Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Petroleum Refining Papua New Guinea"

Gas was first discovered by drilling activity in Papua New Guinea in 1956. Nevertheless it was almost 60 years later when the Exxon-operated PNG LNG Project became the first large-scale commercialisation of the country’s prolific gas resources, with export of the first LNG shipment in May 2014. The proven fluvial-deltaic Late Jurassic, early Cretaceous and Tertiary carbonate reservoirs are prolific petroleum producers. When combined with the high-quality liquid-rich nature of the gas and the onshore location, this has resulted in PNG’s LNG projects being some of the lowest cost and most profitable LNG projects globally. The success of the PNG LNG Project along with the substantial identified existing and yet-to-find gas resources has resulted in a recent resurgence of exploration interest in PNG as companies look to expand and capitalise on the country’s developing position as a globally significant LNG supplier. In 2015 Oil Search undertook a whole of country review using its extensive database and in-country knowledge. This study incorporated all well, seismic, surface, remote sensing, production and development data, and has resulted in a detailed understanding of the play distribution and risk ranking, and importantly delineated a number of potentially material new play types in the country. Approximately 4.8 billion barrels of oil equivalent recoverable resources (2P and 2C) have been discovered in PNG to date, of which approximately 85% is gas. The countrywide regional study and common risk segment analysis by Oil Search (2015) established that PNG potentially contains an additional seven billion barrels of oil equivalent resource still to be discovered. The majority of this volume is expected to be gas, estimated to be in the order of 40 trillion cubic feet and 550 million barrels of undiscovered prospective resources. Oil Search has been active in all of PNG’s known petroleum basins since 1929 and built a substantial database. Pool-size distributions and a countrywide prospects and leads inventory suggest discovery of new giant fields is likely and of sufficient scale to support future LNG projects. Six sub-basins contain proven petroleum plays that are predicted to extend into under-explored areas. These areas represent the future petroleum exploration frontier in PNG.

Until the discovery of the Iagifu/Hedinia/Agogo (now called Kutubu) Fields, Papua New Guinea (PNG) petroleum laws followed, in both legislation and administration, the Australian model brought to PNG by the former pre-independence administrators. In particular, exploration and production rights derived from licences issued under the national petroleum legislation.This practice was distinctly different from the State practice of PNG's near neighbours to the north, particularly Indonesia and Malaysia. In those countries rights to explore for and produce petroleum were acquired by entry into a production sharing contract with the State which to a considerable extent was a self-contained legal code.In addition, PNG has developed a unique contractual model which has been grafted on to the existing licensing system. This new model, embodied in a Standard Petroleum Agreement (SPA), incorporates elements of the negotiated petroleum agreements common in countries with a less developed legal system.The scope of this paper is to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the SPA, both internally and against the framework of the PNG legislation, particularly the Petroleum Act, as well as against the background of similar petroleum agreements offered to oil companies by other countries in the region.

Over the last 20 years, Papua New Guinea has been at the center of a resource development boom as mining, petroleum, and logging companies extract the rich resources of this tropical Pacific island. As 97 percent of the country is owned by customary groups who correspondingly receive benefits from extraction, resource development has the potential to integrate local communities into the global economy in beneficial ways. Often, though, this is not the case, as small factions of landowners control the bulk of development proceeds. In this article, I examine the development of a coffee growing scheme adjacent to the world-class Porgera Gold Mine, intended to help local people who are marginal to mining benefit streams. Tragically, however, instead of engaging in coffee production, many disenfranchised young men in Porgera prefer to work in the “life market”—a term they use to describe tribal warfare in which groups not receiving benefits attack benefit-receiving groups in the attempt to extort monetary payments. Not only are individuals' lives at stake in the life market, but so too are the economic conditions—coffee and gold mining—that allow the life market's very existence.

The frontier and underexplored Cape Vogel Basin (CVB), north of the Papuan Peninsula, is thought to be underlain by Late Palaeocene–Eocene oceanic crust and overlain by Cenozoic sediments. Several impartial data provide evidence of working petroleum system(s) including a flow of oil from a 1920s well, and two 1970s wells that encountered minor hydrocarbon traces and good source material. The 1970s wells chased Miocene reef plays (like the discoveries in the Gulf of Papua). No Miocene reefs were encountered, with both wells terminating in volcanics. Integration of open-file 2D seismic, modern 2D PSDM seismic and shipborne gravity and magnetic data improves the subsurface imaging and thus understanding of prospectivity. The data reveal a significant sedimentary section (including Mesozoic sediments) and that the volcanics are not laterally continuous (i.e. products of short periods of volcanism). The data also suggests several Mesozoic–Cenozoic plays (e.g. carbonate reefs, incised canyons). Repeatable sea surface slicks, and observable bottom-simulating reflectors and direct hydrocarbon indicators, also provide evidence of working petroleum system(s). It is hypothesised that the CVB has affinities with the Gulf of Papua with the extension of the Australian craton north of the Papuan Peninsula, with widespread deposition in the Mesozoic–Cenozoic, and with source rocks estimated to be within the hydrocarbon generative window. With incorporation of onshore data and presence of significant gravity low, it is postulated that the central and north-west were less susceptible to Late Cretaceous and Palaeocene differential uplift and erosion (related to Coral Sea breakup and extension), and thus have a higher chance of Late Mesozoic preservation.

