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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Police alcohol use"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 12 лютого 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Police alcohol use"

Copenhaver, Allen, and Richard Tewksbury. "Predicting state police officer alcohol consumption and use of tobacco." International Journal of Police Science & Management 20, no. 3 (September 2018): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461355718793667.

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Criminal justice research has well documented the fact that law enforcement officers experience a significant amount of stress. Research also suggests law enforcement officers use tobacco (which is not healthy at any rate) and alcohol at rates exceeding those of other populations. Although several studies have documented the above across a wide variety of law enforcement populations, research has not previously explored the extent to which state police officers use tobacco and alcohol. Because no studies explore state law enforcement officer use of tobacco and alcohol, no studies exist that identify factors predictive of state police officer use of alcohol and tobacco. This study addresses these gaps in the literature by surveying all sworn state police officers of one state police agency. Policy recommendations, as they pertain to reducing state police officer use of alcohol and tobacco are discussed below.

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Brennan, Iain R. "In Vino Silentium? Individual, Situational, and Alcohol-Related Factors in Reporting Violence to the Police." Violence and Victims 26, no. 2 (2011): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.26.2.191.

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This study identifies the individual, situational, and alcohol-related factors associated with reporting violent victimization to the police. Factors positively associated with reporting included older age and incident severity (the assailant’s use of a weapon, incurring injury that required attendance at an emergency department). Factors negatively associated with reporting included higher educational qualifications, assault in the nighttime economy (NTE), and drinking more than two alcoholic drinks immediately prior to victimization. It is possible that drinkers engage in “moratorium” on reporting violence in the NTE. Recognizing and reducing the acceptability of violence in the NTE may help reduce incidence of alcohol-related violence. Organizations that use police records of violence to inform practice and policy should account for uneven distributions in reporting behavior when analyzing trends in violence.

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Hall, Wayne, Ernest Hunter, and Randolph Spargo. "Alcohol Use and Incarceration in a Police Lockup among Aboriginals in the Kimberley Region of Western Australia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 27, no. 1 (June 1994): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589402700109.

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Data from a general population survey of a stratified random sample of 516 Aboriginal men and women over the age of 15 years in the Kimberley region of Western Australia were used to estimate patterns of incarceration in police lockups and their relationship to self-reported alcohol consumption. Participants in the survey were asked about their lifetime experience of incarceration in police cells, and about their frequency and quantity of alcohol consumption. Estimates of the population risk of incarceration indicated that 81% of Kimberley Aboriginal men, and 37% of Kimberley Aboriginal women have been locked up in police cells. Alcohol use was strongly related to the risk of being locked up in police cells, and the risk was higher among current drinkers who were of full rather than mixed Aboriginal descent. Urgent action is required to reduce rates of incarceration in police cells among Kimberley Aboriginals. In addition to the decriminalisation of public drunkenness, action needs to be taken to reduce the prevalence of heavy alcohol use, and to improve the social and economic conditions in which Kimberley Aboriginals live.

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Rossow, Ingeborg, Trygve Ugland, and Bergljot Baklien. "Use of research in local alcohol policy-making." Drugs and Alcohol Today 15, no. 4 (December 7, 2015): 192–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dat-05-2015-0022.

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Purpose – On-premise trading hours are generally decided at the local level. The purpose of this paper is to identify relevant advocacy coalitions and to assess to what extent and how these coalitions used research in the alcohol policy-making process concerning changes in on-premise trading hours in Norway. Design/methodology/approach – Theory-driven content analyses were conducted, applying data from city council documents (24 Norwegian cities) and Norwegian newspaper articles and broadcast interviews (n=138) in 2011-2012. Findings – Two advocacy coalitions with conflicting views and values were identified. Both coalitions used research quite extensively – in the public debate and in the formal decision-making process – but in different ways. The restrictive coalition, favouring restricted trading hours and emphasising public health/safety, included the police and temperance movements and embraced research demonstrating the beneficial health/safety effects of restricting trading hours. The liberal coalition of conservative politicians and hospitality industry emphasised individual freedom and industry interests and promoted research demonstrating negative effects on hospitality industry turnover. This coalition also actively discredited the research demonstrating the beneficial health/safety effects of restricting trading hours. Originality/value – Little is known about how local alcohol policy-making processes are informed by research-based knowledge. This study is the first to analyse how advocacy coalitions use research to influence local alcohol policy-making.

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Chopko, Brian A., Patrick A. Palmieri, and Richard E. Adams. "Associations Between Police Stress and Alcohol Use: Implications for Practice." Journal of Loss and Trauma 18, no. 5 (March 18, 2013): 482–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2012.719340.

