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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Plants, Effect of salt on"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021
Оновлено: 30 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Plants, Effect of salt on"

1

Khushnudovna, Khojaniyazova Barno. "ТHE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL SALT LEVELS ON AUTUMN WHEAT GROWTH". European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 02, № 04 (1 квітня 2022): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-02-04-07.

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Анотація:
Soil salinity i.e. the presence of a solution of salts in the soil solution above the alternative level for plants, leads to a decrease in productivity, which has a negative impact on the growth and development of wheat plants. Complex environmental conditions lead to a decrease in product quality, which is important for the economy, while reducing the yield of wheat. Improving the salinity resistance of wheat remains one of the most pressing issues today. The most effective environmentally friendly way to increase the resistance of plants to salinity is to create varieties that are resistant to these extreme conditions and to accelerate their introduction into production.
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2

Zuo, Zhiyu, Junhong Guo, Caiyun Xin, Shengqun Liu, Hanping Mao, Yongjun Wang, and Xiangnan Li. "Salt acclimation induced salt tolerance in wild-type and abscisic acid-deficient mutant barley." Plant, Soil and Environment 65, No. 10 (November 5, 2019): 516–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/506/2019-pse.

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Salt acclimation is a process to enhance salt tolerance in plants. The salt acclimation induced salt tolerance was investigated in a spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Steptoe (wild type, WT) and its abscisic acid (ABA)-deficient mutant Az34. Endogenesis ABA concentration in leaf was significantly increased by salt stress in WT, while it was not affected in Az34. Under salt stress, the salt acclimated Az34 plants had 14.8% lower total soluble sugar concentration and 93.7% higher sodium (Na) concentration in leaf, compared with salt acclimated WT plants. The acclimated plants had significantly higher leaf water potential and osmotic potential than non-acclimated plants in both WT and Az34 under salt stress. The salt acclimation enhanced the net photosynthetic rate (by 22.9% and 12.3%) and the maximum quantum yield of PS II (22.7% and 22.0%) in WT and Az34 under salt stress. However, the stomatal conductance in salt acclimated Az34 plants was 28.9% lower than WT under salt stress. Besides, the guard cell pair width was significantly higher in salt acclimated Az34 plants than that in WT plants. The results indicated that the salt acclimated WT plants showed a higher salt tolerance than Az34 plants, suggesting that ABA deficiency has a negative effect on the salt acclimation induced salt tolerance in barley.
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3

Gupta, Sonal, and Ashwini A. Waoo. "Effect of salinity stress on phytochemical characteristics of Centella asiatica." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 14, no. 2 (June 18, 2022): 684–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i2.3387.

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Salinity is one of the predominant abiotic stresses which affects plant growth by inducing excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that leads to oxidative damage of plant cells. Plants alleviate salinity stress by regulating intracellular concentrations of various phytochemicals like phenol, tannin, antioxidants, etc. The present work aimed to study the impact of salt stress on the production of various phytochemicals like phenol, tannin, flavonoids, antioxidants, total protein content, etc. The Salt stress response of the test plant Centella asiatica was studied by irrigating variant concentrations (50mM, 100mm, 150mm, 200mM, 250mm) of salt (NaCl). The phytochemical activity of the plants grown under salinity stress was estimated by using an appropriate biochemical assay. Comparative analysis of the photochemical activity of the test plants in comparison with the control revealed that various phytochemicals were increased in response to salt stress. Salt stress increased the levels of antioxidants from 10.79 to 14.31 μg/ml), phenol from 30.8 to 43.3 in μg/ml, flavonoids (from 490 to 683.33 in μg/ml), tannin from 55.5 to 64.5 in μg/ml, and proteins from 5720 to 6080 in μg/ml in the C. asiatica plants. To sum up, salt stress elicited phytochemical accumulation in the C. asiatica plant, thereby improving the plant's growth by enhancing its resistance to salt stress. This finding may play an important role in the sustainable cultivation of commercially important crops like C. asiatica.
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4

Zuo, Zhiyu, Fan Ye, Zongshuai Wang, Shuxin Li, Hui Li, Junhong Guo, Hanping Mao, Xiancan Zhu, and Xiangnan Li. "Salt acclimation induced salt tolerance in wild-type and chlorophyl b-deficient mutant wheat." Plant, Soil and Environment 67, No. 1 (January 11, 2021): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/429/2020-pse.

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Salt acclimation can promote the tolerance of wheat plants to the subsequent salt stress, which may be related to the responses of the photosynthetic apparatus. The chlorophyl (Chl) b-deficient mutant wheat ANK 32B and its wild type (WT) were firstly saltly acclimated with 30 mmol NaCl for 12 days, then subsequently subjected to 6-day salt stress (500 mmol NaCl). The ANK 32B mutant plants had lower Chl b concentration, which was manifested in the lower total Chl concentration, higher ratio of Chl a/b and in reduced photosynthetic activity (P<sub>n</sub>). The effect of salt acclimation was manifested mainly after salt stress. Compared to non-acclimated plants, the salt acclimation increased the leaf water potential, osmotic potential (Ψ<sub>o</sub>) and K concentration, while decreased the amount of Na<sup>+</sup> and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in WT and ANK 32B under salt stress, except for Ψ<sub>o</sub> in ANK 32B. In addition, the salt acclimation enhanced the APX (ascorbate peroxidase) activity by 10.55% and 33.69% in WT and ANK 32B under salt stress, respectively. Compared to the genotypes, under salt stress, the Ψ<sub>o</sub>, F<sub>v</sub>/F<sub>m</sub>, P<sub>n</sub> and g<sub>s</sub> of mutant plants were 5.60, 17.62, 46.73 and 26.41% lower than that of WT, respectively. These results indicated that although the salt acclimation could alleviate the negative consequences of salt stress, it is mainly manifested in the WT, and the ANK 32B plants had lower salt tolerance than WT plants, suggesting that lower Chl b concentration has a negative effect on the salt acclimation induced salt tolerance in wheat.
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5

Hernández, Jose A., Ana Belén Aguilar, Bruno Portillo, Elvira López-Gómez, Jorge Mataix Beneyto, and Manuel F. García-Legaz. "The effect of calcium on the antioxidant enzymes from salt-treated loquat and anger plants." Functional Plant Biology 30, no. 11 (2003): 1127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp03098.

