Готові списки джерел за темами / Photopolymerizations

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Photopolymerizations"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Photopolymerizations"

Peyrot, Fabienne, Sonia Lajnef, and Davy-Louis Versace. "Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spin Trapping (EPR–ST) Technique in Photopolymerization Processes." Catalysts 12, no. 7 (July 12, 2022): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12070772.

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To face economic issues of the last ten years, free-radical photopolymerization (FRP) has known an impressive enlightenment. Multiple performing photoinitiating systems have been designed to perform photopolymerizations in the visible or near infrared (NIR) range. To fully understand the photochemical mechanisms involved upon light activation and characterize the nature of radicals implied in FRP, electron paramagnetic resonance coupled to the spin trapping (EPR–ST) method represents one of the most valuable techniques. In this context, the principle of EPR–ST and its uses in free-radical photopolymerization are entirely described.

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Lang, Margit, Stefan Hirner, Frank Wiesbrock, and Peter Fuchs. "A Review on Modeling Cure Kinetics and Mechanisms of Photopolymerization." Polymers 14, no. 10 (May 19, 2022): 2074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14102074.

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Photopolymerizations, in which the initiation of a chemical-physical reaction occurs by the exposure of photosensitive monomers to a high-intensity light source, have become a well-accepted technology for manufacturing polymers. Providing significant advantages over thermal-initiated polymerizations, including fast and controllable reaction rates, as well as spatial and temporal control over the formation of material, this technology has found a large variety of industrial applications. The reaction mechanisms and kinetics are quite complex as the system moves quickly from a liquid monomer mixture to a solid polymer. Therefore, the study of curing kinetics is of utmost importance for industrial applications, providing both the understanding of the process development and the improvement of the quality of parts manufactured via photopolymerization. Consequently, this review aims at presenting the materials and curing chemistry of such ultrafast crosslinking polymerization reactions as well as the research efforts on theoretical models to reproduce cure kinetics and mechanisms for free-radical and cationic photopolymerizations including diffusion-controlled phenomena and oxygen inhibition reactions in free-radical systems.

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Elian, Christine, Vlasta Brezová, Pauline Sautrot-Ba, Martin Breza, and Davy-Louis Versace. "Lawsone Derivatives as Efficient Photopolymerizable Initiators for Free-Radical, Cationic Photopolymerizations, and Thiol—Ene Reactions." Polymers 13, no. 12 (June 20, 2021): 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13122015.

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Two new photopolymerizable vinyl (2-(allyloxy) 1,4-naphthoquinone, HNQA) and epoxy (2-(oxiran-2yl methoxy) 1,4-naphthoquinone, HNQE) photoinitiators derived from lawsone were designed in this paper. These new photoinitiators can be used as one-component photoinitiating systems for the free-radical photopolymerization of acrylate bio-based monomer without the addition of any co-initiators. As highlighted by the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin-trapping results, the formation of carbon-centered radicals from an intermolecular H abstraction reaction was evidenced and can act as initiating species. Interestingly, the introduction of iodonium salt (Iod) used as a co-initiator has led to (1) the cationic photopolymerization of epoxy monomer with high final conversions and (2) an increase of the rates of free-radical polymerization of the acrylate bio-based monomer; we also demonstrated the concomitant thiol–ene reaction and cationic photopolymerizations of a limonene 1,2 epoxide/thiol blend mixture with the HNQA/Iod photoinitiating system.

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Reinelt, Sebastian, Monir Tabatabai, Urs Karl Fischer, Norbert Moszner, Andreas Utterodt, and Helmut Ritter. "Investigations of thiol-modified phenol derivatives for the use in thiol–ene photopolymerizations." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 10 (July 29, 2014): 1733–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.10.180.

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Thiol–ene photopolymerizations gain a growing interest in academic research. Coatings and dental restoratives are interesting applications for thiol–ene photopolymerizations due to their unique features. In most studies the relative flexible and hydrophilic ester derivative, namely pentaerythritoltetra(3-mercaptopropionate) (PETMP), is investigated as the thiol component. Thus, in the present study we are encouraged to investigate the performance of more hydrophobic ester-free thiol-modified bis- and trisphenol derivatives in thiol–ene photopolymerizations. For this, six different thiol-modified bis- and trisphenol derivatives exhibiting four to six thiol groups are synthesized via the radical addition of thioacetic acid to suitable allyl-modified precursors and subsequent hydrolysis. Compared to PETMP better flexural strength and modulus of elasticity are achievable in thiol–ene photopolymerizations employing 1,3,5-triallyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-trione (TATATO) as the ene derivative. Especially, after storage in water, the flexural strength and modulus of elasticity is twice as high compared to the PETMP reference system.