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Denis, Céline, and Patrick Chariot. "Alcohol and substance use among arrestees examined in police custody." Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 23 (March 2014): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2014.01.016.

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Smith, Nina, Jim Harper, Ché Smith, and Deja Young. "Don't shoot!: State-wide police shootings, adolescent risk-taking behaviors, and the historic influence of wealth." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 7 (August 2, 2020): 640–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.77.8653.

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The present study uses Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory as a framework for understanding the influence of state-wide fatal police shootings and wealth on a host of adolescent risk-taking behaviors (i.e. sexual risk taking, tobacco use, drug use, alcohol use, and suicide risk). Using data from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey, associations were tested among black and white adolescents from five states (N=13,314). State-wide police shootings were positively associated with drug use, alcohol use, and suicide risk among black adolescents. In contrast, state-wide police shootings, alone, were not associated with any risk-taking behaviors among white adolescents. However, wealth mattered, such that increases in wealth were significantly associated with lower sexual risk-taking, drug use, and suicide risk for white adolescents. Wealth was only associated with lower alcohol use among black adolescents. Our results indicate that state-wide fatal police shootings may shape adolescent health in unfavorable ways – namely among Black youth. Wealth may serve as a buffer against the negative effects of state-wide fatal police shootings.

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Hall, C. A., K. Votova, D. Eramian, S. MacDonald, C. G. Heyd, and C. Sedgwick. "LO59: Police use of force and subsequent emergency department assessment-mental health concerns are the driving force behind ED use and choice of transport mode." CJEM 19, S1 (May 2017): S48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2017.121.

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Introduction: We examined persons transported to hospital after police use of force to determine whether Emergency Department (ED) assessment and/or mode of transport could be predicted. Methods: A multi-site prospective consecutive cohort study of police use of force with data on ED assessment for individuals ≥18 yrs was conducted over 36 months (Jan 2010-Dec 2012) in 4 cities in Canada. Police, EMS and hospital data were linked by study ID. Stepwise logistic regression examined the relationship between the police call for service and subject characteristics on subsequent ED assessment and mode of transport. Results: In 3310 use of force events, 86.7% of subjects were male, median age 29 yrs. ED transport occurred in 26% (n=726). Odds of ED assessment increased by 1.2 (CI 1.1, 1.3) for each force modality >1. Other predictors of ED use: if the nature of police call was for Mental Health Act (MHA) (Odds 14.3, CI 10.6, 19.2), features of excited delirium (ExD) (Odds 2.7, CI 1.9, 3.7), police-assessed emotional distress (EDP) not an MHA (Odds 2.1, CI 1.5, 3.0) and combined drugs, alcohol and EDP (Odds 1.7, CI 1.9, 3.7). Those with alcohol impairment alone were less likely to go to ED from the scene: OR 0.6 (CI 0.5, 0.7). EMS transported 55% of all patients (n=401), although police transported ~100 people who EMS attended at the scene but did not subsequently transport. For patients brought to the ED, 70% had a retrievable chart (512/726) with a discernible primary diagnosis: 25% for physical injury, 32% for psychiatric and 43% for drug and/or alcohol intoxication. For use of force events that began as MHA calls, patient transport was more often by police car than ambulance OR 1.8 (CI 1.2, 2.5), while those with drug intoxication or ≥3 ExD features were more often brought by ambulance: odds of police transport 0.5 (CI 0.3, 0.9) and 0.4 (CI 0.3, 0.7). Violence or aggression did not predict mode of transport in our study. Conclusion: About one quarter of police use of force events lead to ED assessment; 1 in 4 patients transported had a physical injury of some description. Calls including the Mental Health Act or individuals with drug intoxication or excited delirium features are most predictive of ED use following police use of force. In MHA calls with use of force, persons are nearly twice as likely to go to ED by police car than by ambulance.

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Ostrowsky, Michael K. "Sports Fans, Alcohol Use, and Violent Behavior: A Sociological Review." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 19, no. 4 (August 31, 2016): 406–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838016663937.

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This review makes four contributions to the sociological study of sports fans, alcohol use, and violent behavior. First, this article focuses explicitly on the relationship between alcohol use and violent behavior among sports fans. This is a worldwide social problem, yet it is quite understudied. Second, this article synthesizes the fragmented literature on alcohol use and violent behavior among sports fans. Third, this article identifies four broad sets of risk factors—sociocultural, event/venue, police, and crowd—that appear to be closely related to violent behavior among sports fans. Finally, to help explain the possible correlation between alcohol and violence among sports fans, this article draws upon the key understandings from the literature on alcohol and violence in wider society. The article concludes with suggestions for future research.

