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Статті в журналах з теми "Plants by-Products"
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Bradna, J., and J. Malaťák. "By-products from methyl ester oil production and their thermal-emission properties." Research in Agricultural Engineering 54, No. 1 (March 3, 2008): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/707-rae.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the exhaustion of fossil energy sources in sight, the importance of the renewable sources of energy becomes one of the major conditions for permanently sustainable development not only in agriculture, but also in the society as a whole. The growing use of biodiesel has opened other areas of utilising the by-products from the manufacture of rape seed oil methyl ester (FARME) as an energy source, used in the combustion equipment designed for these alternative fuels. The aim of this paper is to assess the feasibility of utilising the by-products from the production of rape seed methyl ester as a source of energy, from ecology and economy aspects of the combustion equipment used. Therefore, the study is focused on the concentration of emissions generated by burning FARME, and distillation of residuals from FARME production plants. An important objective of this study lies in the determination of the stoichiometry characteristics of rape seed oil methyl esters and distillation residuals from FARME production plants. The following parameters are set by calculations: fuel heating power, oxygen amount (air) necessary for ideal combustion, flue gases amount and composition, and flue gases specific weight.
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Zhu, B., M. A. Tabatabai, and S. J. Henning. "Biotechnology By‐Products as Sources of Nitrogen for Plants." Journal of Environmental Quality 24, no. 5 (September 1995): 986–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1995.00472425002400050030x.
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Kukier, Urszula, and Malcolm E. Sumner. "Boron availability to plants from coal combustion by-products." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 87, no. 1-4 (February 1996): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00696831.
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Orlovskyy, Vitalii, Volodymyr Biletskyi, and Myroslav Malovanyy. "Development of Lightweight Grouting Materials Based on By-Products of Ukrainian Industry." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 17, no. 3 (September 20, 2023): 666–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht17.03.666.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A new competitive class of grouting materials has been created. These lightweight grouting materials (LGM) with a density of 1370–1650 kg/m3 consist of oil-well Portland cement PCTI-100, fine powder of PE grade (a by-product of fireclay production from kaolin), acidic fly ash from state district power plants, and lime dust (a by-product of lime production). The composition of the products formed during LGM hydration was clarified by X-ray phase and differential thermal analysis. The rational optimal ratios of ingredients and temperature regimes for the LGM hardening were determined according to the criteria of cement stone strength.
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Field, Ben, Ferenc Jordán, and Anne Osbourn. "First encounters ? deployment of defence-related natural products by plants." New Phytologist 172, no. 2 (October 2006): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01863.x.
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Schwelberger, Jörg. "RECYCLING OF FERROUS BY-PRODUCTS IN IRON AND STEEL PLANTS." Mašinstvo 15, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 247–51. https://doi.org/10.62456/jmem.2018.04.247.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p style="text-align: justify;">Due to rising energy prices and stringent environmental regulations, energy efficiency, resource saving and climate protection are becoming more important than ever. Primetals Technologies ECO Solutions offers a wide range of services and technologies to increase energy efficiency, reduce the environmental impact of steel production plants and to ensure efficient water and by-product management Primetals Technologies ECO Solutions provides processes and solutions along the entire iron and steel production chains, which meet the strictest emission regulations and also help producers achieve substantial cost<br />savings. In response to these ecological and economic challenges, Primetals Technologies offers energy-efficient solutions and services along the entire process chain, with a clear objective: saving resources, creating value.<br />The optimized consumption of energy and raw materials, the application of advanced technological processes and the maximum application of recycling solutions lead to major energy savings, reduced emissions, improved water and by-prooduct management. Saving resources &bull; Minimized emissions &bull; Minimized use of raw materials &bull; Minimized energy consumption &bull; Optimized by-product recycling Creating value &bull; Reduction<br />of conversion costs &bull; Increase performance &bull; Improve quality</p>
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Draeger, Birgit. "The Manufacture of Medical and Health Products by Transgenic Plants." Plant Science 161, no. 6 (November 2001): 1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9452(01)00527-1.
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Ajdačić, N., and M. Martić. "Contamination of some important kinds of plants by fission products." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles 131, no. 2 (June 1989): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02060596.
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Anker, Yaakov, Faina Nakonechny, Betty Niazov, Svetlana Lugovskoy, and Marina Nisnevitch. "Biofuel Production by Fermentation of Water Plants and Agricultural Lignocellulosic by-Products." MATEC Web of Conferences 70 (2016): 12005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20167012005.
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Čermák, P. "Forest reclamation of dumpsites of coal combustion by-products (CCB)." Journal of Forest Science 54, No. 6 (July 7, 2008): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6/2008-jfs.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present paper describes the reclamation of dumpsites of coal ash – coal combustion by-products (CCB) generated by the burning of brown coal in thermal power plants. It evaluates the soil properties of formed Anthroposols and growth vitality of the forest tree species <I>Quercus robur</I> L., <I>Quercus rubra</I> L., <I>Pinus sylvestris</I> L., <I> Betula verrucosa</I> Ehrh., <I> Populus tremula</I> L., <I>Populus nigra</I> L., <I> Salix fragilis</I> L., <I> Salix alba</I> L., <I> Alnus glutinosa</I> (L.) Gaertn. The best growth vitality at these sites was reached in tree species of seed origin from the vegetation series of primary succession. Deformations of the taproot (taproot laterals) in trees under 10 years of age were observed on Anthroposol from coal ash in <I>Salix alba</I> L., <I> Salix fragilis</I> L., <I>Populus tremula</I> L., <I>Populus nigra</I> L. and<I> Populus alba</I> L. and in the overlaying of the compacted stabilizate with a layer of reclaimable soil up to 0.5 m in <I>Pinus sylvestris</I> L., <I> Alnus glutinosa</I> (L.) Gaertn. and <I>Quercus rubra</I> L.
Дисертації з теми "Plants by-Products"
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COLLU, MARTA. "Endocannabinoid System Modulation By Natural Products From Ancient Medicinal Plants." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/260056.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Herbal drugs have been important for the treatment of multiple pathological conditions since ancient times. A multitude of historical texts document the importance of plant-based therapies, but the therapeutic effectiveness of many described applications remains questionable. Concomitantly, the pharmacological properties and the associated chemistry of many herbal drugs described in ancient texts remain poorly studied. The development of modern pharmacology and analytical tools in the past century has led to the discovery of a plethora of novel plant-derived compounds and propelled advancements in medicine and pharmacology. The identification of (-)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as the active principle of Cannabis sativa L., triggered research activities conductive to the elucidation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The ECS is a major modulatory system involved in a variety of physiological functions including the regulation of appetite, pain perception, memory, mood, and the modulation of inflammation and immune responses. A deregulation of the ECS is commonly associated with pathological conditions such as mood disorders, pain, inflammation, and neurodegenerative and immune diseases. Therefore, identifying target specific agonists, antagonists and inhibitors constitutes a promising strategy to tackle these conditions. The inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the major enzyme involved in the termination of endocannabinoid signalling via the degradation of the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA), represents a pharmacological strategy to treat conditions such as anxiety, depression or metabolic disorders. Besides the main cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptors, activation of cannabinoid type-2 (CB2) receptors represents as well an interesting pharmacological approach to treat diverse disorders such as diabetes, and neurodegenerative and immune diseases.
Therefore, the main aim of this doctoral thesis was to identify and characterize plant-derived compounds able to target and modulate specific components of the ECS. As a starting point to address this objective, a plant extract library of drug samples mainly associated with the herbal drugs described in Dioscorides’ De Materia Medica (DMM; ex Matthioli, 1568) was built up. The extracts were tested for in vitro inhibition of FAAH and affinity towards CB2 receptors. In addition, as an indication of non-specific cytotoxicity, their antiproliferative activity was evaluated. For the screened extracts, the possible relationship between investigated bioactivity and plant phylogeny was first questioned. From the results of the FAAH inhibition screening, it emerged that extracts with significant FAAH inhibitory activity are phylogenetically clustered, as they are associated preponderantly with herbal drugs derived from the Fabaceae family. Isoflavonoids and prenylated derivatives, secondary metabolites commonly produced in Fabaceae, were proposed as potential FAAH inhibitors. Among the isoflavonoids tested, the prenylated luteone and neobavaisoflavone proved to be highly potent, selective, competitive and reversible FAAH inhibitors at the nanomolar range. In addition, preliminary results from the screening of the extract library towards CB2 receptors suggested the identification of sesquiterpene coumarins as a new class of CB2 receptor ligands at the low micromolar range.
In conclusion, in this thesis project we have identified two classes of natural products showing in vitro pharmacological interaction with the ECS. Moreover, the compounds may prove promising scaffolds for the development of new therapeutic agents with anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, anxiolytic, anti-diabetic or immunomodulatory activities.
