Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Perles en verre"

Nous présentons l'étude anthropologique de dix individus provenant d'un cimetière situé sur la colline de Kindoki au Kongo central (RDC). Ils ont été exhumés en 2012 et 2013 dans le cadre du projet KongoKing qui consistait en une approche interdisciplinaire de l'histoire ancienne du royaume Kongo. Ce cimetière contient des inhumations datées du xviie au xixe siècle, très probablement celles de nobles de haut rang. Les défunts étaient accompagnés d'un mobilier funéraire (perles de verre, sabres, bijoux en or, mousquet). Les restes humains sont malheureusement très mal conservés. Certains ne sont représentés que par quelques fragments osseux ou dentaires. Parmi les dix défunts, on note la présence de deux femmes et de huit hommes. Deux individus masculins présentent des usures dentaires qui résulteraient de l'utilisation d'une pipe. Les deux femmes seraient âgées de plus de 40 ans et se caractérisent par des signes vertébraux évocateurs de DISH (diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis). Cette pathologie est actuellement associée à une alimentation riche, à l'obésité et au diabète de type II. Il n'est donc pas surprenant qu'elle touche ces individus de statut élevé. Le DISH n'avait encore jamais été décrit dans une population ancienne d'Afrique centrale.

Resum: Aquest treball es proposa analitzar la reacció dels erudits valencians Benvingut Oliver i Joan Baptista Perales davant els postulats de la filologia romànica sobre el català en la segona meitat del segle XIX. A més, tractem de relacionar la posició d’Oliver i Perales amb altres erudits i escriptors del moviment reinaixencista i amb la consciència de comunitat lingüística compartida amb catalans, balears i nord-catalans. A partir de la meitat del Vuitcents els romanistes germànics funden la filologia romànica i constaten que el català és el nom de la llengua pròpia dels territoris de llengua catalana, diferent de l’occità i sense res a veure amb el llemosí amb què era conegut des de principis del segle xvi. Aquests postulats respecte a la identitat i el nom de la llengua catalana són ràpidament rebuts i acceptats a Catalunya; i a les Illes Balears i a la Catalunya del Nord foren rebuts positivament amb molt poques excepcions. Però no així al País Valencià, on només una minoria d’erudits com Benvingut Oliver i Joan B. Perales –entre d’altres– va acceptar i divulgar aquests postulats. Paraules clau: Segle XIX, Nom i identitat de la llengua catalana, Renaixença Valenciana, Benvingut Oliver, Joan Baptista Perales Abstract: This paper analyses the reaction of the Valencian scholars Benvingut Oliver and Joan Baptista Perales against postulates on the Catalan Romance philology in the middle of the nineteenth century. Moreover, this work tries to relate Oliver and Perales position with others scholars and writers of the Reinaixença Valenciana movement and the awareness of linguistic community shared with Catalan speakers from Catalonia, the Balearic Islands and North Catalonia. From the middle of the nineteenth century the German romanists found the Romance philology. They established “Catalan” as the name of the language of the Catalan-speaking areas. Even this is different from Occitan and has nothing to do with Limousin, which was known by this name since the early sixteenth century. Regarding the identity and the name of the Catalan language, these assumptions are quickly received and assumed in Catalonia. Although in the Balearic Islands and North Catalonia they were received positively with very few exceptions. Whereas in Valencia, only a minority of scholars like Benvingut Oliver and Joan B. Perales –among others– accepted and disseminated these postulates. Keywords: Nineteenth century, Name and identity of the Catalan language, Valencian Renaissance, Benvingut Oliver, Joan Baptista Perales

À travers l'étude de cas des perles de verre vénitiennes au XVIIIe siècle, cette thèse vise à montrer comment la spécialisation dans un produit de niche permet à un système économique méditerranéen de rester accroché aux principaux flux commerciaux internationaux de la fin de l'époque moderne. Cette thèse ambitionne donc de contribuer au débat scientifique qui, depuis quelques années, est en train de questionner l'idée de décadence de la Méditerranée à l'époque moderne, et de préciser la position de Venise dans l'économie-monde européenne du XVIIIe siècle.Cette recherche adopte une approche qui croise la macroanalyse des flux et la micro-analyse des acteurs, en utilisant des sources quantitatives vénitiennes (Registri) et étrangères (Custom books britanniques, Toflit19 pour le commerce français et la balança do comerçio portugaise) et des sources qualitatives vénitiennes issues principalement des Censori, Cinque Savi alla Mercanzia, Inquisitore alle Arti, Inquisitori di Stato, en suivant la filière des perles de verre vénitiennes au XVIIIe siècle : des phases de production jusqu'à la commercialisation, en précisant les routes, les acteurs et les marchés concernés.Cette thèse est donc divisée en trois parties. La première porte sur le contexte économique de Venise et se focalise sur le commerce du port vénitien et sur l'industrie exportatrice de la ville de Saint-Marc au XVIIIe siècle. C'est à travers cette contextualisation qu'on comprend que les perles de verre sont le fruit d'un pôle manufacturier et commercial encore riche et connecté au monde euro-méditerranéen et qu'on peut mieux évaluer l'expansion de ce secteur de la verrerie vénitienne au XVIIIe siècle.La deuxième partie étudie la filière de fabrication et l'organisation du travail du secteur des perles de verre vénitiennes, en s'interrogeant sur la compétitivité d'un système de production qui est marqué par une forte présence corporative (à savoir, les Arts de Murano, des Margariteri et des Perleri) et, en même temps, par un haut degré de flexibilité. Quatre thèmes font l'objet de cette analyse : le degré d'ouverture de la filière des perles et des métiers concernés ; la gestion des matières premières ; l'assujettissement de la main-d'œuvre aux patrons/négociants des corporations ; les espaces de travail et la position des femmes dans les deux Arts des perles. Cette partie montre que ce secteur est parfaitement adapté aux caractéristiques du commerce international du XVIIIe