Готові списки джерел за темами / Plant development and stress response

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Plant development and stress response"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 11 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Plant development and stress response"

1

Grafi, Gideon. "Epigenetics in plant development and response to stress." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms 1809, no. 8 (August 2011): 351–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.07.011.

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2

Joseph, Joyous T., Najya Jabeen Poolakkalody, and Jasmine M. Shah. "Plant reference genes for development and stress response studies." Journal of Biosciences 43, no. 1 (February 9, 2018): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12038-017-9728-z.

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3

Chaturvedi, Palak, Anna J. Wiese, Arindam Ghatak, Lenka Záveská Drábková, Wolfram Weckwerth, and David Honys. "Heat stress response mechanisms in pollen development." New Phytologist 231, no. 2 (May 20, 2021): 571–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.17380.

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4

Van Aken, Olivier, James Whelan, and Frank Van Breusegem. "Prohibitins: mitochondrial partners in development and stress response." Trends in Plant Science 15, no. 5 (May 2010): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2010.02.002.

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5

Zhou, Huapeng, Hongqin Duan, Yunhong Liu, Xia Sun, Jinfeng Zhao, and Honghui Lin. "Patellin protein family functions in plant development and stress response." Journal of Plant Physiology 234-235 (March 2019): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2019.01.012.

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6

Doroodian, Paymon, and Zhihua Hua. "The Ubiquitin Switch in Plant Stress Response." Plants 10, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020246.

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Ubiquitin is a 76 amino acid polypeptide common to all eukaryotic organisms. It functions as a post-translationally modifying mark covalently linked to a large cohort of yet poorly defined protein substrates. The resulting ubiquitylated proteins can rapidly change their activities, cellular localization, or turnover through the 26S proteasome if they are no longer needed or are abnormal. Such a selective modification is essential to many signal transduction pathways particularly in those related to stress responses by rapidly enhancing or quenching output. Hence, this modification system, the so-called ubiquitin-26S proteasome system (UPS), has caught the attention in the plant research community over the last two decades for its roles in plant abiotic and biotic stress responses. Through direct or indirect mediation of plant hormones, the UPS selectively degrades key components in stress signaling to either negatively or positively regulate plant response to a given stimulus. As a result, a tightly regulated signaling network has become of much interest over the years. The ever-increasing changes of the global climate require both the development of new crops to cope with rapid changing environment and new knowledge to survey the dynamics of ecosystem. This review examines how the ubiquitin can switch and tune plant stress response and poses potential avenues to further explore this system.
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Zhao, Shuangshuang, Qikun Zhang, Mingyue Liu, Huapeng Zhou, Changle Ma, and Pingping Wang. "Regulation of Plant Responses to Salt Stress." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 9 (April 28, 2021): 4609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094609.

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Salt stress is a major environmental stress that affects plant growth and development. Plants are sessile and thus have to develop suitable mechanisms to adapt to high-salt environments. Salt stress increases the intracellular osmotic pressure and can cause the accumulation of sodium to toxic levels. Thus, in response to salt stress signals, plants adapt via various mechanisms, including regulating ion homeostasis, activating the osmotic stress pathway, mediating plant hormone signaling, and regulating cytoskeleton dynamics and the cell wall composition. Unraveling the mechanisms underlying these physiological and biochemical responses to salt stress could provide valuable strategies to improve agricultural crop yields. In this review, we summarize recent developments in our understanding of the regulation of plant salt stress.
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8

Li, Jing, Qiaoqiao Song, Zhi-Fang Zuo, and Lin Liu. "MicroRNA398: A Master Regulator of Plant Development and Stress Responses." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 18 (September 16, 2022): 10803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810803.

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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in plant development and stress responses, and a growing number of studies suggest that miRNAs are promising targets for crop improvement because they participate in the regulation of diverse, important agronomic traits. MicroRNA398 (miR398) is a conserved miRNA in plants and has been shown to control multiple stress responses and plant growth in a variety of species. There are many studies on the stress response and developmental regulation of miR398. To systematically understand its function, it is necessary to summarize the evolution and functional roles of miR398 and its target genes. In this review, we analyze the evolution of miR398 in plants and outline its involvement in abiotic and biotic stress responses, in growth and development and in model and non-model plants. We summarize recent functional analyses, highlighting the role of miR398 as a master regulator that coordinates growth and diverse responses to environmental factors. We also discuss the potential for fine-tuning miR398 to achieve the goal of simultaneously improving plant growth and stress tolerance.
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Aslam, Mohammad, Beenish Fakher, Mohammad Arif Ashraf, Yan Cheng, Bingrui Wang, and Yuan Qin. "Plant Low-Temperature Stress: Signaling and Response." Agronomy 12, no. 3 (March 14, 2022): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030702.

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Cold stress has always been a significant limitation for plant development and causes substantial decreases in crop yield. Some temperate plants, such as Arabidopsis, have the ability to carry out internal adjustment, which maintains and checks the metabolic machinery during cold temperatures. This cold acclimation process requires prior exposure to low, chilling temperatures to prevent damage during subsequent freezing stress and maintain the overall wellbeing of the plant despite the low-temperature conditions. In comparison, plants of tropical and subtropical origins, such as rice, are sensitive to chilling stress and respond differently to low-temperature stress. Plants have evolved various physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms to sense and respond to low-temperature stress, including membrane modifications and cytoskeletal rearrangement. Moreover, the transient increase in cytosolic calcium level leads to the activation of many calcium-binding proteins and calcium-dependent protein kinases during low-temperature stress. Recently, mitogen-activated protein kinases have been found to regulate low-temperature signaling through ICE1. Besides, epigenetic control plays a crucial role during the cold stress response. This review primarily focuses on low-temperature stress experienced by plants and their strategies to overcome it. We have also reviewed recent progress and previous knowledge for a better understanding of plant cold stress response.
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10

Sack, Lawren, and Thomas N. Buckley. "Trait Multi-Functionality in Plant Stress Response." Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, no. 1 (December 11, 2019): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz152.

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Abstract Plants often experience multiple stresses in a given day or season, and it is self-evident that given functional traits can provide tolerances of multiple stresses. Yet, the multiple functions of individual traits are rarely explicitly considered in ecology and evolution due to a lack of a quantitative framework. We present a theory for considering the combined importance of the several functions that a single trait can contribute to alleviating multiple stresses. We derive five inter-related general predictions: (1) that trait multifunctionality is overall highly beneficial to fitness; (2) that species possessing multifunctional traits should increase in abundance and in niche breadth; (3) that traits are typically optimized for multiple functions and thus can be far from optimal for individual functions; (4) that the relative importance of each function of a multifunctional trait depends on the environment; and (5) that traits will be often “co-opted” for additional functions during evolution and community assembly. We demonstrate how the theory can be applied quantitatively by examining the multiple functions of leaf trichomes (hairs) using heuristic model simulations, substantiating the general principles. We identify avenues for further development and applications of the theory of trait multifunctionality in ecology and evolution.
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Дисертації з теми "Plant development and stress response"

1

Cao, Jingyi. "CELL TYPE-SPECIFIC ALTERNATIVE POLYADENYLATION IN ARABIDOPSIS DURING DEVELOPMENT AND STRESS RESPONSE." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1492702815819455.

