Готові списки джерел за темами / People and Linguistics

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "People and Linguistics"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 27 липня 2024

Оновлено: 30 липня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "People and Linguistics"

M. V. Pimenova, G. Zh. Iskakova, T. B. Zhunussova, D. S. Ryspayeva, and L. E. Dalbergenova. ""INTERPRETATION OF THE CONCEPT «GOODNESS» IN FOLK TALES OF KAZAKHSTANI PEOPLE"." Bulletin of Toraighyrov University. Philology series, no. 4.2022 (December 30, 2022): 204–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.48081/lpqz3711.

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"The study is dedicated to the analysis of the peculiarities of a child’s linguistic worldview and values formation through fairy tales. The aim of the study is to identify the linguistic units representing the nominative field of the concept «Jaqsylyq / goodness», on the material of fairy tales. The algorithm used by the authors to determine language units is based on the analysis of lexical, morphological, stylistic and textual levels that verbalize the concept in fairy tales. This approach is based on the integration of methods of cognitive and linguocognitive analysis and associative experiment. The research materials are the fairy tales from the book «Folk Tales of Kazakhstani People». Also, in the present research interrelationships of linguistics, cognitive linguistics and culture, different points of view of scientists on the term concept are considered. The description of the concept «Jaqsylyq / goodness» is based on the analysis of the dictionary entries that revealed its conceptual content as a whole. The concept was analyzed in fairytales, which allowed to see the reflection of national reality through language. The formation of the concept in the linguistic consciousness was revealed on the basis of the associative experiment with the concept «jaqsylyq/goodness» and on the results of the analysis of the vocabulary of 10–11 year-old schoolchildren. The results of the research work may be used in the field of cognitive linguistics, cultural linguistics. "

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Yelchibekov, B., A. Rauandina, and B. Yelikbaiev. "FORMATION OF TEXT LINGUISTICS IN THE FIELD OF LINGUISTICS." BULLETIN Series of Philological Sciences 73, no. 3 (July 15, 2020): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-3.1728-7804.06.

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The author in this article considers the history of the formation of text linguistics as a scientific discipline in the field of linguistics, in connection with the emergence of intersubject situations in the study of the text of literary works at the turn of the last century. The article deals with the history of research of the text of a literary work in the linguistic direction and its further development in the field of linguistics. It also examines the scientific works and their features of domestic and foreign scientists in this area. Examines the role of language in shaping identity, culture and future of the people, and explained that acknowledge the value and the aesthetic function of language affects linguistic, logical, intellectual, and cultural aspects of life of the young generation, as well as the fate and future of the people as a whole.

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Karymshakova, Aisha. "THE FIRST SCIENCE COMMUNICATORS ON TERMINOLOGY ISSUES." Alatoo Academic Studies 22, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2022.224.10.

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This article describes the scientific activities of the great many-sided and talented people of two fraternal peoples, namely Kasym Tynystanov, the founder of Kyrgyz linguistics, and Akhmet Baitursynov, the founder of Kazakh linguistics. This article describes the contributions of these science communicators in shaping terminology. These scholars were among the first to develop a theory of terminology, in other words, to develop the basic principles of the system and methods of term formation, as they considered terminology as a separate field of linguistics. As a result, we see that many terms are that are actively used today in two languages (Kyrgyz and Kazakh) were penned by these two prominent people The article among the linguistic terminology makes the main focus on the morphological terminology.

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Umarova Nodira Ikromovna. "CONCEPTS OF LINGUISTIC, SPEECH AND COMMUNICATIVE PERSONALITY IN LINGUISTICS." МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ НАУЧНАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ: "СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПАРАДИГМЫ: ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ ТРАДИЦИЙ И ИННОВАЦИЙ II" 2, no. 18.03 (April 7, 2022): 852–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.47100/nuu.v2i18.03.164.

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This article is devoted to the study of the concepts of linguistic, verbal and communicative personality in linguistics, and highlights the differences between them. Language is at the same time a social and an individual phenomenon. Moreover, language belongs to both the individual and the plural. The sociality of language is defined by society, by individuals - as a product of the people, while the specificity of language is defined by one person, with an individual - as a product of some person.

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B.R, Kadirova. "LINGUISTICS AS A MODERN SCIENCE IN LINGUISTICS." International Journal of Pedagogics 03, no. 02 (February 1, 2023): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijp/volume03issue01-08.

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The article is devoted to the development of the foundations of a new branch of knowledge — linguoculturology, which emerged at the junction of linguistics and cultural studies and examines the manifestations of the culture of the people, which were reflected and fixed in the language. It shows how culture forms and organizes the thinking of a language personality, language categories and concepts, how one of the fundamental functions of language is carried out — to be a tool for creating, developing, storing and transmitting культурыобъектыcultural objects.It issuggested that vocabulary remains the most stable object in this aspect.

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Múcsková, Gabriela. "„We“ and „they“ in the linguistic construction of the image of language (or the reflection of lay people in Slovak linguistics)." Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 74, no. 2 (December 1, 2023): 661–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2024-0017.

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Abstract The article maps the linguistic views on the common language users as non-experts in the field of linguistics and their ability to think reflectively and rationally about issues related to language. An overview of attitudes towards non-linguists is presented against the background of the development of linguistics, ranging from a structural understanding of language with an emphasis on standard language cultivation and linguistic prescription, through a sociolinguistic approach that emphasizes the role of the language user as a creator of the linguistic norm and its variation, to the view of folk linguistics and citizen linguistics, which examine how ordinary people in various forms of public communication present their opinions, beliefs, as well as their myths and ideologies about language. At the same time, the paper argues for the view that some folk knowledge and beliefs about language are not only incorrect or inaccurate, but, on the contrary, that they provide valuable information for linguistics about the background of language behaviour and language change. The material was drawn from the databases of Slovak linguistic journals and the specialized corpus of the journal Slovenská reč.