siècle. Une fois produites, les perles de verre vénitiennes sont exportées à l'échelle de la planète. La troisième partie analyse les routes, les acteurs qui gèrent les échanges et les marchés de ce produit au XVIIIe siècle, en se focalisant sur les deux circuits majeurs de ce commerce, celui du Ponant et celui du Levant. Dans le premier cas, l'attention est mise sur l'importance des perles pour le commerce vénitien avec l'Europe occidentale, sur la géographie des marchés, sur l'émergence des marchands-fabricants margariteri et perleri comme expéditeurs de perles et sur le lien entre le commerce occidental des perles de verre vénitiennes et la traite atlantique des esclaves. Ensuite, la focale d'analyse est déplacée vers l'Orient et plus précisément vers l'Égypte et la Syrie, étapes principales des trajets qui amènent les perles de Venise en Perse, en Inde et dans l'Afrique centre-orientale. Après avoir établi le rôle de ce produit pour le commerce vénitien au Levant, on étudie les routes, l'évolution et les marchands protagonistes de ces trafics, notamment les Juifs sont étudiés.Au final, on constate que les perles sont bien plus que de la pacotille : elles se révèlent un outil essentiel pour le commerce vénitien au XVIIIe siècle, une vraie marchandise globale qui permet à la ville de Saint-Marc de rester interconnectée aux flux commerciaux majeurs de la fin de l'époque moderne
Through the case study of Venetian glass beads in the 18th century, this thesis shows how the specialization in a niche product enabled a Mediterranean economic system to remain connected to the main international trade flows of the late early modern period. This thesis aims to contribute to the scientific debate which, for some years now, has been questioning the decadence of the Mediterranean in the Early modern period, and to clarify the position of Venice in the European world-economy of the 18th century.This research criss-crosses the macro-analysis of flows and the micro-analysis of agents, using Venetian (Registri dei Cinque Savi) and foreign (British Custom books, Toflit19 for French trade and the Portuguese balança do comerçio) quantitative sources and Venetian qualitative sources, mainly from the Censori, Cinque Savi alla Mercanzia, Inquisitore alle Arti, Inquisitori di Stato. The analysis tracks the chain of Venetian glass beads in the 18th century from manufacturing processes to marketing, and specify the routes, the agents and the markets involved.This thesis is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the economic context of Venice and focuses on the trade of the Venetian port and the export industry of the city in the 18th century. Through this contextualization we understand that glass beads were the fruit of a rich manufacturing and commercial pole that was still connected to the Euro-Mediterranean world, and we can better evaluate the expansion of this sector of Venetian glassware in the 18th century.The second part studies the manufacturing sector and the organization of work in the Venetian glass beads sector. It examines the competitiveness of a production system that was marked by a strong presence of guilds (namely, the Arts of Murano, Margariteri and Perleri) and, at the same time, by a high degree of flexibility. Four themes are analyzed: the degree of openness of the glass beads industry and the guilds involved; the supply of raw materials; the subjection of labour to the merchants of the Arts; the position of women in both glass beads guilds. This part shows that glass beads chain was perfectly adapted to the characteristics of 18th-century international trade.Once produced, Venetian glass beads were exported worldwide. The third part analyses the routes and the agents who managed the trade flows and this product's 18th-century markets. It focuses on the two major circuits of this trade, that of the Ponant and that of the Levant. In the first case, the focus of analysis is on the importance of glass beads for Venetian trade with Western Europe, on the geography of markets, on the emergence of merchants-manufacturers margariteri and perleri as beads shippers and on the link between the western trade of Venetian glass beads and the Atlantic slave trade. Then, the focus of analysis is shifted to the East and more precisely to Egypt and Syria, the main stages of the journeys that brought the beads of Venice to Persia, India, and Central-Eastern Africa. After establishing the role of this product for the Venetian trade in the Levant, we analysed the routes, the trade evolution and the merchants involved in these traffics, especially the Jews.Glass beads were much more than gewgaws: they were an essential tool for the Venetian trade in the 18th century to enable the city of San Marco to remain connected in the major trade flows of the late Early modern period

L’art du verre à la Renaissance était marqué par l’influence des maîtres vénitiens, à l’origine d’un certain nombre d’innovations techniques et stylistiques qui connurent un grand succès dans toute l’Europe. En France, Henri II et Catherine de Médicis firent appel à des verriers vénitiens pour établir une verrerie à proximité du château royal de Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Près de trente ans plus tard, une autre équipe de verriers italiens, cette fois-ci originaire du village d’Altare, fondèrent une verrerie au faubourg Saint-Germain-des-Prés. Le développement de l’industrie verrière en Île-de-France du début du règne de Henri II en 1547 à la fin du règne de Henri IV en 1610 est donc étroitement lié à l’arrivée de verriers italiens qui apportèrent leur style et leur savoir-faire. L’histoire verrière de la région ne se limite cependant pas à l’influence italienne. Deux métiers du verre s’organisèrent à Paris à cette époque : celui des patenôtriers d’émail et de verre et celui des marchands verriers. L’étude des hommes et de leurs compétences a constitué un premier axe de recherche. Le second axe choisi a consisté à étudier la commercialisation et la diffusion des produits de verre en Île-de-France et leur contexte d’utilisation. Le verre prit en effet, au XVIe siècle, une place plus importante sur les tables des Parisiens modestes ou fortunés. Les propriétés de ce matériau particulier étaient adaptées à un certain nombre d’usages. Les verres de la Renaissance se divisaient alors entre verres fonctionnels et verres plus prestigieux, collectionnés pour leur valeur esthétique et décorative. Cette thèse transdisciplinaire s’inscrit dans les domaines de l’histoire, de la culture matérielle, de l’histoire de l’art et des techniques et de l’archéologie
