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Статті в журналах з теми "Plant introduction South Australia"
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Taylor, Andrew S., Brian J. Knaus, Niklaus J. Grünwald, and Treena Burgess. "Population Genetic Structure and Cryptic Species ofPlasmopara viticolain Australia." Phytopathology® 109, no. 11 (November 2019): 1975–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-04-19-0146-r.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Downy mildew of grape caused by Plasmopara viticola is a global pathogen of economic importance to commercial viticulture. In contrast to populations in the northern hemisphere, few studies have investigated the population biology, genetic diversity, and origin of the pathogen in Australian production systems. DNA was extracted from 381 P. viticola samples from Vitis vinifera and alternate hosts collected via fresh and herbarium leaves from populations within Australia and Whatman FTA cards from North America, Brazil, and Uruguay. A total of 32 DNA samples were provided from a French population. The populations were genotyped using 16 polymorphic microsatellite markers. Representative samples from within Australia, Brazil, and Uruguay were also genotyped to determine which of the cryptic species (clades) within the P. viticola species complex were present. Our findings suggest the Australian and South American populations of P. viticola are more closely related to the European population than the North American population, the reported source of origin of the pathogen. The Western Australian population had similarities to the South Australian population, and the tight clustering of samples suggests a single introduction into Western Australia. P. viticola clade aestivalis was the only clade detected in Australian and South American populations. Analysis of the Western Australian population suggests that it is reproducing clonally, but additional research is required to determine the mechanism as to how this is occurring.
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Carstens, E., C. C. Linde, R. Slabbert, A. K. Miles, N. J. Donovan, H. Li, K. Zhang, et al. "A Global Perspective on the Population Structure and Reproductive System of Phyllosticta citricarpa." Phytopathology® 107, no. 6 (June 2017): 758–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-08-16-0292-r.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The citrus pathogen Phyllosticta citricarpa was first described 117 years ago in Australia; subsequently, from the summer rainfall citrus-growing regions in China, Africa, and South America; and, recently, the United States. Limited information is available on the pathogen’s population structure, mode of reproduction, and introduction pathways, which were investigated by genotyping 383 isolates representing 12 populations from South Africa, the United States, Australia, China, and Brazil. Populations were genotyped using seven published and eight newly developed polymorphic simple-sequence repeat markers. The Chinese and Australian populations had the highest genetic diversities, whereas populations from Brazil, the United States, and South Africa exhibited characteristics of founder populations. The U.S. population was clonal. Based on principal coordinate and minimum spanning network analyses, the Chinese populations were distinct from the other populations. Population differentiation and clustering analyses revealed high connectivity and possibly linked introduction pathways between South Africa, Australia, and Brazil. With the exception of the clonal U.S. populations that only contained one mating type, all the other populations contained both mating types in a ratio that did not deviate significantly from 1:1. Although most populations exhibited sexual reproduction, linkage disequilibrium analyses indicated that asexual reproduction is important in the pathogen’s life cycle.
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Visser, Botma, Marcel Meyer, Robert F. Park, Christopher A. Gilligan, Laura E. Burgin, Matthew C. Hort, David P. Hodson, and Zacharias A. Pretorius. "Microsatellite Analysis and Urediniospore Dispersal Simulations Support the Movement of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici from Southern Africa to Australia." Phytopathology® 109, no. 1 (January 2019): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-04-18-0110-r.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Australian wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) population was shaped by the introduction of four exotic incursions into the country. It was previously hypothesized that at least two of these (races 326-1,2,3,5,6 and 194-1,2,3,5,6 first detected in 1969) had an African origin and moved across the Indian Ocean to Australia on high-altitude winds. We provide strong supportive evidence for this hypothesis by combining genetic analyses and complex atmospheric dispersion modeling. Genetic analysis of 29 Australian and South African P. graminis f. sp. tritici races using microsatellite markers confirmed the close genetic relationship between the South African and Australian populations, thereby confirming previously described phenotypic similarities. Lagrangian particle dispersion model simulations using finely resolved meteorological data showed that long distance dispersal events between southern Africa and Australia are indeed possible, albeit rare. Simulated urediniospore transmission events were most frequent from central South Africa (viable spore transmission on approximately 7% of all simulated release days) compared with other potential source regions in southern Africa. The study acts as a warning of possible future P. graminis f. sp. tritici dispersal events from southern Africa to Australia, which could include members of the Ug99 race group, emphasizing the need for continued surveillance on both continents.
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Blacket, Mark J., Arati Agarwal, John Wainer, Maggie D. Triska, Michael Renton, and Jacqueline Edwards. "Molecular Assessment of the Introduction and Spread of Potato Cyst Nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, in Victoria, Australia." Phytopathology® 109, no. 4 (April 2019): 659–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-06-18-0206-r.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) are damaging soilborne quarantine pests of potato in many parts of the world. There are two recognized species, Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis, with only the latter species—the golden cyst nematode—present in Australia. PCN was first discovered in Australia in 1986 in Western Australia, where it was subsequently eradicated and area freedom for market access was reinstated. In Victoria, PCN was first detected in 1991 east of Melbourne. Since then, it has been found in a small number of localized regions to the south and east. Strict quarantine controls have been in place since each new detection. It has previously been speculated that there were multiple separate introductions of PCN into Victoria. Our study utilized a historic (years 2001 to 2014) PCN cyst reference collection to examine genetic variability of Victorian PCN populations to investigate potential historical origins and subsequent changes in the populations that might inform patterns of spread. DNA was extracted from single larvae dissected from eggs within cysts and screened using nine previously described polymorphic microsatellite markers in two multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays. Sequence variation of the internal transcribed spacer region of the DNA was also assessed and compared with previously published data. A hierarchical sampling strategy was used, comparing variability of larvae within cysts, within paddocks, and between local regions. This sampling revealed very little differentiation between Victorian populations, which share the same microsatellite allelic variation, with differences between local regions probably reflecting changes in allele frequencies over time. Our molecular assessment supports a probable single localized introduction into Victoria followed by limited spread to nearby areas. The Australian PCN examined appear genetically distinct from populations previously sampled worldwide; thus, any new exotic incursions, potentially bringing in additional PCN pathotypes, should be easily differentiated from existing established local PCN populations.
