Готові списки джерел за темами / Plant growth regulators

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Plant growth regulators"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021
Оновлено: 20 лютого 2023

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Зміст

  1. Статті в журналах
  2. Дисертації
  3. Книги
  4. Частини книг
  5. Тези доповідей конференцій
  6. Звіти організацій

Статті в журналах з теми "Plant growth regulators":

1

Carvalho, Deived Uilian de, Maria Aparecida da Cruz, Elisete Aparecida Fernandes Osipi, Conceição Aparecida Cossa, Ronan Carlos Colombo, and Maria Aparecida Fonseca Sorace. "PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON ATEMOYA SEEDS GERMINATION." Nucleus 15, no. 2 (October 30, 2018): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3738/1982.2278.2832.

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2

Sakri, Faisal Abdulkadir, Noori Hassan Ghafor, and Hoshiar Abdula Aziz. "Effect of Some Plant Growth Regulators on Growth and Yield Component of Wheat – Plants CV. Bakrajo." Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A 5, no. 2 (April 25, 2002): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10100.

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3

Végvári, György, and Edina Vidéki. "Plant hormones, plant growth regulators." Orvosi Hetilap 155, no. 26 (June 2014): 1011–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2014.29939.

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Plants seem to be rather defenceless, they are unable to do motion, have no nervous system or immune system unlike animals. Besides this, plants do have hormones, though these substances are produced not in glands. In view of their complexity they lagged behind animals, however, plant organisms show large scale integration in their structure and function. In higher plants, such as in animals, the intercellular communication is fulfilled through chemical messengers. These specific compounds in plants are called phytohormones, or in a wide sense, bioregulators. Even a small quantity of these endogenous organic compounds are able to regulate the operation, growth and development of higher plants, and keep the connection between cells, tissues and synergy beween organs. Since they do not have nervous and immume systems, phytohormones play essential role in plants’ life. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(26), 1011–1018.
4

Gubiš, J., Z. Lajchová, L. Klčová, and Z. Jureková. "Influence of growth regulators on plant regeneration in tomato." Horticultural Science 32, No. 3 (November 23, 2011): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3777-hortsci.

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We studied the effect of different plant growth regulators on in vitro regeneration and plant growth of three cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) from explants derived from hypocotyls and cotyledons of aseptically grown seedlings. The regeneration capacity was significantly influenced by cultivar and explant type. The highest number of shoots regenerated in both types of explants was recorded on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/dm<sup>3</sup> zeatin and 0.1 mg/dm<sup>3</sup> IAA. The cultivar UC 82 showed the best regeneration capacity on all types of used media. The most responsive explants were hypocotyls with 90&ndash;92% regeneration in dependence on the used cultivars and mean production from 0.18 to 0.38 shoots per explant. &nbsp;
5

Shaw, Sabrina L., Eddie B. Williams, and William F. Hayslett. "303 Effect of Growth Regulators on the Growth and Performance of Celosia plumosus." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 494F—495. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.494f.

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Seedlings of Celosia plumosus `New Look', a new variety, were evaluated for their response to the recommended rates of three different plant growth regulators commonly used by growers. The plant growth regulators were B-nine, paclobutrazol, and uniconizole. These plant growth regulators were applied at the rate recommended by the manufacturer for this species. Group I, the control, was not treated with a plant growth regulator, but was sprayed with water at the same time the other treatments were applied. Plants were grown in 5-inch plastic pots in the greenhouse. Plant height was recorded before treatment and once weekly thereafter for the duration of the experiment. Upon termination of the experiment, plant top fresh weight and top dry weight were measured. Results showed that at the recommended rate for all three plant growth regulators, there were no significant difference in height or weight between the plant growth regulator-treated groups of plants or the control group. The only observable difference noted was in leaf coloration of the plants treated with plant growth regulators.
6

Geetha, T., and N. Murugan. "Plant Growth Regulators in Mulberry." Annual Research & Review in Biology 13, no. 3 (January 10, 2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2017/29637.