The European Renaissance glass art was deeply influenced by the style and the techniques invented by Venetian glassmakers. Those fashionable glass products were in demand in every European country. In France, king Henri II and queen Catherine de Medici established a glasshouse near the royal palace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and employed Venetian glassmakers. After the death of the glassworkers, a new glasshouse, ruled by Italian glassmakers from Altare was established at the end of the 16th century, in the faubourg Saint-Germain-des-Prés. The development of the glass industry in Île-de-France from 1547 to 1610 is linked to the style and techniques brought by Italian glassmakers. In addition to the Italian influence, two glass-related professions were created at that time in Paris: the glass bead makers and the glass sellers. The study of men and their skills constitutes one approach of the subject. The second one explores the trade, circulation and uses of glass products. They became, in the 16th century, more and more common in both modest and wealthy Parisian interiors and were used for their particular properties (especially suitable for medical use for example). On the other hand, some glass products, more prestigious and fashionable, were collected for their decorative and aesthetic value

L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi doctoral és l'edició i l'estudi de la Vida de la sacratíssima verge Maria (València, Nicolau Spindeler, 1494) de Miquel Peres, una de les obres produïdes en el segle d'or valencià i que a hores d'ara encara no compta amb cap edició moderna ni amb estudis que li hagen dedicat una atenció especial. És l'obra més original de les conservades de l'autor, i també la que gaudí d'una major acollida, ja que es reedità diverses vegades tant en el segle XV com en el XVI especialment, i tant en la tradició catalana com en la castellana. Probablement la bona recepció que tingué està directament relacionada amb el context espiritual imperant en l'albada de l'edat moderna, una espiritualitat renovada i de caire intimista que troba en la contemplació devota una de les principals vies d'expressió, i que veiem exemplificada en les pàgines d'aquest volum. Tanmateix, no compten amb cap treball que s'haja ocupat d'editar el text ni d'analitzar-ne la gènesi o la difusió notable de què va gaudir, ja que la producció d'aquest autor ha estat força desatesa. La hipòtesi que motiva aquest treball parteix de la consideració que en els estudis de literatura catalana Miquel Peres no ha estat considerat fins ara com un escriptor de primera línia, i, tanmateix, tant el volum de la seua producció, com les característiques concretes de les seues obres, fan pensar que mereix una reconsideració i un estudi detingut per poder plantejar una revalorització dels seus texts. A través d'aquest treball mirarem de situar la Vida de la sacratíssima verge Maria en el panorama literari i espiritual peninsular, de manera que es pose de manifest l'originalitat que suposà, i que explica l'èxit que se'n seguí, i contribuirem al coneixement de l'activitat literària de la València lletraferida de les darreries de l'edat mitjana i els inicis de l'edat moderna.

Ce travail de thèse concerne l'évaluation biologique et physico-chimique de deux biomatériaux : verre pure associé au risedronate (46S6-xRIS) et une vitrocéramique poreuse dopée avec l'oxyde de zinc et le nitrure de titane noté 46S6-10Zn-2Ti. Le premier est un matériau hybride composé du verre (46S6) et d'un bisphosphonate le risedronate à différentes teneurs (xRIS) avec x= 8, 12 et 20%. Le deuxième est une vitrocéramique ayant une porosité créée par l'élimination de N après calcination. Les analyses physico-chimiques après les tests in vitro du 46S6-xRIS montrent une modification de la cinétique de la bioactivité de ces composites selon la quantité de risedronate ajoutée au 46S6. Les analyses in vivo ont été aussi menées sur le 46S6-10Zn-2Ti. Cette vitrocéramique a été implantée dans des condyles fémoraux de rattes ostéoporotiques, phénomène créé par l'irradiation des rattes à différentes doses de rayons γ. L'investigation biologique après irradiation montre un déséquilibre entre la peroxydation lipidique et les enzymes antioxydants. L'implantation en site osseux avec le 46S6-10Zn-2Ti a permis la restauration de cette balance. L'étude histologique montre le rétablissement du tissu osseux. Cependant, celui ci décroit avec l'augmentation de la dose des rayons gamma. Pour l'exploration physico-chimique, plusieurs techniques complémentaires ont été utilisées pour évaluer la cinétique d'ossification. La bioconsolidation de notre vitrocéramique a été également évaluée après implantation chez des lapins. Le microscanner (mCT) montre la résorption du 46S6-10Zn-2Ti et l'osséo-intégration des cellules osseuses dans les pores du bio-implant alors que, l'étude histologique montre que le 46S6-10Zn-2Ti est presque totalement dégradé et remplacé par le tissue osseux. Le MEB met en évidence la dégradation du 46S6-10Zn-2Ti et son remplacement par un dépôt apatitique. Les spectres MAS-RMN du ³¹P et u ²⁹Si illustrent la dégradation progressive du 46S6-10Zn-2Ti en faveur du développement de l'apatite biologique