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Schoch, Conrad L., Pedro W. Crous, Giancarlo Polizzi, and Steven T. Koike. "Female Fertility and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Comparisons in Cylindrocladium pauciramosum." Plant Disease 85, no. 9 (September 2001): 941–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.9.941.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cylindrocladium pauciramosum is well established in South America, and has recently been collected from nurseries in South Africa, Italy, and the United States. Isolates were compared with respect to the percentages of hermaphrodites and the respective mating types in the different samples. Based on these data, the effective population size could be determined for the different areas studied. All nurseries had mating type ratios significantly different from an idealized 1:1 ratio. In the South African nursery, the MAT-1 mating type was dominant, while the MAT-2 mating type dominated in other samplings. This is consistent with an introduction of a small starter population. High percentages of hermaphrodites also agreed with recent introductions into nurseries in Italy and the United States. Variability of DNA sequences of the 5′ end of the β-tubulin gene from a set of C. pauciramosum isolates from different geographic regions was low to high. Isolates from South Africa, the United States, and Australia had identical β-tubulin DNA sequences; this sequence was also found in the Italian sample, along with another unique group. Finally, a group of isolates obtained from South and Central America had the highest variation of all isolates investigated, and also included isolates that shared single nucleotide variations with another species, C. candelabrum. These findings suggest that C. pauciramosum most likely has a Central or South American center of origin.
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Simon, Reinhard, Conghua H. Xie, Andrea Clausen, Shelley H. Jansky, Dennis Halterman, Tony Conner, Sandra Knapp, Jennifer Brundage, David Symon, and David Spooner. "Wild and Cultivated Potato (Solanum sect. Petota) Escaped and Persistent Outside of its Natural Range." Invasive Plant Science and Management 3, no. 3 (November 2010): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-09-00043.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractWild potato contains about 100 species that are native to the Americas from the southwestern United States to central Chile and adjacent Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and southern Brazil. We report the occurrence of naturalized populations of the wild potato Solanum chacoense in seven sites in southern Australia, eastern China, England, New Zealand, the eastern United States, central Peru, and east-central Argentina. Modeling similar climatic niches on the basis of the distribution of S. chacoense from South America shows that observations of naturalized S. chacoense overlap with predicted areas. A literature review reveals that although S. chacoense possesses traits typical of an invasive species, all populations presently appear to be contained near their site of introduction.
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Headley, T. R., D. O. Huett, and L. Davison. "The removal of nutrients from plant nursery irrigation runoff in subsurface horizontal-flow wetlands." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2001): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0812.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In New South Wales (NSW) Australia, the recent introduction of legislation to control runoff and charge for water used in agricultural production has encouraged commercial plant nurseries to collect and recycle their irrigation drainage. Runoff from a nursery typically contains around 6 mg/L TN (> 70% as NO3), 0.5 mg/L TP (> 50% as PO4), and virtually no organic matter (BOD <5 mg/L; DOC <20 mg/L). As a result, algal blooms frequently occur in storage dams. This paper describes a study evaluating the effectiveness of subsurface flow wetlands in the removal of nutrients from nursery runoff on the sub-tropical northern coast of NSW, Australia. Four experimental subsurface flow wetlands (1 m×4 m×0.5 m water depth) were planted with Phragmites australis in April 1999. TN and TP load removals were > 84% and > 65% respectively at HRTs of between 5 and 2 days, with the majority of out-flowing TN and TP being organic in form. Internal generation of organic N and P resulted in persistent background levels of 0.45 mg/L TN and 0.15 mg/L TP in the reed bed effluent. TN, NH4 and TP removal was affected by HRT (P <0.05). Greater than 90% load removal of NH4, NO2, NO3 and Ortho-P was achieved at all HRTs, with outlet concentrations generally <0.01 mg/L for all. For TN, a strong relationship existed between removal rate (g/m2/day) and loading rate (r2=0.995), while a weaker relationship existed for TP (r2=0.47). It is estimated that a 1 ha nursery would require a reed bed area of 200 m2 for a 2 day HRT.
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Shearer, B. L., C. E. Crane, S. Barrett, and A. Cochrane. "Phytophthora cinnamomi invasion, a major threatening process to conservation of flora diversity in the South-west Botanical Province of Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 3 (2007): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The invasive soilborne plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands is a major threatening process in the South-west Botanical Province of Western Australia, an internationally recognised biodiversity hotspot. Comparatively recent introduction of P. cinnamomi into native plant communities of the South-west Botanical Province of Western Australia since the early 1900s has caused great irreversible damage and altered successional change to a wide range of unique, diverse and mainly susceptible plant communities. The cost of P. cinnamomi infestation to community values is illustrated by examination of direct (mortality curves, changes in vegetation cover) and indirect impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics, the proportion of Threatened Ecological Communities infested, Declared Rare Flora either directly or indirectly threatened by infestation and estimates of the proportion of the native flora of the South-west Botanical Province susceptible to the pathogen. While direct impacts of P. cinnamomi have been poorly documented in the South-west Botanical Province, even less attention has been given to indirect impact where destruction of the habitat by the pathogen affects taxa not directly affected by infection. Current poor understanding and quantification of indirect impacts of P. cinnamomi through habitat destruction results in an underestimation of the true impact of the pathogen on the flora of the South-west Botanical Province. Considerable variation of susceptibility to P. cinnamomi among and within families of threatened flora and responses of taxa within the genus Lambertia show how classification within family and genus are poor predictors of species susceptibility. Within apparently susceptible plant species, individuals are resistant to P. cinnamomi infection. Intra-specific variation in susceptibility can be utilised in the long-term management of threatened flora populations and needs to be a high research priority. Current control strategies for conservation of flora threatened by P. cinnamomi integrate hygiene and ex situ conservation with disease control using fungicide. Application of the fungicide phosphite has proven effective in slowing progress of P. cinnamomi in infested, threatened communities. However, variation in plant species responses to phosphite application is a major factor influencing effective control of P. cinnamomi in native communities. A greater understanding of the mechanisms of action of phosphite in plant species showing different responses to the fungicide may provide options for prescription modification to increase phosphite effectiveness in a range of plant species. The range of responses to P. cinnamomi infection and phosphite application described for Lambertia taxa suggests that the genus would make an ideal model system to elucidate the mechanisms of resistance to P. cinnamomi and the effectiveness of phosphite against the pathogen.
