a pornografia serve se instrumento para construção da sátira, vista pela ótica do ataque, buscaremos analisar de que modo a pornografia foi tomada como recurso satírico pelo jornal humorístico e pornográfico O Riso (1911-1912) na Belle Époque brasileira. Para compreender o contexto de produção e circulação de O Riso e, consequentemente, como este se apropriou da pornografia, é necessário realizar uma investigação por meio dos métodos propostos pela História Cultural (CHARTIER, 1991 e 2007), segundo o qual a história da leitura e da literatura só se faz se o pesquisador levar em consideração as práticas e os modos de leitura, assim como a apropriação e a representação do discurso de uma dada época. Nossa discussão aborda, de modo mais específico, os discursos pornográficos e políticos que constituíram o jornal O Riso para analisar os pontos de tensão e organização destes discursos em relação à crítica política presente no impresso. O objetivo de nossa pesquisa é compreender o discurso pornográfico no jornal O Riso e a sua relação com a história da literatura por meio da pornografia e da política. Nosso corpus é formado por colunas que tratavam de questões político-sociais e o romance folhetim pornográfico “As Aventuras do Rei Pausolo” presentes n’O Riso, além de outros impressos que mantiveram um diálogo direto com o jornal, a saber: O Rio Nu (1898-1916), O Coió (1901-1902) e O Nabo (1900). Os resultados de nossa análise mostram que, através dos instrumentos da sátira e os diferentes modos de apropriação da pornografia, é possível perceber que a esta estava a serviço da crítica política, além do seu caráter inerente que é a excitação do leitor. Nesse sentido, o discurso que constitui o jornal O Riso não é apenas o da sexualidade, mas (e principalmente) o do posicionamento político contrário ao governo republicano de Hermes da Fonseca.
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Boonzaier, Christiaan Nicolaas. "Flashing boobies and naughty no-no’s: a media-historiographical overview of the pornographic magazine in South Africa, 1939 to 1989." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86342.
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Thesis (MPhil)-- Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Pornography in South Africa has only been legal for a mere 16 years, but is preceded by a 126-year history of inutile South African government attempts to suppress and curb it at its borders. To date, pornography as a research field has been largely overlooked by South African researchers, who have either mostly opted to choose fields that are socially more acceptable, or assumed that pornography was not present in the country before the 1980s and 1990s. This research, however, prefers to differ. The study investigates a minute part of a broader scope of pornography history in South Africa, by studying what international and domestic pornographic magazines were first seized and thereafter banned in the country between 1939 and 1989. By theoretically implementing an authoritative theoretical framework, the Annales’s functional structural approach, and applying the historical methodology to unearth unobtrusive historical data, the study compiles a narrative of events that ties a 50-year history of the pornographic magazine in South Africa together. The study eventually identifies 1 033 individual volumes, editions and issues of various pornographic magazine genres, including, among others, pulp and pin-up, naturist and nudist, soft-core, hard-core, male and female homosexual, bisexual, bondage, Asian, female impersonation and biker magazines, of which some, of course, are local South African pornographic magazines.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Pornografie is nog net 16 jaar wettig in Suid-Afrika en word voorafgegaan deur ’n geskiedenis van 126 jaar se sensuur wat deur die regering afgekondig is om pornografie buite die land se grense te hou. Tot op hede is pornografie as ’n navorsingsveld deur Suid-Afrikaanse navorsers oorgesien omdat hulle óf studies aanpak wat sosiaal meer aanvaarbaar is, óf aanneem dat daar voor die 1980’s en 1990’s geen pornografie in die land was nie. In dié verband wil hierdie studie met dié aannames verskil. Die navorsing ondersoek ’n klein deeltjie van ’n groter geskiedenis van pornografie in Suid-Afrika deur te kyk na watter buitelandse en binnelandse pornografiese tydskrifte tussen 1939 en 1989 in die land gevind en kort daarna verban is. Teoreties is die outoritêre en die Annales se funksionalisties-strukturalistiese raamwerk ingespan, en die historiese metodologie is gebruik om historiese data na te vors om ’n narratief saam te stel wat 50 jaar se pornografiese tydskrifte in Suid-Afrika saamsnoer. Die studie identifiseer uiteindelik 1 033 uitgawes van verskeie porno-grafiese tydskrifte, wat, onder meer, pulp- en prikkelpop-, nudistiese, sagte, harde, manlike en vroulike homoseksuele, biseksuele, knegskap-, Asiër-, fopdosser- en motorfietstydskrifte insluit; sommige van dié genres is, natuurlik, ook plaaslik in Suid-Afrika gepubliseer.
