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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Pollution events"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 вересня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Pollution events"

Scholz, Joachim. "Bryozoan response to "pollution events"." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 1991, no. 9 (September 1, 1991): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/1991/1991/543.

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Joy, Subhashni D. Singh. "AIR POLLUTION AND CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 107, no. 7 (July 2007): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.naj.0000279252.98293.14.

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Balades, J. D., M. Cathelain, P. Marchandise, J. Peybernard, and J. C. Pilloy. "Chronic Pollution of Intercity Motorway Runoff Waters." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 6-7 (June 1, 1985): 1165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0211.

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From 1980 to 1982, two investigations of the chronic pollution of roadway runoff water were carried out in areas having different pluviometric characteristics. The runoff from two hundred pluviometric events was characterized using highly rigorous methodologies, with a view to estimating the annual pollution load. The annual loads were determined; they show that the official instructions hither-to followed were rather pessimistic. On the other hand, greater vigilance is required as regards the loads that may be contributed by an isolated event, but it is not possible to characterize the parameters that will give rise to such an event. A few rain events can introduce into the environment, in a short time, as much as 30% of the annual pollution load of motorway runoff waters.

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Schreiber, J. D., S. Smith, and C. M. Cooper. "The occurrence, distribution, and remediation of transient pollution events in agricultural and silvicultural environments." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0034.

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Transient pollution events occur in runoff from both agricultural and silvicultural environments. In agricultural runoff, transient pollution events may be associated with sediment, nutrients, and pesticides. Depending upon hydrological conditions, these events may be responsible for most of the yearly yield of sediment, nutrients, and pesticides, and may have a profound effect on the ecological health of streams and reservoirs, limiting seasonal primary productivity, changing the balance of functional groups, and altering reproductive cycles. Transient pollution events are most noticeable in surface runoff, but are also observable in shallow ground water. Such occurrences in both runoff and shallow ground water may be associated with natural seasonal events including the fall leaching of crop residues, or with cultural activities including the application of fertilizers and pesticides. In either case, rainfall distribution and intensity become important factors in the magnitude of the transient pollution event. Best management practices (BMPs) must be designed to remediate transient pollution in agricultural storm events. Not only must total storm agrichemical loading to aquatic ecosystems be reduced, but also the transient agrichemical concentration peaks occurring within the storm hydrograph.

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Zhou, Song-mei, Qi-hong Deng, and Wei-wei Liu. "Extreme air pollution events: Modeling and prediction." Journal of Central South University 19, no. 6 (June 2012): 1668–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-012-1191-2.

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Kou, Xian Juan, and Ke Yin Shen. "Study on the Ecological Environmental Problems of the Big Sport Events in China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 675-677 (October 2014): 1044–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.675-677.1044.

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This paper invest environmental science and practice of the Beijing Olympics through literature research, expert interviews, case studies and fields surveys and other methods, while referring to other environmental protection of major sports events, study environment questions in major sports events, and explore patterns of major sports events environmental protection. We suggest that hosting major sports events will bring ecological and environmental problems of air pollution, water pollution, and other pollution. We need to establish the concept of sustainable development of protecting environment and maintaining ecological balance in the process of organizing large-scale sporting event, and after the game .At the same time, to develop environmental events planning, implementation, monitoring mechanisms, rational planning of venue construction, improve the utilization of the venue after the game. We should make full use of environmentally friendly energy-saving technology, strengthen the host city for environmental pollution control.

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Masseran, Nurulkamal, and Muhammad Aslam Mohd Safari. "Mixed POT-BM Approach for Modeling Unhealthy Air Pollution Events." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 23, 2021): 6754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136754.

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This article proposes a novel data selection technique called the mixed peak-over-threshold–block-maxima (POT-BM) approach for modeling unhealthy air pollution events. The POT technique is employed to obtain a group of blocks containing data points satisfying extreme-event criteria that are greater than a particular threshold u. The selected groups are defined as POT blocks. In parallel with that, a declustering technique is used to overcome the problem of dependency behaviors that occurs among adjacent POT blocks. Finally, the BM concept is integrated to determine the maximum data points for each POT block. Results show that the extreme data points determined by the mixed POT-BM approach satisfy the independent properties of extreme events, with satisfactory fitted model precision results. Overall, this study concludes that the mixed POT-BM approach provides a balanced tradeoff between bias and variance in the statistical modeling of extreme-value events. A case study was conducted by modeling an extreme event based on unhealthy air pollution events with a threshold u > 100 in Klang, Malaysia.

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Äijälä, Mikko, Liine Heikkinen, Roman Fröhlich, Francesco Canonaco, André S. H. Prévôt, Heikki Junninen, Tuukka Petäjä, Markku Kulmala, Douglas Worsnop, and Mikael Ehn. "Resolving anthropogenic aerosol pollution types – deconvolution and exploratory classification of pollution events." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 4 (March 1, 2017): 3165–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3165-2017.

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Abstract. Mass spectrometric measurements commonly yield data on hundreds of variables over thousands of points in time. Refining and synthesizing this raw data into chemical information necessitates the use of advanced, statistics-based data analytical techniques. In the field of analytical aerosol chemistry, statistical, dimensionality reductive methods have become widespread in the last decade, yet comparable advanced chemometric techniques for data classification and identification remain marginal. Here we present an example of combining data dimensionality reduction (factorization) with exploratory classification (clustering), and show that the results cannot only reproduce and corroborate earlier findings, but also complement and broaden our current perspectives on aerosol chemical classification. We find that applying positive matrix factorization to extract spectral characteristics of the organic component of air pollution plumes, together with an unsupervised clustering algorithm, k-means+ + , for classification, reproduces classical organic aerosol speciation schemes. Applying appropriately chosen metrics for spectral dissimilarity along with optimized data weighting, the source-specific pollution characteristics can be statistically resolved even for spectrally very similar aerosol types, such as different combustion-related anthropogenic aerosol species and atmospheric aerosols with similar degree of oxidation. In addition to the typical oxidation level and source-driven aerosol classification, we were also able to classify and characterize outlier groups that would likely be disregarded in a more conventional analysis. Evaluating solution quality for the classification also provides means to assess the performance of mass spectral similarity metrics and optimize weighting for mass spectral variables. This facilitates algorithm-based evaluation of aerosol spectra, which may prove invaluable for future development of automatic methods for spectra identification and classification. Robust, statistics-based results and data visualizations also provide important clues to a human analyst on the existence and chemical interpretation of data structures. Applying these methods to a test set of data, aerosol mass spectrometric data of organic aerosol from a boreal forest site, yielded five to seven different recurring pollution types from various sources, including traffic, cooking, biomass burning and nearby sawmills. Additionally, three distinct, minor pollution types were discovered and identified as amine-dominated aerosols.

