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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Pollution COV"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 15 вересня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Pollution COV"

Scalsky, Ryan J., Yi-Ju Chen, Zhekang Ying, James A. Perry, and Charles C. Hong. "The Social and Natural Environment’s Impact on SARS-CoV-2 Infections in the UK Biobank." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010533.

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COVID-19 has caused a global pandemic with considerable impact. Studies have examined the influence of socioeconomic status and air pollution on COVID-19 risk but in low detail. This study seeks to further elucidate the nuances of socioeconomic status, as defined by the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD), air pollution, and their relationship. We examined the effect of IMD and air pollution on the likelihood of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 among 66,732 UKB participants tested for SARS-CoV-2 from 16 March 2020 through 16 March 2021. Logistic regression was performed controlling for age, sex, ancestry and IMD or air pollution in the respective models. IMD and its sub-scores were significantly associated with increased risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. All particulate matter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels were associated with increased likelihood of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. Measures of green space and natural environment around participants’ homes were associated with reduced likelihood of SARS-CoV-2. Socioeconomic status and air pollution have independent effects on the risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. Green space and natural environment space in the proximity of people’s homes may mediate the effect of air pollution on the risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2.

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Stapleton, Emma M., Jennifer L. Welch, Erika A. Ubeda, Jinhua Xiang, Joseph Zabner, Ian M. Thornell, Matthew W. Nonnenmann, Jack T. Stapleton, and Alejandro P. Comellas. "Urban Particulate Matter Impairment of Airway Surface Liquid–Mediated Coronavirus Inactivation." Journal of Infectious Diseases 225, no. 2 (November 3, 2021): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab545.

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Abstract Air pollution particulate matter (PM) is associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity, although mechanistic studies are lacking. We tested whether airway surface liquid (ASL) from primary human airway epithelial cells is antiviral against SARS-CoV-2 and human alphacoronavirus 229E (CoV-229E) (responsible for common colds), and whether PM (urban, indoor air pollution [IAP], volcanic ash) affected ASL antiviral activity. ASL inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and CoV-229E. Independently, urban PM also decreased SARS-CoV-2 and CoV-229E infection, and IAP PM decreased CoV-229E infection. However, in combination, urban PM impaired ASL’s antiviral activity against both viruses, and the same effect occurred for IAP PM and ash against SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that PM may enhance SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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Contini, Daniele, and Francesca Costabile. "Does Air Pollution Influence COVID-19 Outbreaks?" Atmosphere 11, no. 4 (April 13, 2020): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040377.

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Wang, Baoming, Hui Chen, Yik Lung Chan, and Brian G. Oliver. "Is there an association between the level of ambient air pollution and COVID-19?" American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 319, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): L416—L421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00244.2020.

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Анотація:

Epidemiological studies suggest that environmental factors (e.g., air pollution) can influence the spread and infectivity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); however, very few papers have investigated or discussed the mechanism behind the phenomenon. Given the fact that pollution will increase as social distancing rules are relaxed, we summarized the current understanding of how air pollution may affect COVID-19 transmission and discussed several possible mechanisms. Air pollution exposure can dysregulate the human immune response and make people more susceptible to infections, and affect infectivity. For example, in response to exposure to air pollution, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 will increase, which is the receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This may increase the efficiency of viral infection. It is also possible that air pollution can facilitate SARS-CoV-2 spread by increasing the transmission, and potentially, SARS-CoV-2 can also survive longer when attached to a pollutant.

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Sizova, Elena N., Ludmila N. Shmakova, and Evgenia V. Vidyakina. "Pandemic COVID-19 and environmental pollution (literature review)." Hygiene and sanitation 101, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 1023–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2022-101-9-1023-1028.

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The purpose of this article is to review and analyze the literature on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment and, conversely, on the environmental impact on the spread of SARS-CoV-2. The literature search was carried out using the MedLine, PubMed and eLIBRARY databases. Thanks to measures to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, the world experienced a sharp decline in economic activity, which in turn led to improvements in air and water quality and contributed to the global reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, but this improvement was short-lived. Quarantine measures not only protect the population from COVID-19, but also positively affect the environmental quality. At the same time, the amount of plastic medical waste, such as used public and personal protective equipment against COVID-19, increased, and as a result, the problem of their disposal arose. This has led to the contamination of the water and land physical spaces and created the population contamination threat. Using the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from urban wastewater and subsequent counting of viral RNAs by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, an early determination of COVID-19 was carried out by modelling in specific populations. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater is a potential public health risk. High levels of environmental pollution (long-term exposure to derivatives of fossil fuel combustion), meteorological parameters (ionizing and UV radiation), and cigarette smoke, are considered to be additional factors increasing the spread and mortality of COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 viability depends on aquatic and terrestrial environmental parameters.

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Ehsanifar, Mojtaba, and Mehravar Rafati. "Air Pollution and Meteorological Parameters in SARS-CoV-2 Virus Spread and Transition." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 3, no. 5 (May 2022): 512–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1473.

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The purpose of this small study is to evaluate the meteorological parameters and air pollutants on the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in urban areas to identify conditions that can prevent or prevent future infection waves. According to studies, all meteorological parameters are significantly associated with SARS-CoV-2 cases. (Temperature, mainly affects solar radiation, UV Index (UVI), and wind speed) as well as air pollution parameters (Especially O3, SO2, and CO), but to a lesser extent. CO, SO2, and NO2 (mobility markers that refer to human interaction) it was reported all year round. It can be inferred that meteorological phenomena mainly affect the virus, both in its spread and inactivation: High relative humidity, low temperatures, low solar radiation, and low Wind speed can cause the virus to persist in the air, then, cold and dry rainy seasons can be dangerous for people who are outdoors. CO, SO2 and NO2 can be used to predict and reduce infections in the new wave of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Adequate outdoor face masks should be considered to prevent inhalation of air pollutants and SARS-CoV-2.

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Tanis, Caner, and Kadir Karakaya. "Investigating the impacts of air quality and weather indicators on the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Istanbul, Turkey." Thermal Science 25, no. 4 Part A (2021): 2755–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci201126071t.