This work focuses on the biological and physicochemical evaluations of two biomaterials: a bioactive glass associated to risedronate (46S6-xRIS) and a porous glass ceramic doped with zinc oxide and titanium nitride noted 46S6-10Zn-2Ti. The first is a hybrid material composed of bioactive glass (46S6) and a bisphosphonate, the risedronate with different contents (xRIS) with x=8, 12 and 20%. The second is a ceramic glass having a porosity, which has been created following the elimination of N after heating. Physicochemical analysis after the in vitro essays of 46S6-xRIS show the modification of the bioactivity kinetic of these composites proportional to the quantity of risedronate added to the 46S6. The in vivo analyses were also conducted in the 46S6-10Zn-2Ti. This glass ceramic was implanted in the femoral condyles of osteoporotic rats. This phenomenon was created after its irradiation at different doses of γ-rays. The biological investigations after irradiation show an imbalance between the lipid peroxidation and antioxidants enzymes. The implantation of 46S6-10Zn-2Ti in bone tissue restored the oxidative balance. The histological study manifests the restoration of bone tissue. However, this restoration decreased with the rising of γ-rays doses. For the physiochemical exploration, several complementary techniques were used to evaluate the kinetic of ossification. The porous glass ceramic was evaluated also in the bioconsolidation process after implantation in rabbit. The X-ray Micro-Computer Tomography (mCT) shows the resorption of the 46S6-10Zn-2Ti and the osseointegration of bones cells in the biomaterial pores. Moreover, the histological study illustrates that the degradation and the resoption of the 46S6-10Zn-2Ti is almost total. The SEM highlights the degradation of the 46S6-10Zn-2Ti and its replacement by an apatitic deposit. The MAS-NMR spectra of ³¹P and of ²⁹Si illustrate a progressive degradation of 46S6-10Zn-2Ti in favor of the development of a biological apatite

Cette thèse concerne l'étude des matériaux bioactifs et de leurs propriétés de créer un environnement favorable à la régénération osseuse. Nous nous intéressons à l'étude locale des réactions physico-chimiques précoces se produisant à l'interface verre bioactif / milieu biologique. Les méthodes de caractérisation utilisées sont la microscopie électronique à transmission associée aux spectroscopies de dispersion d'énergie de photons X (EDXS) et de pertes d'énergie des électrons (EELS). Nous avons utilisé la spectrométrie EDXS avec la méthode de quantification de Cliff et Lorimer. Afin d'optimiser les corrections d'absorption pour les éléments légers, nous avons développé un système itéractif de corrections de l'absorption utilisant la valeur expérimentale de l'épaisseur relative locale de l'échantillon mesurée par EELS. Cela a permis de déterminer avec précision les rapports atomiques O/Si dans les différentes zones de l'échantillon. Pour conforter ces mesures, nous avons utilisé l'EELS qui par l'intermédiaire des structures ELNES sur le seuil L2,3 du silicium peut renseigner sur son environnement chimique. Ces deux approches nous ont permis de mettre en évidence l'existence de différentes couches périphériques à l'interface verre bioactif (A9) / fluide biologique (DMEM) : une couche en SiO2, une fine couche temporaire contenant des groupements Si(OH)4, qui permettent la fixation des ions Ca2+. Avec l'arrivée du phospore, nous aboutissons ainsi à la formation d'une couche riche en calcium et en phospore. Au fur et à mesure que cette couche précipite en une apatite, la couche contenant des groupements Si(OH)4 disparaît rapidement par repolymérisation sous la forme SiO2
In this thesis we study bioactive materials and their properties to create a favourable environment for the osseous regeneration. More precisely, we are interested in the local and early physicochemical reactions, which occur at the interface between the bioactive glass and the biological environment. The characterisation methods used are transmission electron microscopy associated with energy dispersive X-rays spectroscopy (EDXS) and energy loss electron spectroscopy (EELS). We chose the Cliff and Lorimer method to quantify the elements by EDXS. To optimise the absorption corrections for the light elements, we developed an iterative process for absorption corrections using the experimental value of the local relative specimen thickness measured by EELS. Thus we determined precisely the O/Si atomic ratio in the different areas of the sample. To confirm these measurements, we used EELS to analyse the chemical environment of silicon by the study of the ELNES structures recorded on the L2,3 threshold of silicon. These two approaches allow to demonstrate the existence of many peripheral layers at the bioactive glass (A9) / biological fluid (DMEM) interface: a SiO2 rich layer, a fine temporary layer containing Si(OH)4 groups leading to bonds with calcium ions. Finally by the arrival of phosphorus groups, a calcium and phosphorus rich layer is formed. As this layer precipitates in an apatite, the fine layer containing of the Si(OH)4 groups disappears quickly by repolymerisation in SiO2

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (Capes)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq)
Minist?rio do Desenvolvimento Agr?rio/Secretaria de Agricultura Familiar
O m?dio vale do Jequitinhonha apresenta condi??es clim?ticas adversas, tendendo para a semiaridez, com precipita??es anuais abaixo de 1.000 mm, demandando estrat?gias de conviv?ncia com essas condi??es. Os solos agr?colas nessas regi?es tropicais, por estarem expostos aos fen?menos clim?ticos, t?rmicos e h?dricos, necessitam de prote??o cont?nua, alcan?ada atrav?s da cobertura, viva ou morta, proporcionada principalmente por leguminosas herb?ceas perenes utilizadas na aduba??o verde. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento e as potencialidades de leguminosas herb?ceas perenes para uso como aduba??o verde, em recupera??o ao per?odo de seca, e avaliar a produ??o do quiabeiro em cultivo sobre a cobertura viva dessas leguminosas, sob manejo org?nico, na regi?o do m?dio vale do Jequitinhonha/MG. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos: o primeiro com as leguminosas cudzu tropical (Pueraria phaseoloides), calopog?nio (Calopogonium mucunoides), amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi), soja perene (Glycine wightii), estilosantes campo grande (Stylosanthes capitata, Stylosanthes macrocephala) e com plantas espont?neas (controle); e o segundo com o quiabeiro cultivado em cons?rcio com essas leguminosas. O delineamento experimental utilizado nos dois experimentos foi o de blocos, nesse caso com quatro repeti??es. Observou-se que no primeiro experimento o cudzu e a soja perene restabeleceram-se na ?rea, mais influenciados pela rebrota do que pelo ressemeio; o amendoim forrageiro e o estilosantes restabeleceram-se pelos dois m?todos propagativos citados; e o calopog?nio se restabeleceu praticamente por ressemeio. As esp?cies cudzu tropical, calopog?nio, amendoim forrageiro e soja perene se destacaram para a cobertura do solo. O uso das leguminosas como cobertura