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Salt treatment (50 mM NaCl) reduced plant growth of loquat (Eribotria japonica Lindl.) (by up to 40%) but not that of anger (Cydonia oblonga Mill.). Salt stress induced a strong leaf Na+ accumulation in both species. However, the observed increase in leaf Cl– level was higher in loquat (13-fold) than in anger plants (3.8-fold). Addition of Ca2+ (25 mM) significantly reduced Na+ and Cl– concentrations in both salt-treated species. In anger leaves, calcium addition to the nutrient media did not change the leaf calcium contents in salt-treated or untreated plants, this value being lower in salt-treated plants. However, in loquat plants, an increase in leaf Ca2+ was observed after the calcium addition. Surprisingly, an increase in Ca2+ concentration was also observed in salt-treated loquat plants. In general, anger plants had higher constitutive antioxidant enzyme levels in both control and salt-treated plants. Salt stress did not change antioxidant enzyme levels in loquat plants. A similar effect was observed in anger plants, but in this case a 2-fold induction of monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) activity was observed.In both species, salinity produced an oxidative stress, indicated by an increase in lipid peroxidation, this value being much higher in loquat (83%) than in anger (40%) plants. In salt-treated plants, Ca2+ addition provided some protection to the membranes, because the increases observed in thiobarbituric-acid-reactive substances (TBARS) were not significant.In contrast, in control plants Ca2+ treatments increased glutathione reductase (GR) and decreased catalase activity in anger, but increased MDHAR, dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), GR and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in loquat plants. In salt-treated plants, Ca2+ additions decreased catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) for anger and raised DHAR, GR and SOD for loquat. However, the mechanism by which Ca2+ regulates antioxidant enzymes remains to be determined.These results suggest that anger plants have a higher capacity to scavenge AOS, both under saline and non-saline conditions. Accordingly, and related to the smaller Cl– increase observed, anger plants are more salt-tolerant, at least partly owing to the higher antioxidant enzyme levels observed.
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6

Tootoonchi, Mohsen, and Lyn A. Gettys. "Testing salt stress on aquatic plants: effect of salt source and substrate." Aquatic Ecology 53, no. 3 (April 9, 2019): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10452-019-09692-6.

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7

Yan, Feiyu, Hongliang Zhao, Longmei Wu, Zhiwei Huang, Yuan Niu, Bo Qi, Linqing Zhang, et al. "Basic Cognition of Melatonin Regulation of Plant Growth under Salt Stress: A Meta-Analysis." Antioxidants 11, no. 8 (August 19, 2022): 1610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11081610.

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Salt stress severely restricts the growth of plants and threatens the development of agriculture throughout the world. Worldwide studies have shown that exogenous melatonin (MT) can effectively improve the growth of plants under salt stress. Through a meta-analysis of 549 observations, this study first explored the effects of salt stress characteristics and MT application characteristics on MT regulated plant growth under salt stress. The results show that MT has a wide range of regulatory effects on plant growth indicators under salt stress, of which the regulatory effect on root indexes is the strongest, and this regulatory effect is not species-specific. The intensity of salt stress did not affect the positive effect of MT on plant growth, but the application effect of MT in soil was stronger than that in rooting medium. This meta-analysis also revealed that the foliar application of a concentration between 100–200 μM is the best condition for MT to enhance plant growth under salt stress. The results can inspire scientific research and practical production, while seeking the maximum improvement in plant salt tolerance under salt stress.
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8

Dekhil, Maha, Mohamed Ibrahim, Hani Saudy, and Sanaa Zaghloul. "EFFECT OF SELENIUM ON SALT TOLERANCE IN MAIZE PLANTS." Journal of Environmental Science 49, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 2–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jes.2020.150455.

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9

Vlasenko, Olga A., Natalia L. Kurachenko, Olga A. Ulyanova, and Ekaterina Yu Casanova. "NATURAL SALT SOLUTION EFFECT ON BLUEGRASS-WHEATGRASS PLANTS ASSOCIATION." Bulletin of KSAU, no. 9 (2021): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.36718/1819-4036-2021-9-100-107.

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10

Linić, Ida, Selma Mlinarić, Lidija Brkljačić, Iva Pavlović, Ana Smolko, and Branka Salopek-Sondi. "Ferulic Acid and Salicylic Acid Foliar Treatments Reduce Short-Term Salt Stress in Chinese Cabbage by Increasing Phenolic Compounds Accumulation and Photosynthetic Performance." Plants 10, no. 11 (October 29, 2021): 2346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112346.

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Salinity stress is one of the most damaging abiotic stresses to plants, causing disturbances in physiological, biochemical, and metabolic processes. The exogenous application of natural metabolites is a useful strategy to reduce the adverse effects of stress on crops. We investigated the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) and ferulic acid (FA) (10–100 μM) on short-term salt-stressed (150 mM NaCl, 72 h) Chinese cabbage plants. Subsequently, proline level, photosynthetic performance, phenolic metabolites with special focus on selected phenolic acids (sinapic acid (SiA), FA, SA), flavonoids (quercetin (QUE), kaempferol (KAE)), and antioxidant activity were investigated in salt-stressed and phenolic acid-treated plants compared with the corresponding controls. Salt stress caused a significant increase in SA and proline contents, a decrease in phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and photosynthetic performance, especially due to the impairment of PSI function. SA and FA treatments, with a concentration of 10 μM, had attenuated effects on salt-stressed plants, causing a decrease in proline and SA level, and indicating that the plants suffered less metabolic disturbance. Polyphenolic compounds, especially FA, SiA, KAE, and QUE, were increased in FA and SA treatments in salt-stressed plants. Consequently, antioxidant activities were increased, and photosynthetic performances were improved. FA resulted in a better ameliorative effect on salt stress compared to SA.
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Дисертації з теми "Plants, Effect of salt on"

1

Kalifa, Ali. "Salt stress, and phosphorus absorption by potato plants cv. 'Russet Burbank'." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq29727.pdf.

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Attumi, Al-Arbe. "Effect of salt stress on phosphorus and sodium absorptions by soybean plants." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20242.