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Rice, Mskwaankwad. "Power and positionality: A case study of linguistics’ relationship to Indigenous peoples." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 7, no. 1 (May 30, 2022): 5295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v7i1.5295.

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The western scientific tradition has an exploitative, damaging history with Indigenous peoples and while not partaking in kidnapping and grave robbing, linguistics has been employed in justifying acts of genocide. Modern-day linguistics, notably within theoretical and documentary subdisciplines, takes an ahistorical and scientistic approach to its own relationship to Indigenous peoples and languages. The discipline does not acknowledge or engage with the problematic aspects of its history and current practices outside of discussions within sociolinguistics. This paper presents a case study of the relationship between linguistics and the Ojibwe people to demonstrate that it is essential for all linguists to address both their own positionality and the historical legacy of linguistics in their linguistic research. I offer several suggestions for how individuals and institutions may begin to address these issues in their research practices and in the norms of the discipline.

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Eyal-Salman, Azmi. "Factors Directing Linguistic Change in External Linguistics." Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Language Sciences and Literature, no. 29 (February 10, 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54940/ll19582449.

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The structuralist movement distinguished between the two types of linguistics: internal linguistics and external linguistics. This classification aimed at determining and naming clear distinctions between the factors in which the linguistic determination process is distributed in modern linguistics. There are internal factors, motivated by subjective principles, which are the fixed forces that direct and balance the language system at the same time. There are also external factors, more dynamic factors that direct the language system and control its change. According to the model adopted by the study, the external factors are confined to two groups: one relates to the expelling forces of the language, and the other relates to the attractive forces of the language. The importance of this determination lies in its display of an aspect of the law of equilibrium that governs the development of all languages. There are two opposing tendencies that direct the language in two contrasting paths: one of them tends the language toward disorder, and the other tends to stabilize it. This study adopted the attractive forces of language as its subject, detailing three external factors that had a major impact on steadying and stabilizing the language and in reducing the speed of change and disturbance. These factors were represented in three main institutions: the scientific domain, the cultural domain, and the political domain. The study concluded that these three domains or contexts have a prominent role in forcing speakers to adopt a unified linguistic identity that imposes a kind of stability on the language in use. All of them have contributed, with their hierarchical functions, after each other, in creating a safe environment that preserves the language’s balance and gives it a measure of relative stability in order to enable the language preserving its essential function, which is to remain a valid tool for communication between people.

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Butler, Christopher S. "Systemic Functional Linguistics, Cognitive Linguistics and psycholinguistics." Functions of Language 20, no. 2 (September 6, 2013): 185–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.20.2.03but.

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The overall aim of this article is to explain why researchers working in Systemic Functional Linguistics and Cognitive Linguistics would benefit from dialogue with people working in psycholinguistics, and with each other. After a brief introduction, the positions on cognition taken in the Sydney and Cardiff models of Systemic Functional Linguistics are reviewed and critiqued. I then assess the extent to which Cognitive Linguistics has honoured the ‘cognitive commitment’ which it claims to make. The following section examines compatibilities between Systemic Functional and Cognitive Linguistic approaches, first outlining existing work which combines Hallidayan and cognitive perspectives, then discussing other potential areas of contact between the two, and finally examining the Cardiff model in relation to Cognitive Linguistics. The final section presents a collaborative view, suggesting that the ultimate aim of functionally-oriented (including cognitive) linguistics should be to attempt to answer the question ‘How does the natural language user work?’, and pointing out that collaboration between proponents of different linguistic models, and between linguists and researchers in other disciplines which study language, is crucial to this enterprise. Suggestions are made for ways in which dialogue across the areas of Systemic Functional Linguistics, Cognitive Linguistics and psycholinguistics could contribute to such a project.

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Lutfullaeva, D. "THE CONCEPT OF ASSOCIATIVE PORTRAIT IN LINGUISTICS AND ITS ESSENCE." Current Research Journal of Philological Sciences 5, no. 5 (May 1, 2024): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-05-05-23.

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In recent years, it has become one of the urgent problems in linguistics to determine the linguistic landscape-image of the external world in the mind of the language speakers, based on the associative experiments conducted on the speakers of the language in a collective manner. In this direction, it is especially important to create an associative portrait of famous people of the society. In this article, the issue of studying the problem of associative portrait in linguistics was raised, the linguistic essence of the concept of associative portrait was revealed.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "People and Linguistics"

Murphy, Jill Marie. "Translingual literature: The bone people and Borderlands." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2755.

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This thesis proposes that by producing and existing within a translingual text, the ethnofeminist has found a way to subvert others' construction of her and redefine her identity. In particular, the ethnofeminist uses code switching to select and reinvent meaning from the language system of the dominant culture while maintaining the language system of the "marginal" group. In combining two (or more) language systems within a literature she has created her own language.

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Alm, Norman Arthur. "Towards a conversation aid for severely physically disabled non-speaking people." Thesis, University of Dundee, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314549.

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Dennis, Tracey Lynn. "Changing sociolinguistic identities of young, middle-class 'Coloured' people in post-apartheid Cape Town." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19024.