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Ribeiro, Anderson Francisco [UNESP]. "Desnudando a ditadura militar: as revistas erótico-pornográficas e a construção da(s) identidade(s) do homem moderno (1964-1985)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/141986.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O campo da cultura brasileira, durante o período da ditadura militar brasileira (1964-1985), foi aos poucos invadido por determinados tipos de publicações pouco percebidas pela historiografia: as revistas eróticas e pornográficas. Estas ajudaram a configurar e constituir identidades, principalmente no que se refere à questão da sexualidade e da masculinidade, estabelecendo espaços de negociação na modernização dos costumes, em meio a uma reforma conservadora. Dessa maneira, a pornografia do período incorporou formas de normalizar o leitor das revistas através de posicionamentos, colaborações dos leitores e formas de resistência, através de anonimatos e publicações proibidas. Com isso, diluídas em uma área cinzenta de um processo mais complexo e contraditório, vários enunciados vindos da sociedade tentaram criar um discurso “verdadeiro” sobre o sexo, o qual acabou assimilado pelo mercado, e que pretendemos desnudar. A partir do pensamento histórico genealógico de Michel Foucault, procuraremos indicar que a pornografia enquanto “desordem do discurso” abriu espaço para visões diversas, que são contrárias ao discurso homogeneizante de poder e masculinidade. O público dessas revistas se mostrava amplo e contava com estudantes do colegial (Ensino Médio), senhores, senhoras, “homossexuais”, generais, moças, médicos e padres que leram e emitiram diversos discursos sobre estes dois grupos, aparentemente distintos, de periódicos: as revistas softcore com discurso normatizador, como: Ele Ela (1969), Status (1974), Homem (1975), esta que depois fora transformada na revista Playboy (1978) - e outra mais explícita, as revistas hardcore, transgressora de discursos e consumida principalmente pelas classes populares: os “catecismos” de Carlos Zéfiro (década de 50 a 70 no Rio de Janeiro), as publicações das editoras Edrel (São Paulo-SP) e Grafipar (Curitiba-PR), além de revistas hardcore e das fotonovelas eróticas. Os periódicos indicados nos ajudarão a compreender essa afirmação e construção das identidades do homem brasileiro moderno.
The field of Brazilian culture during the period of the Brazilian military dictatorship (1964-1985), was gradually invaded by certain types of confusing publications: the erotic and pornographic magazines. These helped to shape and form the identities, especially in regard to the issue of sexuality and masculinity, establishing trading channels in the modernization of customs, in a conservative reform. Thus, the period of pornography incorporated ways to normalize the reader of magazines through placements, contributions from readers and forms of resistance through anonymity and banned publications. As a result, diluted in a gray area of a more complex and contradictory process, various statements coming from the company tried to create a “true” speech about sex, which eventually assimilated by the market, and we intend to denude. From the genealogical historical thought of Michel Foucault, we seek to indicate that the pornography while "disorder of speech" created room for different views that are contrary to the homogenizing discourse of masculinity. The audience of these magazines is proved large and had high school students, older mans and womans, "gay", generals, younger womens, doctors and priests who had read and issued discourses on these two groups of apparently distincts periodicals: the softcore magazines with speech normalizing, like: Ele Ela (1969), Status (1974), A revista do Homem (1975), this which was transformed in the magazine call Playboy (1978) - and a more explicit, the hardcore magazine, transgressive discourses and mostly consumed by the lower classes: the "cathecisms" of Carlos Zéfiro (from the 50s to 70s, in Rio de Janeiro), the publications of Edrel (São Paulo-SP) and Grafipar (Curitiba-PR) publishers. These indicated periodics help us to understand this identity statement of the modern man.
Книги з теми "Pornography – history"
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Kovac, Denis. The history of pornography. London: LCP, 2001.
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Tang, Isabel. Pornography: The secret history of civilization. London: Channel 4 Books, 1999.
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3
Slavery, empathy, and pornography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
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4
Gottfried, Ted. Pornography: Debating the issues. Springfield, N.J: Enslow Publishers, 1997.