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Metch, Jacob W. "Effects of Microbial Community Stress Response and Emerging Contaminants on Wastewater Treatment Plants." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/85257.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As the population in water stressed areas increases, it is critical that wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) continue to replenish depleted water supplies, and serve as an alternative water source. WWTPs depend on microorganisms in activated sludge to remove pollutants from wastewater and therefore an understanding of how these microorganisms are affected by various conditions and pollutants is needed. Also, as consumer products and industrial processes evolve, so do the pollutants they discharge to wastewater. In order to keep pace with these changes, understanding the effects of emerging contaminants to WWTP processes is essential. The research herein assesses microbial community dynamics of the response of nitrifying microorganisms in activated sludge to variation in ammonia concentration and evaluates the impact of engineered nanoparticles on activated sludge microbial communities and other emerging pollutants, such as antibiotic resistance genes and disinfection by-products.
In order to assess microbial community dynamics of the response of nitrifying microorganisms to removal of ammonia in the feed, nitrifying activated sludge reactors were operated at various relevant temperatures and the nitrifying microbial community was characterized using activity assays and bio-molecular techniques. We found that Nitrospira spp. were the dominant nitrifying microorganisms, exhibiting stable relative abundance across multiple trials and over a range of temperatures. These results indicate the possibility of comammox bacteria in the system and highlight the complexity of nitrifying microbial communities in activated sludge relative to past understanding.
Both microbial and chemical impacts of engineered nanoparticles on WWTP processes were also investigated. Metagenomic analysis of DNA extracted from activated sludge sequencing batch reactors dosed with gold nanoparticles with varied surface coating and morphology indicated that nanoparticle morphology impacted the microbial community and antibiotic resistance gene content more than surface coating. However, nanoparticle fate was controlled by surface coating more than morphology. Disinfection by-product formation in the presence of nanoparticles during WWTP disinfection was assessed using silver, titanium dioxide, ceria, and zero valent iron nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles were found to enhance trihalomethane formation, which was attributed to the citrate coating of the nanoparticles. These studies both raise concern over the relationship between engineered nanoparticles and other emerging concerns in WWTPs, and take a step towards informing nanoparticle design in a manner that limits their associated environmental impact.Ph. D.
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Dung, Nguyen Nhut Xuan. "Evaluation of green plants and by-products from the Mekong Delta with emphasis on fibre utilisation by pigs /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-5830-7.pdf.
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Leite, Carla Daiane. "Produtos alternativos no manejo de doenças da videira." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2586.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
CAPESA busca por substâncias capazes de agir na defesa vegetal é necessária para o manejo de doenças, especialmente na vitivinicultura orgânica. Na primeira parte dos testes, avaliou-se as concentrações 0; 3; 6; 9 e 12% de extrato aquoso de bagaço de uva (EABU), tratamentos padrões calda bordalesa (CB) 1% e Saccharomyces cerevisae (SC) (1 mL L-1) no controle do míldio (Plasmopara viticola) em discos de folhas e em plantas de videira, além da indução de β-1-3-glucanases e quitinase em videira e síntese de fitoalexinas em mesocótilos de sorgo. A composição química do bagaço de uva e o perfil cromatográfico do EABU a 12% foram determinados com objetivo de identificar compostos com possível ação contra míldio. O EABU aplicado em discos foliares, na concentração de 12%, reduziu em mais de 50% a severidade do míldio. Em condições de campo, o extrato foi eficiente de forma análoga ao tratamento padrão CB. Além disso, induziu a atividade das enzimas de defesa β-1-3- glucanases e quitinase 24 e 48 horas após o inicio dos primeiros sintomas da doença. A síntese de fitoalexinas também foi resposta ao tratamento com EABU. Os minerais identificados fósforo, enxofre, potássio, cálcio e magnésio e os compostos fenólicos ácidos gálico, cafeíco e vanílico e; os flavonóides catequina e epicatequina podem ter agido na defesa contra o míldio da videira. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, empregou-se a canola na forma de extrato aquoso (EAC) no controle do míldio da videira e como saches de farinha dessa brássica no controle do mofo cinzento in vivo e in vitro em Botrytis cinerea. As concentrações do EAC foram às mesmas do experimento com anterior. E, em saches utilizou-se 0; 0,8; 1,7; 2,55 e 3,4g. Constatou-se, nos dois ciclos de cultivo da videira, que o extrato prejudicou o desenvolvimento do míldio controlando entre 20 a 30% em relação ao tratamento testemunha, na concentração de 6% de extrato. A farinha de canola, possivelmente liberou compostos voláteis em todas as concentrações capazes de reduzir o crescimento micelial, produção de conídios de B. cinerea e o mofo cinzento em bagas de uva cv. Rubi.
The search for substances capable of acting in the defense of plants is a necessity for the management of diseases in the vitiviniculture organic. In the first part of the tests, 0 concentrations were evaluated; 3; 6; 9 and 12% aqueous extract of grape marc (AEGM), standard treatments Bordeaux mixture (BM) 1% and Saccharomyces cerevisae (SC) (1 mL L-1) in the control of mildew (Plasmopara viticola) in leaf and in vine plants, as well as the induction of β-1,3-glucanases and chitinase in vines and the synthesis of phytoalexins in sorghum mesocotyls. The chemical composition of the grape marc and the chromatographic profile of the AEGM at 12% were measured with a purpose of identification with anti-mildew action. The AEGM applied in foliar discs in the concentration of 12% reduced in more than 50% the severity of the mildew. In field conditions, the extract was efficient in a manner analogous to the CB standard. In addition, it induced the activity of the defense enzymes β-1-3- glucanases and chitinase 24 and 48 hours after the onset of the disease's first symptoms and phytoalexin synthesis. The minerals identified as phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium and magnesium and the phenolic compounds galic, caffeic and vanillic acids; the catechin and epicatechin flavonoids. In the second part of this work, the Brassica napus in the form of aqueous extract (AEB) without control of the media and as sachets (0; 0.8; 1.7; 2.55 and 3.4g), releasing volatile compounds without raw carbon control in vivo and in vitro is used. As extract concentrations as their previous works. It was verified that the aqueous extract of B. napus harmed the development of mildew by controlling between 20 and 30% in relation to the control treatment, when 6% of extract was used in the two cycles of grapevine cultivation. Canola meal possibly released volatile compounds at all concentrations capable of reducing B. cinerea mycelial growth and conidia production as gray mold on cv. Rubi.
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Njoya, Mahomet. "Reactor reconfiguration for enhanced performance of a down-flow expanded granular bed reactor (Degbr) for poultry slaughterhouse treatment." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2599.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.The poultry industry is one of the largest industries in the South African agricultural sector. To sustain their various operations, this industry utilises a large quantity of potable water to process slaughtered birds in order to satisfy hygiene and sanitation requirements in processing facilities. Thus, the consumption of potable water during poultry slaughterhouse operations results in the production of high-strength poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW), which is laden with a variety of pollutants, including fats, oil and grease (FOG), carcass debris, feathers and organic matter, including proteins, that should be removed from the wastewater, or at least reduced in concentration, prior to the PSW being discharged into the environment. This is to avoid and/or minimise levies and non-compliance penalties from monitoring institutions in charge of controlling the quality of effluents in the area from which the PSW was collected for this study. Furthermore, the option of treating and recycling the PSW to address the current issue of water scarcity in the Western Cape (South Africa), and to minimise possible harmful effects on the environment, will reduce the overreliance on slaughterhouses in the region on potable/drinking water, thus also lessening running costs associated with water procurement for operations. Various technologies, involving physical, chemical or biological processes, have been evaluated for the treatment of PSW, with this study focusing on anaerobic treatment (part of the biological treatment) of PSW, using a high-rate anaerobic bioreactor system (HRABs), which provides for low production of sludge, the production of biogas as a source of energy and the provision of high performance in terms of organic matter removal. Moreover, HRABs are cheaper, when compared to other aerobic treatment technologies. However, numerous potential challenges were encountered when using HRABs, such as low production of biogas due to gas entrapment, head losses across the granular bed, sludge washout in upflow HRABs, uneven wastewater distribution, and thus poor dispersion of the organic matter, which impacts on the adequacy of treatment, poor release of toxic substances contained in the entrapped biogas (NH3 or H2S), clogging of the underdrain system for down-flow HRABs, or the formation of dead zones within the granular bed, resulting in short-circuiting.
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Dlangamandla, Cynthia. "Bioflocculant dissolved air flotation system for the reduction of suspended solids-lipids-Proteinaceous matter from poultry slaughterhouse wastewater." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2485.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) contains organic matter that can be degraded by microorganisms. Such matter can further be used by the microbial community as a nutrient source for growth. Moreover, this type of wastewater also contains a high quantity of particulate matter, lipids and proteins, including antimicrobial compounds such as triclosan (TCS) and trichlorocarbanilide (TCC) used during cleaning and sanitising of processing facilities. Lipids and particulate matter lead to clogging of pipes and fouling of diffusers in the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). To overcome this problem, a pre-treatment system such as a dissolved air flotation system (DAFs) in which synthetic flocculants are used, is commonly used prior to the biological treatment of the wastewater. Synthetic flocculants add to the environmental burden associated with the use of synthetic compounds, particularly when these compounds are used in WWTPs. This study focused on the reduction of suspended solids, lipids and proteinaceous matter using a bioflocculant- supported DAF for the treatment of PSW.