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7

Wu, Jing, and Hirokazu Kawagishi. "Plant growth regulators from mushrooms." Journal of Antibiotics 73, no. 10 (July 20, 2020): 657–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41429-020-0352-z.

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8

Cowan, A. Keith. "Phospholipids as Plant Growth Regulators." Plant Growth Regulation 48, no. 2 (February 2006): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10725-005-5481-7.

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9

Bulak, P., A. Walkiewicz, and M. Brzezinska. "Plant growth regulators-assisted phytoextraction." Biologia plantarum 58, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10535-013-0382-5.

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10

Ranade, Suiata, and S. B. David. "Quinones as plant growth regulators." Plant Growth Regulation 3, no. 1 (1985): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00123541.

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Статті в журналах Дисертації Книги

Дисертації з теми "Plant growth regulators":

1

Johnson, Robert Jean. "Plant growth regulators : an alternative to frequent mowing /." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA232051.

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Thesis (M.S. in Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 1990.
Thesis Advisor(s): Carrick, Pual M. "June 1990." Description based on signature page. DTIC Identifier(s): Plant growth regulators, growth indicators. Author(s) subject terms: Plant growth regulators, growth indicators. Includes bibliographical references (p. 39-40). Also available online.
2

Soomro, M. H. "The effects of plant parasitic nematodes and plant growth regulators on root growth of graminacious plants." Thesis, University of Reading, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378682.

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3

Nasim, Muhammad. "Response of rice plants to plant growth regulators under saline conditions." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2003. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU164162.

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Responses of rice to plant growth regulators on germination and seedling growth under NaCl salinity were studied to identify possible means of increasing salinity tolerance. Gibberellic acid (GA) promoted germination processes and a-amylase activity and increased plumule but reduced radicle growth after emergence. GA partitioned more metabolites towards the plumule than the radicle. Chlormequat (CCC) showed no beneficial effects and abscisic acid (ABA) inhibited germination under saline conditions. Overall there was no large difference in the performance of three rice varieties, BR29, IR8 and Pokkali in germination. Artificially aged seeds showed increased sensitivity to salinity and GA produced similar effects on germination of artificially aged rice seeds as on unaged seeds. Seed pre-treatment with GA was as effective in promoting germination under saline conditions as applying GA in the germination media. GA with low Ca promoted germination and plumule growth as well as radicle growth. GA increased plant height and fresh weight of seedlings under saline conditions, however it did not show a large positive effect on rice seedlings. CCC had no beneficial effects on rice seedlings. ABA showed possible beneficial effects on rice seedlings as it reduced Na+ uptake and increased K+ and Ca2+ uptake. GA in combination with ABA appeared to adapt rice plants better to saline conditions. GA in combination with low Ca also promoted rice growth under saline conditions.
4

Oliver, J. F. "The effects of plant growth regulators and plant parasitic nematodes on cereal root growth." Thesis, University of Reading, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233539.

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5

Christensen, Cynthia Lehua Warnock. "The effect of plant growth regulators on the growth of Closterium moniliferum." PDXScholar, 1990. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3968.

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Physiologic responses to Gibberellic Acid (GA), I-Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA), Benzylaminopurine (BAP), and Abscisic Acid (ABA). suggest that Oosterium monilfferum has the ability to utilize these plant growth factors. The growth promoters NAA and GA both increased growth when added to the media. The cell division regulator BAP (a synthetic cytokinin). also had a promotive effect on growth. Abscisic acid was found to be inhibitive to growth.
6

Fuentes, Hector David. "Studies in the use of plant growth regulators on phytoremediation /." View thesis View thesis, 2001. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030505.150607/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, Macarthur, 2001.
A thesis presented to the University of Western Sydney, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, December, 2001. Bibliography : leaves 163-173.
7

Temple-Smith, Kay Elizabeth. "The mode of action of novel plant growth regulators." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317880.

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8

Norton, E. R., L. J. Clark, H. Borrego, and Bryan Ellsworth. "Evaluation of Two Plant Growth Regulators from LT Biosysn." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/198160.