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O'Hara, L. E. "The role of trehalose 6-phosphate in the regulation of plant development and stress response." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1427275/.

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Анотація:
Prevailing environmental conditions impose limitations on the availability nutrients and photosynthetic rate of plants. Therefore, plants possess an array of mechanisms to sense and signal endogenous energy and nutrient availability in order to coordinate growth and development appropriately. Trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P) has emerged as an important molecule with a role in signalling carbon availability for the regulation of plant growth and development. This thesis aimed to investigate the extent to which T6P contributes to the regulation of growth over the course of plant development, and also during environmental stress. Plants expressing bacterial trehalose 6-phosphophate synthase (TPS) or trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase enzymes were used to investigate the effects of increased or decreased T6P contents on growth and development, respectively. It was shown that T6P is required for the normal growth rate and the response to increased carbon availability in early development. Additionally, evidence is provided to implicate T6P in a further role in the crosstalk between sucrose and light- and auxin-mediated growth. T6P was found to be necessary for the acceleration of senescence in response to increased carbon availability and it was shown that sugar signals were sensed during early development. The importance of carbon availability during and after cold stress was demonstrated: sucrose alleviated the damage to the photosynthetic apparatus in mutants of starch synthesis and cold acclimation. It was also shown that T6P, via its effect on sucrose non-fermenting-1-related kinase-1 (SnRK1), is important in the growth recovery following cold stress which provokes sink limitation. A construct was created for the seed-specific over-expression of TPS behind the OLEOSIN1 promoter to alter levels of T6P in developing seeds. This approach may offer an effective method for improving seed yield and quality.
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3

Pirone, Claudia <1987&gt. "Disentangling the Role of Transitory Starch Storages in Plant Development and in Osmotic Stress Response." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7580/1/TESI_DOTTORATO_Claudia_Pirone.pdf.

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Starch is a polymer of D-glucose that plants accumulate as semi-crystalline and osmotically inert granules. Besides being the major energy storage in plants, starch is of primary importance also in human and animal diet, industry and biofuels production. Two kinds of starch, structurally indistinguishable, but different for location and rates of synthesis and degradation are found in plants: secondary starch (characterized by long term-accumulation and found in storage organs) and transitory starch (mainly located in chloroplasts, produced during the day and degraded the subsequent night to meet the energy demand of the plant). Due to its structure, several enzymes are required in starch biosynthesis and degradation, controlling distinct features of starch granules and conferring different physical-chemical properties. Here, the TILLING approach was used on the barley TILLMore population to identify new alleles in five genes related to secondary starch metabolism and known to be expressed in barley seeds. Moreover, the role in Arabidopsis development of the (phospho)glucan, water dikinase proteins (GWD1, GWD2, PWD), known to be involved in nighttime transitory starch degradation, was investigated. Other enzymes, such as β-amylase 1 (BAM1) and α-amylase 3 (AMY3), were demonstrated to be involved in diurnal transitory starch degradation in specialized cells or under stress conditions. Here, we demonstrated that carbon skeletons deriving from BAM1 diurnal degradation of transitory starch support the biosynthesis of proline, a compatible solute, required to face osmotic stress. Moreover, the behaviour of Arabidopsis BAM1 and AMY3 enzymes under oxidative treatments and the possible role of glutathionylation, a redox post-translational modification occurring mainly under stress conditions and promoted by ROS, were investigated. AtBAM1 and AtAMY3 were found to be sensitive to oxidants and glutathionylated, with a modulatory and protective effect on protein activity.
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4

Pirone, Claudia <1987&gt. "Disentangling the Role of Transitory Starch Storages in Plant Development and in Osmotic Stress Response." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7580/.

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Анотація:
Starch is a polymer of D-glucose that plants accumulate as semi-crystalline and osmotically inert granules. Besides being the major energy storage in plants, starch is of primary importance also in human and animal diet, industry and biofuels production. Two kinds of starch, structurally indistinguishable, but different for location and rates of synthesis and degradation are found in plants: secondary starch (characterized by long term-accumulation and found in storage organs) and transitory starch (mainly located in chloroplasts, produced during the day and degraded the subsequent night to meet the energy demand of the plant). Due to its structure, several enzymes are required in starch biosynthesis and degradation, controlling distinct features of starch granules and conferring different physical-chemical properties. Here, the TILLING approach was used on the barley TILLMore population to identify new alleles in five genes related to secondary starch metabolism and known to be expressed in barley seeds. Moreover, the role in Arabidopsis development of the (phospho)glucan, water dikinase proteins (GWD1, GWD2, PWD), known to be involved in nighttime transitory starch degradation, was investigated. Other enzymes, such as β-amylase 1 (BAM1) and α-amylase 3 (AMY3), were demonstrated to be involved in diurnal transitory starch degradation in specialized cells or under stress conditions. Here, we demonstrated that carbon skeletons deriving from BAM1 diurnal degradation of transitory starch support the biosynthesis of proline, a compatible solute, required to face osmotic stress. Moreover, the behaviour of Arabidopsis BAM1 and AMY3 enzymes under oxidative treatments and the possible role of glutathionylation, a redox post-translational modification occurring mainly under stress conditions and promoted by ROS, were investigated. AtBAM1 and AtAMY3 were found to be sensitive to oxidants and glutathionylated, with a modulatory and protective effect on protein activity.
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Chávez, Martínez Ángel de Jesús. "Altered Levels of Glycosylated Sterols Affect Tomato Development and Stress Response." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673610.