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Franquini, Paulo Eduardo. "Estudo de formação e remoção de subprodutos da desinfecção, em águas de abastecimento com ácidos húmicos tratadas com cloro." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258649.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Orientador: Ruben Bresaola JúniorDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T01:59:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Franquini_PauloEduardo_M.pdf: 2223374 bytes, checksum: daba13dae2b6107bdc84e30e66001bf8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
Resumo: A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar, em escala de laboratório, a formação de subprodutos da desinfecção (SPD), aldeídos (ALD) e trialometanos (THM), originados a partir da oxidação em soluções contendo ácidos húmicos na presença ou não de íons brometo, sob a ação do cloro livre, sob diferentes concentrações e tempos de contato. A técnica analítica utilizada foi a extração líquido-líquido e cromatografia gasosa com detector de captura de elétrons, a qual proporcionou a separação dos SPD originados em espécies: formaldeído, acetaldeído, glioxal, metilglioxal, clorofórmio, bromodiclorometano, dibromoclorometano e bromofórmio. A presença de íons brometo proporcionou maiores concentrações de ALD totais (TALD) e THM totais (TTHM), sob o tempo de contato de 12 h e 24 h, respectivamente. A variação de concentração de íons brometo de 0,50 para 2,00 mg L?1, promoveu uma depreciação na concentração de TALD em 12 h e uma inversão nas concentrações das espécies predominantes que existiam na ausência dos íons. A inversão nas concentrações das espécies predominantes de THM que existiam na ausência dos íons também foi presenciada, sendo que prevaleceram as espécies bromadas em detrimento das cloradas. Os resultados com íons brometo indicaram a possibilidade da existência de reações de oxidação competitivas para cada grupo de SPD e discutidas no trabalho. A remoção dos SPD foi realizada por adsorção mediante a utilização de carvão ativado em pó (CAP) em diferentes dosagens e com tempos de detenção do CAP de 60 e 120 min, seguido de simulação, em laboratório, do tratamento convencional de água, utilizando-se o sulfato de alumínio como coagulante. Os resultados destes ensaios realizados demonstraram remoções da ordem de 77% para os aldeídos totais, empregando-se dosagem de 30 mg L?1 de CAP e de 86% para os THM totais, empregando-se dosagem de 100 mg L?1 do mesmo, ambas as remoções sob tempo de detenção de 60 min. Os resultados de remoções de THM totais proporcionaram a adequação da água nos limites estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira e permitiram realizar simulações de custo do CAP a ser utilizado nas estações de tratamento de água
Abstract: The present research was to evaluate, in laboratory scale, the formation of disinfection byproducts (DPB), aldehydes (ALD) and trihalomethanes (THM), originated from the oxidation in solutions containing humic acids in the presence or not of ions bromide, under the action of free chlorine, under different concentrations and timing contact. The analytical technique used was the extraction liquid-liquid and gás chromatography with electrons detector capture, which provided the separation of DPB originated in species: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glyoxal, methyl-glyoxal, chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform. The presence of íons bromide gave higher concentrations of total ALD (TALD) and total THM (TTHM), under the time contact of 12 h and 24 h, respectively. The variation in the concentration of íons bromide from 0,50 to 2,00 mg L?1, caused depreciation in the concentration of TALD and a reversal in concentrations of predominant species that existed in the absence of ions. The reversal in concentrations of the THM predominant species that existed in the íons absence was also seen, and the brominated species prevailed at the detriment of chlorinated ones. The results with ions bromide indicated the possibility of the existence of competitive oxidation reactions for each group of DPB and it was discussed on the work. The removal of DPB was performed by adsorption using powdered activated carbon (PAC) in different dosages and with times of detention of PAC of 60 and 120 min, followed by simulation of the conventional water treatment, in the laboratory, using aluminum sulphate as coagulant. The adsorption test results, followed by coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and filtration, showed removals of the order of 77% for TALD, using dosage of 30 mg L?1 PAC, and 86% for TTHM, using dosage of 100 mg L?1 of the same, both removals under detention time of 60 min. The total THM removal results gave the adequacy of water within the limits established by Brazilian legislation and allowed the realizations of simulations of cost of PAC to be used in water treatment
Mestrado
Saneamento e Ambiente
Mestre em Engenharia Civil
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Bruniaux, Pauline. "Développement de nouveaux ingrédients santé issus de la fermentation de coproduits de la filière chicorée." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ULILR062.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les chicorées (Cichorium intybus), telles que l'endive et la chicorée dite industrielle, sont majoritairement cultivées dans les Hauts-de-France. Ces plantes présentent de nombreux bienfaits pour la santé humaine, notamment des propriétés antidiabétiques, anti-inflammatoires, hépato-protectrices, antioxydantes, et prébiotiques. Ces activités sont attribuées à des composés tels que l'inuline, les polyphénols et les lactones sesquiterpènes. La production de chicorées génère plus de 400 000 tonnes de co-produits par an, habituellement destinés à l'alimentation animale. Afin de mieux valoriser ces co-produits, la fermentation lactique représente une approche intéressante. En effet, les bactéries lactiques possèdent des enzymes capables de dégrader les matrices végétales, améliorant ainsi leurs bioactivités. Ce projet de thèse a pour objectif le développement d'un ingrédient santé à partir de la fermentation lactique des co-produits de chicorées. Le premier axe a porté sur le développement d'un procédé fermentation des co-produits de chicorée par les souches de Lactobacillus issues de la collection de VF Bioscience ou de la flore de l'endive. Les couples souches/co-produits, les conditions de fermentation ainsi que l'amélioration de la croissance des Lactobacillus ont été étudiés. De même, les activités antioxydantes, hépato-protectives et anti-inflammatoires des produits de fermentation ont été évaluées par des tests biochimiques et cellulaires. Le second axe s'est concentré sur l'étude de l'impact de la digestion gastro-intestinale et du passage de la barrière intestinale sur les activités des produits de la fermentation, ainsi que sur leur caractérisation à chaque étape du processus. Pour ce faire, les produits de la fermentation ont été digérés in vitro et mis au contact avec une coculture de cellules Caco-2 et HT29-MTX cultivées sur inserts, afin de simuler la barrière intestinale. Les activités antioxydantes, hépato-protectrices et anti-inflammatoires ont ensuite été évaluées sur différentes lignées cellulaires. Ce projet a montré que la fermentation lactique des co-produits de chicorée permet d'améliorer certaines de leurs bioactivités, et que ces activités sont peu affectées par la digestion gastro-intestinaleChicories (Cichorium intybus), such as endive and industrial chicory, are primarily cultivated in the Hauts-de-France region. These plants offer numerous health benefits, including antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and prebiotic properties. These activities are attributed to compounds such as inulin, polyphenols, and sesquiterpene lactones. Chicory production generates over 400,000 tons of co-products annually, which are usually intended for animal feed. To better valorize these co-products, lactic fermentation presents an interesting approach. Indeed, lactic acid bacteria possess enzymes capable of degrading plant matrices, thereby improving their bioactivities. The aim of this doctoral project is to develop a health ingredient from the lactic fermentation of chicory co-products. The first axis focused on developing a fermentation process for chicory co-products using Lactobacillus strains from the VF Bioscience collection or from the endive microbiota. The strain/co-product combinations, fermentation conditions, and optimization of Lactobacillus growth were studied. Additionally, the antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory activities of the fermentation products were evaluated through biochemical and cellular assays. The second axis focused on studying the impact of gastrointestinal digestion and the passage through the intestinal barrier on the activities of the fermentation products, as well as their characterization at each stage of the process. To do this, the fermentation products were digested in vitro and exposed to a co-culture of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells grown on inserts to simulate the intestinal barrier. Antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory activities were then evaluated on various cell lines. This project demonstrated that the lactic fermentation of chicory co-products enhances some of their bioactivities and that these activities are minimally affected by gastrointestinal digestion