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Crivello, James V. "“Kick-Starting” oxetane photopolymerizations." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 52, no. 20 (August 8, 2014): 2934–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.27329.

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Lin, Jui-Teng, Jacques Lalevee, and Da-Chun Cheng. "A Critical Review for Synergic Kinetics and Strategies for Enhanced Photopolymerizations for 3D-Printing and Additive Manufacturing." Polymers 13, no. 14 (July 15, 2021): 2325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13142325.

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The synergic features and enhancing strategies for various photopolymerization systems are reviewed by kinetic schemes and the associated measurements. The important topics include (i) photo crosslinking of corneas for the treatment of corneal diseases using UVA-light (365 nm) light and riboflavin as the photosensitizer; (ii) synergic effects by a dual-function enhancer in a three-initiator system; (iii) synergic effects by a three-initiator C/B/A system, with electron-transfer and oxygen-mediated energy-transfer pathways; (iv) copper-complex (G1) photoredox catalyst in G1/Iod/NVK systems for free radical (FRP) and cationic photopolymerization (CP); (v) radical-mediated thiol-ene (TE) photopolymerizations; (vi) superbase photogenerator based-catalyzed thiol−acrylate Michael (TM) addition reaction; and the combined system of TE and TM using dual wavelength; (vii) dual-wavelength (UV and blue) controlled photopolymerization confinement (PC); (viii) dual-wavelength (UV and red) selectively controlled 3D printing; and (ix) three-wavelength selectively controlled in 3D printing and additive manufacturing (AM). With minimum mathematics, we present (for the first time) the synergic features and enhancing strategies for various systems of multi-components, initiators, monomers, and under one-, two-, and three-wavelength light. Therefore, this review provides not only the bridging between modeling and measurements, but also guidance for further experimental studies and new applications in 3D printings and additive manufacturing (AM), based on the innovative concepts (kinetics/schemes).

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Zonca, M. R., B. Falk, and J. V. Crivello. "LED‐Induced Thiol–ene Photopolymerizations." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 41, no. 7 (December 31, 2004): 741–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ma-120037340.

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Bowman, Christopher N., and C. Allan Guymon. "Polymerization and Properties of Polymer-Stabilized Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals." MRS Bulletin 22, no. 9 (September 1997): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400033959.

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The following is based on the presentation made by Christopher N. Bowman, recipient of the MRS Outstanding Investigator Award, at the 1997 MRS Spring Meeting.I would like to focus on our recent work involving photopolymerizations of monomers in a liquid-crystalline environment. This work is one of the many aspects of photopolymerizations that we are focusing on at the University of Colorado. In particular this effort concentrates on understanding the influence of a liquid-crystalline medium and monomer segregation on polymerization behavior and polymer structure. These studies are of considerable importance for polymer-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs) because of the enormous potential impact on the area.I will briefly introduce liquid crystals (LCs), FLCs, and photopolymerizations. I will then discuss the observed electrooptic properties and how these properties change as the LC phase during polymerization is varied. Finally I will address how polymerization kinetics are affected by the LC phase and monomer segregation. This discussion will include results from x-ray diffraction, polarized infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry experiments.

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Chen, Yu, Xiaoqin Jia, Mengqiang Wang, and Tao Wang. "A synergistic effect of a ferrocenium salt on the diaryliodonium salt-induced visible-light curing of bisphenol-A epoxy resin." RSC Advances 5, no. 42 (2015): 33171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra16077k.

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Kaalberg, Sara M., Sage M. Schissel, Michael Soumounthong, and Julie L. P. Jessop. "Elucidation of network structure in cationic photopolymerization of cyclic ether comonomers." Polymer Chemistry 12, no. 41 (2021): 5999–6008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1py00824b.

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Дисертації з теми "Photopolymerizations"

Ajiboye, Gbenga I. "Industrially relevant epoxy-acrylate hybrid resin photopolymerizations." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3558.