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Zhang, Henian, Yuhang Wang, Tae-Won Park, and Yi Deng. "Quantifying the relationship between extreme air pollution events and extreme weather events." Atmospheric Research 188 (May 2017): 64–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.11.010.

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Nichitiu, F., J. R. Drummond, J. Kar, and J. Zou. "An extreme CO pollution event over Indonesia measured by the MOPITT instrument." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 1 (January 14, 2009): 1211–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-1211-2009.

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Abstract. In the fall of 2006, the Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument on the Terra satellite observed an extremely high Carbon monoxide (CO) concentration over Indonesia. This extreme event was caused by huge fire activity during the 2006 El Nino event. From our comparison with other high CO pollution events over Indonesia during similar and moderate El Nino events, we conclude that the 2006 fire activity, which caused large-scale pollution in this region, was probably amplified by an increase in frequency and/or intensity of lightning activity in a feedback mechanism. We also observed that after the fire episodes in El Nino years, the "lightning rate" was less than during the fire episode but displayed an increasing trend across the three events observed that might have been be caused by interactions with fire smoke plumes.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Pollution events"

Xu, Shutian. "Ambient Air Pollution in Beijing: Short-term Policy for Political Events." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2044.

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This research uses air pollution data, information about the locations of the air quality monitoring stations, and political events data from 2016 to 2017 to investigate the possible existence and characteristics of China’s routine short-term environmental policies aimed for ambient air quality. The results of multiple difference-in-difference suggest that air quality in the urban area, where ambient air pollution levels are usually higher due to population density, is lower on diplomatic events dates, while there is limited evidence that air quality is better in the urban area on domestic events dates. Therefore, this research reveals that there are short-term policies taking place on diplomatic events dates.

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Ngagine, Soulemane Halif. "Chemical heterogeneity of atmospheric particles in urbanized and industrialized environments during pollution events." Thesis, Littoral, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022DUNK0617.

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Ce travail de thèse vise à améliorer notre connaissance des sources proches et lointaines contrôlant le dépassement des seuils réglementaires de qualité de l’air, tels qu’ils peuvent être appréciés par les réseaux de mesure existants, sur le site fortement industrialisé et urbain du Grand Dunkerque. Il s’agit notamment de s’appuyer sur le calcul d’un indice d’état de mélange des particules, prenant en compte l’hétérogénéité de leur composition élémentaire, celle-ci étant liée à leur temps de séjour dans l’air et à la distance entre les sources et le site récepteur étudié. Pour répondre à cette problématique, il a fallu dans un premier temps développer un impacteur séquentiel de particules à haute résolution temporelle, nommé TRAPS, qui répondait au besoin de suivre les changements rapides observés au sein des particules atmosphériques lors d’épisodes de pollution. Couplé à un granulomètre et après analyse individuelle des particules prélevées par microscopie électronique (MEB-EDX), le TRAPS permet de rendre compte de l’évolution physico-chimique des particules atmosphériques au cours du temps. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, des expériences menées en laboratoire et une campagne de terrain ont permis de valider notre prototype, de rendre compte de la dynamique de dépôt des particules sur les zones d’impaction et de vérifier les diamètres de coupure des étages grossier et fin du TRAPS, déterminés respectivement à 1.32µm et 0.13µm. Une étude statistique des épisodes de pollution aux PM₁₀ survenus sur le grand dunkerquois a ensuite été réalisée sur 3 ans, entre 2018 et 2020. Elle nous a permis d’identifier 12 principaux types d’épisodes sur la base de leur étendue spatiale, mais aussi des conditions locales de dispersion des polluants. On a pu ainsi identifier des épisodes locaux et des épisodes régionaux observés, soit en conditions atmosphériques stationnaires ou au contraire en conditions de dispersion des pollutions à plus grande échelle. Alors que 78 % des jours de dépassement du seuil réglementaire des PM₁₀ correspondent à des épisodes locaux, les 22.4% restant correspondent à des panaches de pollution d’étendue au moins régionale, avec une proportion égale des jours de dépassements en condition de dispersion et en conditions stationnaires. Hormis les épisodes très localisés, une étude fine de la variabilité temporelle des concentrations en particules fines (PM₂.₅) montre la présence systématique d'une période d'accumulation progressive des polluants, pouvant atteindre une dizaine d'heures et caractérisée par une contribution importante de ces particules. La dernière partie de ce travail a consisté en l'étude de la composition et l'état de mélange des particules individuelles collectées lors d'évènements de pollution sur la zone du Grand Dunkerque en 2021. La campagne a permis l'échantillonnage et la caractérisation de 5 épisodes de pollution durant lesquels le TRAPS était déployé en parallèle d'autres instruments fournissant des informations complémentaires sur la granulométrie des aérosols, la météorologie ou la dynamique atmosphérique. Près de 28000 particules individuelles ont été caractérisées par MEB-EDX. Avec plus de 90% des échantillons associés à des valeurs de l'indice d'état de mélange chimique supérieures à 0.5, il est possible d'affirmer que les particules collectées sur la zone du Grand Dunkerque, durant ces épisodes de pollution, sont, en général, de composition très hétérogène à l'échelle de la particule individuelle (particules dites "en mélange interne"). Les résultats obtenus montrent en outre une influence de l'origine, locale ou transportée, des particules sur leur composition chimique et par là même sur l'indice d'état de mélange chimique de la population de particules échantillonnées. Une évolution croissante de l'indice d'état de mélange avec le temps de résidence des particules dans l'atmosphère lors de ces évènements est notamment observée
This thesis aims at improving our knowledge of the near and distant sources controlling the exceedance of the regulatory thresholds of air quality, as detected by the air quality monitoring networks, at the strongly industrialized and urban site of Great Dunkirk Area (GDA). This appreciation is notably based on the calculation of a mixing state index of the particles, taking into account the heterogeneity of their elementary composition, this one being related to their residence time in the atmosphere and the distance between the sources and the studied receptor site. To do that, it was firstly necessary to develop a time resolved cascade impactor with high temporal resolution, named "TRAPS", which answered the need to follow the rapid changes observed within the atmospheric particles during pollution episodes. Coupled with a particle size analyser and after individual analysis of the collected particles by electron microscopy (SEM-EDX), TRAPS allows to report the physicochemical evolution of atmospheric particles over time. In the first part of this thesis, laboratory experiments and a field campaign allowed to validate our prototype, to report the dynamics of particle deposition on the impaction stages and to verify the cut-off diameters of the coarse and fine stages of TRAPS, determined respectively at 1.32µm and 0.13µm. A statistical study of PM₁₀ pollution episodes occuring over the GDA was then carried out over 3 years, between 2018 and 2020. It allowed us to identify 12 main types of episodes based on their spatial extent, but also on the local conditions of pollutant dispersion. We were able to identify local episodes and regional episodes observed, either in stationary or dispersive atmospheric conditions. While 78% of the PM₁₀ exceedance days correspond to local episodes, the remaining 22% correspond to pollution plumes with at least a regional extent, with an equal proportion of exceedance days in dispersion and stationary conditions. Except for very localized episodes, a detailed study of these pollutions episodes shows the systematic presence of a period of pollutant accumulation, of about 10 hours, characterized by an important contribution of fine particles (PM₂.₅) except for episodes of limited spatial coverage. The last part of this work consisted in the study of the composition and mixing state of the individual particles collected during pollution events in the GDA in 2021. The campaign allowed the sampling and characterization of 5 pollution episodes, during which TRAPS was deployed in parallel with other instruments providing complementary information on aerosol granulometry, or atmospheric dynamics. Nearly 28000 individual particles were characterized by SEM-EDX. With more than 90% of the samples associated with values of the mixing state index higher than 0.5, it can be said that the particles collected in the GDA during pollution episodes are in general of very heterogeneous composition at the particle scale (internal mixing). Nevertheless, the results show an influence of the local or transported origin of the particles on their chemical composition, but also on the mixing state index. An increasing evolution of this index with the particles residence time during these events is observed