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Violanti, John M., James E. Slaven, Luenda E. Charles, Cecil M. Burchfiel, Michael E. Andrew, and Gregory G. Homish. "Police and Alcohol Use: A Descriptive Analysis and Associations with Stress Outcomes." American Journal of Criminal Justice 36, no. 4 (June 23, 2011): 344–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12103-011-9121-7.

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Дисертації з теми "Police alcohol use"

Turner, Joseph K. "Police officers' personal use of alcohol and the relationship to arrest decisions in impaired driving cases." Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1328121.

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The purpose of this study was to determine if a police officer's use of alcohol in his/her personal life affected their arrest decision in impaired driving cases. A survey was developed and reviewed by a jury of experts consisting of traffic safety specialists from across Indiana, to gather information concerning officer demographics, use of alcohol, and belief in the importance of impaired driving enforcement. Results indicated that sixty-one (61) officers fit the criteria of 1) patrolling during darkness hours throughout the year 2002, and 2) were complete the survey. Most officers were male (88%), between twenty-one and thirty-five years of age (79%), and had less than ten years of law enforcement experience (74%).The data were analyzed using univariate, bivariate, and ANOVA to test the null hypothesis. There was no statistical relationship between the decision to arrest and the personal use of alcohol by the officer. There was also no statistical relationship between the decision to arrest and any of the demographic categories. The only item that showed a statistical relationship was between the decision to arrest and an officer indicating they believed the problem of impaired driving was somewhat important.
Department of Physiology and Health Science

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McDonald, Rodney, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, and Faculty of Social Inquiry. "Never trust a cop who doesn't drink : a critical study of the challenges and opportunities for reducing high levels of alcohol consumption within an occupational culture." THESIS_FSI_SEL_McDonald_R.xml, 2000. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/276.

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Police culture often valorises 'hard' drinking, and in NSW police label their heavy drinkers 'heroes'. It is queried if there is some relationship between occupational culture and drinking style.It is found that much of the current theorising about the origins and nature of problem drinking, such as psychological theorising about stress, is inadequate to explain and address the extraordinary level of high-risk drinking among police.This thesis explores alternative views such as critical and feminist perspectives on police culture, constructions of masculinity, and mechanisms of 'enabling', to discover whether these might prove more applicable and more productive. The research also explores the matter of whether a case can be made for taking alternative ideas and theories into account in designing intervention programmes for specific occupation contexts, and whether they raise any policy and practical implications for addressing problem drinking within the NSW Police Service.
Master of Science (Hons)

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Willoughby, Emily. "An Examination of Alcohol Use and Abuse in College Students." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/974.

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The purpose of this thesis is to examine how some college students become alcohol abusers and how, if at all, colleges can reduce such behavior. I will begin with a brief overview of the positive and negative economic impacts of alcohol consumption in the United States. Underage drinking is responsible for a significant portion of the negative impact, so the remainder of this thesis will focus on the negative role that alcohol plays during one of the most transformative times in young adults' lives: college. I will provide a review of the research that examines various risk factors for alcohol abuse in the college setting, the alcohol-related negative consequences, and an examination of explanations for why students consume alcohol. I will conclude with examples of three different actions that university administrators can take to reduce alcohol abuse.

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Meyer, Jan-Hendrik. "Alcohol use of students at the University of Stellenbosch." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52082.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The present study stems from a concern with the possible occurrence of alcohol abuse on a university campus. The major focus is an exploration of the drinking habits of mostly undergraduate students. An adequate understanding of the above would simplify the task of the university authorities of formulating a relevant alcohol policy and action plan. The survey involves a self-completion questionnaire. The data analysis concentrated on Pearson's correlations and chisquare tests. Significant relationships between the level of alcohol use on the one hand and gender, residence, language, other substance abuse, sport participation, religion, moral values, and sexual activity on the other hand was found. Finally a profile of high-risk, heavier drinking students are provided.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die huidige studie spruit uit 'n besorgdheid oor die voorkoms van alkohol misbruik op 'n universiteitskampus. Die primêre fokus is 'n verkenning van die drinkgewoontes van hoofsaaklik voorgraadse studente. 'n Omvattende begrip van bogenoemde sal die taak vergemaklik van die universiteitsowerhede om 'n toepaslike alkoholbeleid en -aksieplan te formuleer. Die ondersoekende studie behels 'n selfvoltooings vraelys. Die data-analise fokus op Pearson se korrelasies en chi-kwadraat toetse. Beduidende verbande is gevind tussen vlak van alkohol gebruik aan die een kant en geslag, verblyf, taal, ander substansgebruik, sportdeelname, godsdiens, morele waardes en seksuele aktiwiteit aan die ander kant. Laastens word 'n profiel van die hoë risiko, swaarder drinkende studente verstrek.