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A single field study was conducted during the 2004 cotton growing season at the University of Arizona Safford Agricultural Center to evaluate the effect of two plant growth regulators (PGRs) manufactured by LT Biosyn Inc. on the growth, development, yield, and fiber quality of cotton grown in the southeastern region of the state. This test was designed as a follow up study to work that was performed in 2003 on a grower cooperator site that demonstrated positive lint yield responses to the use of one of the PGRs used in this project. This was an eight treatment test involving the application of two PGRs, HappyGroTM (HG) and MegaGroTM (MG). The two formulations are intended to have different effects on plant growth and development. The HG formulation is a kinetin based product designed to enhance cell division and differentiation. The MG formulation is designed to enhance root growth early in the season. Several treatment combinations were designed to investigate varying scenarios of application of these two products alone and in conjunction with each other. The test included a control and each treatment was replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Plant measurements were collected throughout the season to look for differences in plant growth and development. Lint yield was estimated by harvesting the entire plot and weighing the seedcotton with a weigh wagon equipped with load cells. Sub samples were collected for fiber quality and percent lint determinations. Plant measurements revealed extremely high fruit retention levels throughout the entire season with end of season levels near 75%. This high fruit retention resulted in very low vigor. Under these conditions, while lint yield was extremely high for this region (1300-1600 lbs. lint per acre), no statistical differences were observed among treatments. Fiber quality measurements also revealed no significant differences.
9

Fuentes, Hector D., of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, of Science Technology and Environment College, and of Science Food and Horticulture School. "Studies in the use of plant growth regulators on phytoremediation." THESIS_CSTE_SFH_Fuentes_H.xml, 2001. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/112.

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Phytoremediation is a relatively new technology that uses plants for the clean up of contaminated soils.Its low cost, simplicity and environmentally friendly approach make this technology a viable option for remediation but the main drawback is that it must be considered as long term alternative given its slow speed. This work is the first to report the use of Plant Growth Regulators(PGR)to enhance the performance of phytoremediation so that less time is needed for remediation.Soil samples were taken from a heavy metal contaminated, abandoned mine site for plant growth trials. A clean soil was also analysed and used for reference.Trials were carried out by growing corn in the contaminated soils and using various concentrations of IBA and NAA together with soil amedments to see if these could increase the accumulation of Zn, Mn, Cu, Bb and Fe in corn. Several further tests were conducted and results noted.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
10

Tickes, B., and M. J. Ottman. "Evaluation of Plant Growth Regulators on Wheat in Arizona, 1987." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200841.

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Plant growth regulators are applied to small grains to decrease lodging which can adversely affect crop growth and yield. Wheat is intensively managed in Arizona, and lodging can be a problem. Chlormequat and ethephon were applied at various rates and times in six studies in 1987 to evaluate their use on Arizona's semi -dwarf cultivars with respect to lodging plant height, yield components and grain yield The results indicated that growth regulators applied at the recommended rates and times may decrease plant height and decrease kernel weight. However, the influence of growth regulator treatments on tiller number, head number, kernel number, and grain yield was not demonstrated. The ambiguous results obtained suggest our efforts need to be directed toward documenting the extent of lodging in the state, studying the effects of lodging and predicting when lodging will occur.
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Книги з теми "Plant growth regulators":

1

A, Roberts J. Plant growth regulators. Glasgow: Blackie, 1988.

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2

Aftab, Tariq, and Khalid Rehman Hakeem, eds. Plant Growth Regulators. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61153-8.

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Roberts, Jeremy A., and Richard Hooley. Plant Growth Regulators. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7592-4.

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4

Roberts, Lorin Watson. Vascular differentiation and plant growth regulators. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988.

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5

Roberts, Lorin W., Peter B. Gahan, and Roni Aloni. Vascular Differentiation and Plant Growth Regulators. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73446-5.

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6

Creager, R. A. A summary of compounds evaluated for plant growth regulator activity. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1985.

