Готові списки джерел за темами / Police – Great Britain – Fiction

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Police – Great Britain – Fiction"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 26 липня 2024
Оновлено: 28 липня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Police – Great Britain – Fiction"

1

Furgała, Agata. "POLICE COOPERATION OF POLAND AND GREAT BRITAIN IN SCOPE OF BREXIT." PRZEGLĄD POLICYJNY 141, no. 1 (July 12, 2021): 241–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.0407.

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Leaving the UE by the UK has brought a number of consequences for bilateral Polish-British police and justice cooperation. The subject of the article was to present legal regulations, which provide the basis for international cooperation for British law enforcement agencies. The author analyzed and then evaluated the effectiveness of instruments of mutual cooperation. The articles focuses also on the assessment of Brexit consequences and its possible impact on the Polish-British police cooperation. It is worth emphasising that cross-border law enforcement cooperation - which includes police, customs, secret services and other law enforcement agencies, mainly concerns the most serious threats such as terrorism, organised crime, human traffi cking, money laundering, drug traffi cking or cybercrime. The article shows that the most unfavourable changes result from dropping the Schengen acquis by the United Kingdom - is disconnection from the second generation Schengen Information System. The article includes also information about The Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, which has retained a number of important mechanisms for effective police cooperation between EU Member States and the United Kingdom. But although, as mentioned in the article, the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the United Kingdom provides upgrades of the tools of police and judicial cooperation, it is a matter of practise to verify these as sufficient.
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2

Cook, R. W. "Recent Book: Association of Police Surgeons of Great Britain: “Rape”." Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles 58, no. 4 (October 1985): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032258x8505800417.

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3

Coulson, John, and Nigel Odin. "Continental Great Spotted Woodpeckers in mainland Britain ‐ fact or fiction?" Ringing & Migration 23, no. 4 (January 2007): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03078698.2007.9674367.

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4

Wood, J. C. "'The Third Degree': Press Reporting, Crime Fiction and Police Powers in 1920s Britain." Twentieth Century British History 21, no. 4 (August 3, 2010): 464–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/hwq032.

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5

Marzano, Lisa, Hilary Norman, Baljit Sohal, Keith Hawton, and Richard Mann. "Police-led real-time surveillance system for suspected suicides in Great Britain." BMJ Mental Health 26, no. 1 (February 2023): e300643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjment-2022-300643.

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Анотація:
It has become increasingly apparent that rapidly available information about the occurrence of suicides is needed, particularly to support suicide prevention efforts. Concerns about the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on vulnerability to suicide highlighted the need for such early data internationally. Here, we set out the nature, current status and content of a real-time suicide monitoring system in Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales), and explore its potential to contribute to timely and targeted suicide prevention initiatives. We also discuss the challenges to successful implementation.
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6

Panzarella, Robert, and Joanna Funk. "Police Deception Tactics and Public Consent in the United States and Great Britain." Criminal Justice Policy Review 2, no. 2 (June 1987): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088740348700200203.

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7

Konstantinovic-Vilic, Slobodanka, and Nevena Petrusic. "Police response to domestic violence: Theoretical framework and foreign experiences." Temida 8, no. 1 (2005): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem0501003k.

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This paper is dedicated to recognizing police work and intervention in the cases of domestic violence. Keeping in mind the relationship between the offender and the victim in the cases of domestic violence, seriousness of the consequences, as well as the fact that, during the intervention, police is the first state agency which ?disturbs? the sphere of family privacy, it is very important to study the way police is reacting, establish the degree of its efficiency and explore the factors that determine the efficiency of police intervention. The paper points out the policy of police response to domestic violence in some foreign systems (Great Britain, USA, Australia). Particular attention is paid to consideration of activities police is dealing with while collecting the data on the violence, victim and the offender, the way police is reacting in order to prevent new violence, as well as the responsibility and aims police has during the intervention.
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8

Bonsall, Sally Joy. "Policing, surveillance capitalism and the Great British love affair with crime drama in Happy Valley." Journal of Class & Culture 3, no. 1 (April 1, 2024): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jclc_00037_1.