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This study set out to examine the sociolinguistics of social change amongst a group of young, middle-class coloured people who were educated in a predominantly white school environment. The demise of the apartheid system in the early 1990s led to a situation in which racial mixing in government-run schools was permitted for the first time. I conducted sociolinguistic interviews with 20 self-identified 'coloured' Cape Town residents, who attended schools that were formerly open only to white children. I analysed the data on two levels. Firstly, an analysis of accent, focusing on three salient phonetic markers of South African English, namely the GOOSE, BATH and PRICE lexical sets (Wells 1982). Acoustic analysis of these vowels was done using a computer software programme, Praat, to record a total of 4410 tokens for the 20 speakers. The second level of analysis investigated how the informants constructed social identities in those unprecedented educational circumstances. I used three theories of identity to do this: Speech Accommodation Theory (Giles 1973), Social Identity Theory (Taj fel 1972) and the Linguistic Market (Bourdieu and Boltanski 1975). Comparing the results of the phonetic and sociological analyses, I found that the two levels of analysis supported the same conclusion: the young coloured people in the sample subscribe to a coloured social identity, but have clear links with the white community. This suggests that they occupy an intermediate space between the two race groups, which is not surprising given the significant contact they had with members of both communities. There is some evidence of a separation between the coloured community and the typical 'coloured' accent, however, suggesting that one does not need to sound 'typically coloured' in order to be part of the coloured community. It is likely that we are witnessing the formation of an upper middle-class within the coloured middle-class community.

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Harding, Celia M. "The unmet needs of infants, children and young people with dysphagia." Thesis, City University London, 2015. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/14908/.

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This thesis collates a research programme of published papers completed by the candidate during the registration period of study, that are relevant to various aspects of feeding, eating and drinking difficulties (referred to as dysphagia) within a paediatric population from a speech and language therapy (SLT) perspective. Very few studies examine current SLT practice with this population. In the absence of research specific to the needs of children with congenital disorders, there are approaches being used by SLTs without a full rationale for their use and there is persistence in using therapy approaches that might not be beneficial for a child (Harding & Cockerill, 2014). Key themes present throughout this work include understanding the neurological and physiological underpinnings to an approach; being clear about a therapy rationale; creating therapy methods that consider the capacity of children who are neurologically and learning disabled and their caregivers and integrating communication more clearly into the management of dysphagia. The studies presented include: i) small case studies describing observations and analysis of communication during typical mealtimes; collaborative therapy programmes specifying strategies and sessions for use of Alternative and Augmentative communication (AAC); evaluation of a therapy programme to reduce aversion to tube feeding; ii) data on use of a straw to evaluate and record changes over age and gender; iii)evaluation of an SLT intervention to train staff within a special school ; iv)a pilot study and RCT investigating the use of non-nutritive sucking (NNS) to wean premature infants off tube feeding onto full oral feeding, and iv) case reports on use of NNS with infants with congenital disorders and the relationship between feeding difficulties and speech development. The studies presented contribute to the evidence base for SLT in a number of ways including describing and evaluating current practice and techniques through case studies and measuring the effectiveness of a SLT protocol through an RCT. The case studies highlight: the importance of checking the knowledge, skills and training of significant others in delivering therapy interventions, the importance of working collaboratively, specifying components of therapy programmes and time needed to implement them, and the importance of communication in its broadest sense within a meal time context. The non – nutritive sucking (NNS) RCT found that children in the intervention groups were able to leave hospital significantly sooner than in the control groups. However, unlike many other studies there was no difference in the time taken to be able to feed orally. There are a number of methodological issues to consider in evaluating the studies. The issues arising from conducting research within a complex clinical environment are discussed in Chapter 5. These complexities include using significant others to deliver therapy programmes, accurate understanding and descriptions of the premature population, the inclusion and exclusion criteria for studies, and consideration of infants with congenital and neurodevelopmental needs. The needs of and difference between parents are also considered. Evaluation of results also needs to take into account the paucity of tools to measure infants’ skills both by SLTs and parents and other professionals. Recommendations are made for future research. These include more studies to investigate accurate interpretation of infant states, improved descriptions and subsequent stratifications of infant participants; repetition of the RCT with larger sample and in range of settings, inclusion of follow up to 24 months with added measurements of feeding and language skills. The thesis papers also suggest more focus in future studies on the role of communication as a tool to manage risk within mealtimes.

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Shivachi, Calebi I. "A case study in language contact : English, Kiswahili and Luhyia amongst the Luhyia people of Kenya." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9876.

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Bibliography: leaves 178-187.
The aim of this research is to provide some ground work in the study of Luhyia socio-linguistics. A fair amount of research on indigenous forms of English has been conducted in South Africa as well as West Africa. According to Schmied (1991), Nigeria is covered by several books and articles on English, but other areas of Africa are relatively blank. Schmied himself has produced primary work on English in East Africa. Studies of language maintenance and language shift have been undertaken by eminent scholars such as Brenzinger (1992), Eastman (1990, 1992). However, it is Myers-Scotton's pioneering research on code-switching among the Luhyia speakers undertaken in the 1980s that proyided the initial inspiration and further foundation for this thesis. An attempt is made here to build on Myers-Scotton's insightful observations on code-switching among Luhyia speakers. In addition this thesis explores the type of English in use among the Luhyia, and its effects on the indigenous language with which it has come into contact.

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Merritt, Nicola. "Knowing people : who you are and what you learn amongst Tamasheq, North East Burkina Faso." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271361.

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Ogembo, Jack E. Odongo. "Art in ethno-medicine : a case study of Juogi (Mysticism among the Luo people) in South Nyanza district of western Kenya." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3602.

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Includes abstract.
Includes bibliographical references.
This ethnographic study is intended to give voice to the feeling of those who value and depend on indigenous medicine and to examine how it has worked for the Luo. In this thesis we investigate how one acquired the skills of becoming a medicine man or woman. We examine how the medicine man or woman uses art to carry out the healing practices. We also look at how the qualification was manifested on the part of the practitioner. Special emphasis is made on language as an art, used by the patient and the doctor. Such components of art and language as myths, legends, folk tales, metaphors and songs of the Luo are looked into especially with a view to evaluating their contribution towards causes of illness and healing.

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Parks, Megim A. ""Purple People": "Sexed" Linguistics, Pleasure, and the "Feminine" Body in the Lyrics of Tori Amos." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/5.