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7

Fahad, Shah, Osman Sönmez, Shah Saud, Depeng Wang, Chao Wu, Muhammad Adnan, and Veysel Turan. Plant Growth Regulators for Climate-Smart Agriculture. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003109013.

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8

Ebing, W., H. Börner, D. Martin, V. Sjut, H. J. Stan, and J. Stetter, eds. Herbicide Resistance — Brassinosteroids, Gibberellins, Plant Growth Regulators. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-48787-3.

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9

1948-, Smith C. J., Phytochemical Society of Europe, and International Symposium on Biochemical Mechanisms Involved in Growth Regulation (1991 : Milan, Italy), eds. Biochemical mechanisms involved in plant growth regulation. Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press, 1994.

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10

Karl, Schneider. Alar, a widely used growth regulator, 1979-85: 178 citations. Beltsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, 1986.

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Частини книг з теми "Plant growth regulators":

1

Basuchaudhuri, P. "Plant Growth Regulators." In Physiology of Soybean Plant, 298–332. Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2020]: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003089124-11.

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2

Basuchaudhuri, P. "Plant Growth Regulators." In Physiology of the Peanut Plant, 322–50. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003262220-11.

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3

Babu, R. Sri Hari, V. Srilatha, and Veena Joshi. "Plant Growth Regulators." In Plant Growth Regulators in Tropical and Sub-tropical Fruit Crops, 1–13. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003300342-1.

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4

LOPEZ-LAURI, Félicie. "Plant Growth Regulators." In Postharvest Management Approaches for Maintaining Quality of Fresh Produce, 125–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23582-0_8.

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5

Ram, Mauji. "Hormonal Regulation in Cell Culture of Artemisia annua L. Plant." In Plant Growth Regulators, 101–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61153-8_4.

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6

Singh, Khushwant, Ila Shukla, Ajay Kumar Tiwari, and Lubna Azmi. "Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Mechanism of Nitric Oxide-Mediated Abiotic Stress Tolerance." In Plant Growth Regulators, 217–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61153-8_11.

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7

Peerzada, Yasir Yousuf, and Muhammad Iqbal. "Leaf Senescence and Ethylene Signaling." In Plant Growth Regulators, 153–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61153-8_7.

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8

Sabagh, Ayman E. L., Akbar Hossain, Mohammad Sohidul Islam, Muhammad Aamir Iqbal, Khizer Amanet, Muhammad Mubeen, Wajid Nasim, et al. "Prospective Role of Plant Growth Regulators for Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses." In Plant Growth Regulators, 1–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61153-8_1.

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9

Yasir, Tauqeer Ahmad, and Allah Wasaya. "Brassinosteroids Signaling Pathways in Plant Defense and Adaptation to Stress." In Plant Growth Regulators, 197–206. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61153-8_9.

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10

Verma, Priyanka, Shamshad A. Khan, Aliya Juma Abdullah Alhandhali, and Varsha A. Parasharami. "Bioreactor Upscaling of Different Tissue of Medicinal Herbs for Extraction of Active Phytomolecules: A Step Towards Industrialization and Enhanced Production of Phytochemicals." In Plant Growth Regulators, 455–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61153-8_21.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Plant growth regulators":

1

Alvarenga, Elson S., Francielly T. Souto, Vitor C. Baia, and Maria Regina A. Gomes. "Chromenediones as potential plant growth regulators." In 15th Brazilian Meeting on Organic Synthesis. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/chempro-15bmos-bmos2013_2013101144241.

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2

Lifintseva, A., A. Yurkovskaya, A. Kalistratova, M. Oshchepkov, M. Ivanova, N. Bystrova, M. Akimov, K. Kochetkov, and L. Kovalenko. "NOVEL PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS FOR MEDICAL CHEMISTRY." In MedChem-Russia 2021. 5-я Российская конференция по медицинской химии с международным участием «МедХим-Россия 2021». Издательство Волгоградского государственного медицинского университета, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19163/medchemrussia2021-2021-390.