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Анотація:
Police and crime dramas are one of the most popular forms of TV entertainment in Britain. I first show that over the course of the past few decades, policing and surveillance has become more invasive than ever before. These phenomena are strongly tied to new forms of neo-liberalism and capitalism that encourage increasingly individualistic and fragmented societies. Yet, data shows that trust in the police is high, regardless of class background: Why might this be? I turn to depictions of surveillance and policing in British crime drama, in particular, the recently highly acclaimed Happy Valley. Whilst a well-written, heart-warming and satisfying TV series, I point to several themes that illustrate how British neo-liberal societal decay, policing and surveillance culture might be apparent. Police are presented as capable of filling the void left by the neo-liberal decimation of public services and the accompanying loneliness of intense individualism in poorer towns and cities.
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9

Leitch, Thomas. "The Many Pasts of Detective Fiction." Crime Fiction Studies 1, no. 2 (September 2020): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cfs.2020.0018.

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Building on Tzvetan Todorov's observation that the detective novel ‘contains not one but two stories: the story of the crime and the story of the investigation’, this essay argues that detective novels display a remarkably wide range of attitudes toward the several pasts they represent: the pasts of the crime, the community, the criminal, the detective, and public history. It traces a series of defining shifts in these attitudes through the evolution of five distinct subgenres of detective fiction: exploits of a Great Detective like Sherlock Holmes, Golden Age whodunits that pose as intellectual puzzles to be solved, hardboiled stories that invoke a distant past that the present both breaks with and echoes, police procedurals that unfold in an indefinitely extended present, and historical mysteries that nostalgically fetishize the past. It concludes with a brief consideration of genre readers’ own ambivalent phenomenological investment in the past, present, and future each detective story projects.
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10

Brookman, Fiona, Edward R. Maguire, and Mike Maguire. "What Factors Influence Whether Homicide Cases Are Solved? Insights From Qualitative Research With Detectives in Great Britain and the United States." Homicide Studies 23, no. 2 (August 15, 2018): 145–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088767918793678.

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A growing body of research examines factors that influence the likelihood of solving homicide cases. Much of this research emanates from North America and is based on quantitative analysis of police data. This article explores the views of homicide detectives, complemented by observations of investigations, in both Great Britain and the United States, regarding factors that affect the chances of solving homicides. Although we find some important differences between nations, the qualitative evidence suggests that the likelihood of solving even the most challenging homicide cases in both nations can be influenced by police agency at the individual and strategic level.
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Дисертації з теми "Police – Great Britain – Fiction"

1

Alam, M. Y. "Ethnographic encounters and literary fictions : crossover and synergy between the social sciences and humanities." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6295.

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Over the past 14 years, working independently and with other original thinkers, I have produced works that have on two fronts contributed to the evolving understanding of ethnic relations in contemporary Britain. The first is around social/community cohesion, media and representation as well as counter-terrorism policy as explored through the social sciences. The second domain covering the same themes is couched within the humanities, in particular, the production of literary fiction.
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2

Alam, M. Yunis. "Ethnographic encounters and literary fictions: crossover and synergy between the social sciences and humanities. Statement in support of application for Doctor of Philosophy by published works (1998-2012)." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6295.

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Анотація:
Over the past 14 years, working independently and with other original thinkers, I have produced works that have on two fronts contributed to the evolving understanding of ethnic relations in contemporary Britain. The first is around social/community cohesion, media and representation as well as counter-terrorism policy as explored through the social sciences. The second domain covering the same themes is couched within the humanities, in particular, the production of literary fiction.
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3

Parsons, Angelina Ruth. "Managerial influences on police decision-making." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709291.

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4

Davies, Matthew William. "Elected Police and Crime Commissioners : an experiment in democratic policing." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:72bf870f-4ce8-4cf6-9e5c-5564d4273100.