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Yashkin, Arseniy Pavlovich. "The Dynamics of Alcohol Consumption in the Russian Federation: Implications of Using Price Related Policies to Control Alcohol Use." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4968.

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This dissertation models the dynamics of alcohol use in the Russian Federation with an emphasis on identifying policy implications most likely to be effective at controlling alcohol use. Utilizing data from The Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, models of alcohol consumption are estimated using both myopic and rational specifications via ordinary least squares, fixed effects two stage least squares and, the focus of this study, two-step system generalized method of moments. Alcohol consumption is studied both as a composite good and as a distinct beverage category (wine, beer, and hard liquor). Furthermore, equations stratified by gender and rural status are included to better identify effects specific to relevant subgroups of the sample. Strong evidence of myopic addiction in both the overall sample and the stratified subgroups are identified. Even so, alcohol does seem to follow the law of demand within the myopic specification indicating that consumers will still react to changes in price. No evidence for rational addiction is found in either the complete sample or its subgroups. Results from the sample subgroups (male/female, urban/rural) were consistent with the overall pattern observed in the full sample, but differed in magnitude. This would suggest that, although alcohol consumption in individuals is affected by similar factors, regardless of gender or geography, the extent to which these individuals are affected differs. This reality would lend credence to "targeted" public health interventions for specific subgroups of individuals, rather than a one size fits all approach.

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Castor, Thomas Scott. "Presidents’ Perceptions of Alcohol Policies for College Sporting Events." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1596800259420003.

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Ahuja, Manik, Manul Awasthi, Kathie Records, and Rabindra Raj Lamichhane. "Early Age of Alcohol Initiation and its Association with Suicidal Behaviors." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2021. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8842.

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Objective: The relationship between alcohol use and suicidal behaviors is well-accepted, but less is known about the contribution of its early initiation. This study was designed to test the association of early alcohol initiation versus later initiation with suicidal ideation and attempt in an ethnically diverse sample. Methods: The Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (CPES), 2001-2003 (n = 20,013), database was used. A total of 13,867 participants were selected included 56.9% females and 43.1% males. Race and ethnicity were reported as 28.8% non-Hispanic White, 39.1% Black, 20.3% Latino, and 11.9% Asian. Logistic regression analyses tested the associations between early (< =14 years) and later (> =15) age alcohol initiation with suicide ideation and attempts. Alcohol initiation was indexed by self-report of the first time that any alcohol product was consumed. Potential confounders were controlled. Results: Early alcohol initiation was associated with higher odds (AOR = 3.64, 95% CI [2.51, 5.28]) of suicide ideation as compared with adults who had initiated > = age 15 (AOR = 2.11, 95% CI [1.46, 3.04]). Early age initiation was also associated with higher odds (AOR = 3.81, 95% CI [2.02, 7.18]) of lifetime suicide attempt versus later age initiators (AOR = 2.03, 95% CI [1.08, 3.79]). Significant differences were found between early and later age of initiation. Conclusion: Early age of alcohol initiation has profoundly increased odds of suicide ideation or attempt. It is critical that effective prevention programs for children and their caregivers be implemented to prevent or delay alcohol initiation and lessen the risk for future suicidal behaviors.

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Santos, Rejane Ferreira dos. "Políticas de atenção às mulheres com transtornos por uso de álcool e outras drogas assistidas num Centro de Atenção Psicossocial em Salvador, Bahia." Universidade Catolica de Salvador, 2016. http://ri.ucsal.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456730/207.