permanente promoveu inibi??o e mudan?as na composi??o das esp?cies de plantas espont?neas ao longo do tempo, com destaque para o cudzu. Todas as leguminosas proporcionaram menor temperatura do solo em rela??o ao controle, com destaque para o cudzu e amendoim forrageiro. O calopog?nio se destacou entre as leguminosas com maior capacidade de reten??o da umidade do solo. O uso de leguminosas perenes como calopog?nio, cuduz tropical e soja perene, pode contribuir para o incremento de N, e a ciclagem dos macronutrientes, al?m do aumento da mat?ria org?nica sobre o solo, por meio do material senescente. Independentemente do tratamento, foram encontrados maiores valores de P, K, Mg, SB, pH e mat?ria org?nica nos primeiros 5 cm de profundidade. Os tratamentos calopog?nio, cudzu e soja perene se destacaram, para o teor de K, Mg, SB, H+Al e T em todas as profundidades do solo, com o controle tamb?m se destacando para o teor de K. Em todas as profundidades, o solo sob cudzu revelou o menor valor de pH. Amendoim forrageiro, calopog?nio e soja perene se destacaram para o teor de P na camada de 10 a 20 cm de profundidade do solo. O calopog?nio apresentou os maiores teores de mat?ria org?nica em todas as profundidades, e independentemente do tratamento, na medida em que se aumenta a profundidade do solo, observam-se valores decrescentes para o teor de mat?ria org?nica. O controle, calopog?nio, cudzu e estilosantes apresentaram o maior valor de carbono da mat?ria org?nica leve. No segundo experimento observou-se que ap?s estiagem, com in?cio do restabelecimento, cudzu tropical, soja perene e amendoim forrageiro, demonstraram consider?vel potencial de ac?mulo de mat?ria seca na parte a?rea. Ap?s o corte, o calopog?nio e o amendoim forrageiro restabeleceram-se bem, principalmente atrav?s de germina??o, proporcionada pelo banco de sementes depositado no solo e tamb?m por rebrota, no caso do amendoim forrageiro. O cudzu e a soja perene promoveram menor presen?a de plantas espont?neas. Amendoim forrageiro e calopog?nio se destacaram em proporcionar menor temperatura do solo e todas as leguminosas promoveram maior reten??o de umidade do solo, com exce??o do estilosantes, quando comparados com o controle. O quiabeiro cultivado sobre soja perene e cudzu tropical apresentou maiores alturas. A aduba??o verde com soja perene, estilosantes e cudzu tropical, proporcionou aumento no n?mero e produtividade de frutos de quiabeiro por colheita, por somat?rio de colheitas, e por classe.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2012.
ABSTRACT The m?dio vale do Jequitinhonha is severely punished by adverse climate conditions, tending to the semiarid, with annual rainfall below 1.000 mm, then it is required strategies for dealing with these conditions. Soils in these tropical regions need continuous protection because they are exposed to extreme climate, temperature and water. Bad consequences can be minimized by alive or dead coverage which came mainly from perennial herbaceous leguminous used for green manure. This study aimed to evaluate the performance and potential of perennial herbaceous leguminous to be used as green manure on recovery at dry period, and the production of okra cultivated on these leguminous living coverage, under organic management in the region of m?dio vale do Jequitinhonha/MG. Two experiments were conducted: the first one with tropical kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides), calopo (Calopogonium mucunoides), forage peanut (Arachis pintoi), perennial soybeans (Glycine wightii), stylosanthes (Stylosanthes capitata, Stylosanthes macrocephala) and control group; and in the second one, okra was intercropped with these leguminous. A randomized block design was used with four replicates. It was observed that in the first experiment, the perennial soybean and kudzu had re-established themselves in the area, more influenced by re-growth than by re-seeding. Forage peanut and stylosanthes were restored by the two propagation methods mentioned, and calopo was restored by re-seeding. The tropical kudzu, calopo, forage peanut and perennial soybean species stood out on soil coverage. The use of leguminous plants as permanent coverage promoted inhibition and changes in the weed species composition of the species over time, emphasing kudzu. All leguminous plants provided lower soil temperature as compared to the control group, especially the kudzu and forage peanut. The calopo stood out among the leguminous plants with a greater capacity to retain soil humidity. The use of these perennial leguminous may contribute to the increase of N, and the cycling of macronutrients besides increasing organic matter on the soil through senescent material. Regardless of the treatment, higher values of P, K, Mg, SB, pH and organic matter were found in the first 5 cm depth. The calopo, kudzu and perennial soybean treatments stood out for the content of K, Mg, SB, T and H + Al in all soil depths, with the control group also standing out for the content of K. In all depths, the soil under kudzu showed the lowest pH value. Peanut forage, calopo and perennial soybean stood out for P content from 10 to 20 cm of soil depth. The calopo showed the highest levels of organic matter at all depths, regardling of the treatment. As soil depth increases, values of organic matter content decreases. The control group, calopo, kudzu and stylosanthes showed the greatest amount of carbon from light organic matter. In the second experiment it was observed that after dry time, beginning the restoration, kudzu tropical, perennial soybean and forage peanut, showed considerable potential for dry matter accumulation in shoots. After cutting, forage peanut and calopo had a great recoverage, mainly through germination, provided by the seed bank in the soil and also in the case of forage peanut re-growth. The kudzu and perennial soybean promoted lower re-infestation of weeds. Calopo and the forage peanut were better in providing lower soil temperature and all leguminous plants promoted a greater retention of soil humidity, except for stylosanthes, when compared to control group. The okra grown on soybeans and tropical kudzu presented higher heights. Green manure with perennial soybean, Kudzu and stylosanthes increased the number and the productivity of okra by harvest, by the sum of harvests, and by class.

