Готові списки джерел за темами / Population incomes

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Population incomes"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022
Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Population incomes"

1

Chapargina, A. N. "STUDY OF POPULATION INCOMES IN THE MURMANSK REGION: TRENDS AND DETERMINANTS." Север и рынок: формирование экономического порядка 69, no. 3/2020 (November 27, 2020): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2220-802x.2.2020.69.011.

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Анотація:
Incomes are an indicator of the population living standard and a source for meeting various needs. The article is devoted to analysis of population incomes in one of the Arctic regions of Russia —the Murmansk region. For the region, the problem of increasing population incomes is especially acute due to harsh natural and climatic conditions and high living cost. The paper aims to analyze, systematize and evaluate the specifics of the formation, levels and dynamics, as well as differentiation of population incomes in the Murmanskregion in 2000–2019, to identify trends in incomes, as well as determinants influencing incomes formation in this Arctic region. The study was based on the methods of analysis and synthesis of statistical information, grouping, generalization and comparison. The analysis of relevant statistical data made it possible to reveal and compare trends in population incomes both in the Russian Federation and in the Murmansk region over the last two decades. For the country as a whole the main trends include slowing down growth rates of average per capita income, the persisting high level of income differentiation, decrease in share of income received from entrepreneurship and property. The main trends in changing population incomes in the Murmansk region are identified and compared with the Russian ones. It is found that main trends in this region in the studied period are a slowdown in the growth rate of per capita income of the population with lower rates of income growth compared to the national average, decreasein real incomes, a downward trend in the purchasing power of incomes, decrease in poverty and smoothing the degree of population stratification. Also the determinants influencing formation of population incomes in the Murmansk region as an Arctic region are identified. First of all these are the effect of regional coefficients and northern allowances and the specific structure of the population's needs. Measures aimed at increasing population incomes and directions for building up a state policy regulatingpopulation incomes in the Murmansk region as an Arctic region are formulated. The practical significance of the work is that the results of the study can be used by the regional authorities for developing and correcting the socio-economic policy.
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2

Nozdrina, Nadezhda, and Inna Schneiderman. "Quality of life and housing conditions of the population in the largest agglomerations and million-plus cities of Russia." Population 25, no. 1 (March 22, 2022): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.1.1.

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Анотація:
The role of the largest urban agglomerations and cities with millions of inhabitants in Russia in shaping the quality of life and housing conditions of the population is analyzed in the article. The main problems of the development of large urban agglomerations of Russia in the post-Soviet period are considered. The existing methods of defining their boundaries are analyzed. Based on the calculation of the pair correlation coefficients, the nature and degree of closeness of the relationship between the population of the largest urban agglomerations of Russia and a number of basic characteristics of the housing sector (housing provision, its construction, financial accessibility of apartment purchase in the housing market), as well as with the level of monetary incomes of the population, incomes and expenditures of the budgets of the core cities of agglomerations are determined. The coefficients of the pair correlation between the population of cities with millions of inhabitants — the cores of agglomerations and the characteristics of the housing sector and the quality of life of the population of the regions — subjects of the Russian Federation, where these cities are located, are calculated. The results of the calculations allow us to conclude that the population size of the largest agglomerations and cities has a significant impact on the value of the analyzed indicators of the quality of life of the population. The larger the agglomeration and the higher the population of a million-plus city, the higher the indicators of housing commissioning, the level of monetary income and the quality of life of the population of agglomerations and regions where they are included. At the same time, larger agglomerations have, due to excessive concentration of the population, as a rule, the worst values of specific indicators — housing commissioning per capita, housing provision per 1 inhabitant. The higher level of monetary incomes of the population in them does not cover the higher level of prices in the primary and secondary housing market. As a result, the higher the population of the urban agglomeration and the core city, the lower is the financial availability of buying housing on the market. It is concluded that it is necessary to find an optimal balance between different forms of settlement.
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3

Mortikov, Vitalii. "About surplus of the buyer/seller in the labor market." Population 24, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.2.10.

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Анотація:
The objective of the article — to analyze not only microeconomic, but macroeconomic aspects of surplus of the buyer/seller in the labor market, to research economic policy oriented on its redistribution. The concept of employer/employee surplus in the labor market is clarified. This surplus is a socio-economical phenomenon, some noneconomic factors must be taken into account in researching it. The influence of inflation, social and age characteristics, changes in the market positions of labor market subjects on their salary offers and surplus has been determined. It makes sense to differentiate between nominal and real surplus, fixed surplus and surplus that can be influenced. The article presents grouping of job advertisements based on salary formulation. Informational aspects of the identifying economic surplus are considered. The author proposes direct and indirect indicators to reveal the changes in economic surplus: wage proposals in the vacancy announcements, salary reviews, resume data, population polls, prices for services of individual entrepreneurs, dynamics of unemployment and shadow employment etc. Potential of the government policy on surplus redistribution and the regulation of employer/employee behavior is substantiated. Some instruments aimed at such redistribution through incomes of employers, employees are proposed: minimum wages regulations, changes in taxation (personal income taxation, wage taxes); indexation of personal incomes, subsidization of wages, antimonopoly and administrative regulation of prices. The government can also influence the behavior of surplus receivers through immigration policy. The influence of some instruments on surplus regulation is contradictory. Minimum wage regulations can increase and decrease the surplus at the same time.
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4

Zlenko, Elena G. "Socially acceptable consumer budget in the Arctic regions of Russia." POPULATION 23, no. 1 (2020): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.1.3.