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Анотація:
In this thesis, I explore the ways in which Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) have met a declared policy intention to create greater democratic accountability around policing and crime. I conceptualise PCCs as a piece of a broader democratic puzzle and explore both how they have been positioned and shaped within the broader policing and crime nexus across England and Wales. In considering the positioning of PCCs, I use data from case studies and interviews with 32 (out of 41) PCCs to identify how they have begun to develop relationships with the public and local, regional and national partners. The findings suggest that with the exception of their abilities to join up local crime reduction services, PCCs occupy an awkward space - not local enough to be meaningfully representative of the public they serve, but not outwardly-facing enough to manage wider co-ordination of policing. Subsequently, I investigate the shape of the PCC model to deliver greater accountability by focusing on the ways in which PCCs have begun to envisage the role and develop relationships with other key stakeholders. Varied responses from PCCs across the country reflected the broad-ranging nature of the role, which in some cases appeared to undermine their ability to fully perform all aspects of the job. I argue that this became particularly accentuated in emerging relationships with chief constables and Police and Crime Panels, where the single PCC model exposes accountability to dangers of personalities and politics. I conclude by arguing that while many PCCs have facilitated various components of democratic accountability within the management of policing and crime-reduction services, the PCC model appears to be misplaced and misshaped to effectively complete the puzzle of democratic policing.
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5

Tang, Kung. "The Search for Order and Liberty : The British Police, the Suffragettes, and the Unions, 1906-1912." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279136/.

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From 1906 to 1912 the British police contended with the struggles of militant suffragettes and active unionists. In facing the disturbances associated with the suffragette movement and union mobilization, the police confronted the dual problems of maintaining the public order essential to the survival and welfare of the kingdom while at the same time assuring to individuals the liberty necessary for Britain's further progress. This dissertation studies those police activities in detail.
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6

Elliot-Cooper, Adam. "The struggle that has no name : race, space and policing in post-Duggan Britain." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7efad2ea-75e2-4a54-a479-b3b2b265e827.

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State violence, and policing in particular, continue to shape the black British experience, racialising geographical areas associated with African and African-Caribbean communities. The history of black struggles in the UK has often centred on spaces of racial violence and resistance to it. But black-led social movements of previous decades have, for the most part, seen a decline in both political mobilisations, and the militant anti-racist slogans and discourses that accompanied them. Neoliberalism, through securitisation, resource reallocation, privatisation of space and the de-racialising of language, has made radical black activism an increasingly difficult endeavour. But this does not mean that black struggle against policing has disappeared. What it does mean, however, is that there have been significant changes in how anti-racist activism against policing is articulated and carried out. Three high-profile black deaths at the hands of police in 2011 led to widespread protest and civil unrest. These movements of resistance were strengthened when the Black Lives Matter movement in the United States mobilised hundreds of young people in solidarity actions in England. In this thesis, I argue that, over time, racist metonyms used to describe places racialised as black (Handsworth, Brixton etc.) and people racialised as black (Stephen Lawrence, Mark Duggan etc.), have led to the rise of metonymic anti-racism. While metonymic anti-racism was used alongside more overt anti-racist language in the period between the 1950s and early 1990s, I argue that such overt anti-racist language is becoming rarer in the post-2011 period, particularly in radical black grassroots organisations that address policing. Intersecting with metonymic anti-racism are gender dynamics brought to the surface by female-led campaigns against police violence, and forms of resistance which target spaces of post-industrial consumer capitalism. Understanding how police racism, and resistance to it, are being reconceptualised through language, and reconfigured through different forms of activism, provides a fresh understanding of grassroots black struggle in Britain.
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7

Bryett, Keith. "The effects of political terrorism on the police in Great Britain and Northern Ireland since 1969." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1987. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=129203.