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Abdelrahim, A. (Ahmed). "Recycling of steel plant by-products by cold bonded briquetting." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2018. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201805091649.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Global warming is one of the biggest challenges humankind currently faces. This made it necessary to limit carbon emissions from many industries including iron and steelmaking industry. Many sintering plants were shut down due to legal and environmental consideration. Briquetting process emerged as an attractive alternative for the purpose of recycling by-products. When used as feed to blast furnace, briquettes must have adequate chemical composition and mechanical properties so they would not disturb the process inside the furnace. In this work, eleven by-products were received from SSAB plant in Raahe to be used as part of briquettes recipe. The by-products materials were characterized using different techniques such as XRF, XRD, LECO and SEM. Particle size distribution was determined using sieving and laser diffraction techniques. EMMA (Elkem Materials Mixture Analyser) software was used to study the packing of different briquette recipes. Mechanical properties of produced briquettes were measured using several tests such as compression, drop and tumbler tests. The effect of incorporation of BF and BOF sludge to briquette recipe was studied. The results indicated that briquettes with up to 8% introduced sludge to the recipe maintained adequate mechanical properties. However, zinc input to the furnace utilizing this recipe exceeded suitable level for smooth furnace operation. The effect of incorporating lignin to briquette recipe to replace the rapid cement was studied. The results showed that using lignin as a substitute to rapid cement resulted in catastrophic reduction in briquettes strengthIlmastonmuutos on tällä hetkellä yksi ihmiskunnan suurimmista haasteista. Ilmastonmuutoksen vuoksi teollisuuden, mukaan lukien rauta- ja terästeollisuuden, on välttämätöntä vähentää CO₂-päästöjä. Viime vuosien aikana sintraamoja on suljettu oikeus- ja ympäristönäkökulmista johtuen. Briketöintiä pidetään kiinnostavana korvaavana vaihtoehtona sivutuotteiden kierrättämiseen. Käytettäessä brikettejä masuunin syötteessä, briketeillä täytyy olla sopiva kemiallinen koostumus ja mekaaniset ominaisuudet, jotta ne eivät häiritse uunin toimintaa. Tässä työssä briketit valmistettiin yhdestätoista erilaisesta SSAB:n Raahen tehtaan sivutuotemateriaalista. Tutkimuksissa käytetyt sivutuotemateriaalit karakterisoitiin käyttämällä XRF-, XRD-, LECO- ja SEM-analyysejä. Partikkelikokojakauma määritettiin seulomalla ja laser-diffraktiolla. EMMA (Elkem Materials Mixture Analyser) ohjelmalla tutkittiin eri brikettireseptien pakkautumiskäyttäytymistä. Valmistettujen brikettien mekaanisia ominaisuuksien tutkimiseen käytettiin puristus-, pudotus- ja rumputestejä. Tutkimuksen ensimmäisessä vaiheessa tutkittiin BF- ja BOF-liejujen käytön vaikutusta brikettien ominaisuuksiin. Tulosten perusteella brikettien mekaaniset ominaisuudet säilyivät tarkoituksenmukaisina, kun brikettireseptissä käytettiin maksimissan 8 % BF- ja BOF-liejua. Reseptin sisältämä sinkin määrä syötettynä masuuniin kuitenkin ylittää masuunin esteettömän toiminnan vaatiman tason. Tutkimuksen toisessa vaiheessa tutkittiin ligniinin käyttöä brikettireseptissä rapid-sementin korvikkeena. Tulokset osoittivat, että ligniinin käyttö rapid-sementin korvikkeena briketeissä johtaa huomattavaan lujuuden laskuun
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Godo, Pla Lluís. "Design and implementation of an environmental decision support system for the control and management of drinking water treatment plants." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670140.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) face significant challenges due to anthropocentric pressure and climate change. To address them, DWTP managers need to adjust treatment units. In the present work, a decision support system (EDSS) has been developed to respond to the main operational challenges of two real case studies: Llobregat and Ter DWTPs. Specifically, data-driven and knowledge-based models have been developed to address the control of the pre-oxidation process, the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) and to monitor the microbiological safety of the water produced. The various tools resulting from this thesis have been integrated into a decision support system and have been validated at full-scale DWTPsLes estacions de tractament d’aigua potable (ETAPs) han de fer front a reptes significatius deguts a la pressió antropocèntrica i al canvi climàtic. Per a abordar-los, els gestors de les ETAPs han d’ajustar les unitats de tractament. En el present trebal, s’ha desenvolupat un sistema d’ajut a la decisió (EDSS) per respondre als reptes operacionals principals de dos casos d’estudi reals: les ETAPs del Llobregat i del Ter. Concretament, s’han desenvolupats models basats en el coneixement expert i les dades de procés per fer front al control del procés de pre-oxidació, la formació de subproductes de la desinfecció (DBPs) i per supervisar la seguretat microbiològica de l’aigua produïda. Les diferents eines resultants d’aquesta tesi s’han integrat en un sistema d’ajut a la decisió i han estat validades a escala industrial
Книги з теми "Plants by-Products"
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Eithan, Galun, ed. The manufacture of medical and health products by transgenic plants. London: Imperial College Press, 2001.
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Liberati, Michael R. Attenuation of leachates from coal and coal combustion by-products by Maryland soils. West Chester, Pa: Environmental Resources Management, 1985.
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Wayne, Hamilton, and Lu W. K. 1933-, eds. Pretreatment and reclamation of dusts, sludges, and scales in steel plants. Hamilton, Ontario: McMaster University, 1993.
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Scott, Andree, and Cato James C, eds. Composting and using by-products from blue crab and calico scallop processing plants in Florida. [Gainesville, Fla.]: Florida Sea Grant College Program, 1992.
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Scott, Andree, and Cato James C, eds. Composting and using by-products from blue crab and calico scallop processing plants in Florida. [Gainesville, Fla.]: University of Florida, Florida Sea Grant College Program, 1992.
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Scott, Andree, and Cato James C, eds. Composting and using by-products from blue crab and calico scallop processing plants in Florida. [Gainesville, Fla.]: University of Florida, Florida Sea Grant College Program, 1992.
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Tennessee Valley Authority. Combustion By-product Marketing and Management Section., ed. Environmental assessment development of by-product disposal facilities: Cumberland Fossil Plant, flue gas desulfurization gypsum and fly ash. [Chattanooga, Tenn.?: Tennessee Valley Authority], Fossil Fuels Combustion By-Product Marketing and Management Section, 1992.
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Mróz, Jan. Recykling i utylizacja materiałów odpadowych w agregatach metalurgicznych. Częstochowa: Wydawn. Politechniki Częstochowskiej, 2006.
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Drinking Water Health Effects Task Force. and United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Drinking Water., eds. Health effects of drinking water treatment technologies. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers, 1989.
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Golomb, A. LIF waste characterization for handling/disposal 1985. [Toronto]: Ontario Hydro, Research Division, 1986.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Plants by-Products"
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Warne, Michael St J., and Amanda Reichelt-Brushett. "Pesticides and Biocides." In Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment, 155–84. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10127-4_7.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractPesticides are chemicals that have been specifically synthesised to “kill pests, including insects, rodents,fungiand unwanted plants” (WHO, WHO (World Health Organisation) (2020) The WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard and guidelines to classification, 2019 edition. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240005662 [Accessed 19 Aug 2020]). They are generally used with the aim of protecting plants or plant products and this is why they are referred to in European Union legislation as Plant Protection Products. Biocides are chemicals that are also designed to have the same properties as pesticides but they are not used to protect plants or plant products.
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Terry, G. M., and N. J. Stokes. "The Assessment of Plant Damage by Reactive Hydrocarbons and their Oxidation Products." In Interacting Stresses on Plants in a Changing Climate, 171–83. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78533-7_10.
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Robertson, Maura D. "Suppression of Phagocytic Cell Responses by Conidia and Conidial Products of Aspergillus fumigatus." In The Fungal Spore and Disease Initiation in Plants and Animals, 461–80. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2635-7_21.
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Kurahara, Yoko, and Norihiro Itsubo. "Quantitative Environmental Impact Assessment for Agricultural Products Caused by Exposure of Artificial Light at Night." In Towards a Sustainable Future - Life Cycle Management, 27–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77127-0_3.
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AbstractIncrease in artificial lighting at night adversely affects human activities, wild animals, plants, agricultural crops, and livestock. The Ministry of the Environment defines such adverse effects as “light pollution.” Rice is an agricultural crop subject to the influence of light environment. We used LED lighting rice plants (“Koshihikari” cultivar) grown in a paddy field owned by professional farmers for illumination during the night and evaluated its impact on the rice’s heading and yield by actual measurement. We also factored in the roadway light installed in the paddy field’s vicinity and evaluated its effects on yield. Damage coefficients of light pollution for rice cultivation were developed, 18.9 g/m2/lx (equivalent to 0.046 US$/m2/lx) for natural white lighting and 16.4 g/m2/lx (equivalent to 0.039 US$ /m2/lx) for light bulb-colored lighting.
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Kocyigit, Mine. "Effects of Global Warming on Floristic Diversity and Endemism." In Ecological Dynamics in the Face of Climate Change, 173–88. Istanbul: Nobel Tip Kitabevleri, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053359258.10.