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Анотація:
The need for accelerated social and economic development of the Arctic as a priority geostrategic territory of the Russian Federation requires a special approach to the issues of incomes of the population of the Arctic regions, and, above all, to the social criterion. Foreign experience in formation of minimum consumer budgets, domestic developments in this area and methodological principles of its formation used for a living wage have determined the priorities in choosing a social criterion. The key role in addressing this issue is played by the system of low-income consumer budgets (the subsistence minimum (SM) and the socially acceptable (recovery) consumer budget, which exceeds the subsistence minimum by about 3 times) within the framework of the general classification of the system of normative consumer budgets developed by the scientific school of the All-Russian Center for Living Standards. The methodological basis for formation of a socially acceptable consumer budget is determined by the provisions based on the recovery level of population consumption in conjunction with low incomes and taking into account the satisfaction of material, spiritual and social needs, a variety of consumer properties and benefits, as well as the impact on the consumption characteristics of the natural, climatic, economic, social and other special factors of the Arctic. Important for the social criterion qualities — validity and transparency — are ensured through application of the normative method of forming a socially acceptable consumer basket, which includes sets of food products, non-food goods and services. The normative socially acceptable consumer budget is differentiated by the specific of consumption of different categories of the population that is reflected in the structure and volume of consumption. The size of the socially acceptable consumer budget is determined by the cost of the consumer basket, as well as expenses on savings and mandatory payments and fees. Regional differences in the factors influencing the formation of a socially acceptable consumer budget cause territorial diversity in the level of the indicator in the Arctic zone.
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5

Indychenko, Yu V. "RESEARCH OF THE INTERRELATION OF CONSUMER REVENUES, EXPENDITURES AND SAVINGS OF THE POPULATION IN RUSSIAN CONDITIONS." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 4 (May 27, 2019): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2019-4-100-105.

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Анотація:
The purpose of the study is to identify the relationship of income, expenditure and savings of the population. The article reveals conceptual approaches to the «incomes of the population» category, classifies expenses, formulates the author’s definitions of incomes, expenses and savings of the population, presents a study of the dynamics of the studied indicators, reveals the dependence of incomes and expenses, as well as expenses and savings among themselves. It has been noted that the level of income, expenditure and savings is influenced by such indicators as inflation, consumer prices for goods and paid services.
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6

Sarkar, Somwrita, Peter Phibbs, Roderick Simpson, and Sachin Wasnik. "The scaling of income distribution in Australia: Possible relationships between urban allometry, city size, and economic inequality." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 45, no. 4 (November 15, 2016): 603–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265813516676488.

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Анотація:
Developing a scientific understanding of cities in a fast urbanizing world is essential for planning sustainable urban systems. Recently, it was shown that income and wealth creation follow increasing returns, scaling superlinearly with city size. We study scaling of per capita incomes for separate census defined income categories against population size for the whole of Australia. Across several urban area definitions, we find that lowest incomes grow just linearly or sublinearly (β = 0.94 to 1.00), whereas highest incomes grow superlinearly (β = 1.00 to 1.21), with total income just superlinear (β = 1.03 to 1.05). These findings show that as long as total or aggregate income scaling is considered, the earlier finding is supported: the bigger the city, the richer the city, although the scaling exponents for Australia are lower than those previously reported for other countries. But, we find an emergent scaling behavior with regard to variation in income distribution that sheds light on socio-economic inequality: the larger the population size and densities of a city, while lower incomes grow proportionately or less than proportionately, higher incomes grow more quickly, suggesting a disproportionate agglomeration of incomes in the highest income categories in big cities. Because there are many more people on lower incomes that scale sublinearly as compared to the highest that scale superlinearly, these findings suggest an empirical observation on inequality: the larger the population, the greater the income agglomeration in the highest income categories. The implications of these findings are qualitatively discussed for various income categories, with respect to living costs and access to opportunities and services that big cities provide.
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7

Alla, Leonidova. "The effect of inflation on welfare of the population and Russian market capacity." SHS Web of Conferences 69 (2019): 00071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196900071.

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Анотація:
The material basis of welfare of the population is its income. However, the inflation negatively affects current incomes of the population and market capacity determined by the value of current incomes. Given the variable dynamics of inflation, it is necessary to evaluate its impact on household incomes and market capacity using the accumulated inflation rate with a scientifically based reference point. This calculation option will allow us to determine the dynamics of real average per capita incomes and market capacity calculated in constant prices of the reference point, assess the problem and its impact on the economic development. The low level of real per capita incomes and their negative dynamics are aggravated by loans of the population which reduce the market capacity and make the domestic market less attractive for manufacturers.
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8

Глебов, Andrey Glebov, Леонов, and Aleksandr Leonov. "Trends in low income of the population Russia." Clusters. Research and Development 3, no. 1 (April 18, 2017): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_58f5e53cbfd4e6.50541718.

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Анотація:
Analysis of household income shows that the level of real disposable income falls from 2013. The revenue structure reduced the volume of revenues from business activities, increases the amount of income received in the form of various social benefits without increasing the amount of income from property. This indicates the ineffectiveness of government policy in the sphere of incomes.
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9

Бычкова and S. Bychkova. "International Standards and Domestic Experience of Population Income Measurement: Russia and Regions." Administration 5, no. 2 (July 5, 2017): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_59537ea5a36f21.26188816.