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Baker, G. H., and C. R. Tann. "Broad-scale suppression of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), associated with Bt cotton crops in Northern New South Wales, Australia." Bulletin of Entomological Research 107, no. 2 (November 23, 2016): 188–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485316000912.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, is a major pest of many agricultural crops in several countries, including Australia. Transgenic cotton, expressing a single Bt toxin, was first used in the 1990s to control H. armigera and other lepidopteran pests. Landscape scale or greater pest suppression has been reported in some countries using this technology. However, a long-term, broad-scale pheromone trapping program for H. armigera in a mixed cropping region in eastern Australia caught more moths during the deployment of single Bt toxin cotton (Ingard®) (1996–2004) than in previous years. This response can be attributed, at least in part, to (1) a precautionary cap (30% of total cotton grown, by area) being applied to Ingard® to restrict the development of Bt resistance in the pest, and (2) during the Ingard® era, cotton production greatly increased (as did that of another host plant, sorghum) and H. armigera (in particular the 3rd and older generations) responded in concert with this increase in host plant availability. However, with the replacement of Ingard® with Bollgard II® cotton (containing two different Bt toxins) in 2005, and recovery of the cotton industry from prevailing drought, H. armigera failed to track increased host-plant supply and moth numbers decreased. Greater toxicity of the two gene product, introduction of no cap on Bt cotton proportion, and an increase in natural enemy abundance are suggested as the most likely mechanisms responsible for the suppression observed.
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Akinniyi, Ganiyu, Jeonghee Lee, Hiyoung Kim, Joon-Goo Lee, and Inho Yang. "A Medicinal Halophyte Ipomoea pes-caprae (Linn.) R. Br.: A Review of Its Botany, Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Bioactivity." Marine Drugs 20, no. 5 (May 17, 2022): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20050329.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ipomoea pes-caprae (Linn.) R. Br. (Convolvulaceae) is a halophytic plant that favorably grows in tropical and subtropical countries in Asia, America, Africa, and Australia. Even though this plant is considered a pan-tropical plant, I. pes-caprae has been found to occur in inland habitats and coasts of wider areas, such as Spain, Anguilla, South Africa, and Marshall Island, either through a purposeful introduction, accidentally by dispersal, or by spreading due to climate change. The plant parts are used in traditional medicine for treating a wide range of diseases, such as inflammation, gastrointestinal disorders, pain, and hypertension. Previous phytochemical analyses of the plant have revealed pharmacologically active components, such as alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, and flavonoids. These phytoconstituents are responsible for the wide range of biological activities possessed by I. pes-caprae plant parts and extracts. This review arranges the previous reports on the botany, distribution, traditional uses, chemical constituents, and biological activities of I. pes-caprae to facilitate further studies that would lead to the discovery of novel bioactive natural products from this halophyte.
Дисертації з теми "Plant introduction South Australia"
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Kloot, P. M. "Studies in the alien flora of the cereal rotation areas of South Australia /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1985. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phk655.pdf.
Повний текст джерела
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Venn, Susanna Elizabeth, and Susanna Venn@nt gov au. "Plant recruitment across alpine summits in south-eastern Australia." La Trobe University. School of Life Sciences, 2007. http://www.lib.latrobe.edu.au./thesis/public/adt-LTU20080526.160815.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis investigated aspects of plant recruitment across an altitudinal gradient of mountain tops in the Victorian Alps, Australia, and provides a baseline for the patterns and processes of alpine plant recruitment in the absence of large-scale disturbance.
The patterns in alpine vegetation across the study sites were described in relation to abiotic environmental factors. Temperatures were lower and precipitation was higher at the high altitude sites. The vegetation did not differ significantly between the sites, although sites at low altitudes were shrubbier than those at high altitudes. Analysis of the soil seed bank revealed high mean densities of germinable seed (80 to 1400 seeds m-2) across the gradient of sites. The similarity between the seed bank samples and the standing vegetation was low (qualitative similarity: 0.08 to 0.2; quantitative similarity: 0.03 to 0.19).
In laboratory germination experiments, I found rapid and substantial germination. Final percent germination was above 90% for most species. One species, Aciphylla glacialis, showed evidence of dormancy mechanisms. In subsequent experiments, I found that innate primary seed dormancy in this species could be broken with cold-wet stratification.
There were no significant patterns in natural seedling recruitment across the altitudinal gradient. Similarities between the seedling flora and the standing vegetation
were low (qualitative similarity: 0.18 to 0.45: quantitative similarity 0.04 to 0.09). Mean seedling density was best predicted by a combination of soil wilting point, altitude and plant litter. In some cases, seedling density was greater than 80 seedlings m-2.
The relative importance of either negative (competitive) or positive (facilitative) interactions between seedlings with adjacent vegetation were investigated in relation to seed germination, seedling growth and seedling survival. Facilitative interactions were common at the higher altitude sites. At lower altitudes, facilitative and competitive interactions were common. Without close neighbours at high altitudes, seedlings were unlikely to survive into their second year.
An understanding of plant recruitment can provide a useful basis for predicting species responses to large-scale disturbance and climate change.
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Venn, Susanna Elizabeth. "Plant recruitment across alpine summits in south-eastern Australia /." Access full text, 2007. http://www.lib.latrobe.edu.au/thesis/public/adt-LTU20080526.160815/index.html.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- La Trobe University, 2007.Research. "A thesis submitted in total fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora". Includes bibliographical references (leaves 173-187). Also available via the World Wide Web.
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Heshmatti, Gholam Ali. "Plant and soil indicators for detecting zones around water points in arid perennial chenopod shrublands of South Australia /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh584.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Botany, 1997.Errata page is behind title page (p. i). Copies of author's previously published articles inserted. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-156).
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Sparrow, Ashley. "A geobotanical study of the remnant natural vegetation of temperate South Australia." Title page, contents and summary only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs7368.pdf.