En los últimos años se ha puesto énfasis en despertar la conciencia medioambiental, surgiendo un nuevo grupo de consumidores denominado “consumidores verdes” quienes optan por hábitos de compra y consumo más sustentables, siendo los millennials, generación de personas nacidas entre 1980 y 2000 quienes lideran esta tendencia y al ser un segmento que a futuro formará gran parte de la PEA en el Perú, es importante saber lo que piensan y lo que quieren, es por ello, que el presente estudio buscó determinar el perfil del consumidor verde de la generación millennials de universidades privadas de la ciudad de Chiclayo a fin de conocer cuáles son sus características y preferencias específicas como segmento de mercado. Para ello, se realizó una investigación descriptiva de enfoque mixto, la muestra estuvo conformada por 430 estudiantes de 18 a 25 años (millennials), de ambos sexos pertenecientes a universidades privadas de Chiclayo: USAT, USMP y USS a los que se les aplicó un cuestionario tipo Likert, basado en el modelo propuesto por Izaguirre, Vicente & Fernández. Dentro de los resultados obtenidos, se pudo establecer que los consumidores verdes, en su mayoría son mujeres de ocupación estudiantes y practicantes que aún reciben apoyo económico por parte de su familia, estos adquieren productos ecológicos principalmente por sus beneficios para la salud y están dispuestos a pagar un sobreprecio de hasta 25% más por ellos, además son las categorías de alimentos y de cuidado e higiene personal las preferidas, siendo los supermercados el principal canal de compra. Finalmente, se concluyó que los estudiantes de la USAT y USMP se parecen, tanto en gustos, estilos de vida y hábitos de compra mientras que los estudiantes de la USS asumen otra realidad, así mismo, se muestra a la ciudad de Chiclayo como un mercado en crecimiento y, por lo tanto, una oportunidad de negocio.
Tesis

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Capes, CNPq
A região da Caatinga é caracterizada pelas altas temperaturas durante o ano e má distribuição das chuvas. Em virtude desses fatores de clima regional, tem-se a necessidade de adoção por práticas que elevem à eficiência e sustentabilidade agrícola local. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a aptidão de leguminosas herbáceas perenes como cobertura permanente de solo no cultivo de bananeira. Foram conduzidos três experimentos, para avaliação das leguminosas, utilizou-se um delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no espaço e para algumas variáveis, sub-subdividida no tempo, sendo: Fator “A” os dois diferentes ambientes de plantio: municípios de Itaobim/MG e Virgem da Lapa/MG; Fator “B”, nas subparcelas, dois manejos de cobertura do solo e para algumas variáveis, três manejos, constituídos pelas leguminosas: cudzu tropical (Pueraria phaseoloides) calopogônio (Calopogonium mucunoides) e solo descoberto (solo capinado); Fator “C” épocas de coleta de dados. Para avaliação das bananeiras, foram dois experimentos em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em esquema de parcelas sudivididas no espaço, sendo: nas parcelas, fator “A” constituído por três manejos de cobertura do solo, pelas leguminosas: cudzu tropical e o calopogônio, e solo descoberto (solo capinado); fator “B”, nas subparcelas, plantas de bananeiras em três idades morfofisiológicas (diferentes ciclos e tamanhos); Para algumas variáveis que foram submetidas a coletas periódicas, utilizou-se o esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas no tempo, acrescentando-se o fator “C”, datas das coletas nas sub-subparcelas, tendo como referência os dias após semeadura (DAS) das leguminosas. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: taxa de cobertura do solo; potencial de deposição de folhas e a ciclagem de nutrientes; capacidade de inibição da vegetação espontânea; conservação da temperatura e promoção da retenção de umidade do solo. Também foi avaliado o crescimento vegetativo e produtividade das bananeiras. Como resultados principais, notou-se que as leguminosas proporcionaram eficiente cobertura do solo, o calopogônio apresentou o maior acúmulo de N, P, K, e Ca, via deposição de material senescente, tal como maior inibição das plantas espontâneas nos pomares de bananeiras. Essa cobertura também promoveu uma eficiente redução da temperatura do solo, possibilitando menor variação térmica nas camadas de maior concentração radicular da bananeira, e consequentemente, obtendo maior acúmulo de umidade no solo. As bananeiras cultivadas sobre coberturas vivas de solo apresentaram aumento gradativo no crescimento e peso de cacho. Os resultados reforçam o potencial uso dessas espécies na fruticultura, principalmente em regiões de severas restrições hídricas, como forma de adubação e otimização de diversos processos biológicos em seu ambiente de cultivo.