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Air pollution is having a positive impact on the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The effects of meteorological parameters on the spread of SARS-CoV-2 are a matter of curiosity. The main purpose of this paper is to determine the association between air quality indexes (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, CO, and O3) and weather parameters (temperature, humidity, pressure, dew, and wind speed) with the number of SARS-CoV-2 cases, hospitalizations, hospital discharges. In this paper, we also focused on determining the impact of air pollution and weather parameters on the number of daily hospitalizations and daily discharges. It is gleaned daily cases, hospitalizations, hospital discharges, meteorological, and air quality data in Istanbul from Turkey between July 15, 2020, and September 30, 2020. We performed the Pearson correlation analysis to evaluate the effects of meteorological parameters and air quality indexes on the variables related to SARS-CoV-2. It is determined a statistically significant positive relationship between air quality indexes such as CO, SO2, PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and the number of daily confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases. We also observed a negative association between weather parameters such as temperature and pressure and the number of daily confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases. Our study proposes that high air quality could reduce the number of SARS-CoV-2 cases. The empirical findings of this paper might provide key input to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 across Turkey.

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Borro, Marina, Paolo Di Girolamo, Giovanna Gentile, Ottavia De Luca, Robert Preissner, Adriano Marcolongo, Stefano Ferracuti, and Maurizio Simmaco. "Evidence-Based Considerations Exploring Relations between SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic and Air Pollution: Involvement of PM2.5-Mediated Up-Regulation of the Viral Receptor ACE-2." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15 (August 2, 2020): 5573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155573.

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The COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 pandemic struck health, social and economic systems worldwide, and represents an open challenge for scientists —coping with the high inter-individual variability of COVID-19, and for policy makers —coping with the responsibility to understand environmental factors affecting its severity across different geographical areas. Air pollution has been warned of as a modifiable factor contributing to differential SARS-CoV-2 spread but the biological mechanisms underlying the phenomenon are still unknown. Air quality and COVID-19 epidemiological data from 110 Italian provinces were studied by correlation analysis, to evaluate the association between particulate matter (PM)2.5 concentrations and incidence, mortality rate and case fatality risk of COVID-19 in the period 20 February–31 March 2020. Bioinformatic analysis of the DNA sequence encoding the SARS-CoV-2 cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) was performed to identify consensus motifs for transcription factors mediating cellular response to pollutant insult. Positive correlations between PM2.5 levels and the incidence (r = 0.67, p < 0.0001), the mortality rate (r = 0.65, p < 0.0001) and the case fatality rate (r = 0.7, p < 0.0001) of COVID-19 were found. The bioinformatic analysis of the ACE-2 gene identified nine putative consensus motifs for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Our results confirm the supposed link between air pollution and the rate and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection and support the hypothesis that pollution-induced over-expression of ACE-2 on human airways may favor SARS-CoV-2 infectivity.

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Lee, Byung Uk. "Airborne Transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant and the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant." Aerosol and Air Quality Research 22, no. 1 (2022): 210250. http://dx.doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.210250.

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Zhao, Mingyue, Yuanxin Liu, and Amatus Gyilbag. "Assessment of Meteorological Variables and Air Pollution Affecting COVID-19 Cases in Urban Agglomerations: Evidence from China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010531.

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Анотація:

The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become a severe public health and social problem worldwide. A limitation of the existing literature is that multiple environmental variables have not been frequently elaborated, which is why the overall effect of the environment on COVID-19 has not been conclusive. In this study, we used generalized additive model (GAM) to detect the relationship between meteorological and air pollution variables and COVID-19 in four urban agglomerations in China and made comparisons among the urban agglomerations. The four urban agglomerations are Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), middle reaches of the Yangtze River (MYR), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and the Pearl River Delta (PRD). The daily rates of average precipitation, temperature, relative humidity, sunshine duration, and atmospheric pressure were selected as meteorological variables. The PM2.5, PM10, sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and carbon monoxide (CO) contents were selected as air pollution variables. The results indicated that meteorological and air pollution variables tended to be significantly correlated. Moreover, the nature of the relationship between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and meteorological and air pollution variables (i.e., linear or nonlinear) varied with urban agglomerations. Among the variance explained by GAMs, BTH had the highest value (75.4%), while MYR had the lowest value (35.2%). The values of the YRD and PRD were between the above two, namely 45.6% and 62.2%, respectively. The findings showed that the association between SARS-CoV-2 and meteorological and air pollution variables varied in regions, making it difficult to obtain a relationship that is applicable to every region. Moreover, this study enriches our understanding of SARS-CoV-2. It is required to create awareness within the government that anti-COVID-19 measures should be adapted to the local meteorological and air pollution conditions.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Pollution COV"

DANG, VAN JACQUELINE. "Traitement et recuperation de composes organiques volatils (cov) faiblement concentres, contenus dans un effluent gazeux." Toulouse, INSA, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ISAT0014.

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Cette etude concerne le traitement et la recuperation de composes organiques volatils (cov) faiblement concentres contenus dans un effluent industriel gazeux. Les cov utilises sont l'acetone, l'ethanol, la methylethylcetone et le tetrahydrofuranne. Le traitement choisi resulte d'un couplage de deux techniques, l'absorption et la pervaporation, en vue de la recuperation et de la valorisation des cov. La premiere partie du memoire est consacree a l'etude d'une colonne d'absorption destinee a pieger les cov contenus dans l'air. La colonne est remplie d'un garnissage structure metallique (sulzer bx) et le liquide de lavage est l'eau. Dans un premier temps, les parametres hydrodynamiques de la colonne sont analyses et correles : pertes de charge, point d'engorgement et retentions de liquide. Dans un second temps, les parametres de transfert sont etudies : coefficients de transfert, hauteur d'une unite de transfert et nombre d'unites de transfert. Enfin, l'influence de la nature du cov est egalement determinee. A partir de l'ensemble de ces resultats hydrodynamiques et de transfert de matiere, une methodologie de dimensionnement pour des colonnes industrielles est proposee. La seconde partie du rapport concerne la recuperation de cov contenus dans la phase liquide par pervaporation. Les essais sont realises avec des solutions aqueuses d'acetone et avec une membrane hydrophobe a base de polydimethylsiloxane. L'influence de la pression aval ainsi que celle de la concentration d'alimentation sur le flux du cov et la selectivite du procede sont examinees. Enfin, les potentialites du couplage absorption / pervaporation sont presentees dans une perspective industrielle.

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Palluau, Fabienne. "Mise au point et optimisation des techniques de prélèvement et d'analyse des composés organiques volatils (COV) dans l'atmosphère : Etude de l'influence de facteurs climatiques et de l'ozone sur les teneurs mesurées en COV." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13162.

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Guillemot, Marianne. "Elimination de composés organiques volatils (COV) chlorés sur zéolithes par couplage adsorption-oxydation catalytique." Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT2286.