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Rawson, Charles E. "A probabilistic evaluation of tank ship damage in grounding events." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29042.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering; and, (M.S.)--Joint Program in Marine Environmental Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1998.
Includes bibliographic references (p. 79).
by Charles E. Rawson.
M.S.

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St, John James C. "An investigation of meteorological, regional, urban, and point source influences on ozone events in the Southeastern United States." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30884.

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Gauchard, Pierre-Alexis. "Étude d'un processus singulier d'oxydation du mercure atmosphérique en zone polaire : les « Atmospheric Mercury Depletion Events »." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009980.

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Le mercure est un composé toxique. En zone polaire, au printemps, une chimie extrêmement particulière est à l'origine, après oxydation, de son dépôt en surface du manteau neigeux. Ces phénomènes appelés « Atmospheric Mercury Depletion Events » (AMDEs) ou « pluies de mercure » sont à la base d'une contamination encore mal renseignée des écosystèmes polaires. Lors de campagnes de terrain en Arctique, nous avons observé sept AMDEs, et avons étudié les paramètres physico-chimiques susceptibles de gouverner l'apparition de ces événements. Le rôle des basses températures et l'implication des nuages glacés parmi les surfaces gelées actives sont évoqués. L'impact de ces AMDEs en terme de teneurs en mercure dans la neige de surface a également été examiné. Les dépôts résultant de ces phénomènes n'aboutissent pas forcément à une contamination marquée de la neige de surface, et nos connaissances sont aujourd'hui trop limitées pour pouvoir quantifier l'apport toxique des AMDEs sur l'Arctique.

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Chan, Yuen-man, and 陳苑雯. "Field and laboratory studies of E. coli decay rate at a coastal beach with reference to storm events." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4598864X.

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Hoar, Cara Chowning. "Fish response to discharge events from a power plant cooling reservoir in a river affected by acid mine drainage and thermal influences." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4204.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 70 p. : ill., maps. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

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Allen, Deonie. "Beyond the design event : sediment pollution movement in SuDS." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/3298.