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Climate change is a significant factor in the behavior of regime endemic structures. Endemic plants are species that are native to a particular region and usually grow in a limited area. The climate climate directly affects endemism by negatively affecting the living conditions and climate of these species. Signs of climate change, such as rising temperatures, precipitation patterns and increasing extreme weather conditions, may cause the habitat ranges of endemic plant species to shrink or disappear. This can lead to loss of natural habitat and migration of species. However, this ability to migrate may be limited as endemic plants are often adapted to specific habitats, increasing the risk of species extinction. Additionally, climate change may facilitate the spread of plant diseases and pests. Thus, endemic plants, especially newly stored ones, can be turned into products against pests. As a result, climate change poses a serious threat to endemic plants. In order to protect these species, habitat protection and restoration efforts need to be considered, as well as policies and measures that combat climatic conditions.
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Selvakesavan, Rajendran K., Dariusz Kruszka, Preeti Shakya, Dibyendu Mondal, and Gregory Franklin. "Impact of Nanomaterials on Plant Secondary Metabolism." In Nanomaterial Interactions with Plant Cellular Mechanisms and Macromolecules and Agricultural Implications, 133–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20878-2_6.
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AbstractPlants encounter various nanomaterials (NMs) as pesticides and fertilizers. It is also possible that nanomaterials reach plants as waste from consumer products and industry. The effects of such NMs on plants have been widely studied, and both positive and negative effects of NMs on plant growth and development have been reported. Recent metabolomics studies suggest that nanoparticles affect the concentration of secondary metabolites in plants by modulating reactive nitrogen/oxygen species, gene expression, and signaling pathways. Secondary metabolites are plant compounds that accumulate in plants through their secondary metabolism. To date, more than 200,000 defined structures of secondary metabolites have been identified, among which many of them possess antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antidepressant, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anticancer properties. The application of elicitors is a simple strategy to increase the production of secondary metabolites in plant cell and tissues. The ability of nanomaterials to induce plant secondary metabolism has recently been exploited in the elicitation of pharmaceutically important compounds from various plant species. The ability of different NMs to induce the accumulation of different classes of compounds in the same plant species has also been accomplished. The molecular mechanisms behind the effects of NMs on plant secondary metabolism revealed the putative genes involved in NM-mediated elicitation of various plant compounds in several reports. This chapter reviews the current understanding of the effects of nanoparticles on plant secondary metabolism and the elicitation of pharmacologically important compounds from plant species.
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Khan, Mohammad Shavez, Faizan Abul Qais, and Iqbal Ahmad. "Quorum Sensing Interference by Natural Products from Medicinal Plants: Significance in Combating Bacterial Infection." In Biotechnological Applications of Quorum Sensing Inhibitors, 417–45. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-9026-4_20.
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Cook, Daniel, Dale R. Gardner, James A. Pfister, and Daniel Grum. "Biosynthesis of Natural Products in Plants by Fungal Endophytes with an Emphasis on Swainsonine." In Phytochemicals – Biosynthesis, Function and Application, 23–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04045-5_2.
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Jain, Pranay, and Ram Kumar Pundir. "Recent Trends in Prevention and Treatment of Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease by Natural Plant Products." In Recent Trends in Biotechnology and Therapeutic Applications of Medicinal Plants, 109–29. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6603-7_6.
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Accorsi, R., R. Manzini, G. Baruffaldi, and M. Bortolini. "On Reconciling Sustainable Plants and Networks Design for By-Products Management in the Meat Industry." In Sustainable Design and Manufacturing 2017, 682–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57078-5_64.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Plants by-Products"
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Woo, Changyeon, Yeonhee Kwon, Kwangju Kim, Jungwon Yu, and Wontae Lee. "Analysis of Disinfection By-Products of Water Treatment Plants in Daegu and Gyeongsangbuk-Do." In 2024 International Conference on Platform Technology and Service (PlatCon), 224–27. IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/platcon63925.2024.10830726.
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Sattarova, L. R., and Z. M. Kuramshina. "The influence of soil pollution by oil products on plant growth." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-390.
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Ismailov, T. T., T. A. Konnova, T. S. Ermekkaliev, S. A. Dmitrieva, N. E. Gogolevа, and Yu V. Gogolev. "Identification and analysis of products of abscisic acid metabolism by rhizosphere strain of Novosphingobium sp. P6W." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-194.
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Karoutzou, O., D. Michailidis, A. Argyropoulou, N. Adamopoulos, and S. Mitakou. "Development of innovative products based on hydrodistillation by-products of plants of the Greek flora." In GA – 69th Annual Meeting 2021, Virtual conference. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1736848.
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Madsen, Ole Hedegaard, Martin Bo̸jer, Peter Arendt Jensen, and Kim Dam-Johansen. "High Electrical Efficiency by Dividing the Combustion Products." In 16th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec16-1911.
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Energy recovery from waste is an efficient way to reduce emissions of greenhouse gas and other gaseous, liquid and solid pollutants and thereby to contribute to a sustainable development. Waste fired power plants are an important part of the European waste management system, and the demands made to modern waste fired power plant are very focused on high electrical output. Lately, Babcock & Wilcox Vo̸lund (BWV) and the CHEC research centre at the Technical University of Demnark has developed a new technology and received a world patent. The basic idea is to improve the electrical efficiency by increasing the steam data. Especially, increasing the steam temperature without the risk of superheater corrosion. The new concept is fully integrated in the boiler and from the outside the waste fired power plant has the same layout as the classic waste fired power plant. The goal is to achieve an increase between 50 °C to 100 °C in the superheated steam temperature and a total increase of electrical efficiency up to 30% without any influence on the normal operation. This paper presents the basic ideas that provide a basis for the patent. The core of the technology is a combination of a new furnace design and a new control system. At the moment, test results from an operating plant support the principal idea. Furthermore, the concept will be studied in the numerical laboratory where CFD simulation will be used to evaluate the technology and to determine the potential process improvements. The final improvement of electricity production has to be determined in the coming test period on a full scale installation, which is currently being planned.
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Lester, Adrienne C., Audrey A. Trotman, and Ramble O. Ankumah. "A Intermediate Products During the Aerobic Degradation of Sweetpotato Plants by Serratia Marcescens." In International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-2684.
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Dražić, Nikola, Gordana Dražić, and Nikola Rakašćan. "Possibilities of Using By-Products in the Circular Production Process in Biogas Power Plants." In FINIZ 2020. Belgrade, Serbia: Singidunum University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15308/finiz-2020-185-189.
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August, J. K., and J. J. Hunter. "Nuclear Design Basis Method for Managing Critical Operations Design Content." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75488.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Designing new plants, clear requirements and efficient processes should translate nuclear designs clearly into operations. Methods that improve translation benefit operations lowering risk, complementing safety and cost performance. Nuclear plant designs develop specifications that assure design integrity from construction into operations throughout plant life. With the certified design at startup, all plants should have (1) scheduled operations monitoring and maintenance plans; (2) developed by qualified engineers; and (3) based on engineering due diligence, equivalent to airline certified operations plans. Although existing rules apply requirements, tort laws have always required operating plans for products.
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Chikov, V. I., G. A. Akhtyamova, and L. A. Khamidullina. "Activation of the symbiosis of free nitrogen-fixing bacteria with plants by an additional influx of photosynthesis products to the roots." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.053.
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An in vivo technology is proposed that enhances the export of assimilates from leaves to roots. The possibility of thus increasing the mass of the roots and the formation of additional nitrogen in the soil-plant system is shown.
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Gilvanova, E. A., and P. Yu Milman. "Auxin and carotene biosynthesis by the bacterium Pantoea agglomerans." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.086.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Monitoring of auxin and carotene during cultivation of the Pantoea agglomerans strain IB-BF revealed that the maximum yield of the target products is provided not by population density, but by the qualitative composition of the nutrient medium and the need for a larger peptide component of the substrate (rich amino acid set), which is part of the standard LB medium.