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3

Karsunkina N.P., N. P., E. V. Eremina E.V., and M. Yu Cherednichenko M.Yu. "Growth regulators in agriculture and biotechnology." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-56.

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The review is devoted to the history of the study of phytohormones and growth regulators. The features of the main classes of phytohormones and the prospects for their use in plant tissue and cell culture are also considered.
4

Taranenko, V. V., V. S. Muraiev, V. N. Chizhikov, and R. S. Sharifullin. "DEVELOPMENT OF GROWTH REGULATORS FOR RICE PLANTS." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.491-493.

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5

Muraviev, V. S., and L. V. Dyaduchenko. "THIENO[2,3-B]PYRIDINES DERIVATIVES AS SOYBEAN PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.683-686.

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We have carried out the synthesis and screening of soybean growth regulators in a series of substituted thieno[2,3-b]pyridines. The compounds, which have a high growth-regulating effect, were detected. According to the field tests, the substances have a positive effect in formation of the yield structure and provide seed quality.
6

Li, Ming-Feng, Jian-Qiang Zhu, and Zhen-Hui Jiang. "Plant Growth Regulators and Nutrition Applied to Cotton after Waterlogging." In 2013 Third International Conference on Intelligent System Design and Engineering Applications (ISDEA). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isdea.2012.246.

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He, Ying, Sha Liang, Hao Zheng, Qiao Yuan, Fen Zhang, and Bo Sun. "Effects of plant growth regulators on callus proliferation of Chinese kale." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FRONTIERS OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING (FBSE 2018). Author(s), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5085536.

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"Growth Optimization of Averhoa carambola through in vitro Culture Supplemented with Selected Plant Growth Regulators." In August 6-8, 2018 Pattaya (Thailand). Eminent Association of Pioneers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eares3.c0818111.

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Гинда, Елена, та Наталья Трескина. "Использование регуляторов роста растений для реализации продуктивного потенциала столового сорта винограда велика в зависимости от гидротермических условий периода вегетации". У VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.37.

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In field experience, the influence of two-fold processing of table grape plants was studied by the Gibber-ellin, Zircon and Epin extra growth regulators on the structure of the bunch, yield and saccharinity of berry juice depending on the hydrothermal conditions of the growing season. It was established that the treatment of grape plants of the Great variety by growth regulators allows to reduce the negative influence of adverse ex-ternal factors and increase the productivity and quality of grape berries. Under more humidified conditions, treatment of Epin Extra plants (3.2 ml/l) contributes to an increase in yield by 82%, in dry conditions - Zir-conom (0.6 ml/l) by 1.5 times compared to control. The use of growth regulators contributes to a greater ac-cumulation of sugar in the juice of berries.
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Lukatkin, A. S., D. I. Bashmakov, E. Sh Sharkaeva, and A. A. Lukatkin. "Determining the effectiveness of growth regulators in the analysis of the effects of stress factors on plants." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-264.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Plant growth regulators":

1

Christensen, Cynthia. The effect of plant growth regulators on the growth of Closterium moniliferum. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5852.

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2

Palazzo, Antonio J., Paul Zang, Robert W. Duell, Timothy J. Cary, and Susan E. Hardy. Plant Growth Regulators' Effect on Growth of Mixed Cool-Season Grass Stands at Fort Drum. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada319796.

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3

Guney, Murat, Mozhgan Zarifikhosrohahi, Songul Comlekcioglu, Hakan Keles, Muhammet Ali Gundesli, Ebru Kafkas, and Sezai Ercisli. Efficiency of Various Plant Growth Regulators on Micropropagation of Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.). "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2020.01.07.

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4

Lindow, Steven, Yedidya Gafni, Shulamit Manulis, and Isaac Barash. Role and In situ Regulation of Growth Regulators Produced in Plant-Microbe Interactions by Erwinia herbicola. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7561059.bard.