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Sustainable urban Drainage Systems (SuDS) present a ‘blue-green’ method of urban stormwater management that is increasingly implemented in the UK and worldwide. SuDS mimic natural vegetated flow paths and are designed to manage the increase in stormwater quantity and degradation of stormwater quality resulting from development (urbanisation). They have been widely implemented across the UK over the last 15 years, to aid compliance with the EU Water Framework Directive (2000) standards for river water quality. Given the increasing maturity of UK SuDS, there is growing concern over the long-term performance efficiencies of these assets/networks, particularly the variability of treatment efficiency over multiple flow events. Providing the field monitoring evidence base to address this concern forms the aim of the present thesis. Emphasis is placed upon understanding SuDS asset/network sediment detention efficiency, as the majority of urban pollution is adsorbed to sediment material rather than transported and treated as solute. A novel tracer method is, therefore, developed and employed to identify and quantify sediment processes for mature UK case study SuDS. SuDS design manuals (CIRIA 2015, Water by Design 2006, USEPA 2009) present expected or reported sediment detention and pollution mitigation levels for specific SuDS assets. For example, the expected Total Suspended Solids (TSS) removal for a swale has been defined as 90% in the WSUD (Water Sensitive Urban Design) technical manual (Leisenring et al. 2013). Yet, these treatment efficiencies are based on a single ‘design’ rainfall-runoff event through the system; hence, fail to consider the sensitivity of SuDS performance to non-design and multiple repeat events over the long term design life of the SuDS asset. As natural variability in rainfall affects pollutant washoff, shear stress for entrainment, conveyance, deposition, loss of treatment capacity etc., the research presented in the present thesis intensively monitored four established UK SuDS networks for 6-12 month timeframes. Bulk sampling data highlight that TSS treatment is highly variable, ranging from highly effective (>80%) to inefficient (< 20%). Similar variability is found in sediment deposition rates (on average: 0.4-1.1 kg/m2/yr), providing insight on temporal and asset dependency of fine sediment detention, including related treatment efficiency and long term loss of capacity. Wetlands illustrate the most effective (mass) sediment detention per area (>1kg/m2) while the swales detain the least (< 0.8kg/m2). To advance the volumetric data noted above, source-sink routing of diffuse fine sediment pollution required development of tracer methodology appropriate to use in SuDS. This dictated use of Rare Earth Oxides (REO) as fine sediment tags; although their use in an urban environment is new, it provides long term trace and experimental replicability results without loss of provenance, signature degradation or loss of tag material. Thus, unique time-stamped and source-specific identifiers have been used monitor their movement into and through each SuDS over a 6-12 month period. Use of REO tagged sediment data permits mass balance analysis of fine sediment through the monitored SuDS assets and networks. Data clearly illustrate that sediment is not fully detained (as assumed in SuDS design); rather, sediment is re-entrained and re-deposited multiple times over multiple flow events. Residence time of sediment within a full SuDS network is found to be as short as 12 weeks, raising concern over treatment capability. Reviewing this at finer asset-based resolution, detention efficiency and conveyance rates appear unique to each asset. Generally linear wetland and swale assets demonstrate the greatest (tagged) sediment detention efficiency (>70%) while (the monitored) wetland assets decline to below 50% efficiency over the first 12 months and ponds demonstrated negligible sediment detention efficiency (< 10%). As 80% of urban pollution is conveyed adsorbed to fine sediment, the sediment conveyance pattern through SuDS assets has been analysed to define the pollutant concentration levels and trends of detained sediment. Pollutant levels show no consistent trend across SuDS assets. Results illustrate that sediment pollutant contamination shows an influence from particle size distribution and mass deposition as well as asset design. Analysis shows the most numerous significantly elevated sediment pollutant concentrations within the linear wetland, with Fe, Ba, Cr, Cu, Zn, K and P demonstrating average concentrations above contaminated land thresholds. Enrichment and geoaccumulation indexing of pollutants illustrates Fe, Zn, Cr, Ba, Cu and P to be pollutants of concern, with Fe, Pb, Ni, Cr, Mn, Zn, Ba, Cu, Ni and P identified as hotspot pollutants in one or multiple SuDS assets. Cross-correlation of rainfall and flow characteristics with asset/network detention efficiencies were used to define key drivers of multi-event sediment conveyance. Outcomes highlight three variables of strong influence: the number of rainfall and flow occurrences; the antecedent dry days; rainfall clustering characteristics. Weaker correlations are found with flow characteristics (number of flow events, depth and velocity – leading to Fr and Re values) and modal particle size. These influential forcings have then been considered with respect to a selected standard SuDS pollution treatment process (MUSIC k-C*) to identify the compatibility for multiple rainfallrunoff event SuDS fine sediment and pollutant simulation. The research provides multiple event SuDS stormwater treatment efficiencies that can inform improved SuDS design and maintenance planning by engineering consultants, Local Authorities, environmental regulators and SuDS asset managers.

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Baron, Alexandre. "Lidar Raman météorologique dédié à l’étude des cycles couplés des aérosols et de la vapeur d’eau." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASJ004.

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Les cycles couplés des aérosols, de la vapeur d’eau et des nuages sont à l’heure actuelle un domaine de recherche dynamique au cœur d’enjeux climatiques et météorologiques. Une meilleure compréhension des interactions entre ces différents cycles atmosphériques doit permettre de mieux appréhender les processus conduisant à des évènements météorologiques extrêmes et également de diminuer les incertitudes des projections climatiques, en grande partie liées aux interactions aérosols – nuages. Contribuant à ces efforts, les travaux présentés dans cette thèse sont fondés sur l'analyse d'observations expérimentales de terrain autour d’un instrument de télédétection émergent. Il s’agit d’un lidar Raman météorologique transportable capable de mesurer simultanément la température thermodynamique, le contenu en vapeur d'eau et les propriétés optiques des aérosols, dans la colonne atmosphérique. Cet instrument, développé au LSCE et nommé WALI, permet des observations continues dans la basse et moyenne troposphère avec une précision et des résolutions verticale et temporelle en adéquation avec les objectifs de ruptures énoncés par l’OMM. En premier lieu, le bilan de liaison de la chaîne d’acquisition de la température basée sur la spectroscopie Raman rotationnelle, nouvellement implémentée sur le lidar, a été obtenu à l’aide d’une modélisation directe – inverse. Les premières mesures de température par lidar, conduites durant une période très contrastée en température marquée par l’occurrence d’une vague de froid, ont permis une comparaison avec les sorties de modèles de prévisions météorologiques à méso-échelle (AROME/Météo-France) et globale (ERA5/ECMWF) et l'instrument IASI embarqué sur les satellites de la série METOP. Lors d’une configuration météorologique hivernale analogue ayant induit des épisodes de pollution majeurs en Île-de-France, un suivi des propriétés optiques des aérosols a été effectué. Enfin, une campagne de mesure multi-instruments incluant un volet aéroporté a été conduite aux abords du lac d’Annecy, avec une stratégie originale couplant la télédétection et l'observation in situ. Elle a permis une analyse préliminaire du cycle de l'eau dans un environnement montagneux complexe, incluant les liens entre la vapeur d'eau atmosphérique, les nuages, les aérosols et le lac. Le lidar Raman météorologique s’avère être un outil idoine pour étudier ces processus
The coupled cycles of aerosols, water vapor and clouds are currently a dynamic field of research at the heart of climate and weather challenges. A better understanding of the interactions between these atmospheric cycles should allow to perceive the processes leading to extreme weather events and to reduce the uncertainties of climate projections, largely related to aerosol-cloud interactions. In line with these efforts, the work presented in this thesis are based on the analysis of experimental field observations, around a new tool for remote sensing. It is a transportable meteorological Raman lidar capable of simultaneous measurements of the thermodynamic temperature, water vapor content and optical properties of aerosols in the atmosphere. This instrument, developed at LSCE and called WALI, allows continuous observations in the lower and middle troposphere with a precision, and vertical and temporal resolutions in line with the breakthrough requirements set by the WMO. Firstly, the link budget of the temperature acquisition channel based on rotational Raman spectroscopy, newly implemented on the lidar, has been obtained using direct - inverse modeling. The first temperature measurements by lidar, carried out during a very contrasted period in terms of temperature marked by the occurrence of a cold spell, allowed a comparison with the outputs of mesoscale (AROME/Météo-France) and global (ERA5/ECMWF) weather prediction models and the IASI instrument onboard the METOP series satellites. During a similar winter meteorological configuration that induced major pollution events in Île-de-France, the optical properties of aerosols were monitored. Finally, a multi-instrument measurement campaign, involving aircrafts, was carried out on the shores of the Annecy lake, with an original strategy coupling remote sensing and in situ observations. They allowed preliminary analyses of the water cycle in a complex mountainous environment, including the links between atmospheric water vapor, clouds, aerosols and the lake. A meteorological Raman Lidar turns out to be a suitable tool to study these processes

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Pham, Quang Khoai. "Estimation non paramétrique adaptative dans la théorie des valeurs extrêmes : application en environnement." Thesis, Lorient, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORIS361/document.