Повний текст джерела
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Pritchard, Deborah Leeanne. "Phosphorus bioavailability from land-applied biosolids in south-western Australia." Thesis, Curtin University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2380.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The annual production of biosolids in the Perth region during the period of this study was approximately 13,800 t dry solids (DS), being supplied by three major wastewater treatment plants. Of this, 70% was typically used as a low-grade fertiliser in agriculture, representing an annual land use area of around 1,600 ha when spread between 5 and 7 t DS/ha. Loading rates of biosolids are typically based on the nitrogen (N) requirements of the crop to be grown, referred to as the N Limiting Biosolids Application Rate (NLBAR). A consequence of using the NLBAR to calculate loading rates is that phosphorus (P) is typically in excess of plant requirement. The resultant high loading rates of P are considered in the guidelines developed for the agricultural use of biosolids in Western Australia, but lack research data specific to local conditions and soil types. Regulatory changes throughout Australia and globally to protect the environment from wastewater pollution have created a need for more accountable and balanced nutrient data. Experiments presented in this thesis were undertaken to ascertain: the percentage relative effectiveness (RE) of biosolids as a source of plant available P compared with inorganic P fertiliser; loading rates to best supply P for optimum crop growth; P loading rates of risk to the environment; and the forms of P in local biosolids. Therefore, both the agronomic and environmental viewpoints were considered. Anaerobically digested and dewatered biosolids produced from Beenyup Wastewater Treatment Plant, Perth with a mean total P content of 2.97% dry weight basis (db) were used in a series of glasshouse, field and laboratory experiments. The biosolids were sequentially fractionated to identify the forms of P present and likewise in soil samples after applying biosolids or monocalcium phosphate (MCP).The biosolid P was predominantly inorganic (92%), and hence the organic fraction (8%) available for mineralisation at all times would be extremely low. The most common forms of biosolid P were water-soluble P and exchangeable inorganic P (66%), followed by bicarbonate extractable P (19%) and the remaining P as inorganic forms associated with Fe, Al and Ca (14%). Following the application of biosolids to a lateritic soil, the Fe and Al soil fractions sorbed large amounts of P, not unlike the distribution of P following the addition of MCP. Further investigation would be required to trace the cycling of biosolid P in the various soil pools. The growth response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to increasing rates of biosolids and comparable rates of inorganic P as MCP, to a maximum of 150 mg P/kg soil was examined in the glasshouse. The percentage relative effectiveness (RE) of biosolids was calculated using fitted curve coefficients from the Mitscherlich equation: y = a (1-b exp–cx) for dry matter (DM) production and P uptake. The initial effectiveness of biosolid P was comparable to that of MCP with the percentage RE of biosolids averaging 106% for DM production of wheat shoots and 118% for shoot P uptake at 33 days after sowing (DAS) over three consecutive crops. The percentage residual value (RV) declined at similar rates for DM production in MCP and biosolids, decreasing to about 33% relative to freshly applied MCP in the second crop and to approximately 16% in the third crop. The effectiveness of biosolid P was reduced significantly compared with inorganic P when applied to a field site 80 km east of Perth (520 mm annual rainfall). An infertile lateritic podsolic soil, consistent with the glasshouse experiment and representative of a soil type typically used for the agricultural application of biosolids in Western Australia was used.Increasing rates of biosolids and comparable rates of triple superphosphate (TSP), to a maximum of 145 kg P/ha were applied to determine a P response curve. The percentage RE was calculated for seasonal DM production, final grain yield and P uptake in wheat followed by lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) rotation for the 2001 and 2002 growing seasons, respectively. In the first year of wheat, the RE for P uptake in biosolids compared with top-dressed TSP ranged from 33% to 55% over the season and by grain harvest was 67%. In the second year, and following incorporation with the disc plough at seeding, the RE for P uptake by lupins in biosolids averaged 79% over the growing season compared with top-dressed TSP, and by grain harvest the RE was 60%. The residual value (RV) of lupins at harvest in biosolids compared with freshly applied TSP was 47%. The non-uniform placement of biosolids (i.e. spatial heterogeneity) was primarily responsible for the decreased ability of plant roots to absorb P. The P was more effective where biosolids were finely dispersed throughout the soil, less so when roughly cultivated and least effective when placed on the soil surface without incorporation. The RE for grain harvest of wheat in the field decreased from 67% to 39% where biosolids were not incorporated (i.e. surface-applied). The RE could also be modified by factors such as soil moisture and N availability in the field, although it was possible to keep these variables constant in the glasshouse. Consequently, absolute values determined for the RE need to be treated judiciously. Calculations showed that typical loading rates of biosolids required to satisfy agronomic P requirements of wheat in Western Australia in the first season could vary from 0 to 8.1 t DS/ha, depending on soil factors such as the P Retention Index (PRI) and bicarbonate available P value.Loading rates of biosolids were inadequate for optimum P uptake by wheat at 5 t DS/ha (i.e. 145 kg P/ha) based on the NLBAR on high P sorbing soils with a low fertiliser history (i.e. PRI >15, Colwell bicarbonate extractable P <15 mg P/kg). On soils of PRI <2 mL/g however, biosolids applied at identical loading rates would result in high concentrations of available P. Further work on sites not P deficient would be necessary to validate these findings on farmed soils with a regular history of P fertiliser. The sieving of soil samples used in the field experiment to remove stones and coarse organic matter prior to chemical analysis inadvertently discarded biosolids particles >2 mm, and thus their was little relationship between soil bicarbonate extractable P and P uptake by plants in the field. The risk of P leaching in biosolids-amended soil was examined over a number of different soil types at comparable rates of P at 140 mg P/kg (as either biosolids or MCP) in a laboratory experiment. Given that biosolids are restricted on sites prone to water erosion, the study focussed on the movement of water-soluble P by leaching rather than by runoff of water-soluble P and particulate P. In general the percentage soluble reactive P recovered was lower in soils treated with biosolids than with MCP, as measured in leachate collected using a reverse soil leachate unit. This was particularly evident in acid washed sand with SRP measuring 14% for biosolids and 71% for MCP, respectively, although the differences were not as large in typical agricultural soils. Specific soil properties, such as the PRI, pH, organic carbon and reactive Fe content were negatively correlated to soluble reactive P in leachate and thus reduced the risk of P leaching in biosolids-amended soil.Conversely, the total P and bicarbonate extractable P status of the soils investigated were unreliable indicators as to the amount of P leached. On the basis of the experiments conducted, soils in Western Australia were categorised according to their ability to minimise P enrichment and provide P necessary for crop growth at loading rates determined by the NLBAR. Biosolids applied at the NLBAR to soils of PRI >2mL/g with reactive Fe >200 mg/kg were unlikely to necessitate P loading restrictions. Although specific to anaerobically digested biosolids cake applied to Western Australian soils, the results will be of relevance to any industry involved in the land application of biosolids, to prevent P contamination in water bodies and to make better use of P in crop production.