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The notion of a “feminine” style has been staunchly resisted by third-wave feminists who argue that to posit a “feminine” style is essentialist. Yet, linguists such as Norma Mendoza-Denton and Elinor Ochs discuss indexicality and shifting through salient variables, a process called entextualization. Further, French feminists such as Hélène Cixous and Julia Kristeva use the linguistic concept of intertextuality to explain certain poetic uses of language that might cause what Luce Irigaray calls “irruption of the semiotic chora”—moments within language where boundaries in the semiotic chain of signification are “blurred.” Thus, while current feminism has moved strictly away from the idea that there is an exigent “feminine” to which all women must aspire, there exists a tenuous, but salient connection between the linguistic concepts of indexicality and intertextuality on one hand, and jouissance and “irruption of the chora” on the other that can inform those styles we might term “feminine” and allow for a more productive and responsive perception of “femininity.” Amos’ lyrics illustrate these theories working together; Amos’ lyrics represent such a “feminine” style as indexed through use of salient variables; thus, Amos’ lyrics represent a sociolinguistic phenomenon wherein gender-based salient variables reform what “feminine” is and means, challenging social attitudes and the specular feminine persona within both the personal and public spheres. The implications of these theories could eventually influence perceptions of women in any particular profession or sphere, as gendered linguistic markers influence gender roles and implications, which, in turn, inform social change.

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Behn, N. "Communication and quality of life outcomes in people with acquired brain injury following project-based treatment." Thesis, City, University of London, 2016. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/15198/.

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Communication impairments are common following acquired brain injury (ABI) and have a significant impact on a person’s quality of life (QOL) post-injury. While some treatments have improved communication skills, few have measured QOL, and even fewer have shown improved QOL for people with ABI following communication-based treatments. Project-based treatment is an alternative treatment approach that could have an impact on communication skills and QOL for people with ABI who are long-term post-injury. The treatment is embedded in a context of meaningful activities chosen by people with brain injury, whereby, as a group, they work collaboratively to plan and achieve a concrete goal or outcome that contributes others and/or the wider community. Project-based treatment has not been empirically evaluated for people with ABI. More specifically, no research has evaluated whether projects can improve both communication skills and QOL in people with ABI. Therefore, this research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of project-based treatment on the communication skills and QOL for people with ABI. An exploratory study was designed as a prospective quasi-randomised controlled trial with pre, post and follow-up assessments, using mixed methods, and feasibility testing to investigate the effect of project-based treatment. Twenty-one people with ABI were recruited from community settings, allocated to either a TREATMENT (n=11) or WAITLIST group (n=10). Treatment was completed over 6 weeks and comprised an individual session (to set specific communication goals with the person with ABI and their communication partner), followed by nine sessions conducted in groups of 2-3 people. These sessions involved a range of meaningful activities chosen by people with ABI that contributed to a tangible end product designed to help others (e.g. video, pamphlet, radio podcast, piece of art). Mixed methods were used to determine the effect of the treatment on people with ABI. The primary communication outcomes were: (1) Blind ratings of the person with ABI’s conversations on the Interaction and Transaction scales of the Adapted Measure of Participation in Conversation (MPC). The secondary communication outcomes were: (1) Blind ratings of the communication partner’s involvement in conversations on the Acknowledging and Revealing Competence scales of the Adapted Measure of Support in Conversation (MSC); (2) Blind ratings for the Impression scales that described how appropriate, rewarding, effortful, and interesting a conversation was; (3) La Trobe Communication Questionnaire (LCQ) as rated by the person with ABI, and their communication partner; and (4) Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS). The primary QOL outcome was the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), and the secondary QOL outcome was the Quality of Life in Brain Injury (QOLIBRI) measure. The qualitative data was drawn from semi-structured interviews conducted post-treatment. The first set of analyses for the primary and secondary outcome measures, compared the TREATMENT group with the WAITLIST group over two time points, between which only the TREATMENT group had received the treatment. This showed that people with ABI in the TREATMENT group had improved Interaction scores on the MPC, their communication partners had improved Revealing Competence scores on the MSC, and the conversation was perceived as less effortful, compared to the WAITLIST group. No changes were found for the remaining communication outcomes, or the QOL outcomes. The second analyses compared pre-treatment, post-treatment, and follow-up scores across all people with ABI (i.e. scores for both the TREATMENT and WAITLIST group were combined). This showed significant changes for communication partners on the MSC and LCQ, and significant achievement of communication goals on GAS, as rated by both the person with ABI, and their communication partners. Significant improvement on the QOLIBRI was found, with a trend towards significance on the SWLS. No other significant changes were found. Qualitative data was analysed using content analysis where the content and context of the interview transcripts were analysed and themes identified. People with ABI described overwhelmingly positive experiences of the treatment, the group, the project, and working on goals. They also described a range of positive benefits including improved awareness and skill, and positive feelings. Project-based treatment made modest improvements to both communication skills, and QOL. Moreover, people with ABI perceived positive experiences, and benefited from inclusion in the treatment. While this study was an exploratory trial, with feasibility testing, the results highlight that this treatment could be a potential alternative to other treatments available to people with ABI.

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Strömblad, Lucas. "“People believes on ghosts” - an Error Analysis of Swedish Junior and Senior High School students´ written compositions." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-215348.