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Los esteroles son una familia de compuestos triterpénicos que se presentan en forma libre (FS, por sus siglas en inglés) o conjugada, como ésteres (SE), glicósidos (SG) y acilglicósidos de esteroles (ASG). Los esteroles glicosilados (SG y ASG) y los FS son componentes de la membrana celular, donde en combinación con otros lípidos unidos a la membrana juegan un papel clave en la modulación de sus propiedades y función. Las esterol glicosiltransferasas (SGT) catalizan la glicosilación del grupo hidroxilo en la posición C-3 de los FS para producir SGs. Trabajos previos realizados en nuestro grupo de investigación han demostrado que la familia de genes SGT en tomate consta de 4 miembros (SlSGT1-4) los cuales se expresan diferencialmente. Siendo SlSGT1 el gen más expresado en los diferentes órganos del tomate, mientras que la expresión del gen SlSGT4 es apenas detectable en condiciones basales, pero se regula positivamente en respuesta a diferentes estímulos de estrés. Aunque las cuatro SlSGT codifican enzimas SlSGT funcionales, la contribución individual de cada isoforma al perfil de esteroles glicosilados, así como el impacto de una composición alterada de estos esteroles conjugados en plantas de tomate, están lejos de comprenderse. En este proyecto de tesis investigamos como los niveles alterados de esteroles glicosilados, obtenidos por silenciamiento de la expresión de SlSGT1 mediada por microARN artificial o sobreexpresión de SlSGT4 afectan el crecimiento y desarrollo del tomate y su respuesta al estrés. En el estado vegetativo, el silenciamiento de SlSGT1 dio como resultado un fenotipo pleiotrópico caracterizado por plantas más cortas y con menor área foliar. También se observó una deducción del tamaño de los frutos. En ambos casos, las alteraciones fenotípicas se asociaron a una disminución en el contenido de esteroles glicosilados, debido principalmente a una disminución en los niveles de SG, la cual fue paralela a una acumulación de FS. Por otro lado, los resultados obtenidos sugieren cierta preferencia de SlSGT1 por el estigmasterol como sustrato para la glicosilación, y demuestran que está isoforma de SGT de tomate no está involucrada en la síntesis de glicoalcaloides esteroideos (SGA), un tipo de metabolitos especializados que participan en la respuesta de defensa de las plantas. También se estudió la respuesta de las plantas silenciadas SlSGT1 al estrés biótico (infección por Botrytis cinerea) y abiótico (frio), y se observó una mayor resistencia a la infección por B. cinera, pero una menor tolerancia al estrés por frio. Estos resultados demuestran que los SG juegan un papel en el desarrollo de las plantas y frutos de tomate, así como en la respuesta al estrés. Para entender mejor los mecanismos moleculares que conllevan a estos efectos fisiológicos, se realizaron experimentos de secuenciación de ARN (RNA-seq) en hojas y frutos de las líneas silenciadas SlSGT1, los resultados de este análisis muestran una regulación negativa de varios genes involucrados en los procesos de desarrollo y respuesta a diferentes estímulos que podrían ayudar a explicar algunos de los fenotipos observados. Además, generamos plantas transgénicas de tomate sobreexpresando constitutivamente SlSGT4. Sorprendentemente, los niveles de esteroles glicosilados en estas líneas transgénicas fueron más bajos que en las plantas de tipo silvestre, probablemente como resultado de una reducción en los niveles de SlSGT1 concomitantes detectados en estas líneas. La caracterización fenotípica de estas plantas mostró que los cambios en la expresión de SlSGT4, como los observados en el silenciamiento de SlSGT1, afectan el crecimiento de las plantas y frutos de tomate, pero también la producción y germinación de semillas. En conjunto los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo muestran evidencias contundentes del importante papel que juegan los esteroles glicosilados en el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas y los frutos de tomate, así como en la respuesta de las plantas a estreses bióticos y abióticos, y sienta las bases para futuros estudios dirigidos a comprender con más detalle los mecanismos moleculares por los cuales los esteroles glicosilados afectan estos procesos fisiológicos.
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Pomeranz, Marcelo Christian. "The Role of the AtTZF1 Tandem CCCH Zinc Finger Gene in Plant Growth, Development, and Stress Response." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1299525118.

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7

Litholdo, Junior Celso Gaspar. "Characterisation of microRNA gene families in Arabidopsis." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/12056.

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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNA, that guide RNA silencing of a complementary target mRNA. MiRNAs have been shown to act as post-transcriptional regulators, directing several essential processes in the plant. Despite the importance of miRNAs, the functions of many remain poorly characterized. During my research, two uncharacterised MIR gene families, one conserved and one non-conserved, were investigated. The hypothesis that highly conserved miRNAs regulate architectural and developmental processes while newly evolving miRNAs regulate temporal responses to environmental stresses is examined. The non-conserved MICRORNA163 (MIR163) has recently evolved by gene duplication events in the genus Arabidopsis. It was shown that miR163 regulates the expression of the S-ADENOSYL-METHYLTRANSFERASE (SAMT) family. Hormone treatment, fungal infection, wounding and herbivory each resulted in changes in miR163 and SAMT gene expression, indicating that this miRNA/target association is involved in stress adaptation responses. The highly conserved MIR394 family regulates the F-box protein gene LEAF CURLING RESPONSIVENESS (LCR) and disruption in the miR394/LCR association leads to developmental alterations in leaf polarity and shoot apical meristem organisation. Proteomic analyses identified MAJOR LATEX PROTEINS (MLPs) as probable targets of LCR F-box regulation, suggesting that the biological role of miR394 is to ensure de-repressed expression of MLPs in the shoot apical meristem, and that this is required for the stem cell homeostasis during normal development.
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Prenger, Jessica J. "Development of a Plant Response Feedback Irrigation Control System Based on Crop Water Stress Index and Evapotranspiration Modeling." The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1419601844.

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Frietsch, Sabine. "The role of Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels (CNGC) in plant development and stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana." [S.l. : s.n.], 2006.

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Davies, Huw Alun. "A family of glycoproteins from the petioles of Brassica campestris with potential roles in plant development and stress responses." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317996.

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Книги з теми "Plant development and stress response"

1

Sunkar, Ramanjulu, ed. MicroRNAs in Plant Development and Stress Responses. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27384-1.

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Egamberdieva, Dilfuza, and Parvaiz Ahmad, eds. Plant Microbiome: Stress Response. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5514-0.

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Tenhunen, John D., Fernando M. Catarino, Otto L. Lange, and Walter C. Oechel, eds. Plant Response to Stress. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70868-8.

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International Conference on Plants and Environmental Pollution (2nd 2002 Lucknow, India). Plant response to environmental stress. Edited by Tripathi R. D, International Society of Environmental Botanists (Lucknow, India), and National Botanical Research Institute (India). Lucknow: International Book Distributing Co., 2006.

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5

Turkan, Ismail. Plant responses to drought and salinity stress: Developments in a post-genomic era. Oxford: Academic, 2011.

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6

Jones, C. Allan. C4 grasses andcereals: Growth, development, and stress response. New York: Wiley, 1985.

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7

Hossain, Mohammad Anwar, Mohammad Golam Mostofa, Pedro Diaz-Vivancos, David J. Burritt, Masayuki Fujita, and Lam-Son Phan Tran, eds. Glutathione in Plant Growth, Development, and Stress Tolerance. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66682-2.

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Jenks, Matthew A. Genes for plant abiotic stress. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.

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9

1946-, Tenhunen John D., and North Atlantic Treaty Organization, eds. Plant response to stress: Functional analysis in Mediterranean ecosystems. Berlin: Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division [by] Springer-Verlag, 1987.

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10

C₄ grasses and cereals: Growth, development, and stress response. New York: Wiley, 1985.

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Частини книг з теми "Plant development and stress response"

1

Yadav, Amita, Gunaseelen Hari-Gowthem, Mehanathan Muthamilarasan, and Manoj Prasad. "Regulation of Development and Stress Response by miRNAs." In Compendium of Plant Genomes, 137–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65617-5_11.

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Parmar, Hemangini, Ajay Kumar Venkatapuram, Afreen Rashid, K. Sangeetha, Sahil Mehta, Malireddy K. Reddy, Anjana Goel, and V. Mohan M. Achary. "Portfolio of Drought Stress Response and Genetic Enhancement Strategies for Development of Future Drought-Tolerant Crop." In Plant Stress Mitigators, 515–39. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7759-5_24.

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Laohavisit, Anuphon, and Julia M. Davies. "Ion Channels in Plant Development." In Ion Channels and Plant Stress Responses, 69–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10494-7_4.

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Naithani, Sushma, Hiro Nonogaki, and Pankaj Jaiswal. "Exploring Crossroads Between Seed Development and Stress Response." In Mechanism of Plant Hormone Signaling under Stress, 415–54. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118889022.ch32.

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Khan, Nazish Huma, Mohammad Nafees, Fazli Zuljalal, and Tooba Saeed. "Auxin's Role in Plant Development in Response to Stress." In Engineering Tolerance in Crop Plants Against Abiotic Stress, 209–24. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003160717-10.