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Pritchard, Deborah Leeanne. "Phosphorus bioavailability from land-applied biosolids in south-western Australia." Curtin University of Technology, Muresk Institute, 2005. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=16492.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The annual production of biosolids in the Perth region during the period of this study was approximately 13,800 t dry solids (DS), being supplied by three major wastewater treatment plants. Of this, 70% was typically used as a low-grade fertiliser in agriculture, representing an annual land use area of around 1,600 ha when spread between 5 and 7 t DS/ha. Loading rates of biosolids are typically based on the nitrogen (N) requirements of the crop to be grown, referred to as the N Limiting Biosolids Application Rate (NLBAR). A consequence of using the NLBAR to calculate loading rates is that phosphorus (P) is typically in excess of plant requirement. The resultant high loading rates of P are considered in the guidelines developed for the agricultural use of biosolids in Western Australia, but lack research data specific to local conditions and soil types. Regulatory changes throughout Australia and globally to protect the environment from wastewater pollution have created a need for more accountable and balanced nutrient data. Experiments presented in this thesis were undertaken to ascertain: the percentage relative effectiveness (RE) of biosolids as a source of plant available P compared with inorganic P fertiliser; loading rates to best supply P for optimum crop growth; P loading rates of risk to the environment; and the forms of P in local biosolids. Therefore, both the agronomic and environmental viewpoints were considered. Anaerobically digested and dewatered biosolids produced from Beenyup Wastewater Treatment Plant, Perth with a mean total P content of 2.97% dry weight basis (db) were used in a series of glasshouse, field and laboratory experiments. The biosolids were sequentially fractionated to identify the forms of P present and likewise in soil samples after applying biosolids or monocalcium phosphate (MCP).The biosolid P was predominantly inorganic (92%), and hence the organic fraction (8%) available for mineralisation at all times would be extremely low. The most common forms of biosolid P were water-soluble P and exchangeable inorganic P (66%), followed by bicarbonate extractable P (19%) and the remaining P as inorganic forms associated with Fe, Al and Ca (14%). Following the application of biosolids to a lateritic soil, the Fe and Al soil fractions sorbed large amounts of P, not unlike the distribution of P following the addition of MCP. Further investigation would be required to trace the cycling of biosolid P in the various soil pools. The growth response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to increasing rates of biosolids and comparable rates of inorganic P as MCP, to a maximum of 150 mg P/kg soil was examined in the glasshouse. The percentage relative effectiveness (RE) of biosolids was calculated using fitted curve coefficients from the Mitscherlich equation: y = a (1-b exp–cx) for dry matter (DM) production and P uptake. The initial effectiveness of biosolid P was comparable to that of MCP with the percentage RE of biosolids averaging 106% for DM production of wheat shoots and 118% for shoot P uptake at 33 days after sowing (DAS) over three consecutive crops. The percentage residual value (RV) declined at similar rates for DM production in MCP and biosolids, decreasing to about 33% relative to freshly applied MCP in the second crop and to approximately 16% in the third crop. The effectiveness of biosolid P was reduced significantly compared with inorganic P when applied to a field site 80 km east of Perth (520 mm annual rainfall). An infertile lateritic podsolic soil, consistent with the glasshouse experiment and representative of a soil type typically used for the agricultural application of biosolids in Western Australia was used.
Increasing rates of biosolids and comparable rates of triple superphosphate (TSP), to a maximum of 145 kg P/ha were applied to determine a P response curve. The percentage RE was calculated for seasonal DM production, final grain yield and P uptake in wheat followed by lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) rotation for the 2001 and 2002 growing seasons, respectively. In the first year of wheat, the RE for P uptake in biosolids compared with top-dressed TSP ranged from 33% to 55% over the season and by grain harvest was 67%. In the second year, and following incorporation with the disc plough at seeding, the RE for P uptake by lupins in biosolids averaged 79% over the growing season compared with top-dressed TSP, and by grain harvest the RE was 60%. The residual value (RV) of lupins at harvest in biosolids compared with freshly applied TSP was 47%. The non-uniform placement of biosolids (i.e. spatial heterogeneity) was primarily responsible for the decreased ability of plant roots to absorb P. The P was more effective where biosolids were finely dispersed throughout the soil, less so when roughly cultivated and least effective when placed on the soil surface without incorporation. The RE for grain harvest of wheat in the field decreased from 67% to 39% where biosolids were not incorporated (i.e. surface-applied). The RE could also be modified by factors such as soil moisture and N availability in the field, although it was possible to keep these variables constant in the glasshouse. Consequently, absolute values determined for the RE need to be treated judiciously. Calculations showed that typical loading rates of biosolids required to satisfy agronomic P requirements of wheat in Western Australia in the first season could vary from 0 to 8.1 t DS/ha, depending on soil factors such as the P Retention Index (PRI) and bicarbonate available P value.
Loading rates of biosolids were inadequate for optimum P uptake by wheat at 5 t DS/ha (i.e. 145 kg P/ha) based on the NLBAR on high P sorbing soils with a low fertiliser history (i.e. PRI >15, Colwell bicarbonate extractable P <15 mg P/kg). On soils of PRI <2 mL/g however, biosolids applied at identical loading rates would result in high concentrations of available P. Further work on sites not P deficient would be necessary to validate these findings on farmed soils with a regular history of P fertiliser. The sieving of soil samples used in the field experiment to remove stones and coarse organic matter prior to chemical analysis inadvertently discarded biosolids particles >2 mm, and thus their was little relationship between soil bicarbonate extractable P and P uptake by plants in the field. The risk of P leaching in biosolids-amended soil was examined over a number of different soil types at comparable rates of P at 140 mg P/kg (as either biosolids or MCP) in a laboratory experiment. Given that biosolids are restricted on sites prone to water erosion, the study focussed on the movement of water-soluble P by leaching rather than by runoff of water-soluble P and particulate P. In general the percentage soluble reactive P recovered was lower in soils treated with biosolids than with MCP, as measured in leachate collected using a reverse soil leachate unit. This was particularly evident in acid washed sand with SRP measuring 14% for biosolids and 71% for MCP, respectively, although the differences were not as large in typical agricultural soils. Specific soil properties, such as the PRI, pH, organic carbon and reactive Fe content were negatively correlated to soluble reactive P in leachate and thus reduced the risk of P leaching in biosolids-amended soil.
Conversely, the total P and bicarbonate extractable P status of the soils investigated were unreliable indicators as to the amount of P leached. On the basis of the experiments conducted, soils in Western Australia were categorised according to their ability to minimise P enrichment and provide P necessary for crop growth at loading rates determined by the NLBAR. Biosolids applied at the NLBAR to soils of PRI >2mL/g with reactive Fe >200 mg/kg were unlikely to necessitate P loading restrictions. Although specific to anaerobically digested biosolids cake applied to Western Australian soils, the results will be of relevance to any industry involved in the land application of biosolids, to prevent P contamination in water bodies and to make better use of P in crop production.
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Frost, William E. "The ecology of cereal rust mite Abacarus hystrix (Nalepa) in irrigated perennial dairy pastures in South Australia /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phf9398.pdf.