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Warman, Caroline. Sade: From materialism to pornography. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2002.
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1954-, Levitt Marcus C., Toporkov A. L, and Conference on Russian Pornography (1998 : University of Southern California), eds. Eros and pornography in Russian culture. Moscow: Ladomir, 1999.
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Kendrick, Walter M. The secret museum: Pornography in modern culture. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press, 1996.
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Kendrick, Walter M. The secret museum: Pornography in modern culture. New York, N.Y., U.S.A: Penguin, 1988.
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Kendrick, Walter M. The secret museum: Pornography in modern culture. New York, NY: Viking, 1987.
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Thing, Morten. Pornografiens historie i Danmark. [Copenhagen]: Aschehoug, 1999.
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1
Paasonen, Susanna. "Online Pornography." In The SAGE Handbook of Web History, 551–63. 1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781526470546.n37.
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Barnett, Vincent. "History of Softcore Pornography." In Encyclopedia of Sexuality and Gender, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59531-3_99-1.
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Leonard, Sarah. "Pornography and Obscenity." In Palgrave Advances in the Modern History of Sexuality, 180–205. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230501805_9.
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Sigel, Lisa Z. "Methodological Pitfalls in the History of Pornography." In Sources and Methods in the History of Sexuality, 41–53. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032655826-6.
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Gen, Adachi. "War and Pornography in East Asia 1." In East Asian Art History in a Transnational Context, 152–65. New York: Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge research in art history: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351061902-9.
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Tyler, Meagan, and Maddy Coy. "Systems of Prostitution and Pornography: Harm, Health, and Gendered Inequalities." In The Palgrave Handbook of the History of Human Sciences, 1897–919. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7255-2_30.
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Tyler, Meagan, and Maddy Coy. "Systems of Prostitution and Pornography: Harm, Health, and Gendered Inequalities." In The Palgrave Handbook of the History of Human Sciences, 1–23. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4106-3_30-1.
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"History, Industry and Technological Change." In Gay Pornography. I.B.Tauris, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350986541.ch-002.
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Cruz, Ariane. "Pornography’s Play(ing) of Race." In The Color of Kink. NYU Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479809288.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 reads black women’s diverse performance of race play in contemporary American pornography, focusing on three sites of analysis. First, I discuss the performance of black female/white male humiliation in the BDSM femdom website of a veteran black female performer/pornographer, Vanessa Blue, arguing that race is a critical technology of interracial BDSM pornography. Next, I read a performance of black female submission staged as a historical reenactment of chattel slavery in hard-core mainstream race-play pornography to illustrate the hold this history maintains over our erotic imaginary. Then, I turn to amateur Internet race-play pornography to analyze queer race-play performance in porn. From amateur to high budget, mainstream to margins, and across the shifting racial and gender dynamics of production and positions of domination and submission, pornographic performances of race play exhibit an unfaltering racial hyperbole and eroticization of black female racial-sexual alterity and its anxiety. Though I demonstrate the salience of race play in the pornographic imaginary, I analyze race play as a comprehensive performance with a more universal sociocultural currency and relevance. Far from being a liminal sexual practice, race play delineates the performance of racialized sexuality more generally.
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Moulton, Ian Frederick. "IntroductionThe Prehistory of Pornography." In Before Pornography, 1–32. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195137095.003.0001.
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Abstract Any attempt at constructing a history of sexuality must include a history of erotic representation-that is, a history of the representation of sexual acts. The history of erotic representation is largely unwritten, partly because such a project tends to be conceived as a history of pornography-and pornography is a discourse that seems to have obvious, self-evident meanings and to promulgate predictable misogynist and patriarchal ideologies of power and gender. Yet subsuming the history of erotic representation to the history of pornography is limiting because not all explicit representation of sexual activity can be meaningfully defined as pornographic. In particular, “pornography” is too historically and generically specific a term to be much use in a discussion of the early modern period, for the erotic writing of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries-whatever its explicitness-is different in both form and content from the genres of pornography as they developed in later periods. Rather than say, as some recent studies have done,1 that pornography is worthy of study and so “Renaissance pornography” is worthy of study too, I wish to study early modern erotic writing in its specificity, without assimilating it to later forms, without automatically assuming that since erotic writing and the representation of sexual acts occupies a certain place in the cultures of the late twentieth century it must have occupied an analogous place in the culture of sixteenth-century Europe. In what follows I shall concentrate first on what distinguishes early modern erotic writing from modern forms of pornography, and then on the socially engaged nature of much erotic writing in the early modern period, in particular its role in discourses of national and gender identity.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Pornography – history"
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Seprina, Dina, Adelina Fitri, and M. Dody Izhar. "Relationship amoung Body Mass Index, History of Maternal Menarche and Exposure of Pornographic Media with Menarche Age in Elementary School Students, Jambi." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.46.