Звіти організацій з теми "Plants by-Products"
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Jander, Georg, and Daniel Chamovitz. Investigation of growth regulation by maize benzoxazinoid breakdown products. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600031.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction Previous research had suggested that benzoxazinoids, a class of defensive metabolites found in maize, wheat, rye, and wild barley, are not only direct insect deterrents, but also influence other areas of plant metabolism. In particular, the benzoxazinoid 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxa- zin-3(4H)- one (DIMBOA) was implicated in: (i) altering plant growth by interfering with auxin signaling, and (ii) leading to the induction of gene expression changes and secondary plant defense responses. The overall goal of this proposal was to identify mechanisms by which benzoxazinoids influence other aspects of plant growth and defense. Specifically, the following hypotheses were proposed to be tested as part of an approved BARD proposal: Benzoxazinoid breakdown products directly interfere with auxin perception Global changes in maize and barley gene expression are induced by benzoxazinoid activation. There is natural variation in the maize photomorphogenic response to benzoxazinoids. Although the initial proposal included experiments with both maize and barley, there were some technical difficulties with the proposed transgenic barley experiments and most of the experimental results were generated with maize. Summary of major findings Previous research by other labs, involving both maize and other plant species, had suggested that DIMBOA alters plant growth by interfering with auxin signaling. However, experiments conducted in both the Chamovitz and the Jander labs using Arabidopsis and maize, respectively, were unable to confirm previously published reports of exogenously added DIMBOA effects on auxin signaling. Nevertheless, analysis of bx1 and bx2 maize mutant lines, which have almost no detectable benzoxazinoids, showed altered responses to blue light signaling. Transcriptomic analysis of maize mutant lines, variation in inbred lines, and responses to exogenously added DIMBOA showed alteration in the transcription of a blue light receptor, which is required for plant growth responses. This finding provides a novel mechanistic explanation of the trade-off between growth and defense that is often observed in plants. Experiments by the Jander lab and others had demonstrated that DIMBOA not only has direct toxicity against insect pests and microbial pathogens, but also induces the formation of callose in both maize and wheat. In the current project, non-targeted metabolomic assays of wildtype maize and mutants with defects in benzoxazinoid biosynthesis were used to identify unrelated metabolites that are regulated in a benzoxazinoid-dependent manner. Further investigation identified a subset of these DIMBOA-responsive compounds as catechol, as well as its glycosylated and acetylated derivatives. Analysis of co-expression data identified indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase (IGPS) as a possible regulator of benzoxazinoid biosynthesis in maize. In the current project, enzymatic activity of three predicted maize IGPS genes was confirmed by heterologous expression. Transposon knockout mutations confirmed the function of the maize genes in benzoxazinoid biosynthesis. Sub-cellular localization studies showed that the three maize IGPS proteins are co-localized in the plastids, together with BX1 and BX2, two previously known enzymes of the benzoxazinoid biosynthesis pathway. Implications Benzoxazinoids are among the most abundant and effective defensive metabolites in maize, wheat, and rye. Although there is considerable with-in species variation in benzoxazinoid content, very little is known about the regulation of this variation and the specific effects on plant growth and defense. The results of this research provide further insight into the complex functions of maize benzoxazinoids, which are not only toxic to pests and pathogens, but also regulate plant growth and other defense responses. Knowledge gained through the current project will make it possible to engineer benzoxazinoid biosynthesis in a more targeted manner to produce pest-tolerant crops without negative effects on growth and yield.
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Dick, Warren, Yona Chen, and Maurice Watson. Improving nutrient availability in alkaline coal combustion by-products amended with composted animal manures. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7587240.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hypothesis and Objectives: We hypothesized that coal combustion products (CCPs), including those created during scrubbing of sulfur dioxide from flue gases, can be used alone or mixed with composted animal manures as effective growth media for plants. Our specific objectives were, therefore, to (1) measure the chemical, physical and hydraulic properties of source materials and prepared mixes, (2) determine the optimum design mix of CCPs and composted animal manures for growth of plants, (3) evaluate the leachate water quality and plant uptake of selected elements from prepared mixes, (4) quantify the interaction between composted animal manures and B concentrations in the mixes, (5) study the availability of P to plants growing in the mixes, and (6) determine the microbial community and siderophores involved in the solubilization of Fe and its transfer to plants. Background: In recent years a major expansion of electricity production by coal combustion has taken place in Israel, the United States and the rest of the world. As a result, a large amount of CCPs are created that include bottom ash, fly ash, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and other combustion products. In Israel 100,000 tons of fly ash (10% of total CCPs) are produced each year and in the US a total of 123 million tons of CCPs are produced each year with 71 million tons of fly ash, 18 million tons of bottom ash and 12 million tons of FGD gypsum. Many new scrubbers are being installed and will come on-line in the next 2 to 10 years and this will greatly expand the amount of FGD gypsum. One of the main substrates used in Israel for growth media is volcanic ash (scoria; tuff). The resemblance of bottom coal ash to tuff led us to the assumption that it is possible to substitute tuff with bottom ash. Similarly, bottom ash and FGD gypsum were considered excellent materials for creating growth mixes for agricultural and nursery production uses. In the experiments conducted, bottom ash was studied in Israel and bottom ash, fly ash and FGD gypsum was studied in the US. Major Achievements: In the US, mixes were tested that combine bottom ash, organic amendments (i.e. composts) and FGD gypsum and the best mixes supported growth of tomato, wheat and marigolds that were equal to or better than two commercial mixes used as a positive control. Plants grown on bottom ash in Israel also performed very well and microelements and radionuclides analyses conducted on plants grown on bottom coal ash proved it is safe to ingest the edible organs of these plants. According to these findings, approval to use bottom coal ash for growing vegetables and fruits was issued by the Israeli Ministry of Health. Implications: Bottom coal ash is a suitable substitute for volcanic ash (scoria; tuff) obtained from the Golan Heights as a growth medium in Israel. Recycling of bottom coal ash is more environmentally sustainable than mining a nonrenewable resource. The use of mixes containing CCPs was shown feasible for growing plants in the United States and is now being evaluated at a commercial nursery where red sunset maple trees are being grown in a pot-in-pot production system. In addition, because of the large amount of FGD gypsum that will become available, its use for production of agronomic crops is being expanded due to success of this study.
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Dick, Warren, Yona Chen, and Maurice Watson. Improving nutrient availability in alkaline coal combustion by-products amended with composted animal manures. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695883.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hypothesis and Objectives: We hypothesized that coal combustion products (CCPs), including those created during scrubbing of sulfur dioxide from flue gases, can be used alone or mixed with composted animal manures as effective growth media for plants. Our specific objectives were, therefore, to (1) measure the chemical, physical and hydraulic properties of source materials and prepared mixes, (2) determine the optimum design mix of CCPs and composted animal manures for growth of plants, (3) evaluate the leachate water quality and plant uptake of selected elements from prepared mixes, (4) quantify the interaction between composted animal manures and B concentrations in the mixes, (5) study the availability of P to plants growing in the mixes, and (6) determine the microbial community and siderophores involved in the solubilization of Fe and its transfer to plants. Background: In recent years a major expansion of electricity production by coal combustion has taken place in Israel, the United States and the rest of the world. As a result, a large amount of CCPs are created that include bottom ash, fly ash, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and other combustion products. In Israel 100,000 tons of fly ash (10% of total CCPs) are produced each year and in the US a total of 123 million tons of CCPs are produced each year with 71 million tons of fly ash, 18 million tons of bottom ash and 12 million tons of FGD gypsum. Many new scrubbers are being installed and will come on-line in the next 2 to 10 years and this will greatly expand the amount of FGD gypsum. One of the main substrates used in Israel for growth media is volcanic ash (scoria; tuff). The resemblance of bottom coal ash to tuff led us to the assumption that it is possible to substitute tuff with bottom ash. Similarly, bottom ash and FGD gypsum were considered excellent materials for creating growth mixes for agricultural and nursery production uses. In the experiments conducted, bottom ash was studied in Israel and bottom ash, fly ash and FGD gypsum was studied in the US. Major Achievements: In the US, mixes were tested that combine bottom ash, organic amendments (i.e. composts) and FGD gypsum and the best mixes supported growth of tomato, wheat and marigolds that were equal to or better than two commercial mixes used as a positive control. Plants grown on bottom ash in Israel also performed very well and microelements and radionuclides analyses conducted on plants grown on bottom coal ash proved it is safe to ingest the edible organs of these plants. According to these findings, approval to use bottom coal ash for growing vegetables and fruits was issued by the Israeli Ministry of Health. Implications: Bottom coal ash is a suitable substitute for volcanic ash (scoria; tuff) obtained from the Golan Heights as a growth medium in Israel. Recycling of bottom coal ash is more environmentally sustainable than mining a nonrenewable resource. The use of mixes containing CCPs was shown feasible for growing plants in the United States and is now being evaluated at a commercial nursery where red sunset maple trees are being grown in a pot-in-pot production system. In addition, because of the large amount of FGD gypsum that will become available, its use for production of agronomic crops is being expanded due to success of this study.