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Bhatti, Muhammad Ali. "Genetic variation in naturalized wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) populations in the mediterranean climate of south-western Australia." University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2004. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0012.
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[Truncated abstract] Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.), an outcrossing annual plant, is one of the most widespread and successful colonising weeds in the Australian wheat belt. It was introduced accidentally during the latter part of the 19th century, apparently independently through the major ports of southern Australia. The widespread success of wild radish, and therefore the likelihood of distinct populations, gives us the opportunity to study the colonizing process with adaptation in annual outbreeding species, and to explore their genetic diversity. The aims of this thesis were to study the genetic diversity of wild radish and to investigate which factors are important in its success. After an initial review of the literature (chapter 2), the thesis describes experiments where genetic variation between and within populations was compared at 55 sites in transects across the wheat belt and high rainfall zones of temperate Western Australia (chapter 3). In chapter 4, variation in life history traits was compared with variation in AFLP molecular markers. The role of seed dormancy in the survival of the species was examined in chapter 5, and variation in the oil content of seeds and their fatty acid composition was examined in chapter 6. Finally, the results were discussed in chapter 7 with special reference to the adaptive value of outcrossing in annual weeds. The results suggest that wild radish has evolved to fit the Australian environment. However, measurement of 14 morphological and phenological characters showed that in most cases within site variation was much greater than that between sites. Most of the variation between sites was associated with geoclusters, a name given to zones of similar environmental conditions in regard to rainfall and temperature. Thus plants from areas with high rainfall and low temperature produced longer, wider pods with more segments, heavier seeds and flowered later than plants from more arid areas.
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Barrett, Sarah. "Phytotoxic effects of phosphite in native plant communities on the south coast of Western Australia." Thesis, Barrett, Sarah (2001) Phytotoxic effects of phosphite in native plant communities on the south coast of Western Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2001. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/32427/.
Повний текст джерелаКниги з теми "Plant introduction South Australia"
1
McArthur, Archie. A guide to Camponotus ants of South Australia. Adelaide, S. Aust: South Australian Museum, 2010.
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2
Common dung beetles in pastures of South-eastern Australia. [Canberra]: CSIRO Australia, Division of Entomology, 1990.
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Ryvarden, Leif. An introduction to the larger fungi of South Central Africa. Harare, Zimbabwe: Baobab Books, 1994.
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Bateman, Jas. Substance of an address delivered before the Royal Horticultural Society at South Kensington on Tuesday, February 19th, 1867. Richmond, BC, Canada: R.M. Hamilton, 1992.
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Baker, Jeannie. The story of rosy dock. New York: Greenwillow Books, 1995.
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Dallman, Peter R. Plant life in the world's mediterranean climates: The Mediterranean Basin, South Africa, Australia, Chile, and California. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
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Plant life in the world's mediterranean climates: California, Chile, South Africa, Australia, and the Mediterranean Basin. Sacramento, CA: California Native Plant Society, 1998.
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International Workshop on Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (3rd 1994 Adelaide, S. Aust.). Improving plant productivity with rhizosphere bacteria: Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria : Adelaide, South Australia, March 7-11, 1994. Glen Osmond, S. Aust: CSIRO, 1994.
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Barbara, Rowland, and University of Western Australia Press., eds. Coastal plants: Perth and the south-west region. 2nd ed. Crawley, W.A: University of Western Australia Press, 2004.
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Clements, J. C. The Australian lupin collection: Passport data for wild and semi-domesticated accessions introduced into Australia to 1990. Edited by Cowling W. A. 1954- and Johnston D. A. W. [Perth]: Dept. of Agriculture, Western Australia, 1990.
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Pijović, Nikola. "Introduction: A New Friend from the South?" In Australia and Africa, 1–18. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3423-8_1.
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McComb, A. J., and R. J. Lukatelich. "Nutrients and Plant Biomass in Australian Estuaries, with Particular Reference to South-western Australia." In Limnology in Australia, 433–55. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4820-4_27.
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Merry, R. H., T. J. V. Hodge, D. C. Lewis, and J. Jacka. "Evaluation of liming materials used in South Australia." In Plant-Soil Interactions at Low pH: Principles and Management, 497–503. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0221-6_76.
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Peñaloza, Fernanda, and Sarah Walsh. "Introduction: Why Australia and Latin America? On Mapping Connections and Its Implications for Knowledge Production." In Mapping South-South Connections, 1–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78577-6_1.
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Brokamp, Grischa. "Introduction." In Relevance and Sustainability of Wild Plant Collection in NW South America, 19–31. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-08696-1_1.
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Oliver, D. P., K. G. Tiller, M. K. Conyers, W. J. Slattery, R. H. Merry, and A. M. Alston. "The effects of soil pH on Cd concentration in wheat grain grown in south-eastern Australia." In Plant-Soil Interactions at Low pH: Principles and Management, 791–95. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0221-6_127.
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Baker, G. H., V. J. Barrett, P. J. Carter, J. C. Buckerfield, P. M. L. Williams, and G. P. Kilpin. "Abundance of earthworms in soils used for cereal production in south-eastern Australia and their role in reducing soil acidity." In Plant-Soil Interactions at Low pH: Principles and Management, 213–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0221-6_30.
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Attenbrow, Val. "Aboriginal fishing in Port Jackson, and the introduction of shell fish-hooks to coastal New South Wales, Australia." In The Natural History of Sydney, 16–34. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/fs.2010.004.
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Dayé, Christian, Armin Spök, Andrew C. Allan, Tomiko Yamaguchi, and Thorben Sprink. "Social Acceptability of Cisgenic Plants: Public Perception, Consumer Preferences, and Legal Regulation." In Concepts and Strategies in Plant Sciences, 43–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10721-4_3.
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AbstractPart of the rationale behind the introduction of the term cisgenesis was the expectation that due to the “more natural” character of the genetic modification, cisgenic plants would be socially more acceptable than transgenic ones. This chapter assesses whether this expectation was justified. It thereby addresses three arenas of social acceptability: public perception, consumer preferences, and legal regulation. Discussing and comparing recent studies from four geographical areas across the globe—Europe, North America, Japan, and Australia and New Zealand—the chapter shows that the expectation was justified, and that cisgenic plants are treated as being more acceptable than other forms of genetic modification. Yet, there are considerable differences across the three arenas of social acceptability. In Australia, Canada, and the United States of America, the legal regulation of cisgenic plants is less restrictive than in Europe, Japan, and New Zealand. Also, the public perceptions are rather diverse across these countries, as are the factors that are deemed most influential in informing public opinion and consumer decisions. While people in North America appear to be most interested in individual benefits of the products (improved quality, health aspects), Europeans are more likely to accept cisgenic plants and derived products if they have a proven environmental benefit. In New Zealand, in contrast, the potential impact of cisgenic plants on other, more or less related markets, like meat export and tourism, is heavily debated. We conclude with some remarks about a possible new arrangement between science and policy that may come about with a new, or homogenized, international regulatory regime.