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Анотація:
The article is devoted to the consideration of the information base for studying the incomes of the population, the standards used in international and domestic statistical practice, studying the main indicators of welfare and income of the population used in the Russian Federation, estimating the structure of incomes in the regions of the Russian Federation, and analyzing their differences in the territorial entities of the country. The article studies the relationship between the main indicators of income and welfare in 2011-2016.
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10

Shao, Liang Frank, and Melanie Krause. "Rising mean incomes for whom?" PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 16, 2020): e0242803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242803.

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Анотація:
Not everybody is benefiting equally from rising mean incomes. We discuss the mean-income population share (MPS), the population percentage of earners below mean income, whose evolution can capture how representative rising mean values are for middle income households. Tracking MPS and its associated income share MIS over time indicates to what extent economic growth is inclusive of both the middle and the bottom of the income distribution. We characterize MPS and MIS analytically under different growth scenarios and compare their parametric estimation using micro-level and grouped income data. Our empirical application with panel data of 16 high- and middle-income countries shows that in the last decades rising mean incomes have mostly not favored middle income households in relative perspective, while the overall welfare effects of the changes in MPS and the correlation structure with the Gini coefficient are mixed.
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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Population incomes"

1

Dieden, Sten. "Income generation in the African and coloured population : three essays on the origins of household incomes in South Africa /." Göteborg : Department of Economics, School of Economics and Commercial Law, Göteborg University, 2005. http://www.handels.gu.se/epc/archive/00004062/01/Dieden_full.pdf.

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2

Мівшук, Ю. І. "Регіональний аспект статистичного аналізу доходів населення України". Thesis, Одеський національний економічний університет, 2020. http://dspace.oneu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/11965.

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Анотація:
У роботі розглядаються теоретичні аспекти та основи статистичного дослідження доходів населення. Проаналізовано динаміку і структуру доходів населення, динаміку середнього доходу на одне домогосподарства в Україні, виконано регіональний аналіз доходів населення України. Запропоновано комплекс заходів для забезпечення достатнього рівня доходів населення.
The paper considers the theoretical aspects and foundations of statistical research of household incomes. The dynamics and structure of household income, the dynamics of average income per household in Ukraine, the regional analysis of income of the population of Ukraine. A set of measures is proposed to ensure a sufficient level of income.
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3

Ng, Hoi-tak Philip. "Three essays on population, income, and distribution." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3684990X.

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4

Ng, Hoi-tak Philip, and 吳凱特. "Three essays on population, income, and distribution." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3684990X.

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5

Delventhal, Matthew J. "Population and income across time and space." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/643302.