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Steffens, John C., and Eithan Harel. Polyphenol Oxidases- Expression, Assembly and Function. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7571358.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) participate in the preparation of many plant products on the one hand and cause considerable losses during processing of plant products on the other hand. However, the physiological functions of plant PPO were still a subject of controversy at the onset of the project. Preliminary observations that suggested involvement of PPOs in resistance to herbivores and pathogens held great promise for application in agriculture but required elucidation of PPO's function if modulation of PPO expression is to be considered for improving plant protection or storage and processing of plant products. Suggestions on a possible role of PPO in various aspects of chloroplast metabolism were also relevant in this context. The characterization of plant PPO genes opened a way for achieving these goals. We reasoned that "understanding PPO targeting and routing, designing ways to manipulate its expression and assessing the effects of such modifications will enable determination of the true properties of the enzyme and open the way for controlling its activity". The objective of the project was to "obtain an insight into the function and biological significance of PPOs" by examining possible function(s) of PPO in photosynthesis and plant-pest interactions using transgenic tomato plants; extending our understanding of PPO routing and assembly and the mechanism of its thylakoid translocation; preparing recombinant PPOs for use in import studies, determination of the genuine properties of PPOs and understanding its assembly and determining the effect of PPO's absence on chloroplast performance. Results obtained during work on the project made it necessary to abandon some minor objectives and devote the effort to more promising topics. Such changes are mentioned in the 'Body of the report' which is arranged according to the objectives of the original proposal. The complex expression pattern of tomato PPO gene family was determined. Individual members of the family are differentially expressed in various parts of the plant and subjected to developmentally regulated turnover. Some members are differentially regulated also by pathogens, wounding and chemical wound signals. Wounding systemically induces PPO activity and level in potato. Only tissues that are developmentally competent to express PPO are capable of responding to the systemic wounding signal by increased accumulation of PPO mRNA. Down regulation of PPO genes causes hyper susceptibility to leaf pathogens in tomato while over expression regulation of PPO expression in tomato plants is their apparent increased tolerance to drought. Both the enhanced disease resistance conferred by PPO over expression and the increased stress tolerance due to down regulation can be used in the engineering of improved crop plants. Photosynthesis rate and variable fluorescence measurements in wild type, and PPO-null and over expressing transgenic tomato lines suggest that PPO does not enable plants to cope better with stressful high light intensities or reactive oxygen species. Rather high levels of the enzyme aggravate the damage caused under such conditions. Our work suggests that PPO's primary role is in defending plants against pathogens and herbivores. Jasmonate and ethylene, and apparently also salicylate, signals involved in responses to wounding and defense against herbivores and pathogens, enhance markedly and specifically the competence of chloroplasts to import and process pPPO. The interaction of the precursor with thylakoid membranes is primarily affected. The routing of PPO shows other unusual properties: stromal processing occurs in two sites, resulting in intermediates that are translocated across thylakoids by two different mechanisms - a DpH- and a Sec-dependent one. It is suggested that the dual pattern of processing and routing constitutes a'fail safe' mechanism, reflecting the need for a rapid and flexible response to defense challenges. Many of the observations described above should be taken into consideration when manipulation of PPO expression is contemplated for use in crop improvement.
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Phillips, Donald A., Yitzhak Spiegel, and Howard Ferris. Optimizing nematode management by defining natural chemical bases of behavior. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587234.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This project was based on the hypothesis that nematodes interacting with plants as either parasites or beneficial saprophytes are attracted to their host by natural products. This concept was supported by numerous observations that parasitic nematodes are attracted to root exudates. Our overall goal was to identify nematode sensory compounds from root exudates and to use that information for reducing nematicide applications. We applied skills of the investigators to achieve three specific objectives: 1) Identify nematode behavioral cues (e.g., attractants or repellents) in root exudates; 2) Identify new natural nematicidal compounds; and 3) Combine a natural attractant and a nematicide into a nematode trap. Because saprophytic nematodes benefit plants by mineralizing organic matter, we sought compounds attractive primarily to parasitic nematodes. The project was constructed on several complementary foundations. First, data from Dr. Spiegel’s lab showed that under aseptic conditions Ditylenchus dipsaci, a parasite on onion, is attracted to certain fractions of onion root exudates. Second, PI Phillips had a sizeable collection of natural plant products he had identified from previous work on Rhizobium-legume interactions, which could be tested “off the shelf”. Third, Dr. Ferris had access to aseptic and natural populations of various saprophytic and parasitic nematodes. The project focused on five nematode species: D.dipsaci, Heterodera avenae, and Tylenchulussemipenetransat ARO, and Meloidogyne javanicand Caenorhabditis elegans at UCD. Ten pure plant compounds, mostly flavonoids, were tested on the various nematode species using six different assay systems. Results obtained with assorted test systems and by various scientists in the same test systems were essentially irreproducible. Many convincing, Many convincing, i.e. statistically significant, results in one system or with one investigator could not be repeated with other assays or different people. A recent report from others found that these compounds, plus another 30, were inactive as attractants in three additional parasitic nematode species (Wuyts et al. Nematology 8:89- 101, 2006). Assays designed to test the hypothesis that several compounds together are required to attract nematodes have thus far failed to find a reproducibly active combination. In contrast to results using pure plant compounds, complex unfractionated exudates from aseptic onion root reproducibly attracted D. dipsaci in both the ARO and UCD labs. Onion root exudate collection, separation into HPLC fractions, assays using D. dipsaci and MS-MS experiments proceeded collaboratively between ARO and UCD without any definitive identification of an active compound. The final active fraction contained two major molecules and traces of several other compounds. In the end, analytical studies were limited by the amount of onion root exudate and the complexity of the purification process. These tests showed that aseptic plant roots release attractant molecules, but whether nematodes influence that release, as insects trigger release of attractants from plants, is unknown. Related experiments showed that the saprophyte C. elegans stimulates its prey, Pseudomonas bacteria, to increase production of 2, 4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) a compound that promotes amino acid exudation by plant roots. It is thus possible that saprophytic nematodes are attracted primarily to their bacterial or fungal prey and secondarily to effects of those microorganisms on root exudation. These observations offer promising avenues for understanding root-zone interactions, but no direct routes to controlling nematodes in agriculture were evident. Extracts from two plant sources, Chrysanthemum coronarium and Sequoia sempervirens, showed nematicidal activity at ARO and UCD, respectively. Attempts to purify an active compound from S. sempervirens failed, but preliminary results from C. coronarium are judged to form a potential basis for further work at ARO. These results highlight the problems of studying complex movement patterns in sentient organisms like nematodes and the issues associated with natural product isolation from complex mixtures. Those two difficulties combined with complications now associated with obtaining US visas, slowed and ultimately limited progress on this project. As a result, US investigators expended only 65% of the $207,400 originally planned for this project. The Israeli side of the project advanced more directly toward its scientific goals and lists its expenditures in the customary financial report.
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Aly, Radi, James H. Westwood, and Carole L. Cramer. Novel Approach to Parasitic Weed Control Based on Inducible Expression of Cecropin in Transgenic Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586467.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Our overall goal was to engineer crop plants with enhanced resistance to Orobanche (broomrape) based on the inducible expression of sarcotoxin-like peptide (SLP). A secondary objective was to localize small proteins such as SLP in the host-parasite union in order to begin characterizing the mechanism of SLP toxicity to Orobanche. We have successfully accomplished both of these objectives and have demonstrated that transgenic tobacco plants expressing SLP under control of the HMG2 promoter show enhanced resistance to O. aegyptiaca and O. ramosa . Furthermore, we have shown that proteins much larger than the SLP move into Orobanche tubercles from the host root via either symplastic or apoplastic routes. This project was initiated with the finding that enhanced resistance to Orobanche could be conferred on tobacco, potato, and tomato by expression of SLP (Sarcotoxin IA is a 40-residue peptide produced as an antibiotic by the flesh fly, Sarcophaga peregrina ) under the control of a low-level, root-specific promoter. To improve the level of resistance, we linked the SLP gene to the promoter from HMG2, which is strongly inducible by Orobanche as it parasitizes the host. The resulting transgenic plants express SLP and show increased resistance to Orobanche. Resistance in this case is manifested by increased growth and yield of the host in the presence of the parasite as compared to non-transgenic plants, and decreased parasite growth. The mechanism of resistance appears to operate post-attachment as the parasite tubercles attached to the transgenic root plants turned necrotic and failed to develop normally. Studies examining the movement of GFP (approximately 6X the size of SLP) produced in tobacco roots showed accumulation of green fluorescence in tubercles growing on transformed plants but not in those growing on wild-type plants. This accumulation occurs regardless of whether the GFP is targeted to the cytoplasm (translocated symplastically) or the apoplastic space (translocated in xylem). Plants expressing SLP appear normal as compared to non-transgenic plants in the absence of Orobanche, so there is no obvious unintended impact on the host plant from SLP expression. This project required the creation of several gene constructs and generation of many transformed plant lines in order to address the research questions. The specific objectives of the project were to: 1. Make gene constructs fusing Orobanche-inducible promoter sequences to either the sarcotoxin-like peptide (SLP) gene or the GFP reporter gene. 2. Create transgenic plants containing gene constructs. 3. Characterize patterns of transgene expression and host-to-parasite movement of gene products in tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) and Arabidopsis thaliana (L.). 4. Characterize response of transgenic potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) and tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill .) to Orobanche in lab, greenhouse, and field. Objectives 1 and 2 were largely accomplished during the first year during Dr. Aly's sabbatical visit to Virginia Tech. Transforming and analyzing plants with all the constructs has taken longer than expected, so efforts have concentrated on the most important constructs. Work on objective 4 has been delayed pending the final results of analysis on tobacco and Arabidopsis transgenic plants. The implications of this work are profound, because the Orobanche spp. is an extremely destructive weed that is not controlled effectively by traditional cultural or herbicidal weed control strategies. This is the first example of engineering resistance to parasitic weeds and represents a unique mode of action for selective control of these weeds. This research highlights the possibility of using this technique for resistance to other parasitic species and demonstrates the feasibility of developing other novel strategies for engineering resistance to parasitic weeds.