The Hides gasfield was discovered by BP, and its Joint Venture Partner Oil Search Ltd, in Petroleum Prospecting Licence No.27 in Southern Highlands Province in late 1987 by the exploration well Hides-1. The well tested gas at rates of up to 15.9 mmscf/d with small volumes of associated condensate from four separate intervals within the Toro Sandstone.Negotiations with Placer Dome, a Vancouver-based mining company, led to an agreement to sell gas to supply electrical power for the Porgera gold mine in Enga Province 70 km North East from Hides. Approximately 10 mmscf/d of gas will be produced from two wells, one being the original Hides-1 discovery well, via an 8 km pipeline, to a gas processing plant in the nearby Tagari valley. The processed gas will be fed to turbines to generate approximately 42 M W of electrical power which will be fed to the Porgera mine by overhead transmission lines.BP has undertaken technical studies relating to the feasibility of producing the gas from Hides. In association with the technical work BP has also undertaken an environmental study of the impact of development and has embarked upon a survey of various local and land-related issues. It is anticipated that construction operations will start in early 1990, leading to first gas production in mid-1991, only 3½ years after the discovery. The Hides gasfield development will constitute the first commercial hydrocarbon production in PNG.

Papua New Guinea (PNG) occupies the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and still boasts 33 million hectares of closed natural forest (77% of the country), home to numerous endemic species. Overall PNG is sparsely populated with some 700 distinct cultural/ language groups. Economic growth over the past two decades has been spurred by large-scale mining, petroleum and logging operations though the majority of the population continues to rely upon subsistence agriculture (swidden) and collection and utilization of forest products. Some 15 million hectares of forests are accessible for logging, of which 1.5 million hectares have already been logged, generally in an unsustainable manner. Of the over 6 million ha of approved timber blocks more than 1.5 million hectares have been located in areas of high biological value. Forest loss and degradation is now becoming a serious problem.