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The radiotracer methodology was combined with the Hoagland solution culture of growing soybean in a greenhouse to investigate the absorptions of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and sodium (Na) as a function of salinity. Salt stress was varied by using zero to 120 mM NaCl. The research was initiated because of a need to increase soybean production in the saline soils of the semi-arid regions of the world. Although P absorption increased with time at each concentration of NaCl, increasing its concentrations ([NaCl]) to 120 mM reduced P uptake considerably. The addition of inorganic P (Pi) to the salt medium improved P absorption significantly (P < 0.0001) in stem, petiole, and roots. Polynomial regressions showed the relationship between 22Na activity and [NaCl] for leaves and petiole to be cubic (R2 = 1) while in the stem a quadratic relationship prevailed. A maximum of P and Na absorption was observed at 40 mM NaCl. The relationship between 32P activity and increasing [NaCl] was linear for the roots (a positive slope) and the stem (a negative slope). 45Ca and 32P dual labelling part of the experiments failed to produce results because an unexpectedly high degree of tissue quenching which prevented from obtaining the minimum counting requirements for separation. Shoot fresh and dry weights decreased linearly with increasing [NaCl] as did the root fresh and dry weights. Leaf chlorophyll content during the last week of the final harvest showed a linear relationship with time. Chlorophyll increased with time linearly when the growth medium contained zero and 40 mM NaCl; whereas a negative slope was obtained for 80 and 120 mM NaCl. It seems that P fertilization of the soil could ameliorate the salt effect. 22 Na uptake results indicated that there is a mechanism for exclusion of Na from soybean plant parts.
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3

Zhou, Maoqian 1961. "Nitrogen fixation by alfalfa as affected by salt stress and nitrogen levels." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277231.

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The growth and Nitrogen fixation by one low salt tolerant alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and two germination salt tolerant selections inoculated with were investigated at two salt levels (0, -0.6 Mpa) and two N rates (1, 5ppm) using a system which automatically recirculates a nutrient solution. The high level of salinity (-0.6 Mpa osmotic potential of culture solution) resulted in substantial reduction in the N fixation percentage and total fixed N. The effect of salinity was more pronounced for later cuttings than for the earlier cutting. The N fixation percentages were substantially decreased by increasing N level and the reduction was enhanced by time. The N treatment levels did not exhibit a significant effect on total fixed N. Cultivars did not differ in either growth or N fixation. However, the interaction of N and salinity significantly decreased the percentage and amount of N fixation.
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4

Collins, R. P. "The role of calcium and potassium in salinity tolerance in Brassica rapa L. cv. RCBr seed." Thesis, Coventry University, 2012. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/e0d653ff-7d6b-4827-9467-dc8bcb6ff621/1.

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The possibility of manipulating calcium (Ca2+) and potassium (K+) levels in seeds of Brassica rapa by altering parent plant nutrition and investigating the potential for increased salinity tolerance during germination, given that considerable amounts of literature imply that greater amounts of available exogenous Ca2+ and K+ can ameliorate the effects of salinity on both whole plant growth and germination, was evaluated. The investigation consisted of four growth trials. Two preliminary growth trials suggested that seed ion manipulation was possible without affecting the overall growth and vigour of the plant. After developing suitable high and low Ca2+ and K+ nutrient solutions for growth, a trial was carried out in a growth room and greenhouse, with various substrates and the seed of a certain size category was collected for subsequent ion and salinity tolerance analysis. Seed Ca2+ and K+ was significantly affected by growth substrate and nutrient solution and data showed that a significant negative regression relationship existed between seed Ca2+, K+ and Ca2+ + K+ levels and salinity tolerance. Further experimentation using hydroponic culture attempted to remove any possible effects of substrate and also to compare size categories of seed with a view to elucidating localisation of Ca2+ and K+. Seed Ca2+ was found to be significantly altered by nutrient solution in the two different sizes tested and higher Ca2+ nutrient solution was found to increase salinity tolerance in daughter seed. One significant negative regression correlation between salinity tolerance and seed K+ concentration existed in smaller seed, but disregarding seed size in a regression analysis of seed ion content and salinity tolerance, a significant negative relationship existed between seed Ca2+, K+ and Ca2++ K+. The results, especially in terms of Ca2+ nutrition, contradict much previous research that suggests increased salinity tolerance at germination can arise with the increased presence of Ca2+ and/or K+. Salinity tolerance was greater in seeds of larger size across all nutritional treatments and the smaller size range exhibited increased Ca2+ and K+ per μg seed. Ca2+ concentration in smaller seeds with greater surface area:volume ratios provided a clue to the potential localisation of Ca2+. Cross sectional staining showed that a greater proportion of seed Ca2+ may reside in the coat. This was confirmed by analysis which showed an approximate 50% split of total extractable seed Ca2+, regardless of size, between coat and embryo within a seed; the majority of which, per μg, resides in the coat. Further work looked at the relative solubility of the Ca2+ and K+ in these tissues and whole seed to look at the potential bioavailability of Ca2+ during germination from various parts of the seed. Most water soluble Ca2+ exists in the embryo and most insoluble Ca2+ exists in the coat, but coat Ca2+ was found to be ionically exchangeable and therefore bioavailable. K+ appeared mostly water soluble in embryo and coat. In line with previous whole plant research in this species, most Ca2+ is readily water soluble or ionically exchangeable in form and the possible negative effects of how increasing bioavailable Ca2+ may reduce salinity tolerance was discussed.
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5

McKimmie, Timothy Irving 1948. "CHARACTERIZATION OF SALT TOLERANCE IN ALFALFA (MEDICAGO SATIVA L.)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276348.

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6

Andrade, Maria Isabel. "PHYSIOLOGY OF SALT TOLERANCE IN GUAR, CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBA (L.) TAUB." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275416.

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7

Zheng, Liansheng 1955. "Gene expression in two different genotypes of alfalfa under salt stressed and unstressed conditions." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276936.

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Gene expression in two different genotypes of alfalfa, salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive, was examined by studying differences in protein products coded for by poly(A+) RNA isolated from shoot and root tissue. Plants were grown in hydroponics under unstressed or salt-stressed conditions. Two salinity levels (low salt: 30 mM NaCl and 6 mM CaCl2 and high salt: 133 mM NaCl and 27 mM CaCl2) and one unstressed control were applied. The salt-tolerant genotype showed higher biomass accumulation than the salt-sensitive genotype under both control and salt-stressed conditions. The difference in biomass accumulation between the two genotypes was greatest at the highest salt level. The effect of salt stress on gene expression was studied via in vitro translation of poly (A+) RNA with (35S) -methionine. The labeling pattern was similar in all treatments when analyzed by one dimensional SDS-PAGE. However, a two dimensional analysis (isoelectric focusing followed by SDS-PAGE) showed that salt-stress induced a number of new proteins and repressed several others.
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8

Alm, David Michael. "Comparison and interaction of heat and salt stress in cultured tobacco cells." Virtual Press, 1986. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/445616.