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Kumar, Smita, and Prabodh Kumar Trivedi. "Genomics of Arsenic Stress Response in Plants." In Sustainable Development and Biodiversity, 231–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91956-0_10.

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Chronopoulou, Evangelia, Nikolaos Georgakis, Irini Nianiou-Obeidat, Panagiotis Madesis, Fereniki Perperopoulou, Fotini Pouliou, Eleni Vasilopoulou, Elisavet Ioannou, Farid S. Ataya, and Nikolaos E. Labrou. "Plant Glutathione Transferases in Abiotic Stress Response and Herbicide Resistance." In Glutathione in Plant Growth, Development, and Stress Tolerance, 215–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66682-2_10.

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Schommer, Carla, Edgardo G. Bresso, Silvana V. Spinelli, and Javier F. Palatnik. "Role of MicroRNA miR319 in Plant Development." In MicroRNAs in Plant Development and Stress Responses, 29–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27384-1_2.

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Balko, Chr, and S. Seddig. "Characterization of Different Potato Idiotypes in Response to Drought Stress." In Developments in Plant Breeding, 235–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0966-6_35.

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Martin, Ruth C., Cristina Martínez-Andújar, and Hiro Nonogaki. "Role of miRNAs in Seed Development." In MicroRNAs in Plant Development and Stress Responses, 109–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27384-1_6.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Plant development and stress response"

1

Coker, Zachary, Vladislav Yakovlev, Maria Troyanova-Wood, Kassie Marble, and Narangerel Altangerel. "Dual Raman-Brillouin spectroscopic investigation of plant stress response and development." In Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy 2018: Advances in Research and Industry, edited by Anita Mahadevan-Jansen and Wolfgang Petrich. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2291842.

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"Study of the role of Arabidopsis thaliana RNA-polymerase with dual-targeting RPOTmp in plant early development and stress response." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2019-063.

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Korobov, V. A., D. O. Morozov, and V. V. Bukreev. "STRESS REACTION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS ON CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PESTICIDES." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS. DSTU-PRINT, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.1.164-167.

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A comparative assessment of the stress reactions of potato, soybean, corn, barley, table beet, sunflower, cucumber, tomato, zucchini, pumpkin on the use of chemical and biological pesticides in field experiments was carried out. It was found that soy, barley and table beet showed a strong stress response to chemical pesticides.Biological pesticides separately and in combination with chemical plant protection products caused mild and moderate stress in the studied cultures.A close correlation was revealed between plant stress from chemical pesticides and changes in crop productivity.
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Jessica J. Prenger, Peter P. Ling, Harold M. Keener, and and Robert C. Hansen. "Development of a Plant Response Feedback Irrigation Control System Based on Crop Water Stress Index." In 2004, Ottawa, Canada August 1 - 4, 2004. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.16752.

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MALINAUSKAITĖ, Regina, and Edvardas KAZLAUSKAS. "INVESTIGATION OF SOW LENTIL REACTION TO IONIZED ALKALINE WATER DURING EARLY STAGES OF ONTOGENESIS." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.020.

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Plant physiological processes related to plant growth and development strongly depends on the environmental stress factors. Response to stress appears as a complex of different reactions with a particular feedback on plants. Influence of ionized alkaline water to sow lentil physiological reactions was investigated by analyzing changes in biomass accumulation, assimilates partitioning and pigment content. Ionized alkaline water at (8.4 pH) was applied during 6–7 and 8–9 leaves development stage. According to experiment results, at the latest stage of investigation, ionized alkaline water increased lens dry matter content more than 1.44 times. During experimental time increase in dry matter content was 13.96 %, when control plants gained only 3.47 %. Ionized alkaline water application resulted in 8.58 % significantly higher root dry matter content compare to control variant. Results of our experiment revealed the significant effect of ionized alkaline water to chlorophyll content. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in control plants had a tendency to decline, whereas in experimental variant with ionized water, increase in pigment concentration was observed.
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Bache, Martin R., and W. John Evans. "Dwell Sensitive Fatigue Response of Titanium Alloys for Power Plant Applications." In ASME Turbo Expo 2001: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2001-gt-0424.

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The phenomenon of “dwell sensitivity” in the α+β and near α titanium alloys and the intrinsic relationship with quasi-cleavage facet formation is discussed. In the present paper, particular emphasis is placed upon the role of “cold creep” and ambient temperature strain accumulation under cyclic loading. A process of stress redistribution between microstructurally distinct regions that demonstrate different strengths is proposed as the fundamental cause of facet development and subsequent dwell failures. A model to describe the redistribution process is validated through a matrix of fatigue testing designed to assess the effects of microstructural form, stress axiality and periods of dwell loading at peak stress on cyclic strain accumulation.
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Shibamoto, Hiroshi, Hideaki Nagashima, Kazuhiko Inoue, Naoto Kasahara, Masakazu Jimbo, and Ichiro Furuhashi. "Development of Guidelines for Thermal Load Modeling." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71630.

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Conceptual design studies of Japanese commercialized fast reactors are now carried out as “Feasibility Study on Commercialized FR Cycle Systems”. Aiming for economical improvement, these plants adopt innovative design, which leads to make thermal loads more severe. To certify the design concepts and validate structural integrity, research and development of Fast Reactor Structural Design Standard (FDS) for commercialized fast reactor components is now under way. Among them, a set of guidelines for thermal load modeling is under development to overcome above thermal problems. System thermal transient loads sometimes become critical for plant design. Prediction of these loads has difficulties because many influence factors exist. So that, two kinds of modeling methods are recommended. One is the multi-linear approximation method to envelop scatter of those factors. Another is a combination method of thermal hydraulic-structure total analysis and the Design of Experiments. This method can grasp relation between influence factors and induced thermal stress without conservative design factors. Furthermore, screening method prior to modeling is provided. In actual plants, high cycle fatigue failure sometimes occurred, due to thermal striping phenomenon. The guidelines also deal with the modeling method of thermal striping loads. For consideration of attenuation mechanism of temperature fluctuation, a frequency response function of thermal stress is utilized. This function enables us to evaluate sensitivities of thermal stress to frequencies of temperature fluctuation, constraint conditions of components etc.
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Dikarev, A. V. "Assessment of the response of four spring barley varieties to the toxic effects of cadmium according to physiological, biochemical and morphometric parameters throughout the plant’s life cycle." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-87.

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At our previous laboratory experiments, it was found that different spring barley varieties have some different reactions to the cadmium stress at the morphologic, cytogenetic and biochemical levels of plants organization. Thus, the goal of the current work was to assess the reliability of the previous results at full vegetation cycle of plant. The experiment was carried out on the loamy soil with four contrasting at its reactions to the cadmium barley varieties. Cadmium tolerant varieties demonstrated significantly higher values of productivity (e.g. straw, in this case, weighted four times more) and had a less amounts of Cd2+ accumulated at tissues (1.2–2.5 times) in contrast to sensitive ones, which, in fact, gave no harvest at Cd2+pollution at a rate of 50 mg/kg. The identified polymorphism of barley varieties in terms of resistance is maintained throughout the plant’s life cycle.
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Lutz, Robert J., and Robert P. Prior. "Comparison of Fukushima Response in the United States and Europe." In 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone24-60101.