The region of the caatinga is characterized by high temperatures during the year and low rainfall. These regional climate factors demand the adoption of practices that increase the efficiency and sustainability of local farming. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the aptitude of perennial herbaceous legumen as a permanent cover crop in the cultivation of banana plant. Three experiments were conducted: to evaluate the leguminous used, a randomized complete block design, with four replications in a plot layout split in space, and for some variables, sub-subdivided in time, being Factor "A" the two different planting environments: municipalities of Itaobim – MG and Virgem da Lapa – MG; Factor "B", on subplots, two management strategies of soil cover and for some variables, three management strategies, made with the legumen: tropical kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides) calopo (Calopogonium mucunoides) and bare soil (hoed soil); and Factor "C", times of data collection. For the evaluation of banana plants, two experiments were conducted in a randomized block design with four replications in split plots in space, being: in the plots, Factor "A" consists of three management strategies of soil cover, the leguminens calopo, tropical kudzu, and bare soil (hoed soil); factor "B", on the subplots they are banana plants in three morphophysiological ages (different cycles and sizes). For some variables that underwent periodic data collection, we used the split-split plot scheme in time, adding to factor "C" dates of collections in the sub-plots, having as reference the legumen’s days after sowing (DAS). The following variables were evaluated: rate of soil cover; deposition potential of leaves and nutrient cycling; ability to inhibit spontaneous vegetation; conservation of temperature and retention of humidity in the soil. We also assessed the growth and yield of banana plant. As main results we noted that legumens provided an efficient ground cover, the calopo showed the greatest accumulation of N, P, K, and Ca, by deposition of senescent material, such as greater inhibition of weeds in banana orchards. This coverage also promoted an efficient reduction of soil temperature, enabling lower thermal variation in higher layers of banana root growth and consequently obtaining higher accumulation of umidity in the soil. Bananas grown with cover crops showed gradual increase in growth and bunch weight. The results support the potential use of these species in fruit growing, particularly in regions with water restrictions, as a means of fertilization and optimization of diverse biological processes in their environments.

Intercropped legumes in coffee rows perform as green manure, providing good soil coverage and reducing weed infestation. This study evaluated soil coverage and interference of forage peanuts and perennial soybean on weed infestation and phytosociology, and on growth and yield of coffee plants. The experiment was done in Patrocínio/MG, in a 11 years old producing coffee orchard, cultivar Catuaí Vermelho IAC-99, spaced by 3.80 x 0.70 m. Nine treatments were evaluated as a 23+1 factorial, in randomized blocks, with 4 repetitions, with two perennial legumes: forage peanuts (Arachis pintoi) and perennial soybean (Glycine wightii); two types of side management: with no side management, or with side management with glyphosate at 50 cm from canopy projection; two types of vertical management: no vertical management, or with legume vertical management at 5 cm above soil level. The additional treatment, the control, was done with the herbicide glyphosate (1.0 kg ha-1 of acid equivalent) between the rows. The two legume species resulted in good soil coverage, reducing weed infestation. Bidens pilosa and Spermacoce latifolia were the weed species with the greatest index of importance value. Perennial soybean, regardless of management, reduced the average number of nodes and coffee yield. Legume growth with no side management also affected coffee yield negatively, with greater interference during the high yield year. Forage peanut, with side management, did not affect the vegetative and yield characteristics of coffee.
As leguminosas intercaladas nas ruas do cafezal servem de adubo verde, proporcionam uma boa cobertura do solo e podem diminuir a infestação de plantas daninhas. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a cobertura do solo e a interferência do amendoim-forrageiro e da soja-perene sobre a infestação e a fitossociologia de plantas daninhas e sobre as características vegetativas e produtivas do cafeeiro. O experimento foi instalado no município de Patrocínio/MG, em uma lavoura de café em produção da cultivar Catuaí Vermelho, linhagem IAC-99, no espaçamento de 3,80 x 0,70 m com 11 anos de idade. Utilizou-se nove tratamentos em esquema fatorial 23+1, no delineamento em blocos casualizados com 4 repetições, sendo duas espécies de leguminosas perenes: amendoim-forrageiro (Arachis pintoi) e soja-perene (Glycine wightii); dois tipos de manejo lateral: sem manejo lateral e com manejo lateral com glyphosate a 50 cm da projeção da saia; dois tipos de manejo vertical: sem manejo vertical e com manejo vertical das leguminosas a 5 cm do solo. O tratamento adicional, correspondente à testemunha, foi realizado com a aplicação do herbicida glyphosate (1,0 kg ha-1 de equivalente ácido) nas entrelinhas da parcela. As duas espécies de leguminosas proporcionaram boa cobertura do solo, diminuindo a infestação de plantas daninhas. O picão-preto (Bidens pilosa) e a erva-quente (Spermacoce latifolia) foram as espécies de plantas daninhas com maior índice de valor de importância. A soja-perene, independente do manejo, diminuiu o número médio de nós e a produtividade de café. O cultivo de leguminosas sem o manejo lateral também prejudicou a produtividade de café, sendo a interferência maior no ano de carga alta. O amendoim-forrageiro manejado lateralmente não causou interferência nas características vegetativas e produtivas do cafeeiro.
Doutor em Agronomia

As fachadas vegetadas podem trazer benefícios térmicos às edificações, na medida em que atuam como mecanismo de sombreamento, isolamento térmico, barreira ao vento ou resfriamento evaporativo. Dentre as diversas tipologias usadas atualmente na arquitetura, este trabalho vai comparar três sistemas: fachada verde direta (FVD), fachada verde indireta (FVI) e parede viva modular (PVM). Sendo assim, o objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o impacto do uso de diferentes tipologias de fachadas vegetadas no comportamento térmico de um ambiente residencial, inserido na zona bioclimática 2, utilizando simulação computacional no software EnergyPlus, com base em parâmetros de configuração utilizados anteriormente por outras pesquisas. Para tanto, comparou-se os resultados de temperatura interna do ar, temperatura superficial interna da parede e fluxo de calor da edificação sem a presença da vegetação e com a aplicação das três técnicas. Os resultados demonstraram que o uso da vegetação tende a deixar as superfícies termicamente mais estáveis, amenizam os picos de temperatura e promovem menores ganhos de calor durante os períodos mais quentes e menores perdas de calor nos períodos mais frios. Assim, conclui-se que seu uso traz benefícios para o conforto térmico e eficiência energética em edificações inseridas em locais de clima subtropical.