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Nos últimos tempos, observamos cada vez mais a discussão teórica sobre o uso problemático de drogas, sendo oportuno enfatizar a diferença entre os gêneros,a superação do preconceito presente nas estruturas ideo-políticas erguidas historicamente, que dificultam a busca de ajuda pelas mulheres e o reconhecimento que o álcool é a droga que mais ocasiona danos no mundo.OBJETIVO: examinar os transtornos por uso de álcool e outras drogas na trajetória de mulheres assistidas por um CAPSad em Salvador, Bahia, percebendo os impactos ocasionados ao longo de suas vidas.MATERIAL & MÉTODOS: trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa de casos desenvolvida através da triangulação de dados, ou seja, da observação direta, da pesquisa documental (análise dos prontuários) e da realização de entrevistas, cujo formulário semiestruturado foi o instrumento elaborado pela pesquisadora. A análise dos dados coletados possibilitou a construção de oito categorias norteadoras, sendo que a interpretação dos dados requereu a revisitação às literaturas específicas para articular a discussão teórica com os achados empíricos. RESULTADOS: as especificidades do gênero, o espaço familiar e sociocultural, a ausência de apoio social e as vivências pregressas ao uso de drogas foram elementos determinantes para o surgimento dos transtornos por uso de álcool associado a outras drogas. CONCLUSÃO & RECOMENDAÇÕES FINAIS: os achados da pesquisa apontaram que a pauperização,a violência, a fragilidade dos laços familiares e as iniquidades sociais presentes na história de vida das mulheres estudadas foram condições objetivas para a exposição ao uso abusivo de substâncias psicoativas e que, em consonância a isto, é de suma importância o apoio e a articulação de variados segmentos sociais (família, CAPS,comunidade,Estado, igreja e outros atores sociais) na promoção de ações consistentes e resolutivas na prevenção e no enfrentamento deste fenômeno.
In recent times, there has been an increase in the theoretical discussion of the problematic about drug use. It is worth emphasizing the difference between the genders, overcoming this prejudice in the ideo-political structures historically erected that hinder women in search for help and for the recognition that alcohol is the drug that causes more damage in the world. OBJECTIVE: To examine the disorders of the alcohol and other drugs’ use in the path of women assisted by a CAPSad in Salvador, Bahia realizing the impacts caused over their lives. MATERIAL & METHODS: This is a qualitative case study developed through triangulation of data, i.e., direct observation, documents research (analysis of medical records) and interviews, which semi-structured form was the instrument developed by the researcher. The data analysis allowed the construction of eight guiding categories, and the interpretation of data required revisiting the specific literature to articulate the theoretical discussion with the empirical findings. RESULTS: the gender specificities of the family and socio-cultural space, lack of social support and stunted experiences with drug use were key elements for the development of disorders of the alcohol and other drugs’ use. CONCLUSION & FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS: The research findings showed that the impoverishment, violence, fragility of family ties and social iniquities present in the life story of the women who were studied were objective conditions for the exposure of the abuse of psychoactive substances.Along with this, the support and coordination of various social groups (family, CAPS, community, State, church and other social actors) is extremely important to promote consistent and resolute actions in preventing and confronting this phenomenon.

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Werner, Kimberly B., Renee M. Cunningham-Williams, Manik Ahuja, and Kathleen K. Bucholz. "Patterns of Gambling and Substance Use Initiation in African American and White Adolescents and Young Adults." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8845.

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The focus of the current investigation is to examine the temporal relationship of gambling onset and alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis initiation in adolescents and young adults (M age = 20.3 years) by examining the prevalence and pattern of onset for each substance and gambling pairing and the associated risk between gambling and each substance use. Data were drawn from the multiwave Missouri Family Study (n = 1,349) of African American (AA; n = 450) and White families (n = 317) enriched for risk for alcohol use disorder and includes those who were assessed for gambling behaviors and problems: AA (360 males, 390 females) and White (287 males, 312 females). Findings indicated racial differences in the overall prevalence of gambling behaviors and substance use as well as patterns of initiation-particularly within gambling/alcohol and gambling/tobacco for males. Survival models revealed some similarities as well as differences across race and gender groups in associations of gambling with initiation of substances, as well as substances with initiation of gambling. Alcohol use (AA males only) and cannabis use (AA males and White females) elevated the hazards of initiating gambling. In contrast, gambling significantly elevated the hazards of initiation alcohol across 3 of 4 groups and of cannabis use in AA males only. The results highlight some overlapping as well as distinct risk factors for both gambling and substance use initiation in this cohort enriched for vulnerability to alcohol use disorder (AUD). These findings have implications for integrating gambling prevention into existing substance use prevention and intervention efforts-particularly but not exclusively for young AA males.

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Nugawela, Pathirannehelage Manjula Darshani. "The use of existing data sources to evaluate the impact of alcohol control policies or contextual factors affecting alcohol consumption in the UK and in Sri Lanka." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/44806/.