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Mitra, Sisir. "Cultivars and plant improvement." In Guava: botany, production and uses, 110–47. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247022.0006.
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Abstract The major objectives of guava breeding are aimed at improving both plant and fruit characteristics such as to develop high-yielding, high-quality dwarf cultivars with fruits of uniform shape, good size, attractive skin and pulp colour, fewer and/or soft seeds, resistant to wilt, nematodes and long storage life. Selection of superior seedlings has resulted in the development of a number of cultivars in different countries. This chapter describes the Psidium species used in breeding (Psidium cattleyanum, P. guineense, P. acutangulum, P. friedrichsthalianum, P. angulatum and P. littorale), objectives of breeding programmes, introduction and selection, inheritance pattern, interspecific hybridization, polyploidy, mutation and molecular characterization. Guava cultivars growing in different countries (Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Israel, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, South Africa, Taiwan, Thailand, USA and vietnam) are also described.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Plant introduction South Australia"
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Ridsdill-Smith, James. "Introduction of exotic Scarabaeine dung beetle species to south western Australia: Winners and losers after 35 years." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.94969.
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Moghassemi, Golshan, and Peyman Akhgar. "The Advent of Modern Construction Techniques in Iran: Trans-Iranian Railway Stations (1933-1938)." In The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. online: SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a3986pe808.
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It was only in the early 20th century that the concept of ‘architect’, as defined in Europe, was introduced in Iran. During the nineteenth century, Iranian architects were traditional master builders (me’mars) who would learn architecture after years of working with a master. This unique change in the conception of architecture in Iran took place during the interwar period. In 1926, when Reza Shah founded the Pahlavi dynasty, his policies toward rapid modernisation transformed the way architectural design and practice was performed in Iran. Among Reza Shah’s earliest programs was the construction of numerous railway stations, extended from north to south, and for that, he invited Western-educated architects and European companies to Iran. The architecture of railway stations became one among the earliest examples of Iranian modern architecture, leading to the introduction of modern materials such as reinforced concrete to Iran. By considering Reza Shah’s nationalist policies and progressive agenda, this article investigates the architecture of railway stations, illuminating how their construction paved the way for the arrival of modern architecture and the development of construction technology in 1930s Iran.
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Blinderman, Michael S. "The Exergy Underground Coal Gasification Technology as a Source of Superior Fuel for Power Generation." In ASME 2006 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2006-88064.
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Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) is a gasification process carried on in non-mined coal seams using injection and production wells drilled from the surface, converting coal in situ into a product gas usable for chemical processes and power generation. The UCG process developed, refined and practiced by Ergo Exergy Technologies is called the Exergy UCG Technology or εUCG® Technology. The εUCG technology is being applied in numerous power generation and chemical projects worldwide. These include power projects in South Africa (1,200 MWe), India (750 MWe), Pakistan, and Canada, as well as chemical projects in Australia and Canada. A number of εUCG based industrial projects are now at a feasibility stage in New Zealand, USA, and Europe. An example of εUCG application is the Chinchilla Project in Australia where the technology demonstrated continuous, consistent production of commercial quantities of quality fuel gas for over 30 months. The project is currently targeting a 24,000 barrel per day synthetic diesel plant based on εUCG syngas supply. The εUCG technology has demonstrated exceptional environmental performance. The εUCG methods and techniques of environmental management are an effective tool to ensure environmental protection during an industrial application. A εUCG-IGCC power plant will generate electricity at a much lower cost than existing or proposed fossil fuel power plants. CO2 emissions of the plant can be reduced to a level 55% less than those of a supercritical coal-fired plant and 25% less than the emissions of NG CC.
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Bra¨hler, Georg, K. Froschauer, P. Welbers, and D. Boyes. "The PBMR Fuel Plant: Proven Technology in Advanced Safety Environment." In Fourth International Topical Meeting on High Temperature Reactor Technology. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/htr2008-58060.
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The PBMR Fuel Plant (PFP), to be constructed at the Pelindaba site near Johannesburg will fuel the first South African Pebble Bed Modular Reactor. The qualification of the PBMR fuel shall be based on past experience with fuel which was produced in the German NUKEM/HOBEG plant and irradiated in the German AVR reactor. Accordingly, the PFP must produce the same fuel as the German plant did, and consequently, the design of the PFP has in essence to be a copy of the NUKEM/HOBEG plant. As a reminder this plant had been operated in accordance with the German regulatory rules which were defined in the years 1970/80. Since then, the requirements with regard to radiological protection, criticality safety and emission control have been significantly tightened, and of course the PFP must be designed in accordance with the most advanced international norms and standards. The implications which follow from these two potentially conflicting requirements, as defined above, are highlighted, and technical solutions are presented. Hence, the change from administrative criticality safety control to technical control, i.e. the application of safe geometry as far as possible, and the introduction of technical solutions for the remaining safe mass regime will be described. A lot of equipment in the Kernel area and in the recycling areas needed to be redesigned in safe geometry. The sensitive processes for Kernel Calcining, for the Coating and the Overcoating remain under safe mass regime, but the safety against criticality is completely independent from staff activities and based on technical measures. A new concept for safe storage of large volumes of Uranium-containing liquids has been developed. Also, the change from relatively open handling of Uranium to the application of containment enclosures wherever release of radioactivity into the room atmosphere is possible, will be addressed. This change required redesign of all process steps requiring the handling of dry Uranium oxides and uncoated Kernels. Finally, the introduction of processes for the near-total recycling of Uranium and chemicals, as well as for decontamination and purification of liquid and gaseous effluents will be presented. These processes were not available from NUKEM/HOBEG fuel facility and needed to be developed now, also following the above mentioned requirements, with respect to criticality safety and radiological protection.
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Graham, Myfanwy, Elianne Renaud, Catherine Lucas, Jennifer Schneider, and Jennifer Martin. "Medicinal cannabis prescribing guidance documents: An evidence-based, best-practice framework based on the New South Wales experience." In 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.51.