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Molnar, Eric, Paul van der Werf, and Jury Gualandris. 100% Great Lake Fish Ontario Supply Chain Analysis. Commissioned by the Conference of Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers. Ivey Centre for Building Sustainable Value, September 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/iveypub.79.2024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Southern Ontario offers valuable insights into the supply chain dynamics of fish harvesting and processing across the Great Lakes region. This report analyzes the existing supply of raw materials produced by fish processing plants and evaluates the feasibility of integrating these resources into other markets. The synthesized report compiles and integrates information from various databases. The analysis examines the quantities and rhythms of fish components from Walleye and Yellow Perch. The findings reveal that combining components from the two species can mitigate supply volatility throughout the year. Specifically, the analysis shows that the standard deviation of the weekly proportion of multi-species heads (1.09%) is smaller compared to the standard deviation of individual species - Walleye (1.27%) and Yellow Perch (1.45%). The reduced standard deviation for multi-species data suggests that incorporating diverse species smooths out the extreme fluctuations in weekly supply, making it more attractive for new markets to incorporate these materials into their value chains. Additionally, the report identifies several viable upcycling models for repurposing fish by-products and highlights transformative upcycling models from other regions. The implications of this analysis suggest that substantial quantities of fish discards could lead to a broad range of upcycling opportunities for processing plants. By exploring these options, plants can enhance their economic and ecological performance.
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Elroy-Stein, Orna, and Dmitry Belostotsky. Mechanism of Internal Initiation of Translation in Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696518.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Original objectives Elucidation of PABP's role in crTMV148 IRES function in-vitro using wheat germ extract and krebs-2 cells extract. Fully achieved. Elucidation of PABP's role in crTMV148 IRES function in-vivo in Arabidopsis. Characterization of the physical interactions of PABP and other potential ITAFs with crTMV148 IRES. Partly achieved. To conduct search for additional ITAFs using different approaches and evaluate the candidates. Partly achieved. Background of the topic The power of internal translation via the activity of internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) elements allow coordinated synthesis of multiple gene products from a single transcription unit, and thereby enables to bypass the need for sequential transformation with multiple independent transgenes. The key goal of this project was to identify and analyze the IRES-trans-acting factors (ITAFs) that mediate the activity of a crucifer-infecting tobamovirus (crTMV148) IRES. The remarkable conservation of the IRES activity across the phylogenetic spectrum (yeast, plants and animals) strongly suggests that key ITAFs that mediate its activity are themselves highly conserved. Thus, crTMV148 IRES offers opportunity for elucidation of the fundamental mechanisms underlying internal translation in higher plants in order to enable its rational manipulation for the purpose of agricultural biotechnology. Major conclusions and achievements. - CrTMV IRES requires PABP for maximal activity. This conclusion was achieved by PABP depletion and reconstitution of wheat germ- and Krebs2-derived in-vitro translation assays using Arabidopsis-derived PABP2, 3, 5, 8 and yeast Pab1p. - Mutations in the internal polypurine tract of the IRES decrease the high-affinity binding of all phylogenetically divergent PABPs derived from Arabidopsis and yeast in electro mobility gel shift assays. - Mutations in the internal polypurine tract decrease IRES activity in-vivo. - The 3'-poly(A) tail enhances crTMV148 IRES activity more efficiently in the absence of 5'-methylated cap. - In-vivo assembled RNPs containing proteins specifically associated with the IRES were purified from HEK293 cells using the RNA Affinity in Tandem (RAT) approach followed by their identification by mass spectroscopy. - This study yielded a list of potential protein candidates that may serve as ITAFs of crTMV148 IRES activity, among them are a/b tubulin, a/g actin, GAPDH, enolase 1, ribonuclease/angiogenin inhibitor 1, 26S proteasome subunit p45, rpSA, eEF1Bδ, and proteasome b5 subunit. Implications, both scientific and agriculture. The fact that the 3'-poly(A) tail enhances crTMV148 IRES activity more efficiently in the absence of 5'-methylated cap suggests a potential joint interaction between PABP, the IRES sequence and the 3'-poly(A). This has an important scientific implication related to IRES function in general.
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Chamovitz, A. Daniel, and Georg Jander. Genetic and biochemical analysis of glucosinolate breakdown: The effects of indole-3-carbinol on plant physiology and development. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597917.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Genetic and biochemical analysis of glucosinolate breakdown: The effects of indole-3-carbinol on plant physiology and development Glucosinolates are a class of defense-related secondary metabolites found in all crucifers, including important oilseed and vegetable crops in the Brassica genus and the well-studied model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Upon tissue damage, such as that provided by insect feeding, glucosinolates are subjected to catalysis and spontaneous degradation to form a variety of breakdown products. These breakdown products typically have a deterrent effect on generalist herbivores. Glucosinolate breakdown products also contribute to the anti-carcinogenic effects of eating cabbage, broccoli and related cruciferous vegetables. Indole-3-carbinol, a breakdown product of indol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate, forms conjugates with several other plant metabolites. Although some indole-3-carbinol conjugates have known functions in defense against herbivores and pathogens, most play as yet unidentified roles in plant metabolism, and possibly also plant development. At the outset, our proposal had three main hypotheses: (1) There is a specific detoxification pathway for indole-3-carbinol; (2) Metabolites derived from indole-3-carbinol are phloem-mobile and serve as signaling molecules; and (3) Indole-3-carbinol affects plant cell cycle and cell-differentiation pathways. The experiments were designed to enable us to elucidate how indole-3-carbinol and related metabolites affect plants and their interactions with herbivorous insects. We discovered that indole-3- carbinol rapidly and reversibly inhibits root elongation in a dose-dependent manner, and that this inhibition is accompanied by a loss of auxin activity in the root meristem. A direct interaction between indole-3-carbinol and the auxin perception machinery was suggested, as application of indole-3-carbinol rescued auxin-induced root phenotypes. In vitro and yeast-based protein interaction studies showed that indole-3-carbinol perturbs the auxin-dependent interaction of TIR1 with Aux/IAA proteins, supporting the notion that indole-3-carbinol acts as an auxin antagonist. Furthermore, transcript profiling experiments revealed the influence of indole-3-carbinol on auxin signaling in root tips, and indole-3-carbinol also affected auxin transporters. Brief treatment with indole-3-carbinol led to a reduction in the amount of PIN1 and to mislocalization of PIN2. The results indicate that chemicals induced by herbivory, such as indole-3-carbinol, function not only to repel herbivores, but also as signaling molecules that directly compete with auxin to fine tune plant growth and development, which implies transport of indole-3- carbinol that we are as yet unsuccessful in detecting. Our results indicate that plant defensive metabolites also have secondary functions in regulating aspects of plant metabolism, thereby providing diversity in defense-related plant signaling pathways. Such diversity of of signaling by defensive metabolites would be beneficial for the plant, as herbivores and pathogens would be less likely to mount effective countermeasures. We propose that growth arrest can be mediated directly by the herbivory-induced chemicals, in our case, indole-3-carbinol. Thus, glucosinolate breakdown to I3C following herbivory would have two outcomes: (1) Indole-3-carbinaol would inhibit the herbivore, while (2) at the same time inducing growth arrest within the plant. Thus, our results indicate that I3C is a defensive phytohormone that modulates auxin signaling, leading to growth arrest.
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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Phosphorylative Transduction of Developmental and Pathogenicity-Related Cues in Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586472.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is among the world's most successful and omnivorous fungal plant pathogens. Included in the more than 400 species of plants reported as hosts to this fungus are canola, alfalfa, soybean, sunflower, dry bean, and potato. The general inability to develop resistant germplasm with these economically important crops to this pathogen has focused attention on the need for a more detailed examination of the pathogenic determinants involved in disease development. This proposal involved experiments that examined the involvement of protein phosphorylation during morphogenesis (hyphal elongation and sclerotia formation) and pathogenesis (oxalic acid). Data obtained from our laboratories during the course of this project substantiates the fact that kinases and phosphatases are involved and important for these processes. A mechanistic understanding of the successful strategy(ies) used by S . sclerotiorum in infecting and proliferating in host plants and this linkage to fungal development will provide targets and/or novel approaches with which to design resistant crop plants including interference with fungal pathogenic development. The original objectives of this grant included: I. Clone the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) catalytic subunit gene from S.sclerotiorum and determine its role in fungal pathogenicity, OA production (OA) and/or morphogenesis (sclerotia formation). II. Clone and characterize the catalytic and regulatory subunits of the protein phosphatase PP2A holoenzyme complex and determine their role in fungal pathogenicity and/or morphogenesis as well as linkage with PKA-regulation of OA production and sclerotia formation. III. Clone and characterize the adenylate cyclase-encoding gene from S . sclerotiorum and detennine its relationship to the PKA/PP2A-regulated pathway. IV. Analyze the expression patterns of the above-mentioned genes and their products during pathogenesis and determine their linkage with infection and fungal growth.