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L'objectif de cette thèse est de développer des méthodes statistiques basées sur la théorie des valeurs extrêmes pour estimer des probabilités d'évènements rares et des quantiles extrêmes conditionnelles. Nous considérons une suite de variables aléatoires indépendantes X_{t_1}$, $X_{t_2}$,...$,$X_{t_n}$ associées aux temps $0≤t_{1}< …
The objective of this PhD thesis is to develop statistical methods based on the theory of extreme values to estimate the probabilities of rare events and conditional extreme quantiles. We consider independent random variables $X_{t_1},…,X_{t_n}$ associated to a sequence of times $0 ≤t_1 <… < t_n ≤ T_{\max}$ where $X_{t_i}$ has distribution function $F_{t_i}$ and $F_t$ is the conditional distribution of $X$ given $T = t \in [0,T_{\max}]$. For each $ t \in [0, T {\max}]$, we propose a nonparametric adaptive estimator for extreme quantiles of $F_t$. The idea of our approach is to adjust the tail of the distribution function $F_t$ with a Pareto distribution of parameter $\theta {t,\tau}$ starting from a threshold $\tau$. The parameter $\theta {t,\tau}$ is estimated using a nonparametric kernel estimator of bandwidth $h$ based on the observations larger than $\tau$. We propose a sequence testing based procedure for the choice of the threshold $\tau$ and we determine the bandwidth $h$ by two methods: cross validation and an adaptive procedure. Under some regularity assumptions, we prove that the adaptive estimator of $\theta {t, \tau}$ is consistent and we determine its rate of convergence. We also propose a method to choose simultaneously the threshold $\tau$ and the bandwidth $h$. Finally, we study the proposed procedures by simulation and on real data set to contribute to the survey of aquatic systems

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Книги з теми "Pollution events"

Pfeffer, M. Analysis of air mass trajectories associated with rain events at Deep Creek Lake, Maryland 1981-1982. Columbia, Md: Martin Marietta Environmental Systems, 1985.

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Wilkinson, Dean M. National contingency plan for response to unusual marine mammal mortality events. Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, [Office of Protected Resources], 1996.

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Byrd, Lee Ann B. Guideline on the identification and handling of ambient air quality data affected by special events or special conditions. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, 1994.

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Lakes, United States Congress House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries Subcommittee on Oceanography and the Great. Rhode Island oil spill: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceanography and the Great Lakes of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, one hundred first Congress, first session on events leading up to June 23, 1989 oil spill of the Greek-flagged tanker, World Prodigy, off the coast of Rhode Island at Brenton Reef. Washington: U.S. GPO, 1989.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Subcommittee on Oceanography and the Great Lakes. Rhode Island oil spill: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceanography and the Great Lakes of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session, on events leading up to the June 23, 1989 oil spill of the Greek-flagged tanker, World Prodigy, off the coast of Rhode Island at Brenton Reef, July 5, 1989--Newport, Rhode Island. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Subcommittee on Oceanography and the Great Lakes. Rhode Island oil spill: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceanography and the Great Lakes of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session, on events leading up the the June 23, 1989 oil spill of the Greek-flagged tanker, World Prodigy, off the coast of Rhode Island at Brenton Reef, July 5, 1989--Newport, Rhode Island. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Subcommittee on Oceanography and the Great Lakes. Rhode Island oil spill: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceanography and the Great Lakes of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session, on events leading up the the June 23, 1989 oil spill of the Greek-flagged tanker, World Prodigy, off the coast of Rhode Island at Brenton Reef, July 5, 1989--Newport, Rhode Island. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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Office, General Accounting. Nuclear health and safety: Radiation events at DOE's Idaho National Engineering Laboratory : fact sheet for the chairman, Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate. [Washington, D.C.]: GAO, 1992.

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Fagin, Dan. Toxic deception: How the chemical industry manipulates science, bends the law, and endangers your health. Monroe, Me: Common courage press, 1999.

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Zijlstra, J. J., and P. de Wolf. "Natural Events." In Pollution of the North Sea, 164–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73709-1_10.

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Zhang, Renyi, Pengfei Tian, Yemeng Ji, Yun Lin, Jianfei Peng, Bowen Pan, Yuan Wang, et al. "Overview of Persistent Haze Events in China." In Air Pollution in Eastern Asia: An Integrated Perspective, 3–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59489-7_1.

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Wang, Lili, and Yuesi Wang. "Chemical Composition During Severe Haze Events in Northern China." In Air Pollution in Eastern Asia: An Integrated Perspective, 245–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59489-7_11.

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Chamorro, Verónica, Richard Rivera, José Varela-Aldás, David Castillo-Salazar, Carlos Borja-Galeas, Cesar Guevara, Hugo Arias-Flores, Washington Fierro-Saltos, Jairo Hidalgo-Guijarro, and Marco Yandún-Velasteguí. "Twitter Mining for Multiclass Classification Events of Traffic and Pollution." In Human Systems Engineering and Design II, 1030–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27928-8_153.

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Graf, Jutta, Hans Schlager, and Monika Krautstrunk. "Experimental and Numerical Study of High Ozone Events in the Alpine-Region." In Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application X, 3–8. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1817-4_1.

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Gao, Meng, Gregory R. Carmichael, Yuesi Wang, Pablo E. Saide, Zirui Liu, Jinyuan Xin, Yunpeng Shan, and Zifa Wang. "Chemical and Meteorological Feedbacks in the Formation of Intense Haze Events." In Air Pollution in Eastern Asia: An Integrated Perspective, 437–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59489-7_21.