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Au cours de ce travail nous avons étudié l’adsorption du tétrachloroéthylène (PCE) sur des zéolithes faujasites, en conditions statique et dynamique, en présence et en absence de vapeur d’eau, ainsi que l’oxydation catalytique du PCE sur des catalyseurs à base de zéolithes faujasites dopées ou non avec du platine dans l’objectif de réaliser le couplage adsorption/oxydation catalytique pour l’élimination du tétrachloroéthylène. Nous avons également étudié l’adsorption et l’oxydation seules et en couplage d’une autre molécule de COV, la butan-2-one
This study is focused on tetrachloroethylene (PCE) adsorption over faujasite type zeolites, in static and dynamic conditions, in dry and humid environment. In addition, catalytic oxidation of PCE over zeolite FAU based catalyst exchanged or not with platinum was studied. Lastly, PCE removal was carried out over dual functional adsorbent/catalyst system. The elimination of methylethylketone (MEK) was also performed by single adsorption and oxidation, and using adsorbent/catalyst media

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Boudouch, Otmane. "Étude de la dépollution des sols par extraction sous pression réduite : application au traitement des COV." Lyon, INSA, 2009. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2009ISAL0107/these.pdf.

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L’extraction sous pression réduite est l’une des techniques de dépollution envisageables lorsqu’il y a contamination d’un sol par des composés organiques volatils (COVs). Cette technique consiste à créer une dépression dans le sol et induire un écoulement contrôlé d’air qui entraînera les contaminants volatils dans la phase gazeuse extraite. Les objectifs de ce travail peuvent se résumer de la façon suivante : - caractérisation de la méthode la plus adaptée à déterminer les deux composantes, horizontale et verticale, de la perméabilité à l’air. - étude de l’évolution de la perméabilité à l’air du sol en fonction du degré de saturation de celui-ci en liquides. - vérification de la validité ou non de l’utilisation des colonnes unidirectionnelles dans le dimensionnement des systèmes d’extraction en se basant sur l’atteinte d’une vitesse critique de l’air au sein des pores du sol. Pour accomplir ces objectifs, un pilote d’essai a été conçu et réalisé, plusieurs expériences ont été effectuées et des modèles de la littérature ont été utilisés. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que la méthode la plus adaptée à la détermination de la perméabilité à l’air du sol est celle mettant en œuvre un régime stationnaire sans couverture à la surface du sol, Et que les résultats obtenus dans une colonne unidirectionnelle concernant la vitesse critique ne peuvent être extrapolés à l’échelle du terrain comme il se fait actuellement
Soil Vapour Extraction (SVE), which includes gas extraction and/or gas injection, is the primary method used to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from unsaturated subsurface porous media. The widespread use of SVE is due to its above ground simplicity of operation and proven ability to remove contaminant mass inexpensively relative to competing technologies. The objectives of this study may be summarized as follow: - Characterisation of the more appropriate method to determine horizontal and vertical soil air permeability components. - Study of the evolution of soil air permeability as a function of liquids saturation degree. - Verification of the validity or not of the use of unidirectional columns in extraction systems design based on attainment of a critical pore-gas velocity. To accomplish these objectives, a laboratory pilot was designed and realised, a series of experimental tests was conducted and literature models have been used. Results showed that the more appropriate method to determine soil air permeability is the one which involve stationary state in an open soil and that results obtained with a unidirectional column related to critical air velocity can not be extrapolated to field scale as it's currently done

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Reguer, Anne. "Etude de couplage de procédés pour l’élimination des COV en atmosphère confinée." Pau, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PAUU3016.

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L’air confiné dans nos lieux de vie contient de nombreux polluants très faiblement concentrés. L’amélioration de la qualité de l’air intérieur passe donc par son traitement à l’aide d’un couplage de procédés. Cette thèse porte sur l’étude du couplage de la biofiltration par un compost de déchets verts et de l’adsorption sur charbon actif. L’efficacité du procédé comportant une étape de biofiltration puis une étape d’adsorption, pour traiter un effluent micropollué en toluène et présentant des pics de concentration pendant quelques heures par jour, a été évaluée expérimentalement. A ces niveaux de concentration, l’efficacité du biofiltre est très forte, mais sensible aux variations brutales de charge massique en polluant. L’étape d’adsorption qui suit permet de maintenir l’efficacité globale de traitement. Une expérience complémentaire sur le traitement d’un effluent micropollué par biofiltration a montré le développement de microorganismes sur le milieu. La quantité d’ammonium et la teneur en eau sont deux paramètres susceptibles d’affecter les performances et la durée de vie du milieu, et doivent donc être contrôlés. L’étude expérimentale de l’adsorption du toluène sur le charbon actif, dans des conditions de très faibles concentrations, comme rencontrées dans l’air intérieur, a conduit à la détermination du coefficient de Henry et des paramètres cinétiques d’adsorption et de désorption du modèle de Thomas. La modélisation a mis en évidence que, pour ces faibles concentrations, le phénomène de désorption semble beaucoup plus lent et qu’un modèle d’équilibre pour la courbe de percée n’est pas adapté : la cinétique globale d’adsorption doit être prise en compte
The confined air in work and living places contains many pollutants at very low concentrations. So, the improvement of indoor air quality requires its treatment. This thesis deals with the study of a process coupling biofiltration by a green waste compost and adsorption onto activated carbon. The effectiveness of a process implementing a biofiltration stage followed by an adsorption stage, fed with a toluene micropolluted effluent, exhibiting peaks of concentration during a few hours every day, has been experimentally evaluated. At those levels of concentration, it appears that the removal efficiency of the biofilter is very high, but sensitive to brutal changes in pollutant mass loading. But the following adsorption stage contributes to maintain a high global treatment efficiency. An additional experiment implementing the treatment of a micropolluted effluent by several biofiltration columns has shown the development of microorganisms on compost. The amount of ammonium and the moisture content are two parameters liable to reduce the performances and the lifetime of the medium, and so have to be controlled. The experimental study of the adsorption of toluene onto activated carbon, at very low concentrations, as encountered indoor, leads to the determination of the Henry coefficient and the adsorption and desorption kinetic parameters of Thomas’ model. The modelling underlines that at those low concentrations, the desorption phenomenon seems to be slower than at high concentrations, and that an equilibrium model cannot fit the experimental breakthrough curve data : the global kinetic has to be taken into account

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Detournay, Anaïs. "Etude de COV oxygénés et biogéniques en milieu rural : du développement métrologique à l’évaluation de l’impact sur la chimie atmosphérique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10139/document.