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The accident at the three reactor units at Fukushima Daiichi showed weaknesses in the plant coping capability for beyond design basis accidents caused by extreme external events. The weaknesses included plant design features, accident management procedures and guidance, and offsite emergency response. As a result, significant changes to plant coping capability have been made to light water reactors worldwide to enhance the coping capabilities for beyond design basis accidents. However, the response in the United States has been significantly different from that in Europe in a number of ways. In the United States, the regulator and the industry convened separate expert panels to review the Fukushima accident and make recommendations for enhancements. On the regulatory side, a series of three Orders were issued and that required the implementation of certain enhancements (Mitigation strategies, hardened vents for certain BWRs, spent fuel pool level indication) to ensure adequate protection for the health and safety of the public. Other enhancements were subject to the “Backfit Rule” which requires that changes to regulatory requirements be shown to be cost beneficial using accepted methodologies. Simultaneously, the industry took independent steps to develop a diverse and flexible coping strategies (known as FLEX) and other enhancements. The focus in the United States was clearly on enhancements to guarantee continued core, containment and spent fuel pool cooling in the event of beyond design basis accidents, particularly those resulting from extreme external events. In Europe, the regulatory agencies ordered the development and completion of “Stress Tests” for each reactor site. These Stress Tests were focused on identifying the capability of the plant and its staff to respond to increasingly severe external events. The Stress Tests not only examined the ability to maintain core, containment and spent fuel pool cooling but also the ability to mitigate the consequences of accidents that progress to core damage (i.e., a severe accident). Regulatory requirements were then issued by the national regulators that addressed the weaknesses identified from the Stress Tests. While many of the enhancements to the plant coping capability were similar to those in the United States, significant hardware enhancements were also required to reduce the consequences of core damage accidents including hydrogen control and containment filtered venting. Finally, most European regulators also include severe accident management guidance (SAMG) as a regulatory requirement. In the United States, SAMG will be maintained as a voluntary industry commitment that is subject to regulatory oversight review.
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Wright, Jessica A., Michael W. Ellis, David A. Dillard, Scott W. Case, Robert B. Moore, Yongqiang Li, Yeh-Hung Lai, and Craig S. Gittleman. "Development and Validation of a Non-Linear Viscoelastic Viscoplastic Stress Model for a PFCB/PVDF Fuel Cell Membrane." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-85427.

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Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) in operating fuel cells are subjected to varying thermal and hygral loads while under mechanical constraint imposed within the compressed stack. Swelling during hygrothermal cycles can result in residual in-plane tensile stresses in the membrane and lead to mechanical degradation or failure through thinning or pinhole development. Numerical models can predict the stresses resulting from applied loads based on material characteristics, thus helping to guide the development of more durable membrane materials. In this work, a non-linear viscoelastic stress model based on the Schapery constitutive formulation is used with a Zapas-Crissman viscoplastic term to describe the response of a novel membrane material comprised of a blend of perfluorocyclobutane (PFCB) ionomer and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). Uniaxial creep and recovery tests are used to establish the time dependent linear viscoelastic modulus as well as the fitting parameters for the non-linear viscoelastic viscoplastic model. The stress model is implemented in a commercial finite element code, Abaqus®, to predict the response of a membrane subjected to mechanical loads. The stress model is validated by comparing predicted and experimental responses for membranes subjected to stress relaxation and multiple step creep loads in uniaxial tension.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Plant development and stress response"

1

Mosquna, Assaf, and Sean Cutler. Systematic analyses of the roles of Solanum Lycopersicum ABA receptors in environmental stress and development. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604266.bard.

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Drought and other abiotic stresses have major negative effects on agricultural productivity. The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates many responses to environmental stresses and can be used to improve crop performance under stress. ABA levels rise in response to diverse abiotic stresses to coordinate physiological and metabolic responses that help plants survive stressful environments. In all land plants, ABA receptors are responsible for initiating a signaling cascade that leads to stomata closure, growth arrest and large-scale changes in transcript levels required for stress tolerance. We wanted to test the meaning of root derived ABA signaling in drying soil on water balance. To this end we generated transgenic tomato lines in which ABA signaling is initiated by a synthetic agonist- mandipropamid. Initial study using a Series of grafting experiments indicate that that root ABA signaling has no effect on the immediate regulation of stomata aperture. Once concluded, these experiments will enable us to systematically dissect the physiological role of root-shoot interaction in maintaining the water balance in plants and provide new tools for targeted improvement of abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants.
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Fromm, Hillel, and Joe Poovaiah. Calcium- and Calmodulin-Mediated Regulation of Plant Responses to Stress. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568096.bard.

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We have taken a molecular approach to clone cellular targets of calcium/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM). A 35S-labeled recombinant CaM was used as a probe to screen various cDNA expression libraries. One of the isolated clones from petunia codes for the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) which catalyzes the conversion of glutamate to g-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The activity of plant GAD has been shown to be dramatically enhanced in response to cold and heat shock, anoxia, drought, mechanical manipulations and by exogenous application of the stress phytohormone ABA in wheat roots. We have purified the recombinant GAD by CaM-affinity chromatography and studied its regulation by Ca2+/CaM. At a physiological pH range (7.0-7.5), the purified enzyme was inactive in the absence of Ca2+ and CaM but could be stimulated to high levels of activity by the addition of exogenous CaM (K0.5 = 15 nM) in the presence of Ca2+ (K 0.5 = 0.8 mM). Neither Ca2+ nor CaM alone had any effect on GAD activity. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing a mutant petunia GAD lacking the CaM-binding domain, or transgenic plants expressing the intact GAD were prepared and studied in detail. We have shown that the CaM-binding domain is necessary for the regulation of glutamate and GABA metabolism and for normal plant development. Moreover, we found that CaM is tightly associated with a 500 kDa GAD complex. The tight association of CaM with its target may be important for the rapid modulation of GAD activity by Ca2+ signaling in response to stresses.
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Bray, Elizabeth, Zvi Lerner, and Alexander Poljakoff-Mayber. The Role of Phytohormones in the Response of Plants to Salinity Stress. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7613007.bard.

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Salinity is an increasing problem in many irrigated areas of crop production and is a significant factor in reducing crop productivity. Developmental, physiological, and molecular responses to salinity were studied in order to improve our understanding of these responses. Improvements in our understanding of plant responses to salinity are necessary in order to develop crops with improved salt tolerance. Previously, in Israel, it was shown that Sorghum biccolor can adapt to an otherwise lethal concentration of NaCl. These experiments were refined and it was shown that there is a specific window of development in which this adaption can occur. Past the window of development, Sorghum plants can not be adapted. In addition, the ability to adapt is not present in all genotypes of Sorghum. Cultivars that adapt have an increased coefficient of variation for many of the physiological parameters measured during the mid-phase of adaptation. Therefore, it is possible that the adaptation process does not occur identically in the entire population. A novel gene was identified, isolated and characterized from Sorghum that is induced in roots in response to salinity. This gene is expressed in roots in response to salt treatments, but it is not salt-induced in leaves. In leaves, the gene is expressed without a salt treatment. The gene encodes a proline-rich protein with a novel proline repeat, PEPK, repeated more than 50 times. An antibody produced to the PEPK repeat was used to show that the PEPK protein is present in the endodermal cell wall of the root during salt treatments. In the leaves, the protein is also found predominantly in the cell wall and is present mainly in the mesophyll cells. It is proposed that this protein is involved in the maintenance of solute concentration.
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Miller, Gad, and Jeffrey F. Harper. Pollen fertility and the role of ROS and Ca signaling in heat stress tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598150.bard.