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The main objective of this work was to gain a better understanding of how some strains of Erwinia herbicola have evolved into serious plant pathogens while also commonly existing as epiphytes on the surface of healthy plants. The focus of our studies was to determine the nature of, and regulation, of virulence factors, including the phytohormones IAA and cytokinins, which are encoded on a large plasmid (pPATH) found in gall-forming strains of this species. In addition, the in situ regulation and contribution to epiphytic fitness of a second, chromosomal, IAA biosynthetic locus (ipdC) was determined to ascertain the relative contribution of the two redundant IAA-biosynthetic pathways to the biology of E. herbicola. Genes (pre-etz and etz) conferring production of cytokinins were clustered immediately 3' of the iaaM and iaaH genes conferring IAA boisynthesis on pPATH. A new insertion-like element, IS1327, was also found immediately 3' of etz on pPATH, suggesting that these virulence factors were all introduced onto pPATH from another pathogenic bacterium. Mutants of E. herbicola in which etz, iaaH, and iaaM, but not ipdC, were disrupted caused smaller galls to form on gypsophila plants. In contrast, ipdC but not iaaH or iaaM mutants of E. herbicola exhibited reduced ability to grow and survive on plant surfaces. Transcription of ipdC was induced when cells were on plants compared to in culture, suggesting that idpC may play a selective role in fitness on leaves.
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Eshed, Yuval, and John Bowman. Harnessing Fine Scale Tuning of Endogenous Plant Regulatory Processes for Manipulation of Organ Growth. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7696519.bard.

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Background and objectives: Manipulation of plant organ growth is one of the primary reasons for the success of mankind allowing increasing amounts of food for human and livestock consumption. In contrast with the successful selection for desirable growth characteristics using plant breeding, transgenic manipulations with single genes has met limited success. While breeding is based on accumulation of many small alterations of growth, usually arise from slight changes in expression patterns, transgenic manipulations are primarily based on drastic, non-specific up-regulation or knock down of genes that can exert different effects during different stages of development. To successfully harness transgenic manipulation to attain desirable plant growth traits we require the tools to subtly regulate the temporal and spatial activity of plant growth genes. Polar morphology along the adaxial/abaxial axis characterizes lateral organs of all plants. Juxtaposition of two cell types along this axis is a prerequisite of laminar growth induction. In the study summarized here, we addressed the following questions: Can we identify and harness components of the organ polarity establishment pathway for prolonged growth? Can we identify specific regulatory sequences allowing spatial and temporal manipulation in various stages of organ development? Can we identify genes associated with YABBY-induced growth alterations? Major conclusions and implications: We showed that regulated expression, both spatially and temporally of either organ polarity factors such as the YABBY genes, or the organ maturation program such as the CIN-TCPs can stimulate substantial growth of leaves and floral organs. Promoters for such fine manipulation could be identified by comparison of non-coding sequences of KAN1, where a highly conserved domain was found within the second intron, or by examination of multiple 5” regions of genes showing transient expression along leaf ontogeny. These promoters illustrate the context dependent action of any gene we examined thus far, and facilitate fine tuning of the complex growth process. Implications, both scientific and agricultural. The present study was carried out on the model organism Arabidopsis, and the broad application of its findings were tested in the tomato crop. We learned that all central regulators of organ polarity are functionally conserved, probably in all flowering plants. Thus, with minor modifications, the rules and mechanisms outlined in this work are likely to be general.
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Eshed, Yuval, and Sarah Hake. Exploring General and Specific Regulators of Phase Transitions for Crop Improvement. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699851.bard.