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Анотація:
En aquesta tesi investigo teòricament i empíricament l'evolució dels nivells de població i ingressos a tot el món. En el primer capítol, titulat "El Globus com a Xarxa", em pregunto: quina importància tenen els costos de transport en caiguda dels patrons de població i creixement dels ingressos des de 1000 CE? Per respondre a aquesta pregunta, edito un model espacial dinàmic quantitatiu amb un sector agrícola i no agrícola, i la fertilitat endogena, la migració, la innovació i la difusió de la tecnologia. En aquest model existeix un llindar endogen per als costos globals de transport, que es caracteritza per una simple estadística de xarxa. Si els costos de transport estan per sobre d'aquest llindar, el món convergeix a un estat de malaltia. Si els costos del transport cauen per sota d'aquest llindar, l'economia mundial entra en un procés de creixement sostingut de la població i els ingressos per càpita. Prenent aquest model a les dades, divideixo el món en 2.249 3 graus en quadrícules de 3 graus. Assigno a cada local un potencial agrícola determinat pel clima exògens i les característiques del sòl. Defecto els costos de transport bilaterals calculant la ruta més barata entre cada parell d'ubicacions, donada la col·locació natural de rius, oceans i muntanyes. Calculem el model perquè, l'any 1000, el món es trobi en estat de malaltia. A continuació, retiro el cost de l'aigua i el transport terrestre de forma exògena de manera coherent amb l'evidència històrica i fa un seguiment de l'evolució endogen de la població i els ingressos fins a l'any 2000. Qualitativament, aquest exercici genera un creixement lent però accelerat tant en la població com en la renda per càpita durant els primers 800 anys, un repunt abrupte en el creixement després de 1800 CE amb Europa al capdavant, i un gran augment en la dispersió d'ingressos per càpita després de 1800 CE. Quantitativament, el model representa el 55% de la variació de la densitat de població en 10 regions majors en 1000 CE, el 44% de la variació en ingressos per càpita entre regions en 1800 CE, i és capaç de generar un 43% de la dispersió total en ingressos per càpita el 2000 CE. El segon capítol es titula "La transició demogràfica a través del temps i l'espai". La transició demogràfica, és a dir, el pas d'un règim d'alta fertilitat / alta mortalitat a un règim de baixa fertilitat / baixa mortalitat és un procés que gairebé tots els països de la Terra han sofert o estan experimentant. Són iguals totes les transicions demogràfiques? Han canviat amb la velocitat i la forma al llarg del temps? I com relacionen el desenvolupament econòmic? Busco respondre aquestes preguntes posant un conjunt de dades de taxes de naixement i mortalitat en 188 països amb més de 250 anys. Després, calculant dates d'inici i dates finals per a les transicions dels països de la nostra mostra, documento 3 fets nous. Em sembla, en primer lloc, que la velocitat mitjana de les transicions ha augmentat constantment amb el pas del temps. En segon lloc, documento que l'ingrés per càpita al començament d'aquestes transicions és més o menys constant al llarg del temps. En tercer lloc, descobrim l'evidència del contagi demogràfic, l'entrada d'un país en la transició demogràfica està fortament relacionada amb els veïns geogràfics i lingüístics que ja han entrat en la transició fins i tot després de controlar altres observables. En el meu tercer capítol "La difusió de la demografia: una exploració quantitativa", construeixo un model transparent de la transició demogràfica en la tradició de Barro, Becker i Lucas amb diversos països. A més del compromís estàndard entre la quantitat i la qualitat entre el nombre de nens i la quantitat d'educació que hi ha, també hi ha difusió tecnològica entre ubicacions. Com a exercici quantitatiu, introduïm un canvi tecnològic esbiaixat per l'habilitat que s'allunya de la Gran Bretanya a la resta del món. Tot i la seva simplicitat, el model té bastant èxit en comparar els patrons observats de la transició demogràfica a tot el món, tant pel que fa al temps com a la ubicació geogràfica.
In this thesis I investigate theoretically and empirically the evolution of population and income levels across the world. In the first chapter, titled "The Globe as a Network," I ask: how important are falling transport costs for patterns of population and income growth since 1000 CE? To answer this question, I build a quantitative dynamic spatial model with an agricultural and a non-agricultural sector, and endogenous fertility, migration, innovation and technology diffusion. In this model there exists an endogenous threshold for global transport costs, which is characterized by a simple network statistic. If transport costs are above this threshold, the world converges to a Malthusian steady state. If transport costs fall below this threshold, the world economy enters a process of sustained growth in population and income per capita. Taking this model to the data, I divide the globe into 2,249 3 degree by 3 degree quadrangles. I assign each location an agricultural potential determined by exogenous climate and soil characteristics. I infer bilateral transport costs by calculating the cheapest route between each pair of locations given the natural placement of rivers, oceans and mountains. I calibrate the model so that in the year 1000 the world is in a Malthusian steady state. I then drop the cost of water and land transport exogenously in a way that is consistent with historical evidence and track the endogenous evolution of population and income until the year 2000. Qualitatively, this exercise generates slow but accelerating growth in both population and income per capita for the first 800 years, an abrupt takeoff in growth after 1800 CE with Europe in the lead, and a large increase in the dispersion of income per capita after 1800 CE. Quantitatively, the model accounts for 55% of the variation in population density across 10 major regions in 1000 CE, 44% of the variation in income per capita across regions in 1800 CE, and is able to generate 43% of the overall dispersion in income per capita in 2000 CE. The second chapter is titled "The Demographic Transition Across Time and Space." The demographic transition, i.e., the move from a regime of high fertility/high mortality into a regime of low fertility/low mortality, is a process that almost every country on Earth has undergone or is undergoing. Are all demographic transitions equal? Have they changed in speed and shape over time? And, how do they relate to economic development? I seek to answer these questions by putting together a data set of birth and death rates for 188 countries that spans more than 250 years. Then, by estimating start dates and end dates for the transitions of the countries in our sample, I document 3 new facts. I find, first, that the average speed of transitions has increased steadily over time. Second, I document that income per capita at the start of these transitions is more or less constant over time. Third, we uncover evidence of demographic contagion the entry of a country into the demographic transition is strongly associated with its geographic and linguistic neighbors having already entered into the transition even after controlling for other observables. In my third chapter "The Diffusion of Demography: A Quantitative Exploration," I build a transparent model of the demographic transition in the tradition of Barro, Becker, and Lucas with multiple countries. In addition to the standard quantity-quality trade-off between how many children to have and how much to educate them, there is also technology diffusion between locations. As a quantitative exercise, we introduce a skill-biased technological change that diffuses away from Britain to the rest of the world. Despite its simplicity, the model is quite successful in matching observed patterns of the demographic transition across the globe, both in terms of timing and geographical location.
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6

Thomas, Amy N. "Pregnancy intendedness among a low income population." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1311.

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7

Скворчевський, Олександр Євгенович, Тетяна Кравцова та Анастасія Свічкарь. "Економетрична оцінка залежності купівельної спроможності населення України від його доходів". Thesis, Львівська політехніка, 2017. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/32787.

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8

Kofi, Ampofo-Twumasi. "Distribution of income among South African population groups." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52240.