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The long-term goal of this research is to understand how pollen cope with stress, and identify genes that can be manipulated in crop plants to improve reproductive success during heat stress. The specific aims were to: 1) Compare heat stress dependent changes in gene expression between wild type pollen, and mutants in which pollen are heat sensitive (cngc16) or heat tolerant (apx2-1). 2) Compare cngc16 and apx2 mutants for differences in heat-stress triggered changes in ROS, cNMP, and Ca²⁺ transients. 3) Expand a mutant screen for pollen with increased or decreased thermo-tolerance. These aims were designed to provide novel and fundamental advances to our understanding of stress tolerance in pollen reproductive development, and enable research aimed at improving crop plants to be more productive under conditions of heat stress. Background: Each year crop yields are severely impacted by a variety of stress conditions, including heat, cold, drought, hypoxia, and salt. Reproductive development in flowering plants is highly sensitive to hot or cold temperatures, with even a single hot day or cold night sometimes being fatal to reproductive success. In many plants, pollen tube development and fertilization is often the weakest link. Current speculation about global climate change is that most agricultural regions will experience more extreme environmental fluctuations. With the human food supply largely dependent on seeds, it is critical that we consider ways to improve stress tolerance during fertilization. The heat stress response (HSR) has been intensively studied in vegetative tissues, but is poorly understood during reproductive development. A general paradigm is that HS is accompanied by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induction of ROS-scavenging enzymes to protect cells from excess oxidative damage. The activation of the HSR has been linked to cytosolic Ca²⁺ signals, and transcriptional and translational responses, including the increased expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and antioxidative pathways. The focus of the proposed research was on two mutations, which have been discovered in a collaboration between the Harper and Miller labs, that either increase or decrease reproductive stress tolerance in a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana (i.e., cngc16--cyclic nucleotide gated channel 16, apx2-1--ascorbate peroxidase 2,). Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. Using RNA-seq technology, the expression profiles of cngc16 and apx2 pollen grains were independently compared to wild type under favourable conditions and following HS. In comparison to a wild type HSR, there were 2,776 differences in the transcriptome response in cngc16 pollen, consistent with a model in which this heat-sensitive mutant fails to enact or maintain a normal wild-type HSR. In a comparison with apx2 pollen, there were 900 differences in the HSR. Some portion of these 900 differences might contribute to an improved HSR in apx2 pollen. Twenty-seven and 42 transcription factor changes, in cngc16 and apx2-1, respectively, were identified that could provide unique contributions to a pollen HSR. While we found that the functional HS-dependent reprogramming of the pollen transcriptome requires specific activity of CNGC16, we identified in apx2 specific activation of flavonol-biosynthesis pathway and auxin signalling that support a role in pollen thermotolerance. Results from this study have identified metabolic pathways and candidate genes of potential use in improving HS tolerance in pollen. Additionally, we developed new FACS-based methodology that can quantify the stress response for individual pollen in a high-throughput fashion. This technology is being adapted for biological screening of crop plant’s pollen to identify novel thermotolerance traits. Implications, both scientific and agricultural. This study has provided a reference data on the pollen HSR from a model plant, and supports a model that the HSR in pollen has many differences compared to vegetative cells. This provides an important foundation for understanding and improving the pollen HSR, and therefor contributes to the long-term goal of improving productivity in crop plants subjected to temperature stress conditions. A specific hypothesis that has emerged from this study is that pollen thermotolerance can be improved by increasing flavonol accumulation before or during a stress response. Efforts to test this hypothesis have been initiated, and if successful have the potential for application with major seed crops such as maize and rice.
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Chamovitz, Daniel A., and Albrecht G. Von Arnim. eIF3 Complexes and the eIF3e Subunit in Arabidopsis Development and Translation Initiation. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696545.bard.

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The original working hypothesis of our proposal was that The “e” subunit of eIF3 has multiple functions from both within the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. Within this model, we further hypothesized that the “e” subunit of eIF3 functions in translation as a repressor. We proposed to test these hypotheses along the following specific aims: 1) Determine the subcellular localization of the interaction between eIF3e and other eIF3 subunits, or the COP9 signalosome. 2) Elucidate the biological significance of the varied subcellular localizations of eIF3e through generating Arabidopsis eIF3e alleles with altered subcellular localization. 3.) Purify different eIF3e complexes by tandem affinity purification (TAP). 4) Study the role of eIF3e in translational repression using both in vitro and in planta assays. eIF3 is an evolutionarily ancient and essential component of the translational apparatus in both the plant and animal kingdoms. eIF3 is the largest, and in some ways the most mysterious, of the translation factors. It is a multi-subunit protein complex that has a structural/scaffolding role in translation initiation. However, despite years of study, only recently have differential roles for eIF3 in the developmental regulation of translation been experimentally grounded. Furthermore, the roles of individual eIF3 subunits are not clear, and indeed some, such as the “e” subunit may have roles independent of translation initiation. The original three goals of the proposal were technically hampered by a finding that became evident during the course of the research – Any attempt to make transgenic plants that expressed eIF3e wt or eIF3e variants resulted in seedling lethality or seed inviability. That is, it was impossible to regenerate any transgenic plants that expressed eIF3e. We did manage to generate plants that expressed an inducible form of eIF3e. This also eventually led to lethality, but was very useful in elucidating the 4th goal of the research (Yahalom et al., 2008), where we showed, for the first time in any organism, that eIF3e has a repressory role in translation. In attempt to solve the expression problems, we also tried expression from the native promoter, and as such analyzed this promoter in transgenic plants (Epel, 2008). As such, several additional avenues were pursued. 1) We investigated protein-protein interactions of eIF3e (Paz-Aviram et al., 2008). 2) The results from goal #4 led to a novel hypothesis that the interaction of eIF3e and the CSN meets at the control of protein degradation of nascent proteins. In other words, that the block in translation seen in csn and eIF3e-overexpressing plants (Yahalom et al., 2008) leads to proteasome stress. Indeed we showed that both over expression of eIF3e and the csn mutants lead to the unfolded protein response. 3) We further investigated the role of an additional eIF3 subunit, eIF3h, in transalational regulation in the apical meristem (Zhou et al., 2009). Epel, A. (2008). Characterization of eIF3e in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. In Plant Sciences (Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv University). Paz-Aviram, T., Yahalom, A., and Chamovitz, D.A. (2008). Arabidopsis eIF3e interacts with subunits of the ribosome, Cop9 signalosome and proteasome. Plant Signaling and Behaviour 3, 409-411. Yahalom, A., Kim, T.H., Roy, B., Singer, R., von Arnim, A.G., and Chamovitz, D.A. (2008). Arabidopsis eIF3e is regulated by the COP9 signalosome and has an impact on development and protein translation. Plant J 53, 300-311. Zhou, F., Dunlap, J.R., and von Arnim, A.G. The translation initiation factor subunit eIF3h is .1 involved in Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem maintenance and auxin response. (submitted to Development).
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Lers, Amnon, and Pamela J. Green. Analysis of Small RNAs Associated with Plant Senescence. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593393.bard.