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Photopolymerization of epoxy-acrylate hybrid resins takes advantages of inherent properties present in the free-radical and cationic reactions to reduce oxygen inhibition problems that plague free-radical reactions. Similarly, the combined reaction mechanisms reduce moisture sensitivity of the cationic reactions. Despite the advantages of epoxy-acrylate hybrid resins, problems persist that need to be addressed. For example, low conversion and polymerization rate of the epoxides are a problem, because the fast acrylate conversion prevents the epoxide from reaching high conversion. Controlling phase separation is challenging, since two moieties with different properties are reacting. The physical properties of the polymer will be impacted by the availability of different moieties. High shrinkage stress results from the acrylate moiety, causing buckling and cracking in film and coating applications. The overall goal of this study is to use the fundamental knowledge of epoxy-acrylate hybrid resins to formulate industrially viable polymers. In order to achieve this goal, the study focuses on the following objectives: (I) determine the apparent activation energy of the hybrid monomer METHB, (II) increase epoxide conversion and polymerization rate of hybrid formulations, and (III) control physical properties in epoxy-acrylate hybrid resins. In order to increase the epoxide conversion and rate of polymerization, the sensitivity of epoxides to alcohol is used to facilitate the activated monomer (AM) mechanism and induce a covalent bond between the epoxide and acrylate polymers through the hydroxyl group. It is hypothesized that if the AM mechanism is facilitated, epoxide conversion will increase. As a result, the resins can be tailored to control phase separation and physical properties, and shrinkage stress can be reduced. In pursuit of these objectives, the hybrid monomer METHB was polymerized at temperatures ranging from 30°C to 70°C to obtain apparent activation energy of 23.49 kJ/mol for acrylate and 57 kJ/mol for epoxide moeities. Then, hybrid systems pairing hydroxyl-containing acrylates with epoxides were formulated to promote the faster AM mechanism. Monomer composition was changed in the presence of hydroxyl-containing acrylate, and initiators were carefully selected in order to control phase separation. The conversion of acrylate and epoxide was monitored in real time by Raman spectroscopy. The physical and mechanical properties were monitored using dynamic mechanical analysis. Epoxide conversion and rate of polymerization in epoxide-acrylate hybrid monomer systems were shown to increase through the introduction of a hydroxyl group on the meth/acrylate monomer, taking advantage of the faster AM mechanism. In addition, this covalent bond linking the epoxide network to the meth/acrylate polymer chains resulted in little or no phase separation and a reduction of the Tg for the hybrid polymer compared to the neat epoxide. Fundamental knowledge gained from this research will enable the use of epoxy-acrylate hybrid resins in variety of applications. For instance, shrinkage may be reduced in dental fillings, noise and vibration problems in aircraft and other machinery may be controlled, and photopolymerization cost could be reduced in thin film applications.

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Rosas, Maria Maura Tellez. "Kinetic studies of free radical photopolymerizations with methacrylic monomers." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262312.

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Eom, Ho Seop. "Photopolymerizations of multicomponent epoxide and acrylate/epoxide hybrid systems for controlled kinetics and enhanced material properties." Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2488.

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Cationic photopolymerization of multifunctional epoxides is very useful for efficient cure at room temperature and has been widely used in coatings and adhesives. Despite excellent properties of the final cured polymers, cationic photopolymerizations of epoxides have seen limited application due to slow reactions (relative to acrylates) and brittleness associated with a highly crosslinked, rigid network. To address these issues, two reaction systems were studied in this thesis: photoinitiated cationic copolymerizations of a cycloaliphatic diepoxide with epoxidized elastomers and acrylate/epoxide hybrid photopolymerizations. Oligomer/monomer structures, viscosity, compositions, and photoinitiator system were hypothesized to play important roles in controlling photopolymerizations of the epoxide-based mixtures. A fundamental understanding of the interplay between these variables for the chosen systems will provide comprehensive guidelines for the future development of photopolymerization systems comparable to the epoxide-based mixtures in this research. For diepoxide/oligomer mixtures, the observed overall enhancement in polymerization rate and ultimate conversion of the cycloaliphatic diepoxide was attributed to the activated monomer mechanism associated with hydroxyl terminal groups in the epoxidized oligomers. This enhancement increased with increasing oligomer content. The mixture viscosity influenced the initial reactivity of the diepoxide for oligomer content above 50 wt.%. Real-time consumption of internal epoxides in the oligomers was successfully determined using Raman spectroscopy. Initial reactivity and ultimate conversion of the internal epoxides decreased with increasing the diepoxide content. This trend was more pronounced for the oligomer containing low internal epoxide content. These results indicate that the reactivity of the hydroxyl groups is higher toward cationic active centers of the diepoxide than those of the internal epoxides in the oligomers. These conclusions are consistent with physical property results. The enhanced fracture toughness and impact resistance were attributed to multimodal network chain-length distribution of copolymers containing the oligomer content between 70% and 80%. For acrylate/epoxide hybrid mixtures, diacrylate oligomers significantly suppressed reactivities of cycloaliphatic mono/diepoxides, which was attributed to high mixture viscosity and highly crosslinked acrylate network. In this case, the dual photoinitiator system did not favor the epoxide reaction. Depending on the monovinyl acrylate secondary functionalities, enhanced reactivity and ultimate conversion of the diepoxide were attributed to a combined effect of a reduced viscosity and the radical-promoted cationic polymerization associated with the dual photoinitiator. The retarded and inhibited diepoxide reactivities with ether and urethane secondary groups were attributed to solvation and nucleophilicity/basicity effects, respectively. The influence of the diepoxide on the acrylate reactivity was attributed to dilution and polarity effects. In this case, high concentration of the free-radical photoinitiator is required for the dual photoinitiator system. Physical properties of hybrid polymers also varied with acrylate structures and monomer composition. Dynamic modulation methods were proposed to enhance the diepoxide reactivity and final properties in the presence of urethane acrylates.