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ABSTRACT Background: Menstruation is the cyclic, orderly sloughing of the uterine lining, in response to the interactions of hormones produced by the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovaries. Many factors influence the age of menarche, such as body mass index, history of maternal menarche and exposure to pornographic media. This study aimed to determine the relationship between body mass index, history of maternal and exposure to pornographic media with menarche age in elementary school students in Jambi City. Subject and Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted at elementary school 207/ IV Jambi City, Indonesia. A sample of 74 students was purposively sampled. The dependent variable was age of menarche. The independent variables were body mass index (BMI), history of maternal menarche, and exposure to pornographic media. The data were collected by questionnaires, digital scales, and microtoise. Bivariate analysis was performed by Chi-Square. Results: Large body mass index (PR= 4.50; 95% CI= 0.40 to 51.29), history of early menarche (PR= 9.75; 95% CI= 3.35 to 28.36), and exposure to pornographic media (PR= 4.81; 95% CI= 1.74 to 13.29), accelerated age of menarche. Conclusion: Large body mass index, history of early menarche, and exposure to pornographic media, accelerate age of menarche. Keywords: Menarche, BMI, Pornography Media Correspondence: Adelina Fitri. Universitas Jambi. Jl. Lintas Jambi – Muara Bulian No. Km. 15, Mendalo Darat, Muaro Jambi Regency, Jambi, Indonesia. Email: adelinafitri@unja.ac.id. 081272030308. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.46
Звіти організацій з теми "Pornography – history"
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Yilmaz, Ihsan, Raja M. Ali Saleem, Mahmoud Pargoo, Syaza Shukri, Idznursham Ismail, and Kainat Shakil. Religious Populism, Cyberspace and Digital Authoritarianism in Asia: India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, and Turkey. European Center for Populism Studies, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/5jchdy.
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Turkey, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, and Indonesia span one of the longest continuously inhabited regions of the world. Centuries of cultural infusion have ensured these societies are highly heterogeneous. As plural polities, they are ripe for the kind of freedoms that liberal democracy can guarantee. However, despite having multi-party electoral systems, these countries have recently moved toward populist authoritarianism. Populism —once considered a distinctively Latin American problem that only seldom reared its head in other parts of the world— has now found a home in almost every corner of the planet. Moreover, it has latched on to religion, which, as history reminds us, has an unparalleled power to mobilize crowds. This report explores the unique nexus between faith and populism in our era and offers an insight into how cyberspace and offline politics have become highly intertwined to create a hyper-reality in which socio-political events are taking place. The report focuses, in particular, on the role of religious populism in digital space as a catalyst for undemocratic politics in the five Asian countries we have selected as our case studies. The focus on the West Asian and South Asian cases is an opportunity to examine authoritarian religious populists in power, whereas the East Asian countries showcase powerful authoritarian religious populist forces outside parliament. This report compares internet governance in each of these countries under three categories: obstacles to access, limits on content, and violations of user rights. These are the digital toolkits that authorities use to govern digital space. Our case selection and research focus have allowed us to undertake a comparative analysis of different types of online restrictions in these countries that constrain space foropposition and democratic voices while simultaneously making room for authoritarian religious populist narratives to arise and flourish. The report finds that surveillance, censorship, disinformation campaigns, internet shutdowns, and cyber-attacks—along with targeted arrests and violence spreading from digital space—are common features of digital authoritarianism. In each case, it is also found that religious populist forces co-opt political actors in their control of cyberspace. The situational analysis from five countries indicates that religion’s role in digital authoritarianism is quite evident, adding to the layer of nationalism. Most of the leaders in power use religious justifications for curbs on the internet. Religious leaders support these laws as a means to restrict “moral ills” such as blasphemy, pornography, and the like. This evident “religious populism” seems to be a major driver of policy changes that are limiting civil liberties in the name of “the people.” In the end, the reasons for restricting digital space are not purely religious but draw on religious themes with populist language in a mixed and hybrid fashion. Some common themes found in all the case studies shed light on the role of digital space in shaping politics and society offline and vice versa. The key findings of our survey are as follows: The future of (especially) fragile democracies is highly intertwined with digital space. There is an undeniable nexus between faith and populism which offers an insight into how cyberspace and politics offline have become highly intertwined. Religion and politics have merged in these five countries to shape cyber governance. The cyber governance policies of populist rulers mirror their undemocratic, repressive, populist, and authoritarian policies offline. As a result, populist authoritarianism in the non-digital world has increasingly come to colonize cyberspace, and events online are more and more playing a role in shaping politics offline. “Morality” is a common theme used to justify the need for increasingly draconian digital laws and the active monopolization of cyberspace by government actors. Islamist and Hindutva trolls feel an unprecedented sense of cyber empowerment, hurling abuse without physically seeing the consequences or experiencing the emotional and psychological damage inflicted on their victims.