As úlceras cutâneas (UC), lesões cutâneas com perda das camadas superficiais da pele, são comumente encontradas em países de baixo rendimento da África e do Pacífico Sul. Em certas áreas remotas e rurais, como as ilhas da Papua Nova Guiné, a prevalência e a morbidade de UC são muito altas, representando, portanto, uma importante causa de sofrimento e estigmatização em crianças. Certas UC, se não forem tratadas, podem resultar em deformidades permanentes que afetam a vida das pessoas e que estão associadas a pobreza. Embora vários agentes patogénicos possam causar UC, dois deles representam um grande problema de saúde pública nas ilhas do Pacífico Sul - bouba (Treponema pallidum pertenue) e Haemophilus ducreyi. Estes dois agentes patogénicos são a base desta tese e foram selecionados por variadas razões: em primeiro lugar, são as duas causas mais comuns de UC na região tropical do Pacífico Sul, onde os estudos para esta tese foram realizados. Em segundo lugar, estes são co endémicos, mas a sua interação como doenças infeciosas não foi estudada. Em terceiro lugar, por motivos epidemiológicos, clínicos e terapêuticos, as duas doenças são potencialmente tratáveis de forma integrada por meio do tratamento total da comunidade (TTC) com administração em massa de antibióticos (AMM) . A bouba é classificada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) como uma doença tropical negligenciada (DTN) que afeta principalmente crianças de 6 a 15 anos de idade em comunidades com falta de água e sem saneamento, levando à desfiguração e incapacidade crónica. No passado, a bouba foi sempre considerada a causa mais comum de UC, mas estudos de coorte recentes conduzidos na Papua Nova Guiné (PNG), Ilhas Salomão e Vanuatu identificaram o H. ducreyi como o agente etiológico que causa mais de metade de todas as UCs nos trópicos. Em cenários endémicos de bouba rural, onde há ausência de diagnósticos moleculares, as UCs são classificadas com base nos resultados dos testes sorológicos da sífilis. Por exemplo, uma UC com um teste serológico positivo é classificada como bouba e tratada com azitromicina oral de dose única, enquanto uma UC com um resultado serológico negativo é classificada como úlceras não-bouba (por exemplo, H. ducreyi ou outros agentes patogénicos) e tratada com curso de 5-7 dias de diferentes antibióticos de amplo espectro. Esquemas de dosagem de múltiplos dias de tratamento e várias vezes por dia comprometem a adesão e satisfação do paciente.Recentemente, um alarmante ressurgimento de bouba foi observado em vários países nos trópicos. O maior número de casos é relatado na Papua Nova Guiné, Ilhas Salomão e Gana. A OMS reagiu ao ressurgimento de bouba conduzindo campanhas de eliminação em áreas altamente endémicas usando tratamento empírico de UC com azitromicina oral de dose única. No entanto, se somente a bouba for tratada durante as campanhas, as comunidades podem ter a perceção de que a persistência de outros tipos de UC estará relacionada com um desfecho negativo da estratégia. A recente descoberta de que H. ducreyi é um dos principais agentes causadores de UC reforça a necessidade de maior investigação sobre o assunto. É preciso explorar novas estratégias para controlar a UC por H. ducreyi juntamente com a bouba. Em 2012, um ensaio clínico realizado na Papua Nova Guiné mostrou que a azitromicina era eficaz para tratar a bouba ativa. No entanto, para nosso conhecimento, há dados limitados sobre a eficácia do AMM com azitromicina para curar a infeção latente da bouba ou para eliminar a UC H. ducreyi como um efeito secundário benéfico. A azitromicina tem a vantagem de ser administrada em dose oral única e a um preço muito acessível em comparação com outros regimes de antibióticos. Se comprovadamente eficaz para o tratamento de UC por H. ducreyi e para a bouba latente, teria implicações para o tratamento de pacientes individuais e para o uso de antibióticos em estratégias de saúde pública para controlar a UC nos trópicos. Além disso, compreender a transmissão da UC de H. ducreyi permitirá definir novas estratégias para controlar e deter a propagação da doença. Os artigos originais desta tese pretendem fornecer uma atualização sobre a epidemiologia mundial da UC e bouba de H. ducreyi, investigar a eficácia da azitromicina de dose única no tratamento de pacientes com UC por H. ducreyi e bouba latente, explorar a transmissão e reservatórios ambientais de H. ducreyi e apresentar dados de eficácia a longo prazo da estratégia de AMM para eliminar a bouba e reduzir a prevalência de H. ducreyi a nível comunitário.
Cutaneous Ulcers (CU) presenting as skin lesions with loss of the superficial skin layers are commonly found in low-resource countries of Africa and the South Pacific. In certain remote and rural areas, such as the islands of Papua New Guinea, CU prevalence and morbidity is very high, hence representing an important cause of suffering and stigmatization in children. Certain CU conditions, if untreated, can result into permanent impairing deformities that will impact the person’s life and anchor that person into poverty. Although several pathogens may cause CU, two of them pose a major public health problem in the South Pacific islands, namely yaws (Treponema pallidum pertenue) and Haemophilus ducreyi and are the basis of this thesis. These two pathogens were selected for a number of reasons: first they are the two most common causes of CU in the tropical South Pacific region where the studies for this thesis were conducted. Second, these are co-endemic but its interaction as infectious diseases has not been studied. And third, because of epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic reasons the two diseases are potentially treatable in an integrated manner through total community treatment (TCT) with mass drug administration (MDA) of antibiotics. Yaws is classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a neglected tropical disease (NTD) that primarily affects children 6-15 years old in communities with poor water supplies and no sanitation, and leads to chronic disfigurement and disability. In the past yaws was always considered the most common cause of CU, yet recent cohort studies conducted in Papua New Guinea (PNG), Solomon Islands and Vanuatu have identified Haemophilus ducreyi as an aetiologic agent causing more than half of all CU in the tropics. In rural yaws endemic settings where there is absence of molecular diagnostics, CUs are classified on the basis of syphilis serological test results. For example, a CU with a positive serological test is classified as yaws and treated with single dose oral azithromycin, while a CU with a negative serological result is classified as non-yaws ulcers (e.g. H. ducreyi or other pathogens) and treated with a 5-7 day course of different wide-spectrum antibiotics.Multiple days courses of treatment and multiple times per day dosing schedules compromise patient compliance and satisfaction. Recently, an alarming resurgence of yaws has been observed in several countries in the tropics. The largest number of cases are reported in Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Ghana. WHO has responded to yaws resurgence by conducting Elimination Campaigns in highly endemic areas using empirical treatment of CU with single-dose oral azithromycin. If only yaws is treated during campaigns, communities might have the perception that persistence of other types of CU is related to a poor outcome of the strategy. The recent discovery that H. ducreyi was as a major causative agent of CU calls for further research on this matter. New strategies to control H. ducreyi CU together with yaws need to be explored. In 2012, a clinical trial conducted in Papua New Guinea showed that azithromycin was efficacious to treat active yaws. However, to our knowledge there is limited data on the efficacy of azithromycin MDA to cure latent yaws infection, or to eliminate H. ducreyi CU as a beneficial secondary effect. Azithromycin offers the advantage of single oral dose at a very cheap price as compared to other antibiotic regimens; if proven efficacious for H. ducreyi CU and latent yaws, this would have implications for the treatment of individual patients and for the use of antibiotics in public health strategies to control CU in the tropics. Furthermore, understanding the transmission of H. ducreyi CU will helps us define new strategies to control and stop the spread of the disease. This thesis original research articles aim to provide an update on the worldwide epidemiology of H. ducreyi CU and yaws, to investigate the efficacy of single-dose azithromycin to treat individual patients with H. ducreyi CU and latent yaws, to explore the transmission and environmental reservoirs of H. ducreyi, and to present long-term efficacy data of the MDA strategy to eliminate yaws and reduce the prevalence of H. ducreyi at a community level.