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Senescence is an agriculturally significant process due to its negative impact to crop yield and postharvest quality. The genetic regulatory systems controlling senescence induction and progress respond to both developmental and environmental stress signals and involve numerous gene expression changes. Knowledge about the key molecular factors which control senescence is very limited. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small RNAs which typically function by guiding cleavage of target messenger RNAs. They have been shown to play major roles in a variety of plant processes including development, responses to environmental stresses, and senescence. The long-term goal of this work is to elucidate roles of small RNAs associated with plant senescence. The hypothesis underlying this research is that miRNA-mediated regulation makes important contributions to the senescence process in plants. Specific, original research objectives included: 1) Profiling of small RNAs from senescing plants; 2) Data Analysis and public access via a user-friendly web interface; 3) Validation of senescence-associated miRNAs and target RNAs; 4) Development of transgenic plants for functional analysis of miRNAs in Arabidopsis. Major revisions made in the research compared to the original work plan included 1) Exclusion of the planned work with tomato as recommended by the BARD review panel; 2) Performing miRNA study also in senescing Arabidopsis siliques, in addition to senescing leaves. To identify senescenceregulation of miRNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana, eight small RNA libraries were constructed and sequenced at four different stages of development and senescence from both leaves and siliques, resulting in more than 200 million genome-matched sequences. Parallel Analysis of RNA Ends (PARE) libraries, which enable the large-scale examination of miRNA-guided cleavage products, were also constructed and sequenced, resulting in over 750 million genome-matched sequences. These massive datasets lead to the identification of new miRNAs, as well as new regulation of known miRNAs and their target genes during senescence, many of which have established roles in nutrient responsiveness and cell structural integrity. In keeping with remobilization of nutrients thought to occur during senescence, many miRNAs and targets had opposite expression pattern changes between leaf and silique tissues during the progression of senescence. Taken together, these findings highlight the integral role that miRNAs may play in the remobilization of resources and alteration of cellular structure that is known to occur in senescence. Experiments were initiated for functional analysis of specific senescence-associated miRNAs and respective target genes. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants were generated in which miR408, found in this study to be significantly induced in leaf senescence, was over-expressed either constitutively or under a senescence-specific promoter. These plants are currently being characterized for any altered phenotypes. In addition T-DNA knock out mutants for various target genes identified in this research are being analyzed. This work provides insights about specific miRNAs that contribute to leaf and silique senescence. The knowledge generated may suggest new strategies to monitor and alter the progression of senescence in crops for agricultural improvement.
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7

Horwitz, Benjamin A., and Barbara Gillian Turgeon. Fungal Iron Acquisition, Oxidative Stress and Virulence in the Cochliobolus-maize Interaction. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7709885.bard.

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Our project focused on genes for high affinity iron acquisition in Cochliobolus heterostrophus, a necrotrophic pathogen of maize, and their intertwined relationship to oxidative stress status and virulence of the fungus on the host. An intriguing question was why mutants lacking the nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene (NPS6) responsible for synthesis of the extracellular siderophore, coprogen, are sensitive to oxidative stress. Our overall objective was to understand the mechanistic connection between iron stress and oxidative stress as related to virulence of a plant pathogen to its host. The first objective was to examine the interface where small molecule peptide and reactive oxygen species (ROS) mechanisms overlap. The second objective was to determine if the molecular explanation for common function is common signal transduction pathways. These pathways, built around sensor kinases, response regulators, and transcription factors may link sequestering of iron, production of antioxidants, resistance to oxidative stress, and virulence. We tested these hypotheses by genetic manipulation of the pathogen, virulence assays on the host plant, and by following the expression of key fungal genes. An addition to the original program, made in the first year, was to develop, for fungi, a genetically encoded indicator of redox state based on the commercially available Gfp-based probe pHyper, designed for animal cell biology. We implemented several tools including a genetically encoded indicator of redox state, a procedure to grow iron-depleted plants, and constructed a number of new mutants in regulatory genes. Lack of the major Fe acquisition pathways results in an almost completely avirulent phenotype, showing how critical Fe acquisition is for the pathogen to cause disease. Mutants in conserved signaling pathways have normal ability to regulate NPS6 in response to Fe levels, as do mutants in Lae1 and Vel1, two master regulators of gene expression. Vel1 mutants are sensitive to oxidative stress, and the reason may be underexpression of a catalase gene. In nps6 mutants, CAT3 is also underexpressed, perhaps explaining the sensitivity to oxidative stress. We constructed a deletion mutant for the Fe sensor-regulator SreA and found that it is required for down regulation of NPS6 under Fe-replete conditions. Lack of SreA, though, did not make the fungus over-sensitive to ROS, though the mutant had a slow growth rate. This suggests that overproduction of siderophore under Fe-replete conditions is not very damaging. On the other hand, increasing Fe levels protected nps6 mutants from inhibition by ROS, implying that Fe-catalyzed Fenton reactions are not the main factor in its sensitivity to ROS. We have made some progress in understanding why siderophore mutants are sensitive to oxidative stress, and in doing so, defined some novel regulatory relationships. Catalase genes, which are not directly related to siderophore biosynthesis, are underexpressed in nps6 mutants, suggesting that the siderophore product (with or without bound Fe) may act as a signal. Siderophores, therefore, could be a target for intervention in the field, either by supplying an incorrect signal or blocking a signal normally provided during infection. We already know that nps6 mutants cause smaller lesions and have difficulty establishing invasive growth in the host. Lae1 and Vel1 are the first factors shown to regulate both super virulence conferred by T-toxin, and basic pathogenicity, due to unknown factors. The mutants are also altered in oxidative stress responses, key to success in the infection court, asexual and sexual development, essential for fungal dissemination in the field, aerial hyphal growth, and pigment biosynthesis, essential for survival in the field. Mutants in genes encoding NADPH oxidase (Nox) are compromised in development and virulence. Indeed the triple mutant, which should lack all Nox activity, was nearly avirulent. Again, gene expression experiments provided us with initial evidence that superoxide produced by the fungus may be most important as a signal. Blocking oxidant production by the pathogen may be a way to protect the plant host, in interactions with necrotrophs such as C. heterostrophus which seem to thrive in an oxidant environment.
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8

Fromm, Hillel, Paul Michael Hasegawa, and Aaron Fait. Calcium-regulated Transcription Factors Mediating Carbon Metabolism in Response to Drought. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699847.bard.