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Poulet, D., and S. Cautenet. "Redistribution of Carbon Monoxide in Central Africa During Biomass Burning Events (Expresso Experiment)." In Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application XIII, 75–83. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4153-0_8.

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Schiermeier, Francis A., Thomas F. Lavery, and Donald C. DiCristofaro. "Meteorological Events that Produced the Highest Ground-Level Concentrations During Complex Terrain/Field Experiments." In Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application V, 99–111. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9125-9_7.

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Roussel, Isabelle. "Extreme Weather Events and Air Pollution Peaks in the Light of Climate Change: The Limits of the Notion of Risk." In Extreme Weather Events and Human Health, 59–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23773-8_5.

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Huang, Ru-Jin, Junji Cao, and Douglas R. Worsnop. "Sources and Chemical Composition of Particulate Matter During Haze Pollution Events in China." In Air Pollution in Eastern Asia: An Integrated Perspective, 49–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59489-7_3.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Pollution events"

Ture, K., and G. Mengistu Tsidu. "Ozone pollution during stratosphere-troposphere exchange events over equatorial Africa." In AIR POLLUTION 2011. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air110381.

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FERNÁNDEZ-GONZALVO, MIRIAM, CARMEN HERNÁNDEZ-CRESPO, MIGUEL MARTÍN, and IGNACIO ANDRÉS-DOMENECH. "INFLUENCE OF POLLUTION BUILD-UP AND PAVEMENT CROSS-SECTION ON PERMEABLE PAVEMENTS UNDER EXTREME RAINFALL EVENTS." In WATER POLLUTION 2020. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wp200141.

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Baraza, Teresa, and Elizabeth Hasenmueller. "MICROPLASTIC POLLUTION INTRUDES CARBONATE CRITICAL ZONES DURING FLOOD EVENTS." In GSA Connects 2021 in Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-368390.

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Astrid Calizaya Torre, Karina. "Plastic Pollution in the Marine Coastal Zone of Peru." In The 3rd Global Virtual Conference of the Youth Environmental Alliance in Higher Education. Michigan Technological University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.yeah-conference/april2021/all-events/23.

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Testa, A., and R. Langella. "Harmonic Pollution in Italian Distribution Networks in Coincidence with Important Sport Events." In 2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pes.2007.386138.

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Song, Gao, Liu Yang, Sun Enwei, and Bi Xiaotian. "The meteorological and environmental conditions for pollution flashover events in Eastern China." In 2018 International Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/powercon.2018.8602261.

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Sumei Zhang, Zongming Wang, Bai Zhang, Kaishan Song, Dianwei Liu, and Chunying Ren. "Characteristics of nonpoint source pollution from an agricultural watershed during rainfall events." In 2010 International Conference on Mechanic Automation and Control Engineering (MACE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mace.2010.5536445.

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Kvitrud, Arne. "Learning From Dynamic Positioning Events." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-96710.

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Abstract Sixteen loss of position incidents on fourteen units are reported to us from the petroleum activity on the Norwegian continental shelf, from 2014 to 2018. The incidents had a mixture of severity, with pollution of 360m3 mud, damage to drilling and production equipment, falling objects and three autolifts of bridges as the most severe consequences. The incidents are described briefly and the most common causes of the events are found. The cases are discussed in view of several approaches. The barrier concept, and modifications of previous established barrier functions and barrier elements are discussed. I discuss the man-technology-organisation examinations in the investigations. Further the application of the single failure analysis philosophy is reviewed, and I discuss limitations to the method based on our cases. Our cases are compared with previous learning from incidents on shuttle tankers. A discussion is done on the slow reactions to changes in the weather conditions. In the last section I discuss needs for improvement.

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BĂTINAŞ, Răzvan, Melania CORLECIUC, Irina-Liliana IONIȚĂ, and Bogdan George PITICARI. "Multi-Criterial Analysis of Environmental Accidental Pollution Events in Romania Between 2019-2021." In Air and Water – Components of the Environment 2022 Conference Proceedings. Casa Cărţii de Ştiinţă, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/awc2022_15.

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The study is focused on the assessment of so-called “environment incidents” using the database generated through National Environmental Protection Agency. The result will emphasize the typology of the events by the nature of the affected environmental factor (air, water, soil), the spatial distribution on counties and regional level and also temporal occurrence. Most events are associated with water environment, followed by those affecting the soil and the air. Using the pollutant nature evaluation, we have noticed that the most common substances/process responsible for affecting the environmental factors were: hydrocarbons, fires with different origin and involved materials and wastewaters evacuations.

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Song, Gao, Zhou zhicheng, Tang Zhiwei, and Bi Xiaotian. "Variation of aerosol particle and its impact on pollution flashover events over Eastern China." In 2018 International Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/powercon.2018.8602190.

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Blackman, Allen, Jorge Bonilla, and Laura Villalobos. Quantifying COVID-19’s Silver Lining: Avoided Deaths from Air Quality Improvements in Bogotá. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003787.

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In cities around the world, Covid-19 lockdowns have improved outdoor air quality, in some cases dramatically. Even if only temporary, these improvements could have longer-lasting effects on policy by making chronic air pollution more salient and boosting political pressure for change. To that end, it is important to develop objective estimates of both the air quality improvements associated with Covid-19 lockdowns and the benefits these improvements generate. We use panel data econometric models to estimate the effect of Bogotás lockdown on fine particulate pollution, epidemiological models to simulate the effect of reductions in that pollution on long-term and short-term mortality, and benefit transfer methods to estimate the monetary value of the avoided mortality. We find that in its first year of implementation, on average, Bogotás lockdown cut fine particulate pollution by more than one-fifth. However, the magnitude of that effect varied considerably over the course of the year and across the citys neighborhoods. Equivalent permanent reductions in fine particulate pollution would reduce long-term premature deaths by more than one-quarter each year, a benefit valued at $670 million per year. Finally, we estimate that in 2020-2021, the lockdown reduced short-term deaths by 31 percent, a benefit valued at $180 million.

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Albright, Jeff, Kim Struthers, Lisa Baril, and Mark Brunson. Natural resource conditions at Valles Caldera National Preserve: Findings & management considerations for selected resources. National Park Service, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293731.