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Анотація:

Les Composés Organiques Volatils (COV) forment une classe de composés variés, jouant un rôle clef dans la chimie atmosphérique et ayant des impacts sur le climat, l’environnement et la santé. De récentes études suggèrent l’implication de COV oxygénés ou biogéniques dans la formation de polluants secondaires tels les aérosols organiques secondaires et l’ozone. Ces COV, présents en zone rurale, sont peu renseignés quant à la variabilité de leurs sources et l’évolution de leurs teneurs ambiantes. Cette thèse a pour but d’améliorer les connaissances sur leur comportement en zone rurale pour une meilleure compréhension de leur rôle dans la chimie atmosphérique. La démarche suivie a reposé sur le développement métrologique et des campagnes de mesure pour constituer une base de données représentative. Des méthodes de mesure ont été adaptées et/ou développées pour la mesure de plus de 80 COV en zone rurale, incluant : 54 COV de C1 à C10 par préconcentration/thermodésorption et analyse par GC-FID on-line ; 21 composés carbonylés de C1 à C6 par dérivation chimique, désorption chimique et analyse par HPLC/UV ; 5 composés aromatiques, 6 aldéhydes de C6 à C11, 6 monoterpènes et 13 alcanes de C9 à C16 par préconcentration/thermodésorption et analyse par GC/FID-MS. Ces méthodes, utilisées dans 2 campagnes de mesure en Mars et Juin 2009 au site de Peyrusse-Vieille (Gers, France), a permis la collecte d’un vaste jeu de données. Son analyse a permis de déterminer les niveaux des COV ciblés en zone rurale, leurs évolutions temporelles et les paramètres les influençant. Furent également soulignés les mécanismes de transport et l’impact des espèces biogéniques sur la chimie atmosphérique
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) constitutes a heterogeneous compounds class, which play a significant part in atmospheric chemistry, impacting climate, environment and health. Recent studies have suggested the implication of biogenic and oxygenated VOCs in the formation processes of secondary species, such as ozone or Secondary Organic Aerosols. Little is known about those compounds, well represented in remote areas; mostly toward their ambient levels and diurnal and seasonal evolutions. This thesis’ objectives are to improve the current knowledge about their behavior in remote areas, for a better understanding of their part in atmospheric chemistry. The method adopted consisted in metrological development and field campaigns, to constitute a representative data base. Measurement methods were optimized and/or developed for the measure of: 54 NMHCs from C2 to C10, using préconcentration/thermodesorption coupled with GC/FID on-line analysis; 21 carbonyl compounds from C1 to C6, by chemical derivatization and chemical desorption coupled with HPLC/UV analysis; and 5 aromatic compounds, 6 aldehydes from C6 to C11, 6 monoterpenes and 6 alkanes from C9 to C16; by preconcentration coupled with thermodesorption and GC/FID-MS analysis. Those methods were used during two measurement campaigns, in March and June 2009, at the remote site of Peyrusse-Vieille (Gers, France). They permitted to collect an important database, whose analysis allowed determining the target compounds’ ambient levels, temporal variations, and the parameters inducing these observations. A thorough analysis then underlined the part transport mechanisms and importance of biogenic species in remote areas

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Heymes, Frédéric. "Traitement d'air chargé en COV [composés organiques volatils] hydrophobes par un procédé hybride : Absorption-pervaporation." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20032.

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Ayrault, Cécile. "Oxydation catalytique de composés organiques volatils (COV) par un procédé associant un plasma froid et un catalyseur." Poitiers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004POIT2260.

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Ces travaux s'inscrivent dans le cadre de la dépollution atmosphérique et des nuisances olfactives. L'élimination des composés organiques volatils peut être réalisée selon plusieurs voies. L'oxydation catalytique étant une technique très efficace, l'élimination de la 2-heptanone a été étudiée en présence de catalyseur à base d'oxydes métalliques ou de métaux nobles supportés. Un catalyseur à base de platine permet l'élimination complète de la 2-heptanone vers 200ʿC. L'utilisation conjointe d'un plasma hors équilibre permet d'activer le système à température ambiante, réduisant ainsi la dépense énergétique. Plusieurs réacteurs associant un plasma froid et un catalyseur ont été développés et caractérisés (bilan énergétique et efficacité d'élimination). Toutefois, la génération d'ozone observée avec de tels systèmes nécessite l'emploi d'un catalyseur de destruction de O3 pour une éventuelle utilisation domestique
These works fit in the frame of the cleaning-up atmosphere and smell nuisances. The elimination of those VOC can be reached through few pathways, catalytic oxidation being a very efficient technique. Our study concerns the elimination of a smells model molecule: the 2-heptanone. Its catalytic oxidation was studied through base metal oxide or noble metal catalysts supported on a honeycomb monolith. We reported that a platinum-based catalyst was very effective at 200ʿC. The joint use of non-thermal plasma and a catalyst lead the system to work at the environment temperature, with a remarkable effectiveness. More systems associating non-thermal plasma with a catalyst have been studied and characterized (energy balance and elimination effectiveness). However, the ozone formation analyzed through these kinds of systems needs the use of ozone-destruction catalyst, for an eventual domestic application. Finally, these works lead to the elaboration of an industrial prototype, whose development is fat-forward at the moment

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Kaluzny, Pascal. "Étude du piégeage de composés chlorés et/ou fluorés en C1 et C2 : réactivité de ces produits dans l'atmosphère." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10230.

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Ce travail est consacre aux composes chlores et/ou fluores en c1 et en c2. Une de leurs sources a ete consideree: les effluents gazeux utilises dans l'industrie de la microelectronique pour les gravures assistees par plasma et les depots. Nous avons cherche a caracteriser les composes presents dans les salles de travail et a l'interieur des machines. Deux aspects ont ete ensuite abordes. Le premier concerne le piegeage des effluents en sortie de machines. Nos etudes ont porte sur l'adsorption de composes comme c2hc13, ch2c12, cf4, chf3 et c2f6, largement repandus dans l'industrie de la microelectronique, sur divers supports solides (chaux sodee, charbon actif, carbosieve siii et carbosphere). Les resultats obtenus ont confirme la difficulte du piegeage des cov fluores. Le second aspect considere qu'une fraction de ces polluants est emise dans l'atmosphere. Aux reactivites directes habituellement etudiees, nous avons prefere nous interesser aux phenomenes d'interactions entre les composes chlores et differents systemes du type agresseur/polluants tropospheriques. Il est alors apparu que pour certains systemes, la presence du trichloroethene pouvait influencer les quantites d'ozone produit et de composes carbonyles formes. Par ailleurs les produits de degradation du c2hc13 pouvaient engendrer des radicaux c1 capables de reagir avec les autres polluants presents. Ainsi, nous constatons que meme si les radicaux oh jouent un role capital dans la chimie de l'atmosphere, il ne faut pas negliger celui des radicaux c1 dont les constantes cinetiques de reaction sont superieures a celles des radicaux oh pour un compose donne