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Original objectives: The long-term goal of the proposed research is to elucidate the transcription factors, genes and metabolic networks involved in carbon metabolism and partitioning in response to water deficit. The proposed research focuses on the GTLcalcium/calmodulinbindingTFs and the gene and metabolic networks modulated by these TFs in Arabidopsis thaliana. The specific objectives are as follows. Objective-1 (USA): Physiological analyses of GTL1 loss- and gain-of-function plants under water sufficient and drought stress conditions Objective 2 (USA / Israel-TAU): Characterizion of GTL target genes and bioinformatic analysis of data to eulcidate gene-network topology. Objective-3 (Israel-TAU): Regulation of GTLmediated transcription by Ca²⁺/calmodulin: mechanism and biological significance. Objective-4 (Israel-BGU): Metabolic networks and carbon partitioning in response to drought. Additional direction: In the course of the project we added another direction, which was reported in the 2nd annual report, to elucidate genes controlling drought avoidance. The TAU team has isolated a few unhydrotropic (hyd) mutants and are in the process of mapping these mutations (of hyd13 and hyd15; see last year's report for a description of these mutants under salt stress) in the Arabidopsis genome by map-based cloning and deep sequencing. For this purpose, each hyd mutant was crossed with a wild type plant of the Landsberg ecotype, and at the F2 stage, 500-700 seedlings showing the unhydrotropic phenotype were collected separately and pooled DNA samples were subkected to the Illumina deep sequencing technology. Bioinformatics were used to identify the exact genomic positions of the mutations (based on a comparison of the genomic sequences of the two Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes (Columbia and Landsberg). Background: To feed the 9 billion people or more, expected to live on Earth by the mid 21st century, the production of high-quality food must increase substantially. Based on a 2009 Declaration of the World Summit on Food Security, a target of 70% more global food production by the year 2050 was marked, an unprecedented food-production growth rate. Importantly, due to the larger areas of low-yielding land globally, low-yielding environments offer the greatest opportunity for substantial increases in global food production. Nowadays, 70% of the global available water is used by agriculture, and 40% of the world food is produced from irrigated soils. Therefore, much needs to be done towards improving the efficiency of water use by plants, accompanied by increased crop yield production under water-limiting conditions. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: We established that AtGTL1 (Arabidopsis thaliana GT-2 LIKE1) is a focal determinant in water deficit (drought) signaling and tolerance, and water use efficiency (WUE). The GTL1 transcription factor is an upstream regulator of stomatal development as a transrepressor of AtSDD1, which encodes a subtilisin protease that activates a MAP kinase pathway that negatively regulates stomatal lineage and density. GTL1 binds to the core GT3 cis-element in the SDD1 promoter and transrepresses its expression under water-sufficient conditions. GTL1 loss-of-function mutants have reduced stomatal number and transpiration, and enhanced drought tolerance and WUE. In this case, higher WUE under water sufficient conditions occurs without reduction in absolute biomass accumulation or carbon assimilation, indicating that gtl1-mediated effects on stomatal conductance and transpiration do not substantially affect CO₂ uptake. These results are proof-of-concept that fine-tuned regulation of stomatal density can result in drought tolerance and higher WUE with maintenance of yield stability. Implications: Accomplishments during the IS-4243-09R project provide unique tools for continued discovery research to enhance plant drought tolerance and WUE.
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9

Granot, David, and Noel Michelle Holbrook. Role of Fructokinases in the Development and Function of the Vascular System. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592125.bard.

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Plant vascular tissues are superhighways whose development and function have profound implications for productivity, yield and stress response. Preliminary studies by the PI indicated that sugar metabolism mediated by fructokinases (FRKs) has a pronounced effect on the transport properties of the xylem. The goal of this research was to determine how the main fructokinase gene, FRK2, and the only plastidic fructokinase, FRK3, influence vascular development and physiology, emphasizing processes that occur at both the cellular and organismic level. We found that both genes are expressed in vascular tissues, but FRK3 is expressed primarily in vascular tissues of mature petioles. Vascular anatomy of plants with antisense suppression of FRK2 uncovered that FRK2 is necessary for xylem and phloem development, most likely due to its role in vascular cell-wall synthesis, and affects vascular development all over the plant. As a result, suppression of FRK2 reduced hydraulic conductivity of roots, stem and leaves and restricted sugar phloem transport. Vascular anatomy of plants with RNAi suppression of FRK3 uncovered that FRK3 is required for vascular development in mature petiole but its role is partially complemented by FRK2. Suppression of FRK3 combined with partial suppression of FRK2 had effects completely different from that of FRK2 suppression, resulting in wilting of mature leaves rather than young leaves of FRK2 suppressed plants, and decreased export of photoassimilates. This primary effect of FRK2 suppression on mature petioles had a secondary effect, reducing the hydraulic conductivity in roots and stem. The very fact that a plastidic fructokinase plays a role in vascular development is quite surprising and we are still seeking to uncover its metabolic mode-of-action. Yet, it is clear that these two fructokinases have different roles in the coordination between photosynthetic capacity and vascular development. We have started analyzing the role of the last third FRK, FRK1, and discovered that it is also expressed exclusively in vascular tissues. It appears therefore, that all FRKs studied here are involved in vascular development. An interesting unexpected outcome of this study was the connection of FRK2 with hormonal regulation of vascular development, most likely auxin. This observation together with the yet to be solved questions on the exact roles of FRK3 are the subjects of our current efforts.
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10

Savaldi-Goldstein, Sigal, and Todd C. Mockler. Precise Mapping of Growth Hormone Effects by Cell-Specific Gene Activation Response. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699849.bard.

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Plant yield largely depends on a complex interplay and feedback mechanisms of distinct hormonal pathways. Over the past decade great progress has been made in elucidating the global molecular mechanisms by which each hormone is produced and perceived. However, our knowledge of how interactions between hormonal pathways are spatially and temporally regulated remains rudimentary. For example, we have demonstrated that although the BR receptor BRI1 is widely expressed, the perception of BRs in epidermal cells is sufficient to control whole-organ growth. Supported by additional recent works, it is apparent that hormones are acting in selected cells of the plant body to regulate organ growth, and furthermore, that local cell-cell communication is an important mechanism. In this proposal our goals were to identify the global profile of translated genes in response to BR stimulation and depletion in specific tissues in Arabidopsis; determine the spatio-temporal dependency of BR response on auxin transport and signaling and construct an interactive public website that will provide an integrated analysis of the data set. Our technology incorporated cell-specific polysome isolation and sequencing using the Solexa technology. In the first aim, we generated and confirmed the specificity of novel transgenic lines expressing tagged ribosomal protein in various cell types in the Arabidopsis primary root. We next crossed these lines to lines with targeted expression of BRI1 in the bri1 background. All lines were treated with BRs for two time points. The RNA-seq of their corresponding immunopurified polysomal RNA is nearly completed and the bioinformatic analysis of the data set will be completed this year. Followed, we will construct an interactive public website (our third aim). In the second aim we started revealing how spatio-temporalBR activity impinges on auxin transport in the Arabidopsis primary root. We discovered the unexpected role of BRs in controlling the expression of specific auxin efflux carriers, post-transcriptionally (Hacham et al, 2012). We also showed that this regulation depends on the specific expression of BRI1 in the epidermis. This complex and long term effect of BRs on auxin transport led us to focus on high resolution analysis of the BR signaling per se. Taking together, our ongoing collaboration and synergistic expertise (hormone action and plant development (IL) and whole-genome scale data analysis (US)) enabled the establishment of a powerful system that will tell us how distinct cell types respond to local and systemic BR signal. BR research is of special agriculture importance since BR application and BR genetic modification have been shown to significantly increase crop yield and to play an important role in plant thermotolerance. Hence, our integrated dataset is valuable for improving crop traits without unwanted impairment of unrelated pathways, for example, establishing semi-dwarf stature to allow increased yield in high planting density, inducing erect leaves for better light capture and consequent biomass increase and plant resistance to abiotic stresses.
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