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Background Harmful use of alcohol is the fifth leading risk factor for global burden of disease, disability and death. While the level of alcohol consumption varies around the world, it causes numerous preventable health and social issues in many countries and around 3.3 million deaths per year globally. In the UK alcohol consumption is decreasing; by contrast, alcohol consumption in Sri Lanka has been rapidly increasing over recent years. However, in both settings alcohol misuse represents a major public health concern. Therefore, it is important to evaluate existing alcohol control policies or contextual factors affecting alcohol consumption in these settings and to identify existing data sources that can be used for alcohol control policy evaluation. This thesis aimed to investigate the suitability of existing data sources in the UK, identify potentially suitable measures and use those measures to evaluate the impact of Licensing Act 2003 in England, which allowed flexible opening hours including 24-hour drinking at on-trade premises in England and Wales from November 2005 onwards. This thesis further aimed to apply the lessons learned from the UK to Sri Lankan context, identifying potential data sources and using these to evaluate the effect the end of conflict in 2009 on alcohol consumption in Sri Lanka. Methods A range of sources of data on alcohol consumption and consequences in the UK were reviewed to identify those appropriate for alcohol control policy evaluation, and in particular for time series analysis which requires consistent data collected at regular intervals for a long period of time. The suitability of UK primary care data on alcohol consumption was assessed by identifying the proportion of patients with a record of alcohol consumption status in the last year, as well as ever since their registration with a practice. The quality of alcohol consumption measures collected by English national surveys was assessed by comparing them with the international guidelines for measuring alcohol consumption in population surveys. Existing data sources on alcohol consumption and consequence in Sri Lanka were also identified and reviewed to identify their suitability for alcohol control policy evaluation. Interrupted time series analysis was then conducted on these measures to establish the effect of the Licensing Act 2003 on alcohol consumption among adults (age≥16) in England, and the end of the conflict on recorded alcohol consumption among adults (age≥15) living in the areas that were not directly affected by the conflict in Sri Lanka. Findings In the UK, there are numerous sources of alcohol consumption and consequence data. However, few provide frequently collected data from large samples over long time periods for time series analysis. The recording of alcohol consumption in primary care remains low, particularly when recent recording within a given year is considered. Moreover, alcohol consumption recording in primary care is higher among at-risk groups such as women in child bearing age, older men and women who are likely to have an illness linked to alcohol. Therefore, primary care data are currently unsuitable for alcohol control policy evaluation. Comparison of the alcohol data collected in English national surveys with recommendations from international guidelines showed that they have failed to maintain the consistency of data collection over time and to collect information on some of the key alcohol consumption measures such as the frequency of binge drinking. However, Health Survey for England (HSE) measured alcohol consumption on the heaviest drinking day of the last week consistently over time and this measure was available on a quarterly basis for a nationally representative sample. Interrupted time series analysis of HSE heaviest drinking day data from 2001 to 2013 showed that prior to the implementation of the Act alcohol consumption among adult male and female drinkers remained constant at around 8.3 units and 5.5 units of alcohol respectively. After the Act, there has been a gradual decline (less than 0.03 units per quarter) in the heaviest drinking day consumption among both male and female drinkers in England. However, it is difficult to attribute this decline in consumption to the Licensing Act as there was no step change in the consumption soon after the Act and the decline in heaviest drinking day consumption was small and gradual over a period of seven years. When compared with the UK, Sri Lanka has a limited number of data sources on alcohol consumption and alcohol consequences. The Department of Excise alcohol sales database was identified as the only data source that can be used for alcohol control policy evaluation in Sri Lanka. However, these population-level data cannot be used to identify the characteristics of people who drink and patterns of drinking such as binge drinking. Interrupted time series analysis showed that recorded alcohol consumption among Sri Lankans living in areas that were not directly affected by the armed conflict increased markedly after the end of the conflict in 2009, with a dramatic acceleration in the trend of adult per capita consumption. Annual adult per capita alcohol consumption among Sri Lankans increased from 1.59 litres of pure alcohol in 1998 to 2.56 litres of pure alcohol in 2013. Prior to the end of war in 2009 adult per capita alcohol consumption was increasing by 0.051 litres of pure alcohol per year (95% CI 0.029-0.074, p < 0.001). After 2009, it increased by 0.154 litres per year (95% CI 0.082-0.226, p=0.001). it increased by 0.166 litres of pure alcohol per year (95% CI 0.095-0.236, p < 0.001), almost a three-fold increment in the increase per year compared to the trend prior to the end of the conflict. Beer consumption showed the highest per capita growth compared with other beverages. Conclusions This thesis identified the existing data sources that can be used for alcohol control policy evaluation purposes in two settings; UK and Sri Lanka. It has highlighted the further improvements required in existing alcohol consumption related data sources in both countries and discussed the potential of applying lessons learned from the UK context to Sri Lankan context. Despite the current trend in alcohol consumption, both countries experience a significant public health burden due to alcohol misuse. Therefore, both countries will require formulation and implementation of new policy measures. However, Sri Lanka does not have high-quality individual level alcohol consumption data to support the monitoring and evaluation of alcohol control policies. Therefore, this thesis has emphasised the need to generate high-quality alcohol consumption data in Sri Lanka and carry out monitoring and evaluation of alcohol control policies to tackle the alcohol-related burden.

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Cruise, David. The great adventure: How the Mounties conquered the West. New York: A Wyatt Book for St. Martin's Press, 1997.

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Laixuthai, Adit. Youth alcohol use and public policy. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993.

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Office, General Accounting. Use of force: ATF policy, training and review process are comparable to DEA's and FBI's : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Treasury, Postal Service, and General Government, Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.