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This thesis examines the impact of politically motivated terrorism on the police service in Great Britain and Northern Ireland since 1969. During the period reviewed, changes to the police philosophy in the United Kingdom have been dramatic. An increasingly militarized role for the police reflects increased levels of violence in society. Manpower shortages resulted in the replacement of pro-active policing in the mid-1960's, with a re-active variety based on enhanced mobility. Terrorism is a manifestation of the determination of minority groups in society to draw attention to their cause. Their acts constitute the most serious crimes known to British law. Terrorism demands, it does not ask. It is this priority that terrorism creates on police resources, which produces clear evidence of its direct influence on police evolution during the past two decades. The existence of an Anti-Terrorist Squad, the creation of facilities at New Scotland Yard to collate terrorist related intelligence gathered nationally and internationally, are evidence of the specialization which now exists to counter this threat. In order to manage the changed philosophy behind the specialization, technological improvement and large increases in resources (including manpower), there is a trend towards a new type of top level police manager capable of integrating the enhanced services. This thesis examines and analyzes a number of incidents involving terrorists. It draws conclusions about the police response to those incidents and their influence on the day to day function of the police and takes account of the impact of governmental and international constraints and pressures. The Northern Ireland case study examines the circumstances which inspired the total reconstruction of the Royal Ulster Constabulary. The influence of the continued activities of parliamentary terrorist groups in the province, on the reconstruction process, is regarded as central to this study.
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8

Kobritz, Sharon J. "Why Mystery and Detective Fiction was a Natural Outgrowth of the Victorian Period." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2002. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/KobritzSJ2002.pdf.

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9

Clark, Janet. "Striving to preserve the peace! : the National Council for Civil Liberties, the Metropolitan Police and the dynamics of disorder in inter-war Britain." Thesis, n.p, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/.

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Gill, Josephine Ceri. "Race, genetics and British fiction since the Human Genome Project." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610822.

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Книги з теми "Police – Great Britain – Fiction"

1

Cleeland, Anne. Murder in Hindsight: A New Scotland Yard mystery. New York: Kensington Pub Corp, 2015.

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2

Allingham, Margery. Police at the funeral. New York: Carroll & Graf, 1994.

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3

Allingham, Margery. Police at the funeral. London: Penguin, 1989.

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4

Firth, Norman. Terror strikes. Leicester: Thorpe, 2015.

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5

Collett, Chris. Blood money. London: Piatkus, 2008.

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6

Page, Emma. A violent end. Anstey: F. A. Thorpe, 1990.

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7

Diminished responsibility. London: Futura, 1986.

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8

Russell, Leigh. Cut short. Rearsby: Clipper Large Print, 2012.

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9

Talbot, Bryan. Grandville: A fantasy. London: Jonathan Cape, 2009.

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10

Talbot, Bryan. Grandville. Milwaukie, Or: Dark Horse Books, 2009.

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Частини книг з теми "Police – Great Britain – Fiction"

1

Link, Sarah J. "Defining Detective Fiction." In Crime Files, 17–38. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33227-2_2.

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AbstractThis chapter identifies common features of detective fiction and provides an overview of the history of the genre in order to explain the strong conceptual link between lists and detective fiction. The chapter explains how the idea of lists as an ordering principle is rooted in the genre’s history, and it illustrates the clearly marked reader positions that develop across various subgenres. Particular attention is paid to the Newgate Calendar, to the central role that Edgar Allan Poe and French detective fiction played in establishing the genre in Great Britain, to the genre’s close relation to sensation fiction, and to the role of the police. The chapter also discusses the influence of Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes stories and the importance of genre rules established during the Golden Age of detective fiction. It concludes with the numerous rule catalogs produced by writers in the Golden Age period that highlights the genre’s affinity to enumerative forms.
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2

Brewer, John D., Adrian Guelke, Ian Hume, Edward Moxon-Browne, and Rick Wilford. "Great Britain." In The Police, Public Order and the State, 6–46. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24647-2_2.

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3

Andrade, John. "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland." In World Police & Paramilitary Forces, 213–20. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07782-3_173.

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4

Fraser, Mary. "The Outcome for Britain of the Food Shortages of 1917." In The British Police and Home Food Production in the Great War, 203–18. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-58743-6_9.

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5

Mark, Robert. "Keeping the Peace in Great Britain: The Differing Roles of the Police and the Army*." In Policing a Perplexed Society, 23–33. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003360520-2.