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This paper investigates errors in compositions written by junior and senior high school students. Two types of errors are specifically targeted, one relating to grammar in subject-verb agreement and another relating to the word class of prepositions. The aim of the present study is to focus on aspects which are of particular difficulty for the students, and to unveil underlying psycholinguistic mechanisms which affect the students’ acquisition process, for example, a potential influence of the mother tongue. The study is also expected to yield information about potential differences in error frequency and language construction between proficiency levels. The study is cross-sectional and includes altogether fifty-six samples collected from 7th and 9th grade at junior high school, and Year 1 and Year 3 at senior high school. Each group has produced fourteen compositions of free writing, and each text consists of approximately 200-300 words. The topic of the writing task was related to the supernatural and the head title was set as Do you believe in ghosts? A few taxonomies (James, 1998) and a method referred to as Error Analysis (Ellis, 1994), (both deriving from Second Language Acquisition research) are used to categorize, describe and explain error frequencies of certain error types. The results of the study show that the error frequency generally decreases from one expected proficiency level to another. The highest number of errors was found in 7th grade students’ writing, and the lowest in Year 3 students’ writing. Regardless of proficiency level, what is most troublesome for the students with subject-verb agreement is to master the 3rd person –s inflection. Prepositions, on the other hand, which account for a lower number of errors in the compositions compared to the number of subject-verb agreement errors, tend to be used erroneously when the students are confused about when and which a particular preposition should agree in a specific contextual meaning in English.

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Книги з теми "People and Linguistics"

Inc, ebrary, ed. Language, people, numbers: Corpus linguistics and society. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2008.

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Klerk, Vivian De. Corpus linguistics and world Englishes: An analysis of Xhosa English. London: Continuum, 2006.

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Ryusuke, Yoneda, ed. We mean business: Japanese for business people. Tokyo: 3A Corporation, 1997.

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Omolòsó, R. K. An analysis of the direct and indirect Illocutions of Yorùbá Proverbs. Cape Town: CASAS, 2008.

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Tabe, Florence. Towards a characterisation of Bantoid languages: A case study of noun classes of Kenyang. Cape Town: CASAS, 2008.

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Zidi, Joseph. Histoires et usages du nom kongo: Essai d'interprétation onomastique. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2022.

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Lončar-Vujnović, Mirjana. Susreti naroda i kultura: Međunarodni tematski zbornik = People and cultures in contact : thematic collection of papers of international significance. Kosovska Mitrovica: Filozofski fakultet univerziteta u Prištini, 2015.

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Short, Deborah. By the people, for the people: U.S. government and citizenship. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall Regents, 1991.

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Verlinde, Ruth. How to write and caption for deaf people. Silver Springs, Md: T.J. Publishers, 1986.

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Maher, Julianne. The survival of people and languages: Schooners, goats and cassava in St. Barthélemy, French West Indies. Leiden: Brill, 2013.

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Частини книг з теми "People and Linguistics"

Fischer, Renate, and Simon Kollien. "Pejorative aspects attributed to hearing people in signed constructed dialogue." In Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 1–30. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/la.228.12fis.

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Fischer, Renate, and Simon Kollien. "Pejorative aspects attributed to hearing people in signed constructed dialogue." In Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 325–54. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/la.228.14fis.

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Okada, Hanako. "Researching people with illnesses and disabilities." In Doing Research in Applied Linguistics, 124–33. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY :: Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315389608-12.

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Boussofara, Naima. "Chapter 2. When the president loses his voice, the people capture speech." In AILA Applied Linguistics Series, 11–36. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aals.15.02bou.

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Hochberg, Judy. "How do people learn and use Spanish?" In Bringing Linguistics into the Spanish Language Classroom, 107–29. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429025228-6.

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Barbiers, Sjef. "Locating People with Their Language: An Applied Linguistics Course Using Linguistic Microvariation Databases and Tools." In Creating and Digitizing Language Corpora, 243–64. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-38645-8_9.

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Rello, Luz, Ricardo Baeza-Yates, and Horacio Saggion. "The Impact of Lexical Simplification by Verbal Paraphrases for People with and without Dyslexia." In Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing, 501–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37256-8_41.

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Hermosa-Ramírez, Irene. "Chapter 8. Opera audio description in the spoken-written language continuum." In Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 142–56. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/scl.113.08her.

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Corpus linguistics research on audio description (AD) – the verbal rendering of visual information generally targeted at people with visual impairment – has focused on film and museums. The present corpus gathers opera AD scripts from the Liceu opera house (Bacelona) and Teatro Real (Madrid), and sorts them into four subcorpora, two devoted to AD throughout the performance and two comprising audio introductions (AI). I set to interrogate where opera AD falls in the spoken-written language continuum. The results suggest that all subcorpora are of a high lexical density, and in terms of lexical variation, the standardised type-token ratio remains below 50%. The mean sentence and word length, and the Flesch-Szigriszt readability results lead us to place the AIs closer to written language than ADs.

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Baider, Fabienne H., and Maria Constantinou. "How to Make People Feel Good When Wishing Hell: Golden Dawn and National Front Discourse, Emotions and Argumentation." In Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics, 179–210. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06007-1_9.

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Grogan, Myles. "Chapter 14. Repertory grids." In Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 224–45. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rmal.6.14gro.

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Repertory Grid Technique (RGT) derives from Personal Construct Psychology. The technique aims to understand how participants view objects, events, or people chosen as a kind of thematic sample by comparing them against each other, revealing the participant’s constructs. After introducing the “fundamental postulate” and corollaries developed by its founder, George Kelly, the chapter explores how this technique may be applied in the field of SLA or language education. After discussing how this highly adaptable technique has been used, the chapter shows how researchers can gain qualitative and quantitative data on research questions relating to change over time or how different members of a group perceive a phenomenon. Although this technique presents some challenges for generalization, the chapter concludes by showing how data may be analyzed and used productively.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "People and Linguistics"

Libovický, Jindřich, Helmut Schmid, and Alexander Fraser. "Why don’t people use character-level machine translation?" In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2022. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.findings-acl.194.

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Iserman, Micah, and Molly Ireland. "A Dictionary-Based Comparison of Autobiographies by People and Murderous Monsters." In Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology –- From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w17-3109.