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The transition of plants from a juvenile to adult growth phase entails a wide range of changes in growth habit, physiological competence and composition. Strikingly, most of these changes are coordinated by the expression of a single regulator, micro RNA 156 (miR156) that coordinately regulates a family of SBP genes containing a miR156 recognition site in the coding region or in their 3’ UTR. In the framework of this research, we have taken a broad taxonomic approach to examine the role of miR156 and other genetic regulators in phase change transition and its implication to plant development and crop improvement. We set to: Determine the common and unique factors that are altered upon juvenile to adult phase transition. Determine the functions of select miR156 target genes in tomato and maize, and identify those targets that mediate phase transition. Characterize the role of miR172 and its targets in tomato phase change. Determine the relationships between the various molecular circuits directing phase change. Determine the effects of regulated manipulation of phase change genes on plant architecture and if applicable, productivity. In the course of the study, a new technology for gene expression was introduced – next generation sequencing (NGS). Hence some of the original experiments that were planned with other platforms of RNA profiling, primarily Affymetrix arrays, were substituted with the new technology. Yet, not all were fully completed. Moreover, once the initial stage was completed, each group chose to focus its efforts on specific components of the phase change program. The Israeli group focused on the roles of the DELAYED SYMPODIAL TERMINATION and FALSIFLORA factors in tomato age dependent programs whereas the US group characterized in detail the role of miR156 (also termed Cg) in other grasses and in maize, its interplay with the many genes encoding miR172.
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Moskova, Irina, Bistra Dikova, Elena Balacheva, and Iskren Sergiev. Protective Effect of Plant Growth Regulators MEIA and 4PU-30 against Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) on Two Tomato Geno types. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2020.11.08.

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8

Horwitz, Benjamin A., and Barbara Gillian Turgeon. Fungal Iron Acquisition, Oxidative Stress and Virulence in the Cochliobolus-maize Interaction. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7709885.bard.

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Our project focused on genes for high affinity iron acquisition in Cochliobolus heterostrophus, a necrotrophic pathogen of maize, and their intertwined relationship to oxidative stress status and virulence of the fungus on the host. An intriguing question was why mutants lacking the nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene (NPS6) responsible for synthesis of the extracellular siderophore, coprogen, are sensitive to oxidative stress. Our overall objective was to understand the mechanistic connection between iron stress and oxidative stress as related to virulence of a plant pathogen to its host. The first objective was to examine the interface where small molecule peptide and reactive oxygen species (ROS) mechanisms overlap. The second objective was to determine if the molecular explanation for common function is common signal transduction pathways. These pathways, built around sensor kinases, response regulators, and transcription factors may link sequestering of iron, production of antioxidants, resistance to oxidative stress, and virulence. We tested these hypotheses by genetic manipulation of the pathogen, virulence assays on the host plant, and by following the expression of key fungal genes. An addition to the original program, made in the first year, was to develop, for fungi, a genetically encoded indicator of redox state based on the commercially available Gfp-based probe pHyper, designed for animal cell biology. We implemented several tools including a genetically encoded indicator of redox state, a procedure to grow iron-depleted plants, and constructed a number of new mutants in regulatory genes. Lack of the major Fe acquisition pathways results in an almost completely avirulent phenotype, showing how critical Fe acquisition is for the pathogen to cause disease. Mutants in conserved signaling pathways have normal ability to regulate NPS6 in response to Fe levels, as do mutants in Lae1 and Vel1, two master regulators of gene expression. Vel1 mutants are sensitive to oxidative stress, and the reason may be underexpression of a catalase gene. In nps6 mutants, CAT3 is also underexpressed, perhaps explaining the sensitivity to oxidative stress. We constructed a deletion mutant for the Fe sensor-regulator SreA and found that it is required for down regulation of NPS6 under Fe-replete conditions. Lack of SreA, though, did not make the fungus over-sensitive to ROS, though the mutant had a slow growth rate. This suggests that overproduction of siderophore under Fe-replete conditions is not very damaging. On the other hand, increasing Fe levels protected nps6 mutants from inhibition by ROS, implying that Fe-catalyzed Fenton reactions are not the main factor in its sensitivity to ROS. We have made some progress in understanding why siderophore mutants are sensitive to oxidative stress, and in doing so, defined some novel regulatory relationships. Catalase genes, which are not directly related to siderophore biosynthesis, are underexpressed in nps6 mutants, suggesting that the siderophore product (with or without bound Fe) may act as a signal. Siderophores, therefore, could be a target for intervention in the field, either by supplying an incorrect signal or blocking a signal normally provided during infection. We already know that nps6 mutants cause smaller lesions and have difficulty establishing invasive growth in the host. Lae1 and Vel1 are the first factors shown to regulate both super virulence conferred by T-toxin, and basic pathogenicity, due to unknown factors. The mutants are also altered in oxidative stress responses, key to success in the infection court, asexual and sexual development, essential for fungal dissemination in the field, aerial hyphal growth, and pigment biosynthesis, essential for survival in the field. Mutants in genes encoding NADPH oxidase (Nox) are compromised in development and virulence. Indeed the triple mutant, which should lack all Nox activity, was nearly avirulent. Again, gene expression experiments provided us with initial evidence that superoxide produced by the fungus may be most important as a signal. Blocking oxidant production by the pathogen may be a way to protect the plant host, in interactions with necrotrophs such as C. heterostrophus which seem to thrive in an oxidant environment.
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Lindow, Steven, Isaac Barash, and Shulamit Manulis. Relationship of Genes Conferring Epiphytic Fitness and Internal Multiplication in Plants in Erwinia herbicola. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573065.bard.