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Анотація:
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The primary objective of this study was to verify the extent to which income distribution among the population groups in South Africa has changed since the 199! population census. These were the findings: It was established in this study that, at October 1996 the income share of Whites had dropped from 71.2 percent (1970) to 51.9 percent. The White population constitute 12.6 percent of South Africa population in 1996 but they received more than 50 percent of personal income in the country. At October 1996 the per capita income of Whites was 8.8 times that of Africans, 4.5 times that of Coloureds and 2.3 times that of Indians. The study found that income disparities between the population groups have narrowed, but there are a lot left to be done to remove income inequalities in the country. The study found that the income which accrued to each population group was not uniformly distributed within the group. In all population groups, the poorest 40%, and the next 41-70% household income classes suffered losses in household income shares between 1991 and 1996. In all population groups it was the richest 10% households who received the lion's share of income which accrued to the group, between 1991 and 1996. The study further found a shift in African employees from elementary occupations to artisan and machine operators. Between 1995 and 1999 the proportion of Coloureds in elementary jobs declined in favour of artisans, machine operators, managers and professionals. Indians and Whites had the smallest proportion of their workforce engaged in elementary occupations Only 5.4 percent of Africans aged 20 and above were found to possess degrees, diplomas and certificates in 1999, compared to 6.5 percent Coloureds, 14.3 percent Indians, 31.5 percent Whites. As high as 15.5 percent of Africans had not received any formal education at October 1999 compared to 7.9 percent Coloureds, 3.5 percent Indians and 0.3 percent Whites. Unemployment in all population groups has increased since the 1996 South African population census.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die primêre doelwit van hierdie studie was om die verandering in die omvang van die inkomsteverdeling tussen die bevolkingsgroepe sedert die 1991 bevolkingsopname te bevestig. Daar is bevind dat die inkomste aandeel van Blankes vanaf 71.2 persent in 1970 na 51.9 persent in 1996 afgeneem het. Die Blanke bevolking het 12.6 persent van die Suid-Afrikaanse bevolking in 1996 uitgemaak, maar hulle ontvang meer as 50 persent van persoonlike inkomste in die land. In Oktober 1996 was die per capita inkomste van Blankes 8.8 keer meer as dié van Swart Suid-Afrikaners en 6.8 keer meer as dié van Kleurlinge. Die studie het gevind dat inkomsteverskille tussen die bevolkingsgroepe verminder het, maar dat daar nog groot inkomste ongelykhede is. Die studie het verder bevind dat die verdeling van inkomste binne elke bevolkingsgroep ongelyk verdeel is. Tussen 1991 en 1996 het in alle bevolkingsgroepe, die armste 40%, en die volgende 41-70% huishoudelike inkomsteklasse 'n daling in hul aandeel van huishoudelike inkomste ondervind. In alle bevolkingsgroepe was dit die rykste 10% huishoudings wat die grootste aandeel aan inkomste ontvang het tussen 1991 en 1996. Die studie het ook gevind dat daar 'n verskuiwing van swart Suid-Afrikaanse werknemers van elementêre beroepe na ambagsmanne en masjienoperateurs plaasgevind het. Tussen 1995 en 1999 het die verhouding van anderskleuriges in elementêre beroepe afgeneem ten gunste van ambagsmanne, masjienoperateurs, bestuurders en professionele beroepe. Asiate en Blankes het die kleinste verhouding van hulle werksmag in elementêre beroepe gehad. In 1999 was slegs 5.4 persent van swart Suid-Afrikaners, ouderdom 20 en ouer, in besit van grade, diplomas en sertifikate, in vergelyking met 6.5 persent Kleurlinge, 14.3 persent Asiate en 31.5 persent Blankes. Tot en met Oktober 1999 het 15.5 persent van swart Suid-Afrikaners geen formele opleiding ontvang in vergelyking met 7.9% Kleurlinge, 3.5% Asiate en 0.3% Blankes. Werkloosheid het sedert 1996 in alle bevolkingsgroepe toegeneem sedert die 1996 Suid-Afrikaanse bevolkingsopname.
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9

Sanderson, Warren C., Sergei Scherbov, and Patrick Gerland. "The end of population aging in high-income countries." Austrian Academy of Sciences, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6882/1/0xc1aa5576_0x003a4447.pdf.

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Will the population of today's high-income countries continue to age throughout the remainder of the century? We answer this question by combining two methodologies, Bayesian hierarchical probabilistic population forecasting and the use of prospective ages, which are chronological ages adjusted for changes in life expectancy. We distinguish two variants of measures of aging: those that depend on fixed chronological ages and those that use prospective ages. Conventional measures do not, for example, distinguish between 65-year-olds in 2000 and 65- year-olds in 2100. In making forecasts of population aging over long periods of time, ignoring changes in the characteristics of people can lead to misleading results. It is preferable to use measures based on prospective ages in which expected changes in life expectancy are taken into account. We present probabilistic forecasts of population aging that use conventional and prospective measures for high-income countries as a group. The probabilistic forecasts based on conventional measures of aging show that the probability that aging will continue throughout the century is essentially one. In contrast, the probabilistic forecasts based on prospective measures of population aging show that population aging will almost certainly come to end well before the end of the century. Using prospective measures of population aging, we show that aging in high-income countries is likely a transitory phenomenon.
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Chilowa, W. R. "Housing for the low-income urban population in Malawi : Towards an alternative approach." Thesis, University of Essex, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379372.

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Книги з теми "Population incomes"

1

Evans, Martin. Out for the count: The incomes of the non-household population and the effect of their exclusion from national income profiles. London: Suntory-Toyota International Centre for Economics and Related Disciplines, 1995.

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2

Lefberg, Irv. Studies in economics and population. Olympia, Wash: Office of Fiancial Management, 1988.

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3

Hughes, James W. Job, income, population, and housing baselines. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Dept. of Urban Planning and Policy Development, 1989.

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4

1948-, Schmidt Robert M., ed. Population and income change: Recent evidence. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1994.

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5

N, Mathur R. Population, analysis and studies. Allahabad, India: Chugh Publications, 1986.

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6

Böhning, Björn, and Kai Burmeister. Generationen & Gerechtigkeit. Hamburg: VSA-Verlag, 2004.

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7

Heerink, Nico. Population Growth, Income Distribution, and Economic Development. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78571-9.