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Zheng Qin and Qing-chen Shang. "Eliminate people’s expressive preference in the mood of fuzzy linguistics." In 2008 Conference on Human System Interactions (HSI). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hsi.2008.4581585.

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Thayyib, Magfirah. "Verbal Categories of Tae’ Language and Cognitive Models of Luwu People." In International Congress of Indonesian Linguistics Society (KIMLI 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211226.005.

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Klamm, Christopher, Ines Rehbein, and Simone Paolo Ponzetto. "Our kind of people? Detecting populist references in political debates." In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EACL 2023. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.findings-eacl.91.

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Dabbagh, Lanja, and Wrya Ali. "12th International Conference on Educational Studies and Applied Linguistics." In 12th International Conference on Educational Studies and Applied Linguistics. Salahaddin University-Erbil, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31972/vesal12.08.

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Interpreting as a profession has become the center of interest and focus for many linguists, translation scholars, translators, and professionals. Interpreting has played a vital role in bridging the gap and maintaining relationships among people of different languages. The output of interpreting, unlike written translation is entirely oral leaving behind no written proof. Interpreting is an activity or a process which consists of the facility of oral and sign language communicated either consecutively or simultaneously between two or more speakers who are not speaking the same language. Interpretation is the act of transposing a message from one language to another immediately in real time. The study sheds light mostly upon non- linguistic factors in the process of interpreting which can be of no less important than the linguistic ones. The aim of the study is to provide an overview of interpreting in general with a detailed description of the non- linguistic strategies or skills from the perspective of interpreting process. Bearing these in tactics in mind, the interpreter tackles the interpreting problems and difficulties in a more skillful way.

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Klubkova, Tat’iana V. "JOHANN SEVERIN VATER AND SAMOYEDS." In 49th International Philological Conference in Memory of Professor Ludmila Verbitskaya (1936–2019). St. Petersburg State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288062353.11.

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The purpose of the article is to show the process of formatting a new kind of linguistics, a contribution by A. Schlözer and I. S. Vater of their version of modern linguistics based on the Samoyed (Nenets) language research. The article demonstrates the way the researchers have arrived at their conclusions through careful selection of sources, both published and archived. The 18th century, the “age of systematics”, complete with a new division of sciences, arrived at the transformation of ethnography and linguistics into independent disciplines. Those were prerequisites for the emergence of comparative- historical linguistics. Using the Samoyed language studies as an example, the article examines Schlözer and Vater’s solution of the problems arising in identifying linguistic kinship: the lack of grammatical descriptions and the difficulties of reliable fixation of a non-written language. The works by Vater are the most significant precursors for the first grammar of the Samoyed language, i. e. The Samoyed Grammar by M. Castrén (1854). Schlözer insisted that the Samoyeds were an independent people, and that the section of his Northern History devoted to their community was a traditional comprehensive description of history, geography, customs, and language. The author determines the place of the Samoyed language among the neighboring peoples, critically analyzing the sources while offering a thematic Latin-Samoyed dictionary. Schlözer’s materials were later referred to in the Comparative Dictionaries… by P. S. Pallas. I. S. Vater, realizing the need for a new classification of sciences, headed the department of ethnography and linguistics, thus re-defining the object of linguistics. Regularly addressing the Samoyed language, as well as publishing texts, dictionaries and grammar notes in it, both addressing his informants and actively cooperating with the international academic community, Vater placed the Samoyed language into a rich academic context. The activities of the conscientious and impartial authors in their particular academic field demonstrates a long process of introducing their new information into circulation, together with changes of visual description: from a mixed description (by Schlözer) to the distinction between ethnography and linguistics (Vater). Refs 12.

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Rese, Atmy. "The Phenomenon of Culture Shock on Western People in Senggigi, West Lombok." In Fourth Prasasti International Seminar on Linguistics (Prasasti 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/prasasti-18.2018.8.

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Toshniwal, Shubham, Allyson Ettinger, Kevin Gimpel, and Karen Livescu. "PeTra: A Sparsely Supervised Memory Model for People Tracking." In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.481.

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Utami, Sri Wiryanti Budi, and Bea Anggraini. "Language and Cultural Identity of the People of Bawean Island." In Proceedings of the Fifth Prasasti International Seminar on Linguistics (PRASASTI 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/prasasti-19.2019.47.

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Cârstocea, Andreea, and Craig Willis. Less equal than others: National minorities and the overlooked challenge of socio-economic inequalities. European Centre for Minority Issues, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53779/aacb5478.

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Socio-economic inequalities are part and parcel of people’s everyday life in any society; yet for people who belong to ethnic, linguistic, religious, or cultural communities, these inequalities tend to be markedly greater than for others. Quite often, national minority communities face higher hurdles in accessing employment and gaining incomes on a par with those of the majority, and have lower access to adequate healthcare services, housing, education, or public services in general. And yet, a conversation about the socio-economic inequalities facing minority communities, the specific challenges they face, or the ways in which their participation might be improved is largely absent.

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Adris Saaed, Saaed, and Wafaa Sabah Khuder. The Language of the People of Bashiqa: A Vehicle of their Intangible Cultural Heritage. Institute of Development Studies, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2022.003.

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The current study is an attempt to provide a linguistic, a historical, as well as a sociocultural record of the language variety spoken in Bashiqa (Northern Iraq) by one of the communities which represents a religious minority in Iraq known as Yazidis. This language is an example of an under-researched language diversity. This research draws on a sample of eleven in-depth semi-structured interviews with Yezidi men and women from Bashiqa, Iraq. The analysis of these interviews has yielded a number of points which help in documenting and preserving this language variety. The study concludes that the language used in Bashiqa is an ancient hybrid regional dialect in which many values and meanings are embedded. In short, the Yazidis understand their language as a vehicle of their intangible cultural heritage.