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Hoppe, Cynthia Caroline. "Experimental and theoretical investigations of active center generation and mobility in cationic and free-radical photopolymerizations." Diss., University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/516.

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Photopolymerization is considered an attractive alternative in many industries to traditional polymerization processes. The advantages of photopolymerization over other types of polymerization include elimination of heat sources, faster cure times, and reduction in the use of volatile organic solvents. Despite these environmental and cost-saving advantages, photopolymerizations have several limitations. Light attenuation can be a problem for systems containing pigments or fillers. The radiation source penetrates only to a shallow depth beneath the surface, limiting the thickness of strongly pigmented or filled coatings and films. Photopolymerization is also generally limited to systems with simple geometries that can be uniformly illuminated. Coatings on three-dimensional substrates, or other systems with complex geometries, are difficult to uniformly cure. These problems can be solved by "shadow cure," which is defined as the reactive diffusion of photoinitiated active centers into regions of a polymer that are unilluminated. In this contribution, the generation and subsequent spatial and temporal evolution of the active center concentrations during illumination are analyzed using the differential equations that govern the light intensity gradient and photoinitiator concentration gradient for polychromatic illumination. Reactive diffusion of the active centers during the post-illumination period is shown to result in cure of unilluminated regions. A kinetic analysis is performed by coupling the active center concentration profiles with the propagation rate equation, yielding predicted cure times for a variety of applications. This analysis is used for the evaluation of cationic shadow cure in pigmented photopolymerization systems, and systems with complex geometries. The extensive characterization of cationic systems is then applied to free-radical photopolymerization to examine the potential of shadow cure for active centers with much shorter lifetimes. An example of a free-radical photopolymerization system is characterized in which the dimensional scales are small enough to utilize the short lifetimes of the active centers. The results presented for both free-radical and cationic shadow cure indicate that the reactive diffusion of photoinitiated active centers may be used for effective cure in unilluminated regions of a photopolymer. This research will potentially allow photopolymerization to be applied in industries where it has never before been utilized.

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Kitano, Hajime. "Advances In light-induced polymerizations: I. Shadow cure in free radical photopolymerizations, II. Experimental and modeling studies of photoinitiator systems for effective polymerizations with LEDs." Diss., University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4866.