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Santos, Rafaela Souza. "Estudo da composição de material particulado e compostos orgânicos voláteis no ar em Catalão - GO." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/5121.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The issue of pollution is not new. The burning of biomass used for heat generation already was beginning to anthropogenic processes of air pollution. The pollutants are in the atmosphere in solid, liquid and gaseous state. The set of solid and liquid particles is called particulate matter (PM), and the other form the set of gaseous pollutants. The MP covers a range of 0.1-100 microns and varies greatly in size composition, emission sources and adverse effects on health. The gaseous compounds are formed mostly of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are organic compounds which are gaseous at room temperature. These pollutants can be emitted by natural and anthropogenic sources, among which stand out the combustion processes and soil dust resuspension by wind action. The city of Catalão - GO has grown greatly in recent years, mainly due to the arrival of mining in the city exploring the carbonatite complexes Catalão I and Catalão II. The aim of this study was to monitor the atmospheric air in a region of the city of Catalan through the sampling and analysis of PM and VOCs. Samples MP, which occurred every six days over a period of 24 hours, were carried out for TSP, PM10 and PM2,5 in HI-VOL samplers suitable for each particle size. Gravimetric analysis indicated that the measured concentrations are in accordance with the standards set by law. The elementary MP analysis was performed by EDXRF technique and indicated that the elements present are mostly from vehicle emissions and resuspended soil dust by the wind. Sampling was performed by VOCs microextraction technique of solid phase (SPME - solid phase microextraction) twice a week for 12 hours. The analysis of the sampled VOCs was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC / MS - gas chromatography mass spectrometry) in which the compounds were identified by comparison with a NIST library / MS (National Institute of Standards and Technology / Mass Spectral) present in the equipment. The identification of these compounds indicated a strong influence of vehicle emissions in the composition of atmospheric air.
A questão da poluição não é algo recente. A queima de biomassa utilizada para geração de calor já dava início aos processos antrópicos de poluição atmosférica. Os poluentes encontram-se na atmosfera nos estados sólido, líquido e gasoso. O conjunto das partículas sólidas e líquidas constitui o chamado material particulado (MP), e as demais formam o conjunto de poluentes gasosos. O MP abrange uma faixa de tamanho entre 0,1-100 e varia em tamanho, composição, fontes de emissão e efeitos adversos causados a saúde. Os compostos gasosos são formados em sua maioria pelos compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs), que são compostos orgânicos que encontram-se no estado gasoso em temperatura ambiente. Esses poluentes podem ser lançados na atmosfera por fontes naturais e antrópicas, dentre as quais destacam-se os processos de combustão e ressuspensão da poeira do solo por ação dos ventos. A cidade de Catalão GO tem crescido bastante nos últimos anos, principalmente devido a chegada de mineradoras na cidade que exploram os complexos carbonatíticos de Catalão I e Catalão II. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar o monitoramento do ar atmosférico em uma região da cidade de Catalão pela amostragem e análise de MP e COVs. As amostragens de MP, que aconteceram a cada seis dias por um período de 24 horas, foram realizadas para PTS, MP10 e MP2,5 em amostradores de grande volume adequados para cada tamanho de partícula. A análise gravimétrica indicou que os as concentrações medidas estão de acordo com os padrões definidos pela legislação. A análise elementar do MP foi realizada pela técnica de EDXRF e indicou que os elementos presentes são, em sua maioria, provenientes da emissão veicular e poeira ressuspensa do solo pela ação dos ventos. A amostragem dos COVs foi realizada pela técnica de microextração por fase sólida (SPME do inglês solid phase microextraction), duas vezes por semana por 12 horas. A análise dos COVs amostrados foi realizada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (GC / MS - do inglês gas chromatography mass spectrometry) em que os compostos foram identificados por comparação com a biblioteca NIST / MS (Nacional Institute of Standard and Technology / Mass Spectral) presente no equipamento. A identificação desses compostos indicou uma forte influência das emissões veiculares na composição do ar atmosférico.

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Книги з теми "Pollution COV"

Alcalá, Marta Cruz-Guzmán. La contaminación de suelos y aguas: Su prevención con nuevas sustancias naturales. Sevilla: Universidad de Sevilla, 2007.

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Gasparetto, Ovídio. Brasil com Amazônia, ou, Amazônia sem Brasil? 2nd ed. Belém: Editora Embala, 1991.

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E, Chávez González Martha, ed. ¿A dónde vamos con el ruido? Colima, Colima, México: Universidad de Colima, 2011.

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., ed. Reducing environmental pollution: Looking back, thinking ahead : an examination of OECD member country progress, trends and opportunities for accelerated pollution reduction in the 1990s and beyond. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1994.

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Mexico. Secretaría de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Pesca., Mexico (Mexico : State). Secretaría de Ecología., and Instituto Nacional de Ecología (Mexico), eds. Claro! --con tu participación, aire limpio: Programa para el valle de Toluca 1997-2000. México: Gobierno del Estado de México, 1997.

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Spriano, Fernanda Cervetti. La nuova tutela delle acque: Lettura sistematica e commento del D.Lgs. 11 maggio 1999 n. 152, integrato nel complesso normativo e con la giurisprudenza : aggiornato con il D.Lgs. 18 agosto 2000 n. 258. Milano: Giuffrè, 2001.

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Walter, Donald A. Simulated pond-aquifer interactions under natural and stressed conditions near Snake Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Northborough, Mass: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.

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Chiang, Pen-Chi, and Xiang Gao. "CO2 Control." In Air Pollution Control and Design, 179–211. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7488-3_6.

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D’Amato, Gennaro, Isabella Annesi-Maesano, Rosaria Valentino Maria, and Maria D’Amato. "COVID-19 in Italy in the Context of the Pandemic Induced by SARS-Cov-2. Is There a Relationship Between COVID-19 and Atmospheric Air Pollution?" In Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreaks, Environment and Human Behaviour, 239–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68120-3_14.

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Badiani, Maurizio, Antonio Raschi, Anna Rita Paolacci, and Franco Miglietta. "Plants Responses to Elevated CO2; A Perspective from Natural CO2 Springs." In Environmental Pollution and Plant Responses, 45–81. Boca Raton: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203756935-4.

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Servat, Eric. "TSS, BOD5 and COD Accumulation and Transport Over Urban Catchment Surfaces: A Modelling Approach." In Urban Runoff Pollution, 325–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70889-3_12.

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Schöb, Ronnie. "On the Efficiency of Green Tax Reforms to Reduce CO2 Emissions." In Economics of Atmospheric Pollution, 99–112. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61198-8_5.

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Strain, Boyd R. "Possible Genetic Effects of Continually Increasing Atmospheric CO2." In Ecological Genetics and Air Pollution, 237–44. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3060-1_13.