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8

Purcell, Patrick J. Income of Americans age 65 and older. New York: Novinka Books, 2007.

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9

Grad, Susan. Income of the population 55 or older, 1990. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. DHHS, Social Security Administration, Office of Policy, Office of Research and Statistics, 1992.

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Grad, Susan. Income of the population 55 or older, 1988. Washington, DC: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Social Security Administration, Office of Research and Statistics, 1990.

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Частини книг з теми "Population incomes"

1

Bartels, Charlotte, and Daniel Waldenström. "Inequality and Top Incomes." In Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, 1–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57365-6_169-1.

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2

Bartels, Charlotte, and Daniel Waldenström. "Inequality and Top Incomes." In Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, 1–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57365-6_169-2.

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3

Debski, Wieslaw. "Income and Price Policy Making with an Econometric Model of Financial Incomes and Expenditures of Poland’s Population." In Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, 570–87. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51675-7_36.

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4

Heerink, Nico. "Total income." In Population Economics, 217–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78571-9_8.

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5

Heerink, Nico. "Income (in)equality." In Population Economics, 176–216. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78571-9_7.

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6

Jenkins, Stephen P. "Modelling household income dynamics." In Population Economics, 95–133. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55573-2_7.

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7

Kuznets, Simon. "Population, Income and Capital." In Economic Progress, 3–20. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08440-1_1.

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8

Mehdi, Itrat, Abdul Aziz Al Farsi, Bassim Al Bahrani, and Shadha S. Al-Raisi. "General Oncology Care in Oman." In Cancer in the Arab World, 175–93. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7945-2_12.

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AbstractThe Sultanate of Oman is located on the Arabian Peninsula and is part of Western Asia. Oman has a relatively young population. The economy is based on oil, agriculture, fishing, and overseas trading. Oman spends around 3% of its GDP on health care. Omani nationals have free access to public healthcare. Due to increased incomes and changing lifestyles, the rate of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) including cancer is rising. This is slowly saturating the system and increasing health care costs. Cancer is now the third leading cause of mortality. The age-adjusted annual incidence of cancer ranges from 70 to 110 per 100,000 population. Oman has an operational national NCD action plan. This multi-sectoral plan was launched in 2018 and focuses on the government approach in addressing NCDs including cancer, highlighting the prevention and control strategies. There is an integrated cancer care service, cancer registry, and cancer control program; under the auspices of the Directorate general of Non-communicable diseases—Ministry of Health. Oman has envisioned an ambitious long-term health care plan called “Health care Vision 2050”, which includes the development and progression of cancer care services as well. This plan has an emphasis on development, patient empowerment, public awareness, health education, integration and accessibility of services, screening, and early detection, public–private partnership, indulgence for NGOs, research, and capacity building.
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Thirlwall, A. P. "Population Growth and Economic Development." In National Income and Economic Progress, 177–98. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19340-0_11.

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10

Симагин, Ю. А. "Differentiation of Russian municipalities by population incomes." In Incomes, expenditures and savings of the Russian population: trends and prospects, 236–40. ФНИСЦ РАН, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/konf.978-5-4465-3137-0.2021.39.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Population incomes"

1

Kalinina, Irina V. "INCOME OF THE POPULATION AS AN INDICATOR OF SOCIAL POTENTIAL (BY THE EXAMPLE OF THE JEWISH AUTONOMOUS REGION)." In Treshnikov readings – 2022 Modern geographical global picture and technology of geographic education. Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33065/978-5-907216-88-4-2022-203-204.

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On the example of the Jewish Autonomous Region, the paper shows the importance of the indicator of monetary income of the population in determining the social potential. It was revealed that the population of the region with cash incomes below the subsistence minimum is almost twice as high as the all-Russian indicators, and tends to grow.
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2

Mikheeva, N. N. "INCOMES OF THE POPULATION AS A FACTOR IN GROWTH OF RUSSIAN REGIONS." In Пространственный анализ социально-экономических систем: история и современность. Новосибирск: Сибирское отделение РАН, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53954/9785604607893_26.

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3

Ordynskaia, Elena. "REAL INCOMES OF THE POPULATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: OPPORTUNITIES AND GROWTH PROSPECTS." In 6th SWS International Scientific Conference on Social Sciences ISCSS 2019. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sws.iscss.2019.1/s03.057.

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4

KALINOWSKI, Sławomir, and Barbara KIEŁBASA. "RISK OF POVERTY AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.044.

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This paper addresses the poverty risk issues in the context of sustainable development of rural areas. Empirical materials included in this paper are based on EU-SILC (European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions) partial studies, and provide a reference point for comparing the EU income distribution and social integration statistics. Poverty reduction and counteracting social exclusion are among the key Millennium Development Goals. According to studies, one in four inhabitants of EU rural areas is at risk of poverty or social exclusion. While the highest shares of at-risk population are recorded in Bulgaria (54.8%) and Romania (50.8%), the levels reported by Poland and Lithuania are also above the EU average (by 4.5 and 9.2 percentage points, respectively). At the other end of the spectrum, the risk rate in the Netherlands and Czech Republic is 12.8%. For the households, income is a factor underpinning their economic safety and, thus, their confidence. The amount of incomes affects the objective poverty levels measured with a parametric method. In the EU, persons earning no more than 60% of the national median income are assumed to be at risk of poverty. Therefore, the risk of poverty affects nearly every fifth inhabitant of EU rural areas. Poverty and social exclusion are multidimensional aspects which result in unmet needs in multiple areas: healthcare, education, housing, culture and leisure. While triggering some kind of feedback loop, insufficient incomes are both the cause and the effect of deprivation of needs. Also, they provide favorable conditions for an unsustainable development of rural areas.
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5

Rabeeah, S., and O. Zvereva. "THE GROWTH OF POPULATION INFLUENCES THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT MOBILITY IN RUSSIA." In Manager of the Year. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/my2021_239-241.