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Photopolymerization has become the standard for many coating and printing applications that require rapid curing at room temperature due to its potential to reduce volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions while providing a means for efficient manufacturing processes. These advantages could be useful in a variety of emerging applications, such as anisotropic conductive films (ACF) if photopolymerization could extend into relatively narrow shadow regions which are not directly illuminated, and if visible wavelengths that are not absorbed by polyimide films could be used to trigger the reaction. The broad objectives of this research are i) to examine the factors that determine the attainable extent of shadow cure in free radical polymerizations, and ii) to develop initiator systems effective for polymerization using visible light and light emitting diode (LED) lamps. Project I: Shadow Cure in Free Radical Photopolymerizations In this project, the extent of shadow cure in visible-light-induced free radical photopolymerization is investigated. A number of effective methods such as adding additives, utilizing a reflective stage, and increasing the light intensity are introduced. In addition, the use of fluorescent dyes in multi-component photoinitiator systems proved to be very effective for shadow cure because the fluorescent light emitted from the dye could irradiate the shadow region. When considering practical resins, mixtures of oligomers and monomers, the viscosity is the major barrier that must be overcome in order to achieve high conversion in the shadow regions using visible-light-induced multi-component photoinitiator systems. Hence, instead of using multi-component systems, a commercial visible-light-induced single-component photoinitiator is investigated. As a result, a high conversion in shadow regions of the viscous oligomer containing resin is achieved. Project II: Experimental and Modeling Studies of Photoinitiator Systems for Effective Polymerizations with LEDs In this project, various LED photocuring systems are investigated and characterized. The light intensities of LEDs become weaker as their peak emission wavelengths decrease. Therefore, to design the practical process of LED curing, the effect of both the light intensity and the emission spectrum of the lamp must be considered. Photopolymerization for four representative UV photoinitiators with different LEDs are investigated experimentally and theoretically. The effective light source is dependent on the photoinitiators and several LEDs demonstrate high thin cure ability. The calculated results from a model display good qualitative correspondence with the experimental results. Various interesting suggestions are obtained using this model. For example, the commercialization of 355 nm LEDs might be able to superior photopolymerization compared to other currently available LED lamps.

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Gunduz, Nazan. "Synthesis and Photopolymerization of Novel Dimethacrylates." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37025.

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Four potential new monomers were prepared, all of which were structural analogues of BisGMA (2,2-bis(4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxyprop-1-oxy) phenyl)propane). The synthesis of these tetrafunctional dimethacrylate monomers was based on structural modifications of Bis-GMA in the core and the side chain and required a two-step reaction. The first step was propoxylation or ethoxylation of the bisphenols and the second step was the methacrylation of the resulting products. The core structures are designated by Bis-A for isopropylidene and 6F for hexafluoropropyl. The side chain structures were designated on the basis of the pendant side chains in the glycidyl moiety as -OH, -H, and -CH3 from the epichlorohydrin, ethyleneoxide, and propyleneoxide reaction products with the bisphenols, respectively. Bis-GMA was commercially obtained and used as a standard for comparison of the experimental monomers. All the monomers were prepared by the following general procedure of propoxylation or ethoxylation of the biphenols followed by methacrylation. They were characterized by NMR, FTIR, DSC and Cone and Plate Viscometry. All the experimental monomers exhibited lower viscosities and glass transition temperatures than the control, which was attributed to the elimination of the hydrogen bonding. The monomers were photopolymerized in a differential scanning calorimetry modified with an optics assembly (DPA 7; Double Beam Photocalorimetric Accessory) to study the photo-induced crosslinking reactions. The influence of monomer structure, temperature, light intensity, and initiator concentration on the photopolymerization kinetics of ethoxylated and propoxylated dimethacrylates was investigated by isothermal DSC. The DSC curves showed a rapid increase in rate due to the Trommsdorff effect, and then a decline due to the decrease of monomer concentration and the autodeceleration effect. The monomers with lower viscosities and glass transition temperatures exhibited higher conversions of the double bonds. The final extent of conversion increased with curing temperature, light intensity and initiator concentration. The radiation intensity exponent varied from 0.68 (BisGMA) to 0.74 for the ethoxylated 6F system. The initiator exponent were varied from 0.34 (for BisGMA) to 0.44 for the propoxylated BisA system. The ratio of the reaction rate constant (kt/kp) was calculated for PropBisAdm from both steady-state and non steady-state conditions.

The effect of dilution on photopolymerization kinetics of BisGMA/triethyleneglycoldimethacrylate (TEGDMA) mixtures was also studied by isothermal photo-DSC. Dilution with TEGDMA significantly reduced the viscosity and glass transition temperatures of the mixtures due to the increase in the flexibility. The extent of polymerization increased with increasing TEGDMA and curing temperature. The calculation of ratio of rate constants (kt/kp) was also determined and the significance was discussed herein.
Master of Science

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Bonneaud, Céline. "Synthesis and Photopolymerization of Novel Perfluoropolyalkylethers." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTS063.