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Choudhary, Anuj, Antul Kumar, Harmanjot Kaur, Mandeep Singh, Gurparsad Singh Suri, Gurleen Kaur, and Sahil Mehta. "Effect of Elevated CO2 Conditions on Medicinal Plants." In Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Plants, 95–111. New York: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003178866-5.

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Atakan, Yüksel. "World Population Growth, Energy Demand and Increasing Carbon Dioxide Emissions Towards Global Warming — Estimation of CO2 Contribution of Turkey." In Industrial Air Pollution, 219–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76051-8_24.

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Annamalai, Kalyan. "Chapter 6 Respiratory Quotient (Rq), Exhaust Gas Analyses, CO2 Emission, and Applications in Automobile Engineering." In Pollution and the Atmosphere, 89–96. 3333 Mistwell Crescent, Oakville, ON L6L 0A2, Canada: Apple Academic Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315365633-7.

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Heath, James, and Terry A. Mansfield. "CO2 Enrichment of the Atmosphere and the Water Economy of Plants." In Environmental Pollution and Plant Responses, 33–43. Boca Raton: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203756935-3.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Pollution COV"

Thomas, Benjamin, Emmanuel Sauger, Sébastien Fily, and Hubert Lejeune. "Investigation on Detection of COV Based on Infrared Camera." In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78291.

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In order to reduce emission of pollutants, regulations such as Clean Air Act in the United States of America or the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) and the Industrial Emission Directive (IED) in Europe have been voted. On sites like refineries, the end users have implemented systematic control of Volatile Organic Compounds (COV) in the atmosphere, on their equipments (valves, flanges, pump, compressor…). These controls involve methods of detection such as sniffing with a Flame Ionization Detector (FID) managed by an operator according to EPA21 method. This method is time-consuming and exposes operators to hazardous situations when statistical counting shows that the global emission are often connected with few equipments in refineries. Thus, the use of specific IR imaging with a camera as a remote control method sensible to selected organic gases seems a very attractive alternative, even if this method does not able to quantify very accurate leakage rates. This study presented here investigates the influence of several parameters on the detection of COV with IR camera, under controlled laboratory conditions. External parameters such as distance of view, type of gas, wind, and camera configuration parameters are investigated. The measurement enables definition of the limits of the IR imaging method. If the study shows that the camera must be operated by skilled and trained personal to camera tuning and image analyzing, it remains a very interesting alternative method to sniffing in many cases. The next step of the study will involve the use of the camera on various kind of sites using organic gases.

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Drasovean, Romana, Romica Cretu, Simona Condurache-Bota, and Gabriel Murariu. "STUDIES ON THE LEVEL OF SOUND POLLUTION IN BRAILA, ROMANIA." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/5.1/s20.054.

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This paper presents the degree of noise pollution in Braila. Braila is a city located in southeastern Romania. For this purpose, sound level measurements were performed in various important locations in this city. The monitoring took place between November 2019 and June 2020. The measurements were performed using a professional digital acoustic sound level meter that can record sound values between 30dB-130dB. The sound level meter works with two frequency filters: �A� and �C�. �A� filter responds in the same way as the human ear to the increase and decrease of sound amplitude along the spectrum. �C� filter is suitable for uniform measurements without amplitude increase or amplitude decrease. �C� filter can measure the sound level for cars and engines. Both filters operate in the 31.3 Hz and 8 kHz range. The series measured with Noise Logger Communication Tool sound level meter in the two frequency domains were represented as a boxplot. In all monitored areas, the average values recorded in A frequency range are significantly lower than those recorded in C frequency range. This is due to the presence in the environment of some sources of noise from road traffic which includes light and high-speed cars. The data distribution is generally asymmetric to the left, with higher scores. After the establishment of the state of emergency caused by the spread of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, it is observed that the data distribution becomes asymmetric to the right, predominating the low values of the sound intensity level. Using Anova program we analyzed the similarity between the noise series measured in the A and C frequency range. For this purpose, Pearson coefficients also were calculated.

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Senegačnik, Marjan, Davorin Žnidarič, and Drago Vuk. "Vpliv omejitve gibanja med epidemijo Covid-19 na obremenjevanje ozračja v Sloveniji." In Values, Competencies and Changes in Organizations. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-442-2.66.

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In 2020 the entire world was severely affected by COVID -19 epidemics. Because of preventing of the SARS Cov 2 virus spread there was necessary to introduce considerable restrictions of movement of citizens. This resulted in various negative effects in the field of economy. However, as road traffic is an important source of pollution – particularly of emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases it could be expected that these mobility restrictions result in certain positive effects on the environment. The paper will try to estimate the air quality during the period of epidemics when mobility was severely restricted (second half of March and April 2020, second half of October, November and December 2020). The review will be limited to those kinds of pollutants which are particularly related to road traffic (nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, ozone) as well as to carbon dioxide as the most important greenhouse gas.

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Mariani, M. "Post-combustion CO2: separation and stocking." In AIR POLLUTION 2006. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air06077.

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RAGAZZI, MARCO, ROSSANO ALBATICI, MARCO SCHIAVON, NAVARRO FERRONATO, and VINCENZO TORRETTA. "CO2 MEASUREMENTS FOR UNCONVENTIONAL MANAGEMENT OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY." In AIR POLLUTION 2019. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air190271.

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PARRA, RENÉ. "CONTRIBUTION OF NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES FOR LIMITING THE ELECTRICAL CO2 EMISSION FACTOR IN ECUADOR." In AIR POLLUTION 2020. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air200061.

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Helmis, C. G., H. A. Flocas, J. Tzoutzas, V. D. Assimakopoulos, V. Panis, G. Sgouros, and M. Apostolatou. "Indoor TVOCs and CO2 levels in selected clinics of the Athens Dentistry School, Greece." In AIR POLLUTION 2006. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air06037.

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FERNÁNDEZ-DUQUE, BEATRIZ, ISIDRO ALBERTO PÉREZ, MARÍA ÁNGELES GARCÍA, NURIA PARDO, and MARÍA LUISA SÁNCHEZ. "CO2 AND CH4 URBAN PLUME OVER A MEDITERRANEAN SEMI-NATURAL SITE IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA." In AIR POLLUTION 2018. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air180491.

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FORCETTO, ANDRÉ LUIZ SILVA, and RUI DE ABRANTES. "PROJECTING THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF DIESEL CARS ON GASEOUS POLLUTANTS, PM2.5 AND CO2 IN A METROPOLITAN AREA." In AIR POLLUTION 2018. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air180381.