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In this article, we try to shed the light on how the growth of population influences the transport mobility in Russian. The population of Russia has increased by about 2.5 times, and the volume of passenger traffic has increased by about 20 times since 1913. The growth in the volume of passenger traffic depends more on the development of technology, communication information, budget, free time and real incomes of the population, cultural, household, and social needs of the individual, their place of residence, areas of employment, growth of cities and their territory, empowerment rest and craving of residents for communication. The growth of population mobility is mainly due to the social structure, and not demographic factor
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6

Ivanova, Anna, and Svetlana Popova. "EFFICIENCY OF STATE SUPPORT MEASURES OF POPULATION INCOME DURING THE PERIOD OF CONSTRAINTS: A COUNTRY APPROACH." In Manager of the Year. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/my2021_82-89.

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This article is devoted to the research of the COVID-19 pandemic affected the economy of the Russian Federation and other countries of the world and its consequences on society. Today, the social policy of the Russian Federation and the whole world is experiencing great stress. The crisis, which arose due to the imposed restrictive measures to ensure the isolation regime in order to prevent the spread of COVID-2019 by foreign governments, revealed previously existing gaps in the provisions of social protection. The ways of formation and improvement of state support of incomes of the population during a crisis situation all over the world are considered. In the conditions of the crisis, the load on the social system has increased many times over, due to the increase in the number of poor citizens. Funding has been introduced for various measures, methods and ways to improve livelihoods and prevent the closure of Micro-Enterprises, SMEs of all types, self-employed and workers, in order to prevent unemployment caused by the global situation. The analysis of the gross domestic product and the effectiveness of the implemented additional measures of state support of the population’s income has been carried out. For example, the leading countries of the world were considered, such as: Russia, Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, USA.
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7

Naumov, I. V., and V. M. Sedelnikov. "Influence of the level of the population purchasing power onto development of the public food market in Russia." In VIII Information school of a young scientist. Central Scientific Library of the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32460/ishmu-2020-8-0027.

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The article discusses the current state of the public food market in Russia, in particular, the turnover of the public food market and the number of facilities in it. The main factors are analyzed that influence onto the turnover of the public food market Those are the average per capita cash incomes of the population, consumer price indices, and the average consumer spending per capita. The authors performed the correlation and regression analysis of influence of various factors onto the level of public food market turnover in the Sverdlovsk Region. Based on the analysis, the linear and non-linear models were constructed. The corresponding forecast was made a forecast for the period 2020–2022. The main trends are identified in the public food market in Russia.
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8

Konovalov, Vadim Nikolayevich. "DYNAMICS OF FORMATION OF TAX REVENUES TO CONSOLIDATED BUDGETS OF CONSTITUENT ENTITIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." In Russian science: actual researches and developments. Samara State University of Economics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/russian.science-2020.03-1-857/862.

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The article deals with the formation of economic policies aimed at improving the quality and standard of living of the population and general socio-economic development. In 2018-2019 there was a significant recovery of business activity, as a result of which revenues of consolidated budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation increased. The level of property taxes paid by individuals has increased particularly significantly. Against the background of the decline in real incomes of citizens, there was an increase in the tax burden.
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9

"Status and Prospects of the Social Sphere Development in Regions of the Kyrgyz Republic." In XII Ural Demographic Forum “Paradigms and models of demographic development”. Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/udf-2021-2-7.

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The development of the country’s economy leads to the improvement in the quality of the provision of state and municipal services, as well as of the living standards of the population in cities and villages. It is necessary to develop small and medium-sized businesses and create productive jobs that will ensure employment and stable incomes. Due to the transition to innovative socio-economic development, the country’s economy will be competitive. High-quality production infrastructure is necessary for a balanced and diversified economic development of the country.
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10

Frličková, Barbora. "Komparácia pro-poor rastu vo vidieckych a mestských oblastiach Indonézie." In XXIV. mezinárodního kolokvia o regionálních vědách. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9896-2021-16.

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The paper analyses construction and use of a selected indicator of pro-poor growth – the rate of pro-poor growth. It further explains the interpretation of this indicator in absolute and relative terms and indicates how economic growth affects poverty and inequality. The selected indicator is applied to the example of Indonesia and compares pro-poor growth in urban and rural areas of the country, examines regional disparities in terms of pro-poor growth for the period 1996–2019. From the absolute interpretation, pro-poor growth is observed in both urban and rural areas over the whole period. In relative terms, results of pro-poor growth for the first partial period (1996–2000) differ. While there was a relative pro-poor growth in the rural areas, there was a strong pro-poor growth in the cities with a significant decline in inequality observed (incomes of poor people increased while the average income of the whole population dropped). Indonesia achieved trickle-down growth in both rural and urban areas in two remaining periods (2000–2010 and 2010–2019).
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Звіти організацій з теми "Population incomes"

1

Cunningham, Stuart, Marion McCutcheon, Greg Hearn, Mark Ryan, and Christy Collis. Australian Cultural and Creative Activity: A Population and Hotspot Analysis: Sunshine Coast. Queensland University of Technology, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.136822.