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Depuis des années, les perfluoropolyalkyléthers (PFPAEs) ont démontré de multiples facettes. Ils sont utilisés dans de nombreux secteurs et actuellement en recherche dans de multiples secteurs de pointe comme l’imagerie médicale (IRM), les réacteurs microfluidiques, les vitrimères ou encore pour des revêtements haute-performance. Ma thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet européen PhotoFluo. Ce projet est partagé entre trois équipes de recherche : Trinity Western University (Langley, Canada), Politecnico di Torino (Turin, Italie) et l’Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier. Le but du projet est de synthétiser des polymères fluorés de type PFPAEs, téléchéliques par ouverture de cycle anionique. Ensuite, ces produits sont fonctionnalisés pour obtenir des bouts de chaîne capables de réagir sous rayonnement UV. Après avoir réalisé un état de l’art de ces polymères fluorés appelés perfluoropolyalkyléthers, nous nous sommes consacrés à la synthèse et photopolymérisation d’esters α,β-insaturés en copolymérisation avec des éthers vinyliques et la synthèse et homo-photopolymérisation des maléimides ainsi que leur copolymérisation avec des éthers vinyliques. Leurs photopolymérisations respectives en tant qu’additifs ou seuls, ont permis de démontrer que ces nouveaux PFPAEs sont convertis aussi rapidement que leurs équivalents méthacrylates et même sans photoamorceur. Leur tenue thermique ainsi que leurs propriétés de surface ont été étudiées et prouvées être similaires ou supérieures aux systèmes précédents. Les maléimides ont par exemple démontré une très bonne tenue thermique pour être utilisés en tant que réacteur microfluidique à plus haute température. Dans le cadre du projet PhotoFluo, nous nous sommes aussi attardés sur la synthèse de monomères téléchéliques fluorés, la synthèse de monoépoxyde et diépoxyde pour la photopolymérisation par voie cationique, la purification par chromatographie de différents monomères photoréticulables et pour finir la synthèse de méthacrylates multifonctionnels en vue de leur photolithographie. Pour finir, afin d'élargir le champ d'application de nos perfluoropolyalkyléthers maléimides précédemment synthétisés, ces derniers ont été testés en vue d'une potentiellement application en tant que revêtement auto-cicatrisant par réaction de Diels-Alder
For years, perfluoropolyalkylethers (PFPAEs) demonstrated to be useful for a plethora of applications in numerous fields and are still under investigation for advanced technology materials for medical imaging, microfluidic devices, vitrimers or also high-performance coatings. This PhD thesis was realized in the framework of the PhotoFluo European project. This project is divided into three research teams: Trinity Western University (Langley, Canada), Politecnico di Torino (Torino, Italy) and ENSCM. The aim of the project is to synthesize telechelic PFPAEs by anionic ring-opening. Then, these products were functionalized to obtain photocurable substituents. After a review of the synthesis, properties, functionalization and applications, we devoted to the synthesis and photopolymerization of α,β-unsaturated esters in copolymerization with vinyl ethers and the synthesis and photo-homopolymerization of maleimides as well as their copolymerization with vinyl ethers. Their photopolymerization neat or as additives, demonstrated that these novel PFPAEs were able to photopolymerize as fast as their already used methacrylates homologues and even without photoinitiator. Their thermal stability as well as their surface properties were investigated and revealed to similar or superior than previous systems. For example, maleimide PFPAEs displayed an excellent thermal stability to be employed as microfluidic devices for high temperature reactions. In the PhotoFluo project, we focused on the synthesis of monoepoxy and diepoxy for the photopolymerization by cationic processes, the purification by chromatography of photocurable PFPAEs and finally, the synthesis of multifunctional methacrylate in view of photolithographic processes. To explore new horizons for our previously synthesized maleimide PFPAEs, these ones have been tested as potential self-healable coatings

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Slopek, Ryan Patrick. "In-situ Monitoring of Photopolymerization Using Microrheology." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7194.