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ALAM, MD SANIUL, BERNARD HYDE, PAUL DUFFY, and AONGHUS MCNABOLA. "AN ASSESSMENT OF PM2.5 REDUCTIONS AS A RESULT OF TRANSPORT FLEET AND FUEL POLICIES ADDRESSING CO2 EMISSIONS AND CLIMATE CHANGE." In AIR POLLUTION 2017. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air170021.

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Ben-David, Itzhak, Stefanie Kleimeier, and Michael Viehs. Exporting Pollution: Where Do Multinational Firms Emit CO2? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w25063.

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Liang, Yuanning, Ivan Rudik, Eric Zou, Alison Johnston, Amanda Rodewald, and Catherine Kling. Conservation Co-Benefits from Air Pollution Regulation: Evidence from Birds. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27415.

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Kurén Weldon, James, ed. 32nd Annual Report 2023 : Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution : International Cooperative Programme on Integrated Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Ecosystems. ICP IM Programme Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.29v7hp6rk6.

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The Integrated Monitoring Programme (ICP IM) is part of the effect-oriented activities under the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, which covers the region of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). The main aim of ICP IM is to provide a framework to observe and understand the complex changes occurring in natural/semi natural ecosystems. This report summarizes the work carried out by the ICP IM Programme Centre and several collaborating institutes. The emphasis of the report is in the work done during the programme year 2022/2023 including: • A short summary of previous data assessments • A status report of the ICP IM activities, content of the IM database, and geographical coverage of the monitoring network • Brief summary of forthcoming publication on heavy metal concentrations trend analysis • Update on developing co-operation with eLTER • Proposed workplan for the next period • Report on IM participation in Canadian led mercury sampling • National Reports on ICP IM activities

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Blyde, Juan S., and Mayra A. Ramírez. Exporting and environmental performance: where you export matters. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003922.

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Empirical analyses that rely on micro-level panel data have found that exporters are generally less pollutant than non-exporters. While alternative explanations have been proposed, firm level data has not been used to examine the role of destination markets behind the relationship between exports and pollution. In this paper we argue that because consumers in high-income countries have higher valuations for clean environments than consumers in developing countries, exporters targeting high-income countries are more likely to improve their environmental outcomes than exporters targeting destinations where valuations for the environment are not high. Using a panel of firm-level data from Chile we find support to this hypothesis. A 10 percentage point increase in the share of exports to high-income countries is associated with a reduction in CO2 pollution intensity of about 16%. The results have important implications for firms in developing countries aiming to target high-income markets.

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Chepeliev, Maksym. Development of the Air Pollution Database for the GTAP 10A Data Base. GTAP Research Memoranda, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.rm33.

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The purpose of this note is to document data sources and steps used to develop the air pollution database for the GTAP Data Base Version 10A. Emissions for nine substances are reported in the database: black carbon (BC), carbon monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH3), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), organic carbon (OC), particulate matter 10 (PM10), particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The dataset covers four reference years – 2004, 2007, 2011 and 2014. EDGAR Version 5.0 database is used as the main data source. To assist with emissions redistribution across consumption-based sources, IIASA GAINS-based model and IPCC-derived emission factors are applied. Each emission flow is associated with one of the four sets of emission drivers: output by industries, endowment by industries, input use by industries and household consumption. In addition, emissions from land use activities (biomass burning) are estimated by land cover types. These emissions are reported separately without association with emission drivers.

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Bolton, Laura. Fair Water Footprint Stakeholder Mapping. Institute of Development Studies, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.080.

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This rapid review provides a stakeholder mapping of key players, initiatives, and networks with an operational or strategic interest in the Fair Water Footprint Declaration, based on a list provided by the commissioning adviser. The Declaration commits signatories to take action in terms of sustainable water use whilst minimising pollution. Fair Water Footprint (FWP) is concerned with the water embedded in consumer goods (The Glasgow Declaration for Fair Water Footprints COP 2026, 2021). Considering the water used in the production of a goods or service and whether it is being managed sustainably. FWPs aim to ensure that everything produced ‘does no harm’ and ‘does good’ for water security and climate resilience.

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Schoonover, Rod, and Dan Smith. Five Urgent Questions on Ecological Security. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/xatc1489.

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The increasing pressure of ecological disruption on people and on security means that ideas and policy on peace and security must increasingly address the need for ecological security. This paper poses five research questions concerning: (a) amplification of anti-microbial resistance (patho-gens that are increasingly drug-resistant); (b) the physiological consequences of pollution; (c) the loss of nature’s con-tribution to people’s well-being; (d) local and regional eco-logical tipping points; and (e) detri-mental organisms and pro-cesses that thrive in the rapidly changing planet. Each question has a human health dimension, with likely socio-economic impacts and effects on behaviour, as well as potential effects on security and political stability. Under-standing these issues is essential if appropriate responses are to be developed. More research is needed in both the natural and the social sciences, with interdisciplinary work that is in close contact with the policy world. The situation is urgent and policy responses cannot wait until all the answers are known and uncertainty has been fully eliminated.

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Hochman, Ayala, Thomas Nash III, and Pamela Padgett. Physiological and Biochemical Characterization of the Effects of Oxidant Air Pollutants, Ozone and Gas-phase Nitric Acid, on Plants and Lichens for their Use as Early Warning Biomonitors of these Air Pollutants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697115.bard.