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Introduction: In 2018, the Australian Centre for Cannabinoid Clinical and Research Excellence (ACRE), a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence was funded to develop a suite of state-wide medicinal cannabis prescribing guidance documents. At this time, regulatory changes in Australia were enabling broader access to medicinal cannabis in a medical model. The initiative funded through the New South Wales (NSW) Government’s Clinical Cannabis Medicines Program enabled the development of practical resources to support NSW medical practitioners in prescribing medicinal cannabis to patients for conditions where cannabinoids are perceived to have some benefit. Aim: To provide interim guidance to support medical practitioners in the prescription of medicinal cannabis where they are perceived to have potential benefit. Methods: A team of clinical pharmacologists, pharmacists and clinicians collaborated in the development of the first tranche of prescribing guidance documents. The suite of six medicinal cannabis prescribing guidance documents covered the most common indications for which prescriptions for medicinal cannabis were being sought by NSW patients: dementia; anorexia and cachexia; nausea; chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting; spasticity; and chronic non-cancer pain. In 2019, the draft guidance documents underwent a comprehensive review and consultation process involving fifty key stakeholders before publication. Results: The ACRE medicinal cannabis prescribing guidance documents have been widely adopted, both in NSW and around the world. The prescribing guidance documents are now recommended as a health professional educational resource by the Australian national medicines regulator the Therapeutic Goods Administration and state health departments. The prescribing guidance on epilepsy from the second tranche of guidance documents has recently been published in the British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. National medicinal cannabis prescribing pattern data and enquiries to the first-of-kind, state-government funded medicinal cannabis advisory service for medical practitioners informed the themes of the second tranche of six medicinal cannabis prescribing guidance documents being developed in 2022. Conclusions: ACRE medicinal cannabis prescribing guidance documents delivered interim guidance to Australian medical practitioners on the evidence-based and best-practice prescription of medicinal cannabis. Prescribing guidance document themes align with Australian medicinal cannabis prescribing patterns and areas where medical practitioners are seeking further information and advice. It is anticipated that the prescribing guidance documents will be updated periodically as further evidence becomes available. Acknowledgements: NSW Government through the NSW Clinical Cannabis Medicines Program supported development of the NSW Cannabis Medicines Prescribing Guidance. ACRE was established and is funded through the National Health and Medical Research Council Centres of Research Excellence scheme.
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Hegazy, Anwar, Alison Subiantoro, and Stuart Norris. "Performance Assessment of a Closed Greenhouse in a Hot Arid Australian Climate." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-72960.
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Abstract In this paper, we present a validated thermal model of a greenhouse. Then summer climatic data of a location in South of Australia (Port Augusta), known to have dry and hot summer, is used to compare the potential of different cooling technologies in providing cooling to greenhouse indoor air while considering the minimization of water consumption. Several cases are examined and compared to a reference case which is a closed greenhouse without cooling. The operation cases considered for cooling purpose are 1 - Fogging system; 2 - Single pipe Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE); 3 - Multiple pipe EAHE; 4 - combined operation of Fogging system and EAHE. Results indicated that relying on shallow geothermal energy through an Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) minimized the water consumption of the fogging system reducing it from 11.6 to 4.7 kg/day. Furthermore, the results show that cooling via EAHE is the best strategy in terms of reducing water consumption without significantly affecting the temperature reduction when compared to the water reliant cooling technology fogging system. The combined operation of EAHE and fogging system managed to keep the indoor air condition at the favorable plant cultivation temperature level (20–30°C) and relative humidity (70–80%).
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Verfondern, Karl, and Werner von Lensa. "Nuclear Coal Gasification for Hydrogen and Synthetic Fuels Production." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29176.
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The most abundantly available fossil fuel on Earth is coal. For countries like China, the USA, South Africa, or Germany, coal plays a dominant role as energy resource. The introduction of nuclear energy into coal refinement processes would be a significant contribution to the saving of resources, lowering specific carbon emissions and reducing dependencies on oil and natural gas imports. In Germany, comprehensive R&D activities were conducted within the project “Prototype Plant Nuclear Process Heat” (PNP) to investigate the utilization of nuclear energy from a pebble-bed HTGR in both steam-coal gasification and hydro-gasification. A major component to be newly developed was the gas generator. Its operation on semitechnical scale confirmed the feasibility of allothermal, continuous coal gasification under nuclear conditions. A key problem remained the selection of appropriate high temperature materials for gas generator and other high temperature heat exchanging components. The project was accompanied by comprehensive safety studies targeting tritium contamination and consequences of potential explosions of flammable gas mixtures. Future activities could take benefit from a reevaluation of the studies conducted in the past by comparing HTGR process heat applications against current technologies. Fossil fuel market conditions and environmental effects shall be considered. Superior safety features and high reliability are prerequisites for the introduction of nuclear process heat and nuclear combined heat and power.
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Calixto, Nicole Melo, Juliana Ferreira Leal, Julyanna Lucas Nascimento, and Jean Colacite. "Prevalence of methylphenidate use without medical prescription among university students: a review of the current reality." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.565.
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Introduction: Methylphenidate is a neuropsychotropic agent, indicated for the treatment of Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy, and is commonly prescribed for school and university age patients. The growing prescription of the drug and the misuse of methylphenidate by academics without a diagnosis of ADHD and / or narcolepsy have raised concerns on the part of medical societies of psychiatry. The over-the-counter use of this substance causes potential dependence and adverse effects such as hallucinations, anxiety, dry mouth and visual disturbances. Unfortunately, there is a precarious amount of epidemiological data on the use of methylphenidate without prescription by university students. In view of this reality. Objectives: The present study proposed to review the assessment of the prevalence of methylphenidate consumption without medical prescription in university environments worldwide, with sources published between 2016-2021. Methods: To perform this research, the PubMed (https://pubmed.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/) and Scielo (https://www.scielo.org/) databases were used as a search tool, using the Key words “non-medical”, “methylphenidate” and “university students”. Results: So far, 10 articles related to the study (carried out in China, Australia, Brazil, South Africa, Iran, Israel, Pakistan and the United States) have been identified, with 8 articles obtained from PubMed and 2 articles acquired from Scielo. The selected articles show that in 6 of these articles the groups of academics studied were undergraduate and graduate students in general areas, and 4 articles in medical students. The studies present cases of students who confirmed the use of methylphenidate without a prescription, with the justification that it improves academic performance even in healthy students. Conclusion: Therefore, further studies on epidemiology and effects on academic performance with the improper consumption of this drug are recommended.