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Cultured tobacco cells (Nicotiana tabacum L., cv Wisconsin-38) were subjected to temporary sub-lethal heat and salt shock treatments to determine the effects of these treatments on various physiological parameters after subsequent lethal heat or salt stresses. Tobacco cells developed a tolerance to a non-permissive temperature stress (54C for 14 min) when pretreated with heat shock of 38C for 2h but not when pretreated at 42C for 2h. Cells pretreated at 38 (2h) exhibited less than 30% normal growth when the 54C stress came immediately after the 38C treatment. Tolerance to the 54C stress developed with increased interval between shock and stress with cells exhibiting 95% normal regrowth when the 54C stress was administered 8h after the 38C shock. The developement of heat tolerance was inhibited if heat shock was done in the presence of a non-injuring level of EGTA (.0.5mM). Cells treated with EGTA during heat shock grew normally at 23C but not after a 54C heat stress. EDTA (0.5mM) had little effect on the acquisition of tolerance to heat stress.Wisconsin-38 cells developed a tolerance to a non-permissive salt stress (2% NaCl for 16h) when pretreated at a lower salt level (1.2% NaCl) for 3h. Cells heat shocked at 38C exhibited increased tolerance of the lethal salt stress up to 8h. Conversely, cells heat shocked at 42C exhibited immediate tolerance to lethal salt stress and this tolerance decayed over eight hours. The heat shock-induced acquisition of salt tolerance was inhibited by both EGTA and EDTA.Proteins synthesized during heat and salt stress treatments were labeled with [35S]-methionine and/or [3H]-leucine and separated using Sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fluorographic analysis of the gels indicate that a number of proteins are produced in response to heat shock. Similar analysis of proteins from salt shocked cells indicates that no salt shock proteins are produced in response to a brief low-level sodium chloride shock.
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El-Sheikh, Medhat. "Studies on the cellular and molecular basis of salt resistance in a halotolerant Arabidopsis thaliana cell line." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274256.

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Robinson, David Lowell 1955. "RECURRENT SELECTION FOR GERMINATION SALT TOLERANCE IN ALFALFA (SALINITY, FORAGES, BREEDING)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277015.

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Книги з теми "Plants, Effect of salt on"

1

MacLean, Jayne T. Salt tolerance in plants, 1983-85: 137 citations. Beltsville, Md: U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, 1986.

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K, Garg B. Salinity tolerance in plants: Methods, mechanisms, and management. Jodhpur: Scientific Publishers (India), 2011.

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3

1933-, Läuchli A., and Lüttge Ulrich, eds. Salinity: Environment - plants - molecules. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.

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Shabala, Sergey. Potassium transporters and plant salt tolerance. York: International Fertiliser Society, 2007.

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Shabala, Sergey. Potassium transporters and plant salt tolerance. York: International Fertiliser Society, 2007.

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6

Shabala, Sergey. Potassium transporters and plant salt tolerance. York: International Fertiliser Society, 2007.

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7

International Symposium on Inland Saline Lakes (5th 1991 Hotel Titikaka, Bolivia). Saline lakes V: Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium on Inland Saline Lakes, held in Bolivia, 22-29 March 1991. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1993.

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Francois, L. E. Plant responses to salinity: A supplement to an indexed bibliography. Edited by Maas E. V. 1936-. [Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service], 1985.

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ASWAS Conference (1st 1990 United Arab Emirates University). Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants: Proceedings of the First ASWAS Conference, December 8-15, 1990 at the United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1993.

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10

Branson, Farrel Allen. Tolerances of plants to drought and salinity in the western United States. Sacramento, Calif: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1988.

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Частини книг з теми "Plants, Effect of salt on"

1

Geissler, Nicole, Bernd Huchzermeyer, and Hans-Werner Koyro. "Effects of Salt Stress on Photosynthesis Under Ambient and Elevated Atmospheric CO2 Concentration." In Salt Stress in Plants, 377–413. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6108-1_15.

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Narsing Rao, Manik Prabhu, Zhou-Yan Dong, Min Xiao, and Wen-Jun Li. "Effect of Salt Stress on Plants and Role of Microbes in Promoting Plant Growth Under Salt Stress." In Soil Biology, 423–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18975-4_18.

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Kapoor, Riti Thapar. "Effect of Calcium Silicate Supplementation on the Growth of Trigonella Foenum-Graecum L. Variety Hisar Sonali Under Saline Conditions." In Proceedings of the Conference BioSangam 2022: Emerging Trends in Biotechnology (BIOSANGAM 2022), 214–24. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-020-6_21.

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AbstractSalinity is a major abiotic stress which decreases crop productivity. Salt stress also causes osmotic, water, ionic and oxidative stresses. Plants exposure to salt can check their growth by reduction in water and nutrient uptake, osmotic imbalance and cytotoxicity incited by sodium and chloride ions. Present study deals with the impact of salt on germination, growth and physiological components of fenugreek and its alleviation by the application of calcium silicate. The salt stress reduced fenugreek germination and growth but supplementation of calcium silicate to salt stressed seedlings mitigated deleterious impacts of salinity. Various parameters like germination, seedling length, biomass, pigment and protein contents of fenugreek seedlings were significantly improved with calcium silicate under salt stress. Maximum reduction 53.3% in protein amount was recorded in fenugreek seedlings treated with NaCl (10 mM) over control. Significant increase in total antioxidant content in fenugreek seedlings was observed with calcium silicate as it showed the following order: Ca2SiO4 > NaCl + Ca2SiO4 > NaCl > Control. Hence, application of calcium silicate can be useful for the fenugreek plants growing under saline conditions.
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Saito, Takeshi, and Chiaki Matsukura. "Effect of Salt Stress on the Growth and Fruit Quality of Tomato Plants." In Abiotic Stress Biology in Horticultural Plants, 3–16. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55251-2_1.

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Papadimitropoulos, Matthaios-Emmanouil P., and Maria I. Klapa. "Investigating the Effect of Elevated CO2 in the Growth Environment of Salt-Stressed Plants Using Integrated Omic Analyses." In Combined Stresses in Plants, 49–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07899-1_3.