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Introduction. Ozone and related oxidants are regarded as the most important phytotoxic air pollutant in many parts of the western world. A previously unrecognized component of smog, nitric acid, may have even greater deleterious effects on plants either by itself or by augmenting ozone injury. The effects of ozone on plants are well characterized with respect to structural and physiological changes, but very little is known about the biochemical changes in plants and lichens exposed to ozone and/or HNO3. Objectives.To compare and contrast the responses of crop plants and lichens to dry deposition of HNO3 and O3., separately, and combined in order to assess our working hypothesis that lichens respond to air pollution faster than plants. Lichens are most suitable for use as biomonitors because they offer a live-organism-based system that does not require maintenance and can be attached to any site, without the need for man-made technical support systems. Original Immediate aims To expose the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultivar Bel-W3 that is ozone supersensitive and the ozone sensitive red kidney bean (Phaseolusvulgaris) and the lichen Ramalinamenziesii to controlled HNO3 and O3 fumigations and combined and to follow the resulting structural, physiological and biochemical changes, with special reference to reactive oxygen species related parameters. Revised. Due to technical problems and time limitations we studied the lichen Ramalinamenziesii and two cultivar of tobacco: Bel-W3 that is ozone supersensitive and a resistant cultivar, which were exposed to HNO3 and O3 alone (not combined). Methodology. Plants and lichens were exposed in fumigation experiments to HNO3 and O3, in constantly stirred tank reactors and the resulting structural, physiological and biochemical changes were analyzed. Results. Lichens. Exposure of Ramalinamenziesiito HNO3 resulted in cell membrane damage that was evident by 14 days and continues to worsen by 28 days. Chlorophyll, photosynthesis and respiration all declined significantly in HNO3 treatments, with the toxic effects increasing with dosage. In contrast, O3 fumigations of R. menziesii showed no significant negative effects with no differences in the above response variables between high, moderate and low levels of fumigations. There was a gradual decrease in catalase activity with increased levels of HNO3. The activity of glutathione reductase dropped to 20% in thalli exposed to low HNO3 but increased with its increase. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity increase by 20% with low levels of the pollutants but decreased with its increase. Tobacco. After 3 weeks of exposure of the sensitive tobacco cultivar to ozone there were visible symptoms of toxicity, but no danmage was evident in the tolerant cultivar. Neither cultivar showed any visible symptoms after exposure to HNO3.In tobacco fumigated with O3, there was a significant decrease in maximum photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance at high levels of the pollutant, while changes in mesophyll conductance were not significant. However, under HNO3 fumigation there was a significant increase in mesophyll conductance at low and high HNO3 levels while changes in maximum photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance were not significant. We could not detect any activity of the antioxidant enzymes in the fumigated tobacco leaves. This is in spite of the fact that we were able to assay the enzymes in tobacco leaves grown in Israel. Conclusions. This project generated novel data, and potentially applicable to agriculture, on the differential response of lichens and tobacco to HNO3 and O3 pollutants. However, due to experimental problems and time limitation discussed in the body of the report, our data do not justify yet application for a full, 4-year grant. We hope that in the future we shall conduct more experiments related to our objectives, which will serve as a basis for a larger scale project to explore the possibility of using lichens and/or plants for biomonitoring of ozone and nitric acid air pollution.

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Alchanatis, Victor, Stephen W. Searcy, Moshe Meron, W. Lee, G. Y. Li, and A. Ben Porath. Prediction of Nitrogen Stress Using Reflectance Techniques. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7580664.bard.

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Commercial agriculture has come under increasing pressure to reduce nitrogen fertilizer inputs in order to minimize potential nonpoint source pollution of ground and surface waters. This has resulted in increased interest in site specific fertilizer management. One way to solve pollution problems would be to determine crop nutrient needs in real time, using remote detection, and regulating fertilizer dispensed by an applicator. By detecting actual plant needs, only the additional nitrogen necessary to optimize production would be supplied. This research aimed to develop techniques for real time assessment of nitrogen status of corn using a mobile sensor with the potential to regulate nitrogen application based on data from that sensor. Specifically, the research first attempted to determine the system parameters necessary to optimize reflectance spectra of corn plants as a function of growth stage, chlorophyll and nitrogen status. In addition to that, an adaptable, multispectral sensor and the signal processing algorithm to provide real time, in-field assessment of corn nitrogen status was developed. Spectral characteristics of corn leaves reflectance were investigated in order to estimate the nitrogen status of the plants, using a commercial laboratory spectrometer. Statistical models relating leaf N and reflectance spectra were developed for both greenhouse and field plots. A basis was established for assessing nitrogen status using spectral reflectance from plant canopies. The combined effect of variety and N treatment was studied by measuring the reflectance of three varieties of different leaf characteristic color and five different N treatments. The variety effect on the reflectance at 552 nm was not significant (a = 0.01), while canonical discriminant analysis showed promising results for distinguishing different variety and N treatment, using spectral reflectance. Ambient illumination was found inappropriate for reliable, one-beam spectral reflectance measurement of the plants canopy due to the strong spectral lines of sunlight. Therefore, artificial light was consequently used. For in-field N status measurement, a dark chamber was constructed, to include the sensor, along with artificial illumination. Two different approaches were tested (i) use of spatially scattered artificial light, and (ii) use of collimated artificial light beam. It was found that the collimated beam along with a proper design of the sensor-beam geometry yielded the best results in terms of reducing the noise due to variable background, and maintaining the same distance from the sensor to the sample point of the canopy. A multispectral sensor assembly, based on a linear variable filter was designed, constructed and tested. The sensor assembly combined two sensors to cover the range of 400 to 1100 nm, a mounting frame, and a field data acquisition system. Using the mobile dark chamber and the developed sensor, as well as an off-the-shelf sensor, in- field nitrogen status of the plants canopy was measured. Statistical analysis of the acquired in-field data showed that the nitrogen status of the com leaves can be predicted with a SEP (Standard Error of Prediction) of 0.27%. The stage of maturity of the crop affected the relationship between the reflectance spectrum and the nitrogen status of the leaves. Specifically, the best prediction results were obtained when a separate model was used for each maturity stage. In-field assessment of the nitrogen status of corn leaves was successfully carried out by non contact measurement of the reflectance spectrum. This technology is now mature to be incorporated in field implements for on-line control of fertilizer application.

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Simmons. L51814 Survey Of Dry Low NOx Combustor Experience. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010207.

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Air pollution has become a major public issue and it is now evident that unburned hydrocarbons, CO, and NOx must meet increasingly restrictive standards. The emissions of nitrogen oxides by gas turbines are of concern because of their high toxicity and their role in the formation of photochemical smog. The formation of NOx occurs in a gas-fired gas turbine when combustion temperatures exceed a critical level for sufficient time to allow atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen to combine. For those gas turbine applications where steam or ultra-pure water are readily available, then steam or water injection are preferable NOx control strategies. Because these attributes are usually not available at pipeline compression stations, the turbine operators in the pipeline industry have chosen to control emissions by a dry combustion process. An alternative would be a catalytic reduction of the NOx generated in the exhaust gas but this requires an investment in SCR hardware and continuous use of ammonia, which adds to operating costs. Historically, dry low emissions (DLE) systems have experienced a greater than expected number of start-up problems as new products were introduced to the marketplace. A need of the gas pipeline industry is to identify the operating problems experienced with DLE systems, to link these problems to their most probable cause, to estimate costs incurred, and to glean strategies for avoiding future problems. A comprehensive PRCI sponsored survey of operators and manufacturers was completed which provides assistance to gas turbine operators in making NOx control procurement decisions and for budgeting operations and maintenance costs. This first ever detailed study provides information on typical operating costs and problems incurred with the currently operating DLE systems and serves as a guide for individual companies in the selection of cost effective low NOx combustion systems from available components offered by the OEM and after-market suppliers. The information developed by this report is intended to guide operators in estimating maintenance and repair costs to establish a lifetime cost of operation.

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