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6

Bonnet, Romain, Amerigo Caruso, and Alessandro Saluppo. "The First Revolution of the Twentieth Century: Fears of Socialism and Anti-Labour Mobilisation in Europe After the Russian Revolution of 1905." In Rethinking Revolutions from 1905 to 1934, 195–219. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04465-6_8.

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AbstractIn the late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Europe experienced labour conflicts, unprecedented in their character, intensity and scope. From the waves of strikes and social conflicts of the pre-war era, through the ordeal of the First World War, and the extraordinary violence of the post-1917 upheavals, the revolutionary potential of mass strikes never ceased to torment those who were assigned, or self-appointed, to protect the threatened order. The purpose of this article is to analyse the repertoire of actions and ideas of right-wing civil defence leagues, vigilante organisations, private police and yellow unions which emerged at the end of the century, and most noticeably in the aftermath of the Russian Revolution of 1905. This phenomenon is considered in a comparative and transnational perspective, with a particular focus on the most industrialised societies of pre-war Europe: France, Germany and Great Britain. The article provides a systematisation and assessment of the different forms, types and characteristics of this process of relative privatisation and realignment in security roles, outlying trends and shared clusters of ideological beliefs in violent activity across various industries and national contexts. The article shows how the pre-war experience of vigilantism, anti-socialism and nationalism would represent a key incentive to the development of governmental strikebreaking schemes as well as an important situational antecedent for citizens’ militias and right-wing paramilitary organisations in the aftermath of the Great War.
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7

Hughes, Michael. "5. Spies and Trials." In Feliks Volkhovskii, 149–90. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0385.05.

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This chapter examines Volkhovskii’s career from the middle of the 1890s down to the end of the century. The Russian government were intensely nervous about the activities of all Russian exiles abroad, and the Paris branch of the tsarist secret police (Okhrana) played a key role in monitoring developments in Russian émigré communities across Europe. The head of the Paris agentura, Petr Rachkovskii, was particularly exercised by developments in London. While most attention was given to the activities of Stepniak and Vladimir Burtsev, numerous reports were also compiled about Volkhovskii, who was seen as a key figure in efforts to win support in Britain for Russian revolutionaries. Rachkovskii was also concerned about the likely consequences should Stepniak and Volkhovskii prove successful in building great unity between the various elements in the Russian revolutionary movement abroad. Following the death of Stepniak in 1895, Volkhovskii became the formal editor of Free Russia, and continued to play a leading role in the Russian Free Press Fund. He was however generally unsuccessful in his efforts to build closer ties both with Russian liberals and other Russian revolutionaries living abroad. Volkhovskii also for a time found himself at odds with leading members of the Free Press Fund including Nikolai Chaikovskii and Egor Lazarev. He nevertheless took a leading role in organising the defence of Vladimir Burtsev when he was tried in London for publishing a journal that supported regicide as a legitimate tactic in the fight against the tsarist regime.
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8

McKeon, Michael. "Prose fiction: Great Britain." In The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism, 238–63. Cambridge University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521300094.009.

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9

Emsley, Clive. "The Police." In The British Constitution in the Twentieth Century. British Academy, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197263198.003.0014.

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This chapter examines the changes in police and policing in Great Britain during the twentieth century. It explains that during that time there was a reduction in the number of individual police forces and that this was closely linked with the greater autonomy of senior officers within their jurisdictions. There was also a significant transformation from largely local policing to centrally directed policing as a result of the clarification of the police officer's constitutional role by legal ruling and legislation.
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10

Heidensohn, Frances. "Policewomen in Britain." In Women in Control?, 107–55. Oxford University PressOxford, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198252559.003.0005.

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Abstract One main purpose of the earlier chapters of this book was to set the scene for the characters whom I now wish to introduce, the female police officers interviewed for this study (further details of the methodology of this study are given in the Appendix). All my informants were serving or former police officers in England or the USA. The group was formed by means of a ‘snowball’ system of sampling and thus cannot be claimed to be a random selection. As I shall make clear, it was not my intention to seek a representative group in that way. Rather, I tried to give a voice to women who have, as will become clear, a great deal to say about police and policing, yet whose voices have been relatively muted.
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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Police – Great Britain – Fiction"

1

ZHOROVA, Iryna, Serhiy DANYLYUK, and Olha KHUDENKO. "Civic education of students by means of literature: european experience." In Învățământul superior: tradiţii, valori, perspective. "Ion Creanga" State Pedagogical University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46727/c.29-30-09-2023.p108-122.