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Velychko, Zoriana, and Roman Sotnyk. LINGUISTIC PRESENTATION AND TERMINOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE HOLODOMOR OF THE 1920s AND 1930s. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2024.54-55.12166.

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The article reveals and analyses a wide range of terms for the Holodomor of the 1920s and 1930s in Ukraine. The main objectives of the study are to find out the peculiarities of the linguistic presentation of the Holodomor phenomenon in scientific, popular science, and journalistic discourses, and to reveal semantic differences in the use of various terms for the Holodomor used in different languages. The main methodological bases of the study are linguistic analysis, socio-cultural method, qualitative content analysis, comparative method, etc. The method of retrospection must be used to substantiate the hypothesis. Thus, the reasons for the formation of the semantic contours of the terms “Holodomor”, “Famine”, “Great Famine”, “Terror by Famine”, “Big Hunger”, etc. were clarified. At the same time, the semantic nuances of word use are identified. As a conclusion, the authors substantiate the fundamental importance of using the term “Holodomor-genocide” in scientific circulation as the one that most accurately represents the essence of the historical phenomenon of the Holodomor. Based on the analysis of the documents, the content of the term “genocide” is formulated. It is explained that the Holodomor is genocide of the Ukrainian people, just as the Holocaust is genocide of the Jewish people. The authors prove the anti-Ukrainian orientation of the consistent and deliberate policy of Stalin and his followers against the Ukrainian nation, which culminated in the murder by starvation. These research findings are significant not only for the development of Ukrainian terminology or international terminology. They are also of great importance for modern politics, political science and historiography, and jurisprudence, especially in the context of a new genocide – the Russian Federation’s full-scale war of aggression against Ukraine. Keywords: Holodomor; genocide; Ukraine; Stalin’s terror; terminology.

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Mahdi, Juwan, and Yarjanik Kerob. The Language of the Armenian Ethno-Linguistic Subgroup in Kurdistan Region of Iraq from the Last Generation to Today. Institute of Development Studies, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2023.003.

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This topic is significant because it considers the language of an ethno-religious group, the Armenian people, in Iraq with non-Arab or Kurdish origins. The Armenian people did not originate from Iraq but from Armenia, one of the smaller countries in the former Soviet Union. Many Armenians were forced to migrate in 1915 to different countries in the Middle East due to ethnic cleansing under the Ottomans. This study explores the different methods by which the Armenian community has maintained its native Armenian language during its history in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). To this end, the study includes a comparison of how the language was viewed and maintained across two successive generations of Armenians in KRI. The findings show that the first generation is divided into those who speak Armenian and those who assimilated and speak Kurdish. Those who no longer speak Armenian prioritised integration and moved away from their mother tongue. This posed a threat to the ongoing maintenance of the language in these communities. However, the younger generation has worked to revive its mother tongue by learning it in schools established in the region approximately 20 years ago.

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Majchrowska, Justyna. TESTIMONIAL IN (NEW) MEDIA. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11109.

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The linguistic research of (the new) media so far has mainly focused on the analysis of content from broadcasters – people publishing on the Internet in order to convince the potential recipients to enter the website, read articles, explore the website as well as return after leaving it – in exchange for the material or financial benefit. Several years of observation of a variety of text types existing in the media shows that not only texts from broadcasters make it possible to notice and maintain this attention of recipients. Nowadays, similarly as in marketing and advertising, in the media (but not only there) the essential and productive content comes from the recipient. The subject of this quantitative and qualitative linguistic analysis is the title testimonial as a rapidly growing persuasive (promotional) trend in (new) media and a response to the challenges of the modern society.

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Kankash, Н., Т. Cherkasova, S. Novoseletska, N. Shapran, and L. Bilokonenko. The Use of Linguistic Means of Figurativeness and Evaluativity to Exert Influence in the Speeches of the Chief Delegates of the Ukrainian SSR at the Sessions of the UN General Assembly. Криворізький державний педагогічний університет, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4648.

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The purpose of the study is to identify the figurative means in the formal diplomatic texts of speeches of chief delegates of the Ukrainian SSR to exert influence at the sessions of the UN General Assembly. Based on the interpretive method of speech analysis and the method of generalisation of the data obtained, an attempt was made to identify the main figurative means and expressiveness of speech, which help to achieve the effect of influence on the reader (listener). In order to identify hidden meanings, a hermeneutic approach to understanding texts was used. According to the results of the study, the most actively used linguistic means of figurativeness in the considered texts are epithets, metaphors, phraseologies. There are many more negative epithets used in the texts of speeches than positive ones, which aim to make people aware of the idea of self-preservation, to arouse emotions of anxiety, fear, vigilance. Metaphors of positive and negative evaluation are used to verbalise mental states, social states and thought processes. Most of the epithets, metaphors, idioms represented in the text are used to denote a negative evaluation, which is perceived as a deviation from the norm and is motivated by the following factors: the reluctance of people to take positive action, irresponsible attitude of some people towards others, socially unacceptable flaws and shortcomings. A logical continuation of this study is the analysis of linguistic means of figurativeness and evaluativity of other types of texts of the official style, including statements and conventions.

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Hood, Sula, Brittany Campbell, and Katie Baker. Culturally Informed Community Engagement: Implications for Inclusive Science and Health Equity. RTI Press, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2023.op.0083.2301.

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Public health efforts seeking to reduce disparities and promote equity must be inclusive to reach their full potential. Interventions, programs, and initiatives designed to promote health equity among Communities of Color must be culturally informed. Communities and the cultural values and practices that shape them are closely intertwined, creating opportunities for a more intentional approach to community engagement. Yosso’s framework of Community Cultural Wealth (CCW) emphasizes six forms of capital that People and Communities of Color use to thrive and succeed: social, navigational, linguistic, familial, resistant, and aspirational. We anchor our approach—culturally informed community engagement—in the core tenets of CCW. This paper discusses CCW and its applicability and utility for facilitating culturally informed community engagement in health research. In our approach, asset-based frameworks intersect with community engagement, CCW, and principles of health equity. We discuss how applying CCW to conducting community-engaged research promotes health equity, inclusive science, and authentic relationships with community partners. Lastly, we provide applied examples of community-engaged interventions that leverage cultural assets in Communities of Color to reduce disparities and promote health equity.