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Yilmaz, Ihsan, Raja M. Ali Saleem, Mahmoud Pargoo, Syaza Shukri, Idznursham Ismail, and Kainat Shakil. Religious Populism, Cyberspace and Digital Authoritarianism in Asia: India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, and Turkey. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/rp0001.
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Turkey, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, and Indonesia span one of the longest continuously inhabited regions of the world. Centuries of cultural infusion have ensured these societies are highly heterogeneous. As plural polities, they are ripe for the kind of freedoms that liberal democracy can guarantee. However, despite having multi-party electoral systems, these countries have recently moved toward populist authoritarianism. Populism —once considered a distinctively Latin American problem that only seldom reared its head in other parts of the world— has now found a home in almost every corner of the planet. Moreover, it has latched on to religion, which, as history reminds us, has an unparalleled power to mobilize crowds. This report explores the unique nexus between faith and populism in our era and offers an insight into how cyberspace and offline politics have become highly intertwined to create a hyper-reality in which socio-political events are taking place. The report focuses, in particular, on the role of religious populism in digital space as a catalyst for undemocratic politics in the five Asian countries we have selected as our case studies. The focus on the West Asian and South Asian cases is an opportunity to examine authoritarian religious populists in power, whereas the East Asian countries showcase powerful authoritarian religious populist forces outside parliament. This report compares internet governance in each of these countries under three categories: obstacles to access, limits on content, and violations of user rights. These are the digital toolkits that authorities use to govern digital space. Our case selection and research focus have allowed us to undertake a comparative analysis of different types of online restrictions in these countries that constrain space foropposition and democratic voices while simultaneously making room for authoritarian religious populist narratives to arise and flourish. The report finds that surveillance, censorship, disinformation campaigns, internet shutdowns, and cyber-attacks—along with targeted arrests and violence spreading from digital space—are common features of digital authoritarianism. In each case, it is also found that religious populist forces co-opt political actors in their control of cyberspace. The situational analysis from five countries indicates that religion’s role in digital authoritarianism is quite evident, adding to the layer of nationalism. Most of the leaders in power use religious justifications for curbs on the internet. Religious leaders support these laws as a means to restrict “moral ills” such as blasphemy, pornography, and the like. This evident “religious populism” seems to be a major driver of policy changes that are limiting civil liberties in the name of “the people.” In the end, the reasons for restricting digital space are not purely religious but draw on religious themes with populist language in a mixed and hybrid fashion. Some common themes found in all the case studies shed light on the role of digital space in shaping politics and society offline and vice versa. The key findings of our survey are as follows: The future of (especially) fragile democracies is highly intertwined with digital space. There is an undeniable nexus between faith and populism which offers an insight into how cyberspace and politics offline have become highly intertwined. Religion and politics have merged in these five countries to shape cyber governance. The cyber governance policies of populist rulers mirror their undemocratic, repressive, populist, and authoritarian policies offline. As a result, populist authoritarianism in the non-digital world has increasingly come to colonize cyberspace, and events online are more and more playing a role in shaping politics offline. “Morality” is a common theme used to justify the need for increasingly draconian digital laws and the active monopolization of cyberspace by government actors. Islamist and Hindutva trolls feel an unprecedented sense of cyber empowerment, hurling abuse without physically seeing the consequences or experiencing the emotional and psychological damage inflicted on their victims.