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The Sunshine Coast (unless otherwise specified, Sunshine Coast refers to the region which includes both Sunshine Coast and Noosa council areas) is a classic regional hotspot. In many respects, the Sunshine Coast has assets that make it the “Goldilocks” of Queensland hotspots: “the agility of the region and our collaborative nature is facilitated by the fact that we're not too big, not too small - 330,000 people” (Paddenburg, 2019); “We are in that perfect little bubble of just right of about everything” (Erbacher 2019). The Sunshine Coast has one of the fastest-growing economies in Australia. Its population is booming and its local governments are working together to establish world-class communications, transport and health infrastructure, while maintaining the integrity of the region’s much-lauded environment and lifestyle. As a result, the Sunshine Coast Council is regarded as a pioneer on smart city initiatives, while Noosa Shire Council has built a reputation for prioritising sustainable development. The region’s creative economy is growing at a faster rate that of the rest of the economy—in terms of job growth, earnings, incomes and business registrations. These gains, however, are not spread uniformly. Creative Services (that is, the advertising and marketing, architecture and design, and software and digital content sectors) are flourishing, while Cultural Production (music and performing arts, publishing and visual arts) is variable, with visual and performing arts growing while film, television and radio and publishing have low or no growth. The spirit of entrepreneurialism amongst many creatives in the Sunshine Coast was similar to what we witnessed in other hotspots: a spirit of not necessarily relying on institutions, seeking out alternative income sources, and leveraging networks. How public agencies can better harness that energy and entrepreneurialism could be a focus for ongoing strategy. There does seem to be a lower level of arts and culture funding going into the Sunshine Coast from governments than its population base and cultural and creative energy might suggest. Federal and state arts funding programs are under-delivering to the Sunshine Coast.
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2

Chauvin, Juan Pablo. Why Does COVID-19 Affect Some Cities More than Others?: Evidence from the First Year of the Pandemic in Brazil. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003458.

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This paper investigates what explains the variation in impacts of COVID-19 across Brazilian cities. I assemble data from over 2,500 cities on COVID-19 cases and deaths, population mobility, and local policy responses. I study how these outcomes correlate with pre-pandemic local characteristics, drawing comparisons with existing US estimates when possible. As in the United States, the connections between city characteristics and outcomes in Brazil can evolve over time, with some early correlations fading as the pandemic entered a second wave. Population density is associated with greater local impact of the disease in both countries. However, in contrast to the United States, the pandemic in Brazil took a greater toll in cities with higher income levels consistent with the fact that higher incomes correlate with greater mobility in Brazil. Socioeconomic vulnerabilities, such as the presence of slums and high residential crowding, correlate with higher death rates per capita. Cities with such vulnerabilities in Brazil suffered higher COVID-19 death rates despite their residents' greater propensity to stay home. Policy responses do not appear to drive these connections.
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3

Chamon, Marcos, and Michael Kremer. Economic Transformation, Population Growth and the Long-Run World Income Distribution. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12038.

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4

McGinnis, Wendy J., and Harriet H. Christensen. The Interior Columbia River Basin: patterns of population, employment, and income change. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-358.

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5

Torre, Roberta, and Mikko Myrskylä. Income inequality and population health: a panel data analysis on 21 developed countries. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, February 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2011-006.

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6

Moffitt, Robert, and David Ribar. Child Age and Gender Differences in Food Security in a Low-Income Inner-City Population. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22988.

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Hood, Andrew, Katy Heald, James Browne, and Carl Emmerson. Modelling work, health, care and income in the older population. The IFS retirement simulator (RetSim). Institute for Fiscal Studies, June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.ifs.2014.1412.

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Spitzer, Sonja, Vanessa di Lego, Angela Greulich, and Raya Muttarak. A demographic perspective on human wellbeing: Concepts, measurement and population heterogeneity. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2021.int01.

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Анотація:
This introduction to the 2021 special issue of the Vienna Yearbook of Population Research explores demographic perspectives on human wellbeing across time and space. While the idea of relating demographic parameters to wellbeing has been around for a while, a more concrete research agenda on this topic has only recently gained momentum. Reviewing the research presented in this volume, we show how existing theoretical concepts and methodological tools in demography can be used to make substantial advances in the study of wellbeing. We also touch upon the many challenges researchers face in defining and measuring wellbeing, with the most important debate being about whether the focus should be on objective or subjective measures. The studies discussed here define wellbeing as health and mortality; as income, education or other resources; as happiness or life satisfaction; or as a combination thereof. They cover wellbeing in historical and contemporary populations in high- and low-income countries, and also point out important barriers to research on wellbeing, including the lack of good quality data in many regions. Finally, we highlight the value of considering population heterogeneities when studying wellbeing in order to identify population subgroups who are likely to fall behind, which can have important policy implications.
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Heald, Katy, Andrew Hood, and Carl Emmerson. The changing face of retirement: future patterns of work, health, care and income among the older population. Institute for Fiscal Studies, June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/re.ifs.2014.0095.

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10

Burkhauser, Richard, Shuaizhang Feng, Stephen Jenkins, and Jeff Larrimore. Estimating Trends in US Income Inequality Using the Current Population Survey: The Importance of Controlling for Censoring. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14247.

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