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Valles Caldera National Preserve (VALL) encompasses 35,977 ha (88,900 ac) in the Jemez Mountains of north-central New Mexico and is surrounded by the Santa Fe National Forest, the Pueblo of Santa Clara, and Bandelier National Monument. VALL’s explosive volcanic origin, about 1.23 million years ago, formed the Valles Caldera—a broad, 19- to 24-km (12- to 15-mi) wide circular depression. It is one of the world’s best examples of a young caldera (in geologic time) and serves as the model for understanding caldera resurgence worldwide. A series of resurgent eruptions and magmatic intrusive events followed the original explosion, creating numerous volcanic domes in present day VALL—one of which is Redondo Peak at an elevation of 3,430 m (11,254 ft), which is the second highest peak in the Jemez Mountains. In fact, VALL in its entirety is a high-elevation preserve that hosts a rich assemblage of vegetation, wildlife, and volcanic resources. The National Park Service (NPS) Natural Resource Condition Assessment (NRCA) Program selected VALL to pilot its new NRCA project series. VALL managers and the NRCA Program selected seven focal study resources for condition evaluation. To help us understand what is causing change in resource conditions, we selected a subset of drivers and stressors known or suspected of influencing the preserve’s resources. What is causing change in resource conditions? Mean temperatures during the spring and summer months are increasing, but warming is slower at VALL than for neighboring areas (e.g., Bandelier National Monument). The proportion of precipitation received as snow has declined. From 2000 to 2018, forest pests damaged or killed 75% of the preserve’s forested areas. Only small, forested areas in VALL were affected by forest pests after the 2011 Las Conchas and the 2013 Thompson Ridge fires. The all-sky light pollution model and the sound pressure level model predict the lowest degree of impacts from light and sound to be in the western half of the preserve.

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Brandt, Leslie A., Cait Rottler, Wendy S. Gordon, Stacey L. Clark, Lisa O'Donnell, April Rose, Annamarie Rutledge, and Emily King. Vulnerability of Austin’s urban forest and natural areas: A report from the Urban Forestry Climate Change Response Framework. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northern Forests Climate Hub, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.7204069.ch.

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The trees, developed green spaces, and natural areas within the City of Austin’s 400,882 acres will face direct and indirect impacts from a changing climate over the 21st century. This assessment evaluates the vulnerability of urban trees and natural and developed landscapes within the City Austin to a range of future climates. We synthesized and summarized information on the contemporary landscape, provided information on past climate trends, and illustrated a range of projected future climates. We used this information to inform models of habitat suitability for trees native to the area. Projected shifts in plant hardiness and heat zones were used to understand how less common native species, nonnative species, and cultivars may tolerate future conditions. We also assessed the adaptability of planted and naturally occurring trees to stressors that may not be accounted for in habitat suitability models such as drought, flooding, wind damage, and air pollution. The summary of the contemporary landscape identifies major stressors currently threatening trees and forests in Austin. Major current threats to the region’s urban forest include invasive species, pests and disease, and development. Austin has been warming at a rate of about 0.4°F per decade since measurements began in 1938 and temperature is expected to increase by 5 to 10°F by the end of this century compared to the most recent 30-year average. Both increases in heavy rain events and severe droughts are projected for the future, and the overall balance of precipitation and temperature may shift Austin’s climate to be more similar to the arid Southwest. Species distribution modeling of native trees suggests that suitable habitat may decrease for 14 primarily northern species, and increase for four more southern species. An analysis of tree species vulnerability that combines model projections, shifts in hardiness and heat zones, and adaptive capacity showed that only 3% of the trees estimated to be present in Austin based on the most recent Urban FIA estimate were considered to have low vulnerability in developed areas. Using a panel of local experts, we also assessed the vulnerability of developed and natural areas. All areas were rated as having moderate to moderate-high vulnerability, but the underlying factors driving that vulnerability differed by natural community and between East and West Austin. These projected changes in climate and their associated impacts and vulnerabilities will have important implications for urban forest management, including the planting and maintenance of street and park trees, management of natural areas, and long-term planning.

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Reichmuth, David, Jessica Dunn, and Don Anair. Driving Cleaner: Electric Cars and Pickups Beat Gasoline on Lifetime Global Warming Emissions. Union of Concerned Scientists, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47923/2022.14657.

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Passenger cars and trucks are one of the largest sources of global warming emissions in the US. Electric vehicles (EVs) have the potential to dramatically reduce these emissions, especially when charged by low-carbon renewable electricity. New UCS analysis finds that over its lifetime—from manufacturing to operation to disposal—the average new battery electric vehicle produces more than 50 percent less global warming pollution than a comparable gasoline or diesel vehicle. Based on the most recently available data on power plant emissions and EV sales, driving the average EV in the US produces global warming emissions equal to a gasoline vehicle that gets 91 miles per gallon. To speed climate benefits and to encourage more drivers to choose electric vehicles, the report recommends policy changes and investments to bring even more renewable energy onto the grid, develop robust battery recycling programs to help reduce manufacturing impacts, and make EVs more accessible and affordable.

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Chakravorty, Ujjayant, and Martino Pelli. Electrification and development: Empirical evidence on the effect of electricity provision on household welfare. CIRANO, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/soan1297.

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The effect of electrification on economic outcomes is a major new area of study in environment and development economics. Almost a billion people in the world do not have access to grid electricity. Providing them a grid connection will be costly and polluting as well, even if powered by cleaner fossil fuels such as natural gas, instead of coal. However, the economic benefits of electricity are not well understood. Some studies find large effects on economic development in the long run, while others find small or negligible impacts on households in the short run. These benefits may also depend on household characteristics such as credit constraints that prevent them from consuming power or investing in complimentary assets. This paper highlights the state of current knowledge on the costs and benefits of electrification by reviewing the recent empirical literature. We discuss the identification strategies employed and evaluate the effect of electrification on a variety of household-level outcomes such as income, employment and education.

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Desiderati, Christopher. Carli Creek Regional Water Quality Project: Assessing Water Quality Improvement at an Urban Stormwater Constructed Wetland. Portland State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/mem.78.