Biostratigraphic data from exploration wells in Papua, West Papua of Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Australia were reviewed, revised and updated using modern stratigraphic interpretations. Revised stratigraphic interpretations were combined with zircon U-Pb geochronologic data to produce new tectonic reconstructions of the Indonesian provinces of West Papua and Papua. Zircon U-Pb geochronologic data used in this study include new results from the Papuan Peninsula, combined with existing datasets from West Papua, Papua New Guinea, eastern Australia and New Caledonia. Supplementary geochronologic data were used to provide independent validation of the biostratigraphic data. Findings from a compilation of biostratigraphic and zircon age data provide a framework to produce new tectonic models for the origin of New Guinea’s terranes. Two hypotheses are presented to explain observations from the biostratigraphic and geochronologic data. The ‘Allochthonous Terrane’ Model suggests that many of the terranes are allochthonous in nature and may have been derived from eastern Australia. The ‘Extended Rift’ Model suggests that the New Guinea Terranes may have been separated from north-eastern Australia by an elongate rift system far more extensive than previously described. These new tectonic models are essential for our geological understanding of the regional and can be used to drive successful petroleum exploration in this frontier area.

Abstract The Papua New Guinea Liquefied Natural Gas (PNG LNG) project is a joint venture with participation by ExxonMobil, Oil Search Limited (OSL), Kumul Petroleum, Santos, JX Nippon Oil and Gas Exploration and Mineral Resources Development Company, and began production in 2014. As described in a previous IPC paper, the project, operated by ExxonMobil PNG Limited (EMPNG) sustained a M7.5 earthquake and approximately 300 aftershocks in 2018, epicentered directly under key facilities. Around 150 km of high-pressure gas and condensate pipelines in the rugged PNG highlands were affected but did not lose containment or pressure. Immediately following the M7.5 event, EMPNG began efforts to assess and inspect the pipelines in order to ensure public safety, and, at the appropriate time, restore LNG production. The technical efforts took place along the pipeline Right of Way (ROW) in a remote jungle environment, which, following the earthquake, was also a disaster zone in which the few available resources were prioritized towards humanitarian relief. Due to resource constraints, the pipeline field inspection team typically numbered only two or three specialists. The inspection team drew heavily on analysis work, ongoing since project startup in 2014 and in progress when the earthquake occurred, that simulated the condition of the ROW and pipe stress state following earthquake events similar in magnitude to what actually occurred. The body of existing analysis work allowed the field team to compare aerially observed ROW ground movements to previously modeled cases, and rapidly infer pipe stress state without actually measuring pipe deformation on the ground. Due to resource constraints, that latter activity, if required before startup, would have significantly delayed project restart. The worldwide network of technical resources that had been assisting with ongoing simulations was quickly re-directed to analyzing actual observed ground deformations, efficiently supporting the small field team from outside the disaster zone. After restart, field inspection activities continued, observations were categorized, and an Earthquake Recovery (EQR) organization was initiated to execute ROW repairs. Just as the initial inspection work was aided by pre-earthquake analyses, EQR activities have been expedited by the extensive ROW maintenance program that had been ongoing prior to the earthquake. This paper and accompanying oral presentation present details of the inspection and recovery, and show that the extensive simulations, preparations and maintenance programs supported by EMPNG during project operations prior to the earthquake enabled a rapid and efficient response when the earthquake actually occurred, and thus provided enormous value to the business.