La utilització de grans quantitats de dades dins de l’àmbit de gestió municipal, planteja uns problemes importants d’extracció d’informació i , anant més enllà, d’extracció de coneixement. En aquest article es presentaran eines d’ajuda a la presa de decisions, que permeten visualitzar anàlisis complexes que relacionen tipus de dades diversos, tals com l’estructura física de la ciutat (carrers, illes, parcel·les, portals), la població que hi viu, els centres proveïdors de serveis i les característiques de les activitats econòmiques que s’hi desenvolupen. També permeten fer hipòtesis i simulacions dels diferents escenaris. Aquestes eines s’han aplicat a la ciutat de Mataró, mitjançant el Servei d’Estudis i Planificació de l’Ajuntament, i hi estan involucrades dades que tenen origen en diferents departaments municipals, com ara el Padró d’Habitants, el Cadastre i el Mapa de la Ciutat entre altres. L’Ajuntament de Mataró a través del Servei d’Estudis, per una part i l’Escola Universitària Politècnica com soci tecnològic han creat el Centre de Coneixement Urbà per dur a terme aquestes activitats. El projecte es basa, fonamentalment, en la superioritat de la informació gràfica sobre de l’alfanumèrica. Un aspecte essencial és la ubicació de les dades en el territori, a partir de la seva georeferenciació tal com fa un SIG, però en el nostre cas el SIG és simplement una interfície i el que realment es valorat i potenciat és la interacció entres les diferents tipologies de dades, per acabar generant uns indicadorstambé gràfics i georefenciats (entitats o mapes temàtics) que presenten la síntesi resultant aportant una informació qualitativament diferent a la informació inicial. Aplicacions: 1) Centres proveïdors de serveis i proximitat. La idea és associar l’àrea d’influència d’un determinat centre proveïdor de servei (amb aquest nom es pot representar un centre d’ensenyament, un ambulatori, un centre cívic etc.) amb la seva capacitat de donar aquest servei (nombre de places) i amb la població ‘target’ del citat servei que hi ha a l’entorn físic del centre. D’aquesta manera es pot generar un indicador de l’àrea d’influència sobre el seu territori més proper. Això permet al polític o al gestor, d’una mirada, percebre sobre el mapa de la ciutat o el territori, si hi ha ‘buits’ significatius en la cobertura i també veure ‘que passaria si’ s’augmenta la capacitat d’un centre, o es canvia d’emplaçament, o se’n tanquen u obren de nous. 2) Activitat econòmica i relació amb la població Permet tenir una visió de l’activitat econòmica de la ciutat agrupada per sectors (epígrafs normalitzats) podent escollir activitats relacionades de diferents maneres, com per exemple: tot el comerç al detall, tot el comerç a l’engròs, la restauració, la banca, el tèxtil etc. Es presenten totes les entitats que corresponen a cada consulta en forma de números de policia o parcel·les. Es visualitza també en forma gràfica la superfície declarada per aquesta activitat. Igualment també es pot relacionar amb la població, predefinint unes zones d’influència de cada centre d’activitat i mostrant un temàtic de la població que en queda fora permetent per tant aplicacions de geomarketing. The use of massive data within the field of local-government management causes some important problems to extract information and knowledge from data. In this article, tools are presented to help in decision-making. These tools allow to show complex analysis which connect diferent types of data, such as physical structures and elements in town (streets, blocks, plots of land and doorways), with the inhabitants who live there, service supplier centers and economic activity characteristics. Hypothesis and simulations of diferent scenes are also enabled. The Servei d’estudis i planificació - Study and Planning Service – of Mataró Town Council has put into practice these tools in its own town. The data used have their origin in diferent departments, such as Inhabitants Register, Property Register, and the City’s Map Department. Mataró Town Council, through Servei d’estudis i planificació, and the Escola Universitària Politècnica de Mataró (Mataró School of Engineering), as technology partner, have created the Centre de Coneixement Urbà – Urban Knowledge Center – to carry out these activities. The project is mainly based on the idea that graphically-presented information is more useful than alphanumerically-presented information. An essencial aim is the location of data in the territory from its georeference, as a Geographical Information System (GIS) does. In our case, however, the GIS is used just as an interface. What is actually valuable and strengthened is the integration of the diferent types of data to create graphic and georeferenced indicators (entities and thematic maps), which summarizes and improves the quality of the information. Application: 1) Service suppliers and proximity centers The main idea is to associate an area of influence to a particular Service Supplier Center (a school, a health center, a community center, etc.) with its number of vacancies and with the inhabitants targeted by and around this service. So, an indicator of the area of influence around the center can be generated. This indicator is a great tool to politicians or managers because it allows them to understand, over the city map, if there are empty areas not covered by the analysed service. Therefore “what if “ questions can be used to change the number of vacancies of the center, its situation or even removing or creating new ones. 2) Economic activity and relationship with population It allows to have a view of the town’s economic activity grouped into sectors. The user can choose diferent activities related in some diferent ways, for instance: retail, wholesale trading, restaurants, banks, textile, etc. All the entities corresponding to each query are shown on the map as plots of lands or doorways. And you can also graphically see the area legally declared by the owner of the activity. Moreover, these entities can be related to the inhabitants by previously defining a zone of influence of each activity center and by showing a thematic map of inhabitants left out from the area of influence, thus allowing geomarketing applications

La transición energética y el proceso de gradual descarbonización de la economía están dando lugar al desarrollo de nuevos empleos, conocidos como “empleos verdes”, que pueden referirse a nuevas ocupaciones y actividades o bien referirse a empleos ya existentes adaptados. Este informe revisa los principales perfiles de empleo verde que están apareciendo fruto de la evolución hacia una economía más sostenible. Además, se revisa la situación actual del empleo verde en el País Vasco y se analiza hasta qué punto el sistema de formación y capacitación de las personas vasco promueve y facilita su adaptación a las capacidades laborales que van a necesitar para hacer frente a los retos que plantea la transformación de la economía en una sostenible desde el punto de vista medioambiental.