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The article reveals the theoretical and methodical aspects of students’ civic education by means of literature. Emphasis is placed on the fact that in the conditions of unstable development of society, escalation of conflicts both between states and between fellow citizens, the issue of students’ civic education is actualized. The authors understand this concept as a form of social education, the formation of a citizen of a specific state, capable of successfully acting for the sake of preserving democracy and peace. Currently, informal education, in addition to the content of “social and civic competencies” that is understandable for Ukrainian educators, uses the term “competencies for the culture of democracy”, which, according to the authors, is a structured concept implemented in the European dimension of civic education. The authors emphasize that fiction affects human feelings and consciousness, it is a powerful means of moral, aesthetic and civic education. Through artistic images, writers provide an opportunity to form their attitude to the events described, to draw certain conclusions, to reflect on universal values, on the actions of one or another character, to see models of civic active/passive behavior. The article analyzes the European experience of civic education, in particular Great Britain and Germany. The authors take into account the literature of these countries and identify aspects that can serve as a basis for students’ civic education, compare them with the Ukrainian realities of civic education. The authors present the main vectors of civic education in Germany, which are determined by the content of literary works and encourage pluralism of opinions, tolerance for the views and judgments of others, motivate students to actively participate in civic life, awareness of the value of freedom, respect for human dignity, the right to self-expression, responsibility for an individual’s moral choice. The works are also the basis for establishing in teenagers such democratic values as the right to life, to fair treatment, dignity, freedom from discrimination, the right to equality, understanding the need to protect one’s rights and the rights of other people.The analysis of content concepts of literature for pupils in Great Britain shows that the priorities of civic education are national patriotism and the education of a law-abiding citizen. The textual material of the works and civic education lessons help pupils to better understand different forms of governance and their impact on citizens; to understand the responsibility and functions of management and the duties of citizens; to acquire socio-cultural experience that gives the opportunity to feel morally, socially, politically, legally competent and protected in society and to take direct part in the activities of civil society institutions. In Finland, the basic democratic values of the national core curriculum are open democracy, equality, responsibility for one’s own choice. An important focus of education in Finnish high school is gaining experience in shaping the future based on joint decisions and interaction.Taking into account the global trends of digitization, the authors considered digital technologies to be educational innovations in students’ civic education (electronic textbooks (not just digitized, but interactive, with virtual 3D materials that teachers can compose at their discretion), textbook scans for download, various materials: interactive laboratories, virtual museums, forums for teachers to communicate, etc.).
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Звіти організацій з теми "Police – Great Britain – Fiction"

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Drury, J., S. Arias, T. Au-Yeung, D. Barr, L. Bell, T. Butler, H. Carter, et al. Public behaviour in response to perceived hostile threats: an evidence base and guide for practitioners and policymakers. University of Sussex, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/vjvt7448.