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Smaoui, A., and A. Cherif. "Effect of Salt on Lipid Reserves of Cotton Seeds." In Biological Role of Plant Lipids, 541–42. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1303-8_120.

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Djanaguiraman, Maduraimuthu, and P. V. Vara Prasad. "Effects of Salinity on Ion Transport, Water Relations and Oxidative Damage." In Ecophysiology and Responses of Plants under Salt Stress, 89–114. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4747-4_3.

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Hamid, M. Wagdi Abdel, A. A. Shiha, E. E. Kaoud, and S. M. Metwally. "Effect of soil management on some physical and chemical properties of salt-affected soil." In Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants, 399–405. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1860-6_46.

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Ben Miled-Daoud, Douja, and Abdelkader Chérif. "Salt Effect on Lipid Metabolism of Rape Seeds during Germination." In Plant Lipid Metabolism, 423–25. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8394-7_113.

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Zarrouk, Moktar, Wafaâ Seqqat-Dakhma, and Abdelkader Chérif. "Salt Stress Effect on Polar Lipid Metabolism of Olive Leaves." In Plant Lipid Metabolism, 429–31. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8394-7_115.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Plants, Effect of salt on"

1

Al-qahtani, Noora Saad, and Talaat Ahmed. "Effect of Seagrass Liquid Extracts on Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum) Under Salt stress Conditions." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0104.

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Salinity is considered as major environmental challenge that affects crop growth and productivity. This study investigated the application of Haodule univervis seagrass liquid extract on bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under salt stress conditions. The salinity treatments were applied by irrigating bell pepper plants with 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM/l of NaCl with four replications. The bell pepper plants were divided into two groups: one group was sprayed with seagrass extract, and the other group was sprayed with distilled water. The salt treatment was applied at every 10 days interval for only three treatments, and the bell pepper leaves were sprayed about seven days after the salt treatment. The results showed an increase in relative water content (RWC) of salt stressed bell pepper plants sprayed with seagrass extract from 0- 100 mM of NaCl treatment, while RWC decreased at 150 and 200 mM NaCl treatments compared to the control. This indicates stressed bell pepper plants sprayed with seagrass extract had higher RWC than plants sprayed with water at 0-100 mM NaCl treatments. Chlorophyll concentration was decreased dramatically in plants sprayed with water at 50mM of NaCl level. However, chlorophyll concentration increased slightly in plants sprayed with water at 100 mM NaCl level then start declined gradually at 150 mM and 200mM NaCl level. The plants sprayed with seagrass extract showed an increase in chlorophyll concentration at 100 and 150 mM NaCl treatment compared to the control. Fresh weights of plants sprayed with seagrass extract were declined at 50-150 mM NaCl compared to the control. However, the highest dry weights of plants sprayed with seagrass at 100 mM NaCl treatment. In addition, plants sprayed with water did not show variations in fresh and dry weights.
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Zhang, Ye, and Peiwen Li. "Analysis of the Heat Transfer and Criterion of Freezing of Molten Salt Startup Flow in Relatively Cold Pipes." In ASME 2022 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2022 16th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2022-81902.

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Abstract Currently, most of the modern concentrated solar thermal power plants employ molten salts as the heat transfer fluid to carry the thermal energy from solar concentrators and deliver to thermal storage systems or thermal power plants for the need of power generation. For the startup operation of solar concentrators, molten salts need to be pumped to flow into the pipes which may have lower temperature than the molten salt due to cold ambient overnight or over the suspend period of operation. As the freezing point of various molten salts ranges from 220 °C to 430 °C, preventing the freezing of molten salt flowing in cold pipe is a very important requirement for the safe operation of a concentrated solar thermal power plant. In this work, the authors have conducted a basic heat transfer analysis of transient heat exchange between molten salts and the flow pipe to find a criterion or the critical condition of preventing molten salt from freezing. The effects of molten salt flow velocity, heat capacities of molten salt and pipe, dimensions of pipes, and the initial temperatures of salts and cold pipes are all correlated theoretically in the analysis through modeling of transient heat transfer between a pipe and the fluid. The results are very helpful to the understanding and management of a safe startup of hot molten salt flowing in cold pipes on cyclic operations.
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Tiznobaik, Hani, and Donghyun Shin. "Experimental Study of the Effect of Nanoparticle Concentration on Thermo-Physical Properties of Molten Salt Nanofluids." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-12166.

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Abstract Increased in thermo-physical properties of molten salt nanofluids have been reported. These findings makes molten salts nanofluids one of the most promising thermal energy storage media. One of the main application of these types of materials are in concentrated solar power plants. In this study, an investigation is performed on nanofluids specific heat capacity mechanisms in order to provide a reasonable description of the specific heat capacity enhancement of nanofluids. Then, a comprehensive experiments are performed on the effects of nanoparticles concentration on the specific heat capacity and materials characterization of molten salt nanofluids. This study is performed to analyze the optimum amount of nanoparticle and find the way to maximize the effects of nanoparticle on thermophysical properties of molten slat. Different molten salts nanofluids with varying nanoparticles concentration were synthesized. The specific heat capacities of mixtures were measured by a modulated scanning calorimeter. Moreover, the material characterization analyses were performed using scanning electron microscopy to investigate the micro-structural characterization of different nanofluids.
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Bukharina, I. L., and N. A. Islamova. "The effect of plant inoculation with the endophyte of Cylindrocarpon Magnusianum on resistance to the heavy metals salts action." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-89.

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"The effect of salt stress on the expression of the brassinosteroid biosynthesis genes." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Novosibirsk ICG SB RAS 2021, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2021-139.

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Pérez, F. J., M. I. Lasanta, M. T. de Miguel, G. García-Martín, and V. Encinas-Sánchez. "Effect of NaOH addition on a ternary carbonate salt to be used as storage medium for CSP plants." In SOLARPACES 2015: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4949136.

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Mostafavi, Amirhossein, Vamsi Kiran Eruvaram, and Donghyun Shin. "Experimental Study of Thermal Performance Enhancement of Molten Salt Nanomaterials." In ASME 2018 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2018-7516.