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Stormwater management is an ongoing challenge in the United States and the world at-large. As state and municipal agencies grapple with conflicting interests like encouraging land development, complying with permits to control stormwater discharges, “urban stream syndrome” effects, and charges to steward natural resources for the long-term, some agencies may turn to constructed wetlands (CWs) as aesthetically pleasing and functional natural analogs for attenuating pollution delivered by stormwater runoff to rivers and streams. Constructed wetlands retain pollutants via common physical, physicochemical, and biological principles such as settling, adsorption, or plant and algae uptake. The efficacy of constructed wetlands for pollutant attenuation varies depending on many factors such as flow rate, pollutant loading, maintenance practices, and design features. In 2018, the culmination of efforts by Clackamas Water Environment Services and others led to the opening of the Carli Creek Water Quality Project, a 15-acre constructed wetland adjacent to Carli Creek, a small, 3500-ft tributary of the Clackamas River in Clackamas County, OR. The combined creek and constructed wetland drain an industrialized, 438-acre, impervious catchment. The wetland consists of a linear series of a detention pond and three bioretention treatment cells, contributing a combined 1.8 acres of treatment area (a 1:243 ratio with the catchment) and 3.3 acre-feet of total runoff storage. In this study, raw pollutant concentrations in runoff were evaluated against International Stormwater BMP database benchmarks and Oregon Water Quality Criteria. Concentration and mass-based reductions were calculated for 10 specific pollutants and compared to daily precipitation totals from a nearby precipitation station. Mass-based reductions were generally higher for all pollutants, largely due to runoff volume reduction on the treatment terrace. Concentration-based reductions were highly variable, and suggested export of certain pollutants (e.g., ammonia), even when reporting on a mass-basis. Mass load reductions on the terrace for total dissolved solids, nitrate+nitrite, dissolved lead, and dissolved copper were 43.3 ± 10%, 41.9 ± 10%, 36.6 ± 13%, and 43.2 ± 16%, respectively. E. coli saw log-reductions ranging from -1.3 — 3.0 on the terrace, and -1.0 — 1.8 in the creek. Oregon Water Quality Criteria were consistently met at the two in-stream sites on Carli Creek for E. coli with one exception, and for dissolved cadmium, lead, zinc, and copper (with one exception for copper). However, dissolved total solids at the downstream Carli Creek site was above the Willamette River guidance value 100 mg/L roughly 71% of the time. The precipitation record during the study was useful for explaining certain pollutant reductions, as several mechanisms are driven by physical processes, however it was not definitive. The historic rain/snow/ice event in mid-February 2021 appeared to impact mass-based reductions for all metals. Qualitatively, precipitation seemed to have the largest effect on nutrient dynamics, specifically ammonia-nitrogen. Determining exact mechanisms of pollutant removals was outside the scope of this study. An improved flow record, more targeted storm sampling, or more comprehensive nutrient profiles could aid in answering important questions on dominant mechanisms of this new constructed wetland. This study is useful in establishing a framework and baseline for understanding this one-of-a-kind regional stormwater treatment project and pursuing further questions in the future.

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Hochman, Ayala, Thomas Nash III, and Pamela Padgett. Physiological and Biochemical Characterization of the Effects of Oxidant Air Pollutants, Ozone and Gas-phase Nitric Acid, on Plants and Lichens for their Use as Early Warning Biomonitors of these Air Pollutants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697115.bard.

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Introduction. Ozone and related oxidants are regarded as the most important phytotoxic air pollutant in many parts of the western world. A previously unrecognized component of smog, nitric acid, may have even greater deleterious effects on plants either by itself or by augmenting ozone injury. The effects of ozone on plants are well characterized with respect to structural and physiological changes, but very little is known about the biochemical changes in plants and lichens exposed to ozone and/or HNO3. Objectives.To compare and contrast the responses of crop plants and lichens to dry deposition of HNO3 and O3., separately, and combined in order to assess our working hypothesis that lichens respond to air pollution faster than plants. Lichens are most suitable for use as biomonitors because they offer a live-organism-based system that does not require maintenance and can be attached to any site, without the need for man-made technical support systems. Original Immediate aims To expose the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultivar Bel-W3 that is ozone supersensitive and the ozone sensitive red kidney bean (Phaseolusvulgaris) and the lichen Ramalinamenziesii to controlled HNO3 and O3 fumigations and combined and to follow the resulting structural, physiological and biochemical changes, with special reference to reactive oxygen species related parameters. Revised. Due to technical problems and time limitations we studied the lichen Ramalinamenziesii and two cultivar of tobacco: Bel-W3 that is ozone supersensitive and a resistant cultivar, which were exposed to HNO3 and O3 alone (not combined). Methodology. Plants and lichens were exposed in fumigation experiments to HNO3 and O3, in constantly stirred tank reactors and the resulting structural, physiological and biochemical changes were analyzed. Results. Lichens. Exposure of Ramalinamenziesiito HNO3 resulted in cell membrane damage that was evident by 14 days and continues to worsen by 28 days. Chlorophyll, photosynthesis and respiration all declined significantly in HNO3 treatments, with the toxic effects increasing with dosage. In contrast, O3 fumigations of R. menziesii showed no significant negative effects with no differences in the above response variables between high, moderate and low levels of fumigations. There was a gradual decrease in catalase activity with increased levels of HNO3. The activity of glutathione reductase dropped to 20% in thalli exposed to low HNO3 but increased with its increase. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity increase by 20% with low levels of the pollutants but decreased with its increase. Tobacco. After 3 weeks of exposure of the sensitive tobacco cultivar to ozone there were visible symptoms of toxicity, but no danmage was evident in the tolerant cultivar. Neither cultivar showed any visible symptoms after exposure to HNO3.In tobacco fumigated with O3, there was a significant decrease in maximum photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance at high levels of the pollutant, while changes in mesophyll conductance were not significant. However, under HNO3 fumigation there was a significant increase in mesophyll conductance at low and high HNO3 levels while changes in maximum photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance were not significant. We could not detect any activity of the antioxidant enzymes in the fumigated tobacco leaves. This is in spite of the fact that we were able to assay the enzymes in tobacco leaves grown in Israel. Conclusions. This project generated novel data, and potentially applicable to agriculture, on the differential response of lichens and tobacco to HNO3 and O3 pollutants. However, due to experimental problems and time limitation discussed in the body of the report, our data do not justify yet application for a full, 4-year grant. We hope that in the future we shall conduct more experiments related to our objectives, which will serve as a basis for a larger scale project to explore the possibility of using lichens and/or plants for biomonitoring of ozone and nitric acid air pollution.

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