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Background: Public behaviour and the new hostile threats • Civil contingencies planning and preparedness for hostile threats requires accurate and up to date knowledge about how the public might behave in relation to such incidents. Inaccurate understandings of public behaviour can lead to dangerous and counterproductive practices and policies. • There is consistent evidence across both hostile threats and other kinds of emergencies and disasters that significant numbers of those affected give each other support, cooperate, and otherwise interact socially within the incident itself. • In emergency incidents, competition among those affected occurs in only limited situations, and loss of behavioural control is rare. • Spontaneous cooperation among the public in emergency incidents, based on either social capital or emergent social identity, is a crucial part of civil contingencies planning. • There has been relatively little research on public behaviour in response to the new hostile threats of the past ten years, however. • The programme of work summarized in this briefing document came about in response to a wave of false alarm flight incidents in the 2010s, linked to the new hostile threats (i.e., marauding terrorist attacks). • By using a combination of archive data for incidents in Great Britain 2010-2019, interviews, video data analysis, and controlled experiments using virtual reality technology, we were able to examine experiences, measure behaviour, and test hypotheses about underlying psychological mechanisms in both false alarms and public interventions against a hostile threat. Re-visiting the relationship between false alarms and crowd disasters • The Bethnal Green tube disaster of 1943, in which 173 people died, has historically been used to suggest that (mis)perceived hostile threats can lead to uncontrolled ‘stampedes’. • Re-analysis of witness statements suggests that public fears of Germany bombs were realistic rather than unreasonable, and that flight behaviour was socially structured rather than uncontrolled. • Evidence for a causal link between the flight of the crowd and the fatal crowd collapse is weak at best. • Altogether, the analysis suggests the importance of examining people’s beliefs about context to understand when they might interpret ambiguous signals as a hostile threat, and that. Tthe concepts of norms and relationships offer better ways to explain such incidents than ‘mass panic’. Why false alarms occur • The wider context of terrorist threat provides a framing for the public’s perception of signals as evidence of hostile threats. In particular, the magnitude of recent psychologically relevant terrorist attacks predicts likelihood of false alarm flight incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in those towns and cities that have seen genuine terrorist incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in the types of location where terrorist attacks happen, such as shopping areass, transport hubs, and other crowded places. • The urgent or flight behaviour of other people (including the emergency services) influences public perceptions that there is a hostile threat, particularly in situations of greater ambiguity, and particularly when these other people are ingroup. • High profile tweets suggesting a hostile threat, including from the police, have been associated with the size and scale of false alarm responses. • In most cases, it is a combination of factors – context, others’ behaviour, communications – that leads people to flee. A false alarm tends not to be sudden or impulsive, and often follows an initial phase of discounting threat – as with many genuine emergencies. 2.4 How the public behave in false alarm flight incidents • Even in those false alarm incidents where there is urgent flight, there are also other behaviours than running, including ignoring the ‘threat’, and walking away. • Injuries occur but recorded injuries are relatively uncommon. • Hiding is a common behaviour. In our evidence, this was facilitated by orders from police and offers from people staff in shops and other premises. • Supportive behaviours are common, including informational and emotional support. • Members of the public often cooperate with the emergency services and comply with their orders but also question instructions when the rationale is unclear. • Pushing, trampling and other competitive behaviour can occur,s but only in restricted situations and briefly. • At the Oxford Street Black Friday 2017 false alarm, rather than an overall sense of unity across the crowd, camaraderie existed only in pockets. This was likely due to the lack of a sense of common fate or reference point across the incident; the fragmented experience would have hindered the development of a shared social identity across the crowd. • Large and high profile false alarm incidents may be associated with significant levels of distress and even humiliation among those members of the public affected, both at the time and in the aftermath, as the rest of society reflects and comments on the incident. Public behaviour in response to visible marauding attackers • Spontaneous, coordinated public responses to marauding bladed attacks have been observed on a number of occasions. • Close examination of marauding bladed attacks suggests that members of the public engage in a wide variety of behaviours, not just flight. • Members of the public responding to marauding bladed attacks adopt a variety of complementary roles. These, that may include defending, communicating, first aid, recruiting others, marshalling, negotiating, risk assessment, and evidence gathering. Recommendations for practitioners and policymakers • Embed the psychology of public behaviour in emergencies in your training and guidance. • Continue to inform the public and promote public awareness where there is an increased threat. • Build long-term relations with the public to achieve trust and influence in emergency preparedness. • Use a unifying language and supportive forms of communication to enhance unity both within the crowd and between the crowd and the authorities. • Authorities and responders should take a reflexive approach to their responses to possible hostile threats, by reflecting upon how their actions might be perceived by the public and impact (positively and negatively) upon public behaviour. • To give emotional support, prioritize informative and actionable risk and crisis communication over emotional reassurances. • Provide first aid kits in transport infrastructures to enable some members of the public more effectively to act as zero responders.
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