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Concentrating solar power (CSP) plants are one of the main technologies harvesting solar energy indirectly. In CSP systems, solar radiant light is concentrated into a focal receiver, where heat transfer fluid (HTF) as the energy carrier absorbs solar radiation. Thermal energy storage (TES) is the key method to expand operational time of CSP plants. Consequently, thermo-physical properties of the HTF is an important factor in transferring thermal energy. One of the promising chemicals for this purpose is a mixture of molten salts with stable properties at elevated temperatures. However, low thermal properties of molten salts, such as specific heat capacity (cp) around 1.5 kJ/kg°C, constrain thermal performance of CSP systems. Recently, many studies have been conducted to overcome this shortcoming, by adding minute concentration of nanoparticles. In this work, the selected molten salt eutectic is a mixture of LiNO3–NaNO3 by composition of 54:46 mol. % plus dispersing Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles with 10nm particle size. The results from the measured specific heat capacity by modulated differential scanning calorimeter (MDSC) shows a 9% cp enhancement. Moreover, the viscosity of the mixture is measured by a rheometer and the results show that the viscosity of molten salt samples increases by 27% and this may result in increasing the pumping energy of the HTF. Consequently, overall thermal performance of the selected mixture is investigated by figure of merit (FOM) analysis. The interesting results show an enhancement of the thermal storage of this mixture disregard with the viscosity increase effect.
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Belverato, Davide, Emanuele Martelli, Marco Binotti, Lorenzo Pilotti, and Alberto Giaconia. "Part-Load of Steam Rankine Cycles for Solar Salts-Based Concentrating Solar Power Plants." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-79378.

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Abstract This work proposes two ad hoc part-load control strategies for steam cycles adopted in concentrated solar power plants. The control strategies are designed to keep the molten salt temperature above the minimum allowed value set by solidification issues in the 30–100 % load range. Particularly critical is the temperature of molten salts in contact with the heat exchanger tubes, the so called skin temperature. The first control strategy adopts a turbine with controlled extraction and readmission valve while the second strategy employs a throttling valve and a feedwater preheating loop. Off-design simulations show that both strategies are capable of avoiding the molten salts solidification issue but at the cost of a non negligible penalty (up to −1.9 percentage points) in power block efficiency at low loads (30–50%). The off-design analysis considers also the effect of ambient temperature variations and the optimization of the cooling fan rotational speed. The results are used to derive best-fit polymonials relating the power block efficiency to the ambient temperature and load.
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Yang, Hongjoo, and Debjyoti Banerjee. "Study of Specific Heat Capacity Enhancement of Molten Salt Nanomaterials for Solar Thermal Energy Storage (TES)." In ASME 2012 Third International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2012-75338.

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The overall thermal efficiency of solar power plants is highly sensitive to the operating characteristics of the Thermal Energy Storage (TES) devices. Enhancing the operating temperature of TES is imperative for enhancing the thermal efficacy of solar power plants. However, material property limitations for high temperature operation severely limit the choice of materials for TES. Molten salts and their eutectics are promising candidates for high temperature operation of TES. To enhance the thermal and operational efficiency of TES, the thermo-physical properties such as the specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity of the materials need to be maximized. The specific heat capacity (Cp) of molten salt is relatively smaller than other conventional TES materials. Recent studies have shown that addition of nanoparticles to molten salts can significantly enhance their specific heat capacity. Several transport and energy storage mechanisms have been proposed to account for these enhancements. Primarily, the layering of solvent molecules due to inter-molecular forces (due to competition between adhesive and cohesive forces) is observed at solid-liquid interface, leading to the formation of a more dense or “compressed layer” of solvent molecules on the dispersed nanoparticles. The formation and existence of the compressed layer has been demonstrated experimentally and from numerical predictions (e.g., Molecular Dynamics/ MD models). To verify the enhancement of specific heat capacity of molten salt nanofluids, the influence of compressed layer has been explored in this study. This implies that for the same amount (or concentration) of nanoparticle, the ratio of surface/volume of the individual nanoparticles can change significantly depending on the nanoparticles size and shape — which in turn can affect the mass fraction of the compressed layer formed on the surface of the nanoparticles. In this study, the specific heat capacity of the molten salt nanomaterials was investigated for: (a) silica nanoparticles in eutectic mixture of alkali chloride salt eutectics, and (b) silica nanoparticles in an eutectic mixture of alkali carbonate salts eutectics. The effect of the particle size distribution was considered in this study and it was observed that smaller nanoparticles contribute a larger proportion to the observed specific heat capacity enhancements. The size of distribution of the nanoparticles in the molten salt mixture/ nanomaterial (nanocomposites and nanofluids) was measured by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and subsequently the actual number of nanoparticles (as a function of size) that were dispersed in molten salt fluid was calculated. The specific heat capacity of molten salt nanomaterial was calculated using a classical mixing model and by accounting for the contribution from the compressed layer in the mixture.
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Feldhoff, Jan Fabian, Kai Schmitz, Markus Eck, Lars Schnatbaum-Laumann, Doerte Laing, Francisco Ortiz-Vives, and Jan Schulte-Fischedick. "Comparative System Analysis of Direct Steam Generation and Synthetic Oil Parabolic Trough Power Plants With Integrated Thermal Storage." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54345.

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Parabolic trough power plants are currently the most commercially applied systems for CSP power generation. To improve their cost-effectiveness, one focus of industry and research is the development of processes with other heat transfer fluids than the currently used synthetic oil. One option is the utilization of water/steam in the solar field, the so-called direct steam generation (DSG). Several previous studies promoted the economic potential of DSG technology [1–3]. Analyses’ results showed that live steam parameters of up to 500°C and 120 bars are most promising and could lead to a reduction of the levelized electricity cost (LEC) of about 11% [4]. However, all of these studies only considered plants without thermal energy storage (TES). Therefore, a system analysis including integrated TES was performed by Flagsol GmbH and DLR together with Solar Millennium AG, Schott CSP GmbH and Senior Bergho¨fer GmbH, all Germany. Two types of plants are analyzed and compared in detail: a power plant with synthetic oil and a DSG power plant. The design of the synthetic oil plant is very similar to the Spanish Andasol plants [5] and includes a molten salt two-tank storage system. The DSG plant has main steam parameters of 500 °C and 112 bars and uses phase change material (PCM) for the latent and molten salt for the sensible part of the TES system. To enable comparability, both plants share the same gross electric turbine capacity of 100 MWel, the same TES capacity of nine hours of full load equivalent and the same solar multiple of the collector field of about two. This paper describes and compares both plants’ design, performance and investment. Based on these results, the LEC are calculated and the DSG plant’s potential is evaluated. One key finding is that with currently proposed DSG storage costs, the LEC of a DSG plant could be higher than those of a synthetic oil plant. When considering a plant without TES on the other hand, the DSG system could reduce the LEC. This underlines the large influence of TES and the still needed effort in the development of a commercial storage system for DSG.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Plants, Effect of salt on"

1

Kirova, Elisaveta. Effect of Nitrogen Nutrition Source on Antioxidant Defense System of Soybean Plants Subjected to Salt Stress. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2020.02.09.