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Photopolymerization is the basis of several multi-million dollar industries including films and coating, inks, adhesives, fiber optics, and biomaterials. The fundamentals of the photopolymerization process, however, are not well understood. As a result, spatial variations of photopolymerization impose significant limitations on applications in which a high spatial resolution is required. To address these issues, microrheology was implemented to study the spatial and temporal effects of free-radical photopolymerization. In this work a photosensitive, acrylate resin was exposed to ultraviolet light, while the Brownian motion of micron sized, inert fluorescent tracer particles was tracked using optical videomicroscopy. Statistical analysis of particle motion yielded data that could then be used to extract rheological information about the embedding medium as a function of time and space, thereby relating UV exposure to the polymerization and gelation of monomeric resins. The effects of varying depth, initiator concentration, inhibitor concentration, composition of the monomer, and light intensity on the gelation process were studied. The most striking result is the measured difference in gelation time observed as a function of UV penetration depth. The observed trend was found to be independent of UV light intensity and monomer composition. The intensity results were used to test the accuracy of energy threshold model, which is used to empirically predict photo-induced polymerization. The results of this research affirm the ability of microrheology to provide the high spatial and temporal resolution necessary to accurately monitor the photopolymerization process. The experimental data provide a better understanding of the photo-induced polymerization, which could lead to expanded use and improved industrial process optimization. The use of microrheology to monitor photopolymerization can also aid in the development of predictive models and offer the ability to perform in-situ quality control of the process.

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Kim, Young-Min MacGregor John Frederick. "Photopolymerization of cycloaliphatic epoxide and vinyl ether /." *McMaster only, 2005.

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Elisseeff, Jennifer Hartt 1973. "Transdermal photopolymerization of hydrogels for tissue engineering." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84773.

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Книги з теми "Photopolymerizations"

Scranton, Alec B., Christopher N. Bowman, and Robert W. Peiffer, eds. Photopolymerization. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1997-0673.

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1963-, Scranton Alec B., Bowman Christopher N. 1967-, Peiffer Robert W. 1942-, American Chemical Society. Division of Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering., and American Chemical Society Meeting, eds. Photopolymerization: Fundamentals and applications. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1997.

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Nail, Fatkullin, ed. NMR, 3D analysis, photopolymerization. Berlin: Springer, 2004.

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Fouassier, Jean-Pierre. Photoinitiation, photopolymerization, and photocuring: Fundamentals and applications. Munich: Hanser, 1995.

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Carr, N. A. Photopolymerization of dye-sensitized coatings by laser light. Manchester: UMIST, 1991.

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S, Allen Norman, ed. Photopolymerisation and photoimaging science and technology. London: Elsevier Applied Science, 1989.

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Crawford, Gregory Philip. Cross-linked liquid crystalline systems: From rigid polymer networks to elastomers. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2011.

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Handbook of photochemistry and photophysics of polymer materials. Hoboken, N.J: J. Wiley, 2010.

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Kawata, Satoshi, Rainer Kimmich, Nail Fatkullin, Takayuki Ikehara, and Hiroshi Jinnai. NMR · 3D Analysis · Photopolymerization. Springer, 2004.

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NMR 3D Analysis Photopolymerization. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b12766.

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Частини книг з теми "Photopolymerizations"

Crivello, James. "Sensitization of Cationic Photopolymerizations." In Dyes and Chromophores in Polymer Science, 45–79. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119006671.ch2.

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Coons, L. S., B. Rangarajan, D. Godshall, and Alec B. Scranton. "Photopolymerizations of Vinyl Ester: Glass Fiber Composites." In ACS Symposium Series, 203–18. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1997-0673.ch015.

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Kannurpatti, Anandkumar R., Michael D. Goodner, Hyun R. Lee, and Christopher N. Bowman. "Reaction Behavior and Kinetic Modeling Studies of "Living" Radical Photopolymerizations." In ACS Symposium Series, 51–62. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1997-0673.ch005.

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Hua, Yujing, and James V. Crivello. "Photosensitization of Onium Salt Initiated Cationic Photopolymerizations by Carbazole Monomers, Polymers, and Oligomers." In ACS Symposium Series, 219–30. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2003-0847.ch019.

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Goodner, Michael D., and Christopher N. Bowman. "Modeling and Experimental Investigation of Light Intensity and Initiator Effects on Solvent-Free Photopolymerizations." In Solvent-Free Polymerizations and Processes, 220–31. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1998-0713.ch014.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Photopolymerization." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 534. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_8687.

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Lin, Haiqing. "Photopolymerization." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 1–3. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40872-4_1831-1.

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Sun, Hong-Bo, and Satoshi Kawata. "Two-Photon Photopolymerization and 3D Lithographic Microfabrication." In NMR 3D Analysis Photopolymerization, 169–273. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b94405.

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Jinnai, Hiroshi, Yukihiro Nishikawa, Takayuki Ikehara, and Toshio Nishi. "Erratum to Emerging Technologies for the 3D Analysis of Polymer Structures." In NMR 3D Analysis Photopolymerization, 297. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/12_2006_4.