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Yatsymirska, Mariya, and Bohdan Markevych. MEDIA TEXTS AND PERSUASION. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2024.54-55.12170.

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Abstract. The article clarifies specific concepts of persuasion in media texts; describes new techniques of media influence based on materials of online publications; shows the role of expressive means of language and emotions in visual communication. In social communication, persuasive logos refer to meaningful words and thoughts conveyed through mass media and logically perceived as a reasonable persuasion to proper actions based on the principles of morality, ethics, and culture; informational and influential accents. In modern science (Philosophy, Psychology, Rhetoric, Linguistics), logos has acquired not only new meanings, but also has become an important concept of rational expression of free ideas, meanings, reflections. From this perspective, new media serve as the most concentrated source of logosphere and eidosphere creation, which should be thoroughly studied and analyzed every day. The research on multimedia texts, genre diversity, new platforms, and online publications has significantly contributed to the Media Studies. Techniques of persuasive communication, methods of argumentation, and verbal tools form a separate area of the research within the field. Unlike manipulation, persuasion is the conscious use of written or spoken language, interactive visualization, and infographics to influence someone’s beliefs, views, or actions; gain someone’s support, approve the suggested ways of behavior, intentions, etc. Means of persuasion in media texts serve as logical information accents aimed at the proper perception of the corresponding meanings. In general, factors of persuasion are to influence the masses and the motivation of their actions, modify views, and form public opinion. In journalism, these are meaningful words, thoughts, principles of high-quality narrative with the use of convincing arguments, facts and, most importantly, positive intentions for the readers. Persuasive media texts exclude manipulation of public opinion, trust and people’s inclination to perceive doctrines imposed on them. Keywords: persuasion, concept, visual information, social communication.

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Yatsymirska, Mariya. Мова війни і «контрнаступальна» лексика у стислих медійних текстах. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, березень 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11742.

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The article examines the language of the russian-ukrainian war of the 21st century based on the materials of compressed media texts; the role of political narratives and psychological-emotional markers in the creation of new lexemes is clarified; the verbal expression of forecasts of ukrainian and foreign analysts regarding the course of hostilities on the territory of Ukraine is shown. Compressed media texts reflect the main meanings of the language of the russian-ukrainian war in relation to the surrounding world. First of all, the media vocabulary was supplemented with neologisms – aggressive and sad: “rashism”, “denazification”, “katsapstan”, “orks”, “rusnia”, “kremlins”, “parebrik”, “in the swamps”, “nuclear dictator”, “putinism”, “two hundred” and others. Numerals acquired new expressive and evaluative meanings: “200s” (dead), “300s” (wounded), “400s” (russian military personnel who filed reports for termination of the contract), “500s” (hopelessly drunk russian soldiers, alcoholics who are unable to perform combat tasks). The language of war intensified the slogans of the struggle for state independence and people’s freedom. The scope of the greeting “Glory to Ukraine! – Glory to Heroes!”. New official holidays have appeared in the history of Ukraine since 2014: “Heroes of the Heavenly Hundred” Day (February 20), “Ukrainian Volunteer Day” (March 14), “Defenders and Defenders of Ukraine Day” (October 14), “Volunteer Day” (5 December). As you know, the professional holiday of the military is the Day of the Armed Forces of Ukraine” (December 6). A special style is characteristic of media texts on military topics: “Iron Force of Ukraine” (Iron Force of Ukraine), “digitize the Army” (for effective simulation of military operations); “grain corridor” (export of Ukrainian grain to African and European countries); “don’t let Ukraine lose” (the position of the Allies at the first stage of the war), “Ukraine must win!” (the position of the Allies in the second stage of the war); “in the Russian-Ukrainian war, the thinking of the 19th century collided with the thinking of the 21st century”, “a politician is a person who understands time” (Grigori Yavlinskyy, Russian oppositionist); “aggressive neutrality” (about Turkey’s position); “in Russia”, “there, in the swamps” (in Russia), “weak, inadequate evil” (about Russia), “behind the fence”; “a great reset of the world order”; “technology of military creativity”; “they are not Russian and not Ukrainian, they are Soviet”, “people without mentality”, “in Ukraine and without Ukraine” (Vitaly Portnikov about a separate category of Russian-speaking citizens in Ukraine); “information bed of Ukraine” (about combat operations on the front line; “when a descendant asks me what I did in those terrifying moments, I will know what to answer. At the very least, I did not stand aside” (opinion of a Ukrainian fighter). Compressed in media texts is implemented in the headline, note, infographic, chronicle, digest, help, caption for photos, blitz poll, interview, short articles, caricature, visual text, commercial, etc. Researchers add “nominative-representative text (business card text, titles of sections, pages, names of presenters, etc.) to concise media texts for a functional and pragmatic purpose.” accent text (quote, key idea); text-navigator (content, news feed, indication of movement or time); chronotope”. A specific linguistic phenomenon known as “language compression” is widespread in media texts. Language compression is the art of minimization; attention is focused on the main, the most essential, everything secondary is filtered out. Compression uses words succinctly and sparingly to convey the meaning as much as possible. For example, the headline “Racism. What is the essence of the new ideology of the Russian occupiers?”. The note briefly explains the meaning of this concept and explains the difference from “nazism” and “fascism”. Key words: compressed media text, language compression, language of war, emotional markers, expressive neologisms, political journalism.

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