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Guy, Charles, Gozal Ben-Hayyim, Gloria Moore, Doron Holland, and Yuval Eshdat. Common Mechanisms of Response to the Stresses of High Salinity and Low Temperature and Genetic Mapping of Stress Tolerance Loci in Citrus. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613013.bard.

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The objectives that were outlined in our original proposal have largely been achieved or will be so by the end of the project in February 1995 with one exception; that of mapping cold tolerance loci based on the segregation of tolerance in the BC1 progeny population. Briefly, our goals were to 1) construct a densely populated linkage map of the citrus genome: 2) map loci important in cold and/or salt stress tolerance; and 3) characterize the expression of genes responsive to cold land salt stress. As can be seen by the preceding listing of accomplishments, our original objectives A and B have been realized, objective C has been partially tested, objective D has been completed, and work on objectives E and F will be completed by the end of 1995. Although we have yet to map any loci that contribute to an ability of citrus to maintain growth when irrigated with saline water, our very encouraging results from the 1993 experiment provides us with considerable hope that 1994's much more comprehensive and better controlled experiment will yield the desired results once the data has been fully analyzed. Part of our optimism derives from the findings that loci for growth are closely linked with loci associated with foliar Cl- and Na+ accumulation patterns under non-salinization conditions. In the 1994 experiment, if ion exclusion or sequestration traits are segregating in the population, the experimental design will permit their resolution. Our fortunes with respect to cold tolerance is another situation. In three attempts to quantitatively characterize cold tolerance as an LT50, the results have been too variable and the incremental differences between sensitive and tolerant too small to use for mapping. To adequately determine the LT50 requires many plants, many more than we have been able to generate in the time and space available by making cuttings from small greenhouse-grown stock plants. As it has turned out, with citrus, to prepare enough plants needed to be successful in this objective would have required extensive facilities for both growing and testing hardiness which simply were not available at University of Florida. The large populations necessary to overcome the variability we encountered was unanticipated and unforeseeable at the project's outset. In spite of the setbacks, this project, when it is finally complete will be exceedingly successful. Listing of Accomplishments During the funded interval we have accomplished the following objectives: Developed a reasonably high density linkage map for citrus - mapped the loci for two cold responsive genes that were cloned from Poncirus - mapped the loci for csa, the salt responsive gene for glutathione peroxidase, and ccr a circadian rhythm gene from citrus - identified loci that confer parental derived specific DNA methylation patterns in the Citrus X Poncirus cross - mapped 5 loci that determine shoot vigor - mapped 2 loci that influence leaf Na+ accumulation patterns under non-saline conditions in the BC1 population - mapped 3 loci that influence leaf Na+ accumulation paterns during salt sress - mapped 2 loci that control leaf Cl- accumulation patterns under non-saline conditions - mapped a locus that controls leaf Cl- accumulation patterns during salt stress Screened the BC1 population for growth reduction during salinization (controls and salinized), and cold tolerance - determined population variation for shoot/root ratio of Na+ and Cl- - determined levels for 12 inorganic nutrient elements in an effort to examine the influence of salinization on ion content with emphasis on foliar responses - collected data on ion distribution to reveal patterns of exclusion/sequestration/ accumulation - analyzed relationships between ion content and growth Characterization of gene expression in response to salt or cold stress - cloned the gene for the salt responsive protein csa, identified it as glutathione peroxidase, determined the potential target substrate from enzymatic studies - cloned two other genes responsive to salt stress, one for the citrus homologue of a Lea5, and the other for an "oleosin" like gene - cold regulated (cor) genes belonging to five hybridization classes were isolated from Poncirus, two belonged to the group 2 Lea superfamily of stress proteins, the others show no significant homology to other known sequences - the expression of csa during cold acclimation was examined, and the expression of some of the cor genes were examined in response to salt stress - the influence of salinization on cold tolerance has been examined with seedling populations - conducted protein blot studies for expression of cold stress proteins during salt stress and vice versa
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3

Wang, Chih-Hao, and Na Chen. Do Multi-Use-Path Accessibility and Clustering Effect Play a Role in Residents' Choice of Walking and Cycling? Mineta Transportation Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2011.

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The transportation studies literature recognizes the relationship between accessibility and active travel. However, there is limited research on the specific impact of walking and cycling accessibility to multi-use paths on active travel behavior. Combined with the culture of automobile dependency in the US, this knowledge gap has been making it difficult for policy-makers to encourage walking and cycling mode choices, highlighting the need to promote a walking and cycling culture in cities. In this case, a clustering effect (“you bike, I bike”) can be used as leverage to initiate such a trend. This project contributes to the literature as one of the few published research projects that considers all typical categories of explanatory variables (individual and household socioeconomics, local built environment features, and travel and residential choice attitudes) as well as two new variables (accessibility to multi-use paths calculated by ArcGIS and a clustering effect represented by spatial autocorrelation) at two levels (level 1: binary choice of cycling/waking; level 2: cycling/walking time if yes at level 1) to better understand active travel demand. We use data from the 2012 Utah Travel Survey. At the first level, we use a spatial probit model to identify whether and why Salt Lake City residents walked or cycled. The second level is the development of a spatial autoregressive model for walkers and cyclists to examine what factors affect their travel time when using walking or cycling modes. The results from both levels, obtained while controlling for individual, attitudinal, and built-environment variables, show that accessibility to multi-use paths and a clustering effect (spatial autocorrelation) influence active travel behavior in different ways. Specifically, a cyclist is likely to cycle more when seeing more cyclists around. These findings provide analytical evidence to decision-makers for efficiently evaluating and deciding between plans and policies to enhance active transportation based on the two modeling approaches to assessing travel behavior described above.
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4

Taiz, L. [Tonoplast transport and salt tolerance in plants]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6653558.

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Miyamoto, Seiichi, and Rami Keren. Improving Efficiency of Reclamation of Sodium-Affected Soils. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7570569.bard.