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Nassar, Raja, and Weizhong Dai. "Laser Photopolymerization." In Modelling of Microfabrication Systems, 123–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08792-3_4.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Photopolymerizations"

Yamaguchi, Katsumi, and Takeshi Nakamoto. "Microfabrication using laser-induced photopolymerization." In Laser-Assisted Microtechnology 2000, edited by Vadim P. Veiko. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.413747.

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Hoyle, Charles E., Tsuyoshi Watanabe, and Joe B. Whitehead, Jr. "Photopolymerization of oriented monomeric liquid crystals." In SPIE/IS&T 1992 Symposium on Electronic Imaging: Science and Technology, edited by Paul S. Drzaic and Uzi Efron. SPIE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.60390.

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Krongayz, Vadim V., and E. R. Schmelzer. "Peculiarities of anisotropic photopolymerization in films." In San Diego, '91, San Diego, CA, edited by Roger A. Lessard. SPIE, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.50685.

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Baldacchini, Tommaso, Huzhen Chen, Richard Farrer, Michael Previte, Joel Moser, Michael Naughton, and John T. Fourkas. "Multiphoton photopolymerization with a Ti:sapphire oscillator." In High-Power Lasers and Applications, edited by Glenn S. Edwards, Joseph Neev, Andreas Ostendorf, and John C. Sutherland. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.461373.

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Diptanshu, Erik Young, Chao Ma, Suleiman Obeidat, Bo Pang, and Nick Kang. "Ceramic Additive Manufacturing Using VAT Photopolymerization." In ASME 2018 13th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2018-6389.

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The popularity of additive manufacturing for producing porous bio-ceramics using vat photopolymerization in the recent years has gained a lot of impetus due to its high resolution and low surface roughness. In this study, a commercial vat polymerization printer (Nobel Superfine, XYZprinting) was used to create green bodies using a ceramic suspension consisting of 10 vol.% of alumina particles in a photopolymerizable resin. Four different sizes of cubical green bodies were printed out. They were subjected to thermal processing which included de-binding to get rid of the polymer and thereafter sintering for joining of the ceramic particles. The porosity percentage of the four different sizes were measured and compared. The lowest porosity was observed in the smallest cubes (5 mm). It was found to be 43.3%. There was an increase in the porosity of the sintered parts for the larger cubes (10, 15 and 20 mm). However, the difference in the porosity among these sizes was not significant and ranged from 61.5% to 65.2%. The compressive testing of the samples showed that the strength of the 5-mm cube was the maximum among all samples and the compressive strength decreased as the size of the samples increased. These ceramic materials of various densities are of great interest for biomedical applications.

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Croutxe-Barghorn, Celine, Olivier Soppera, and Daniel-Joseph Lougnot. "Microlens array fabrication through crosslinking photopolymerization." In Symposium on Micromachining and Microfabrication, edited by Sing H. Lee and J. Allen Cox. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.360531.

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Subrahmanyan, Suchitra, Fang Chen, and Hilary S. Lackritz. "Studies of Photopolymerization at Metal Surfaces." In Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.md.14.

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Surface second harmonic generation is used to study surface reactions during photopolymerization of vinyl monomers on metal surfaces. Photopolymerization shows promise in making defect-free insulating and abrasion resistant coatings, and in the fabrication of microelectronic devices1. Although researchers have studied the gas phase reaction in some detail, little is known about the surface reactions2. Also, the effects of various physical parameters such as monomer pressure, light intensity, and the nature of metal and the monomer on the physical properties of polymer films are not known.

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Kannurpatti, Anandkumar R., Robert W. Peiffer, C. Allan Guymon, and Christopher N. Bowman. "Photochemistry of polymers: photopolymerization fundamentals and applications." In Critical Review Collection. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.245263.

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Boiko, Yuri B., Joannes M. Costa, Mark M. Wang, and Sadik C. Esener. "High-dynamic-range cationic two-photon photopolymerization." In Symposium on Integrated Optics, edited by Bernard Kippelen and Donal D. C. Bradley. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.429388.

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Meniga, Andrej, Zrinka Sutalo, Davorka Azinovic, and Goran Pichler. "Pulsed laser photopolymerization of dental composite resins." In Europto Biomedical Optics '93, edited by Gregory B. Altshuler and Raimund Hibst. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.166183.

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