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Jenny, Williams. Are there differential effects of price and policy on college students' drinking intensity? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2002.

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Young people and alcohol: Impact, policy, prevention, treatment. Chester, West Sussex, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2011.

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Brady, Maggie. Indigenous Australia and alcohol policy: Meeting difference with indifference. Sydney: UNSW Press, 2004.

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Room, Robin. The effects of Nordic alcohol policies: What happens to drinking and harm when alcohol controls change? Helsinki: Nordic Council for Alcohol and Drug Research, 2002.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. Subcommittee on Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services. Underage drinking: Research and recommendations : hearing before the Subcommittee on Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services of the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, first session, on examining underage drinking, focusing on reducing and preventing underage drinking through a wide variety of government and private programs for the purpose of developing a national strategy, September 30, 2003. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2004.

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Brewers, beerhalls, and boycotts: A history of liquor in South Africa. Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1988.

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Lewis, John F. Drug and alcohol abuse in the schools: A practical policy guide for administrators and teachers on how to combat drugs and alcohol. Topeka, Kan: NOLPE, 1987.

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Peltoniemi, Teuvo. "Cooperation Between the Police and Social Care in the Treatment of Alcohol and Family Violence Problems in Finland." In Drug and Alcohol Use, 125–31. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0888-9_11.

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Wilkins, Chris, Jitesh Prasad, Karl Parker, Marta Rychert, and Helen Moewaka Barnes. "Recent Trends in Alcohol and Other Drug Use Among Police Detainees in New Zealand, 2010–2015." In Non-medical and illicit use of psychoactive drugs, 161–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7854_2016_471.

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Lynne-Landsman, Sarah D., and Alexander C. Wagenaar. "Alcohol policy: Interventions to prevent youth alcohol use." In Handbook of adolescent drug use prevention: Research, intervention strategies, and practice., 329–41. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14550-019.

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Hingson, Ralph, and Ting-Kai Li. "Proposals for Alcohol-Related Policy Development in the United States." In Substance Use and Older People, 364–71. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118430965.ch25.

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Tavares, Priscilla dos Santos Peixoto Borell, Rogério da Silva Ferreira, and Sarah Raphaella Fonseca Silva. "The Psychosocial Care Network as Organizer of Public Policy in the Care of People in Harmful Use of Alcohol and Other Drugs." In Drugs and Human Behavior, 345–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62855-0_24.

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Smith, Lia J., Maya Zegel, Brooke A. Bartlett, Antoine Lebeaut, and Anka A. Vujanovic. "Posttraumatic Stress and Alcohol Use Among First Responders." In Advances in Psychology, Mental Health, and Behavioral Studies, 32–48. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9803-9.ch003.

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Developing research suggests that the co-occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a significant clinical concern across first responder populations. This comorbidity is difficult to treat and marked by a more costly, complex, and chronic clinical course when compared to either disorder alone. Significant associations between PTSD/AUD comorbidity and various psychological, behavioral, and physical health outcomes among first responder samples have been documented. This chapter provides a theoretical framework and empirical review of the literature relevant to PTSD/AUD in the context of firefighter, police, and other first responder populations (e.g., emergency medical technicians). Future directions, utilizing varied methodologies and assessment tools, and focusing upon varied first responder populations are enumerated to build upon this preliminary, yet clinically meaningful, empirical foundation. This research domain has great potential to inform specialized, evidence-based clinical care for first responders.

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Westermann, Edward B. "Alcohol and the Masculine Ideal." In Drunk on Genocide, 24–45. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501754197.003.0002.

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This chapter explores the connections between the perpetrators' consumption of alcohol, their acts of violence, and the use of celebratory ritual as expressions of camaraderie and manifestations of masculinity. It investigates how membership in paramilitary organizations like the SS, the SA, and the police shaped and informed masculinity constructs. The chapter also discusses how the relationship between alcohol, martial identity, and entry into manhood was anchored in “leave-taking rituals.” The glorification of martial virtues and violence as “the highest manifestation of manhood” emerged as defining characteristics of the National Socialist ideal of hypermasculinity, especially within the SS and the police complex. For this reason, the chapter highlights the linkage between hypermasculinity and militarism. It analyses the concept of martial masculinity or an exaggerated belief in the necessity for merciless brutality against one's enemies, and it defines the concept of radicalized hypermasculinity by the practice of racial war. Ultimately, the chapter discusses the importance of masculinity as a cultural ideal within political and social organizations.

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Malleck, Dan. "Extracts from Annual Police Reports Relating to Chinese Opium use and the Opium Traffic in Witwatersrand, the Transvaal (1907–9)." In Drugs, Alcohol and Addiction in the Long Nineteenth Century, 233–40. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429436079-26.