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Sodium affected soils, along with salt-affected soils, are distributed widely in irrigated areas of the arid and semi-arid region of the world. Some of these soils can and must be reclaimed to meet the increasing demand for food, and existing irrigated lands must be managed to reduce salinization and alkalization associated with deteriorating irrigation water quality. This project was conducted for examining ways to reduce the use of chemical amendments and large quantities of leaching water for reclaiming sodic soils or for preventing soil sodification, We hypothesized that sodicity of calcareous soils irrigated with moderately sodic irrigation water can be controlled by maximizing dissolution of soil CaCO3. The work performed in Israel has shown that dissolution of CaCO3 can be enhanced by elevating the CO2 partial pressure in soils, and by increasing pore water velocity. The concentration of Ca in pore water was at an order of 1.5 mmolc L-1 at a CO2 partial pressure of 5 kPa, which is sufficient to maintain SAR below 4 at salinity of irrigation water of 0.5 dS m-1 or less. Incorporation of crop residue at a flesh weight of 100 Mg ha-1 reduced the exchangeable Na percentage from 19 to 5%, while it remained 14% without crop residue application These findings indicate a possibility of preventing soil sodification with appropriate crop rotation and residue management without chemical amendments, provided that soils remain permeable. In the case of highly sodic soils, dissolution of CaCO3 alone is usually insufficient to maintain soil permeability during initial leaching. We examined the effect of salinity and sodicity on water infiltration, then developed a way to estimate the amendments required on the basis of water infiltration and drainage characteristics, rather than the traditional idea of reducing the exchangeable Na percentage to a pre-fixed value. Initial indications from soil column and lysimeter study are that the proposed method provides realistic estimates of amendment requirements. We further hypothesized that cultivation of salt-tolerant plants with water of elevated salinity can enhance reclamation of severely Na-affected soils primarily through improved water infiltration and increased dissolution of CaCO3 through respiration. An outdoor lysimeter experiment using two saline sodic Entisols sodded with saltgrass for two seasons did not necessarily support this hypothesis. While there was an evidence of increased removal of the exchangeable Na originally present in the soils, the final salinity and sodicity measured were lowest without sod, and highest when sodded. High transpiration rates, coupled with low permeability and/or inadequate leaching seemed to have offset the potential benefits of increased CaCO3 dissolution and subsequent removal of exchangeable Na. Although vegetative means of reclaiming sodic soils had been reported to be effective in sandy soils with sufficient permeability, additional study is needed for its use in saline sodic soils under the high evaporative demand. The use of cool season grass after initial salt leaching with CaCl2 should be explored. Results obtained from this project have several potential applications, which include the use of crop residues for maintaining sodium balance, the use of CaCl2 for initial leaching of poorly permeable clayey sodic soils, and appraisal of sodicity effects, and appropriate rates and types of amendments required for reclamation
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Taiz, L. [Tonoplast transport and salt tolerance in plants]. Progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10141769.

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Robertson-Rojas, Vanessa. Do Fungal Symbionts of Salt Marsh Plants Affect Interspecies Competition? Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.7451.

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Turchi, Craig, Parthiv Kurup, Sertac Akar, and Francisco Flores. Domestic Material Content in Molten-Salt Concentrating Solar Power Plants. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1215314.

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Pacheco, James Edward, Thorsten Wolf, and Nishant Muley. Incorporating supercritical steam turbines into molten-salt power tower plants :. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1088078.

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Dudley, Lynn M., Uri Shani, and Moshe Shenker. Modeling Plant Response to Deficit Irrigation with Saline Water: Separating the Effects of Water and Salt Stress in the Root Uptake Function. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586468.bard.

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Standard salinity management theory, derived from blending thermodynamic and semi- empirical considerations leads to an erroneous perception regarding compensative interaction among salinity stress factors. The current approach treats matric and osmotic components of soil water potential separately and then combines their effects to compute overall response. With deficit water a severe yield decrease is expected under high salinity, yet little or no reduction is predicted for excess irrigation, irrespective of salinity level. Similarly, considerations of competition between chloride and nitrate ions have lead to compensation hypothesis and to application of excess nitrate under saline conditions. The premise of compensative interaction of growth factors behind present practices (that an increase in water application alleviates salinity stress) may result in collateral environmental damage. Over-irrigation resulting in salinization and elevated ground water threatens productivity on a global scale. Other repercussions include excessive application of nitrate to compensate for salinity, unwillingness to practice deficit irrigation with saline water, and under-utilization of marginal water. The objectives for the project were as follows: 1) To develop a database for model parameterization and validation by studying yield and transpiration response to water availability, excessive salinity and salt composition. 2) To modify the root sink terms of an existing mechanism-based model(s) of water flow, transpiration, crop yield, salt transport, and salt chemistry. 3) To develop conceptual and quantitative models of ion uptake that considers the soil solution concentration and composition. 4) To develop a conceptual and quantitative models of effects of NaCl and boron accumulation on yield and transpiration. 5) To add a user interface to the water flow, transpiration, crop yield, salt transport, chemistry model to make it easy for others to use. We conducted experiments in field plots and lysimeters to study biomass production and transpiration of com (Zeamays cv. Jubilee), melon (Cucumismelo subsp. melo cv. Galia), tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum Mill. cv. 5656), onion (Alliumcepa L. cv. HA 944), and date palms (Phoenix Dactylifera L. cv. Medjool) under salinity combined with water or with nitrate (growth promoters) or with boron (growth inhibitor). All factors ranged from levels not limiting to plant function to severe inhibition. For cases of combined salinity with water stress, or excess boron, we observed neither additive nor compensative effects on plant yield and transpiration. In fact, yield and transpiration at each combination of the various factors were primarily controlled by one of them, the most limiting factor to plant activity. We proposed a crop production model of the form Yr = min{gi(xi), where Yr = Yi ym-1 is relative yield,Ym is the maximum yield obtained in each experiment, Xi is an environmental factor, gi is a piecewise-linear response function, Yi is yield of a particular treatment. We selected a piecewise-linear approach because it highlights the irrigation level where the response to one factor ceases and a second factor begins. The production functions generate response "envelopes" containing possible yields with diagonal lines represent response to Xi alone and the lines parallel to the X-axis represent response to salinity alone. A multiplicative model was also derived approximating the limiting behaviour for incorporation in a hydrochemical model. The multiplicative model was selected because the response function was required to be continuous. The hydrochemical model was a better predictor of field-measured water content and salt profiles than models based on an additive and compensative model of crop response to salinity and water stress.
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