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Most bacterial plant pathogens colonize the surface of healthy plants as epiphytes before colonizing internally and initiating disease. The epiphytic phase of these pathogens is thus an important aspect of their epidemiology and a stage at which chemical and biological control is aimed. However, little is known of the genes and phenotypes that contribute to the ability of bacteria to grow on leaves and survive the variable physical environment in this habitat. In addition, while genes such as hrp awr and others which confer pathogenicity and in planta growth ability have been described, their contribution to other aspects of bacterial epidemiology such as epiphytic fitness have not been addressed. We hypothesized that bacterial genes conferring virulence or pathogenicity to plants also contribute to the epiphytic fitness of these bacteria and that many of these genes are preferentially located on plasmids. We addressed these hypotheses by independently identifying genes that contribute to epiphytic fitness, in planta growth, virulence and pathogenicity in the phytopathogenic bacterium Erwinia herbicola pv gypsophilae which causes gall formation on gypsophila. This species is highly epiphytically fit and has acquired a plasmid (pPATH) that contains numerous pathogenicity and virulence determinants, which we have found to also contribute to epiphytic fitness. We performed saturation transposon mutagenesis on pPATH as well as of the chromosome of E.h. gypsophilae, and identified mutants with reduced ability to grow in plants and/or cause disease symptoms, and through a novel competition assay, identified mutants less able to grow or survive on leaves. The number and identity of plasmid-borne hrp genes required for virulence was determined from an analysis of pPATH mutants, and the functional role of these genes in virulence was demonstrated. Likewise, other pPATH-encoded genes involved in IAA and cytokinin biosynthesis were characterized and their pattern of transcriptional activity was determined in planta. In both cases these genes involved in virulence were found to be induced in plant apoplasts. About half of avirulent mutants in pPATH were also epiphytically unfit whereas only about 10% of chromosomal mutants that were avirulent also had reduced epiphytic fitness. About 18% of random mutants in pPATH were avirulent in contrast to only 2.5% of random chromosomal mutants. Importantly, as many as 28% of pPATH mutants had lower epiphytic fitness while only about 10% of random chromosomal mutants had lower epiphytic fitness. These results support both of our original hypotheses, and indicate that genes important in a variety of interactions with plant have been enriched on mobile plasmids such as pPATH. The results also suggest that the ability of bacteria to colonize the surface of plants and to initiate infections in the interior of plants involves many of the same traits. These traits also appear to be under strong regulatory control, being expressed in response to the plant environment in many cases. It may be possible to alter the pattern of expression of such genes by altering the chemical environment of plants either by genetic means or by additional or chemical antagonists of the plant signals. The many novel bacterial genes identified in this study that are involved in plant interactions should be useful in further understanding of bacterial plant interactions.
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Fawcett, Jim, Zack Koopman, and Lance Miller. On-Farm Corn and Soybean Plant Growth Regulator Trials. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1390.

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