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Devaux, Marion, Alexandra Aldea, Yvan Guillemette, Jane Cheatley, Laura Suhlrie, Aliénor Lerouge, and Michele Cecchini. "Impact of alcohol policies on health and the economy." In Preventing Harmful Alcohol Use. OECD, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/43e02f02-en.

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Grucza, Richard A., and Andrew D. Plunk. "Public Policy and Alcohol Use." In Prevention, Policy, and Public Health, 179–96. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190224653.003.0009.

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Yockey, Andrew, and Shanna Stryker. "Marijuana Use among Young Adults: Findings from the 2015-2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health." In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.1.

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Marijuana is the most commonly used drug for young adults. A greater understanding of risk factors associated with recent use can inform health prevention messaging. Pooled data from the 2015-2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health were utilized among 89,446 individuals ages 18-34. Weighted logistic regression analyses, controlling for covariates, were utilized to determine conditional associations to past-30-day use. A sizeable percentage (18.5%) of individuals reported smoking marijuana in the past 30 days. Individuals who identify as African American or Multi-Racial, Gay/Lesbian, Bisexual, reported their health as poor, not covered by health insurance, reported prior drug use, or who had reported any thoughts/plans of suicide were at risk for use. Of concern, high rates of alcohol (14.7%) and cocaine (1.50%) were found among users. We believe our findings can inform harm reduction efforts and policy creation.

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Hoffman, Kenneth J. "Use of IDEF modeling to develop an information management system for drug and alcohol outpatient treatment clinics." In Health Care Technology Policy II: The Role of Technology in the Cost of Health Care: Providing the Solutions, edited by Warren S. Grundfest. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.225306.

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Firth, Caislin, Rachana Seelam, Anthony Rodriguez, Regina Shih, Joan Tucker, Elizabeth D'Amico, and Eric Pedersen. "The Cannabis Retail Environment for Young Adults in Los Angeles: Which Metrics Matter." In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.7.

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Background: Currently, there is no consensus on how to measure cannabis retailer density. Researchers and policy makers need clear measures to support policies that mitigate unintended harms of legalization. To address this gap, our unique study leverages cannabis retailer location data in Los Angeles County (LA), California, and home addresses from an LA-based cohort of young adults (21-25 years) to develop a series of cannabis retailer density metrics and assess their relationship with cannabis use. Methods: Drawing from GIS-based measures of alcohol outlet density, we developed a series of cannabis retailer density metrics: proximity, counts within 5- 10- 15-, and 30-minute driving distances, and considered retail licensure. Retailer addresses were compiled by webscraping cannabis registries (e.g. Weedmaps) and conducting field visits (March 2019). Home addresses were geocoded for participants who completed a 2019 survey (n 1097). A series of retailer metrics was created for each person. We fit a series of multi-level logistic regression models with a random intercept by census tract (CT) (models adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, college student, and CT median household income) to assess which retailer metrics were associated with any past month cannabis use. Results: Thirty percent of participants used cannabis in the past month, and 430 retailers were operating in LA in 2019. Thirty-nine percent of participants had a retailer within a mile from home and an average of 14 retailers within a 10-minute drive. Licensed retailers were less prevalent; the nearest licensed retailer was on average 2.4 miles from home. The odds of past month cannabis use significantly increased by 3% (OR:1.03, 95% CI:1.00–1.07) for every additional licensed retailer within a 10-minute drive in adjusted model; use was also significantly associated with licensed retailers within a 30-minute drive (OR:1.01, 95% CI:1.00–1.01). Proximity metrics were not significantly associated with past month cannabis use.

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Laixuthai, Adit, and Frank Chaloupka. Youth Alcohol Use and Public Policy. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4278.

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Heyns,, Christof, Rachel Jewkes,, Sandra Liebenberg,, and Christopher Mbazira,. The Hidden Crisis: Mental Health on Times of Covid-19. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0066.

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[This Report links with the video "The policy & practice of drug, alcohol & tobacco use during Covid-19" http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11911/171 ]. The COVID-19 pandemic is most notably a physical health crisis, but it strongly affects mental health as well. Social isolation, job and financial losses, uncertainty about the real impact of the crisis, and fear for physical well-being affect the mental health of many people worldwide. These stressors can increase emotional distress and lead to depression and anxiety disorders. At the same time, there are enormous challenges on the health care side. People in need of mental health support have been increasingly confronted with limitations and interruptions of mental health services in many countries. In May 2020, the United Nations already warned that the COVID-19 pandemic has the seeds of a major mental health crisis if action is not taken. The panel discussed and analysed mental health in times of the COVID-19 pandemic with reference to South Africa, Nigeria, Germany and Spain.

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