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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 26 липня 2024
Оновлено: 28 липня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Peace (International law)"

1

Zolo, D. "Hans Kelsen: International Peace through International Law." European Journal of International Law 9, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 306–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/9.2.306.

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2

Bohloulzadeh, Ghassem. "The Nature of Peace Agreement in International Law." Journal of Politics and Law 10, no. 2 (February 28, 2017): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n2p208.

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Peace agreements offer rule-based approaches, which distinguish from some variable peace processes and are manifested as establishing a legal peace. This legal peace is provided in the following forms:1) Peace agreements evaluate internal and external interactions for the legitimacy of government through distorting government and supporting human rights; a different composition of public and private (non-government) signatories;2) Peace agreements are common treaties riding over national (interior) and international legal issues;3) Different forms of legal commitments; peace agreements embraces both valid organizational regulations and contracts or pseudo- commitment contracts;4) Various third party agencies; peace agreements rely upon common law coalition government and contain multiple oppositions, common law and political mechanisms and their implementation.These various ways simultaneously reflect settlement ways of peace agreements. If legal issues are ignored and peace agreements are properly considered, they may be argued as a temporary international constitution. Peace agreements provide a powerful plan for governing; however, they are often minor and temporary requiring developed.
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3

Donaldson, Megan. "Peace, war, law: teaching international law in contexts." International Journal of Law in Context 18, no. 4 (November 22, 2022): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552322000350.

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AbstractThis essay takes up the question of what it is to teach international law ‘in context’, drawing on experiences of teaching undergraduate survey courses in the US and UK, and designing a new LLM module on Histories of International Law. The essay begins with an exploration of teaching as a particular context of its own – one with constraints which might also function as foils for creativity. It then sketches some aspects of what teaching international law ‘in context(s)’ might involve, including the ways in which contexts of different kinds put in question one's theory of law, and vice versa. It turns, finally, to an examination of the promise and limits of interdisciplinarity – particularly recourse to history as a discipline – in illuminating contexts.
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4

Ashra’ah, Ali. "The Compatibility of the International Humanitarian Law on International Peace Forces." Political Sciences and Law Series 2, no. 3 (November 7, 2023): 235–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.59759/law.v2i3.293.

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The United Nations has resorted to developing a mechanism to stop armed conflicts and reach a peaceful settlement to them. They are the International Peace Forces in order to try to settle armed conflicts. The aim was to allow the conflicting parties to reach a peaceful solution, and the International Peace Forces (IPF) evolved in terms of their composition or in terms of the tasks they perform. In addition to the first task they undertook, namely the separation of the conflicting forces and the maintenance of the truce, they carry out the tasks of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of combatants into their communities, strengthening the rule of law, enabling the local authority to strengthen its presence and fulfill its responsibilities besides securing elections with the aim to ensure a democratic transition of power, as well as ensuring respect for human rights and protecting civilians in the conflicting zones, carrying out humanitarian work including securing safe passages with the arrival of aid, securing refugees and expelled people. These forces witnessed a great development in terms of the mandates they carry out from peacekeeping to the tasks of peace enforcement; therefore, they carry out combat operations for peace enforcement, which in turn raised the question about the degree of the compatibility between the rules of international humanitarian laws and International Peace Forces. Such a question incited the researcher to answer it through inducing and analyzing significant texts, and he reached to a number of results, among of which is : International Peace Forces uses the armed forces in some of their tasks as being a part of armed conflict in the tasks of carrying out peace, and in turn, The United Nations must adopt decisions that frankly state that International Peace Forces should be compatible with the rules of humanitarian law.
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ĆUJIĆ, MIODRAG. "CRIMINAL ASSOCIATION IN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW." Kultura polisa, no. 44 (March 8, 2021): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51738/kpolisa2021.18.1r.1.02.

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The criminal association was a criminal offense of the Joint Plan and Conspiracy, or a special form of Crime against Peace, which was highlighted as such in the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials. In the recent practice of international criminal courts, this institute is used in a certain way, but its function is often subordinated to political abuses. By labeling certain political regimes as a “criminal association” by the so-called international political elites are provided with a wide margin of maneuver to justify their “humanitarian interventions” which are the consequence of a common criminal goal. From the middle of the 20th century until today, it is possible to identify violations of international law that occurred as a result of the activities of a criminal association, which continues with increased intensity. If the covert activities of real criminal associations continue, the main outcome will not be the achievement of world peace, but hegemony. In order to prevent this tendency, it is necessary to redefine the place of the Criminal Association in international criminal law, to point out the permanent cases of their actions, their subjects and the ways in which these same subjects avoid responsibility.
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6

Reid, Cecilie. "Peace and Law-Peace Activism and International Arbitration, 1895-1907." Peace Change 29, no. 3-4 (July 2004): 527–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0149-0508.2004.00301.x.

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Choi Cheol-young. "Korean Peace Treaty: Lessons from Peace Treaty in International Law." Democratic Legal Studies ll, no. 35 (December 2007): 147–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15756/dls.2007..35.147.

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8

Gilder, Alexander. "International Law as a Help or Hinderance to World Peace." Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies 11, no. 2 (December 9, 2020): 447–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18781527-bja10021.

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Abstract World Peace (And How We Can Achieve It) looks towards a future where there is increasingly optimistic engagement with the concept of peace. Bellamy assesses why the world is the way it is before making suggestions for how the world can achieve peace. Bellamy suggests world peace is achievable and in the final chapter constructs his articles for world peace. This review essay engages with several themes in the book looking at how the history of international law is framed by the author before assessing Bellamy’s arguments in relation to the state and international organisations. Lastly, the essay casts a legal eye over the author’s articles for world peace. The articles will be of particular interest to readers in international law as they are embedded in the existing systems and structures of the prevailing international system. However, the articles contain the important inclusion of individuals and the role they play in achieving world peace. World Peace allows international lawyers to think more deeply about peace and the points made in this essay raise some issues that may be further debated as scholars map the paths to peace.
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9

Butkevych, O. "The law of war as a source of contemporary branches of international law." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, no. 74 (February 10, 2023): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.74.57.

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Branches of international law arise mainly as a result of the following factors: 1) complications of international legal consciousness (international human rightslaw, international security law, international environmental law, international criminal law, etc.) and 2) technological progress (international air, space, nuclear law, relevant innovations in international maritime law, etc.). Under the influence of the same factors, new institutions are formed within existing branches (responsibility for international crimes, prohibitions of genocide, prohibitions of apartheid, responsibility for environmental pollution, instant custom, etc.). The article examines the mechanism of formation of the international humanitarian law, the law of armed conflicts, international security law, international human rights law, and international criminal law. It is claimed that they are based on a traditional section of pre-classical international law - the law of war. The first attempts to regulate the conduct of armed conflicts formed the basis for the creation of these branches. The first scientific systematization of international law was one proposed by Hugo Grotius. The scholar proposed to divide the system of this law into two interrelated components - the law of war and the law of peace. Grotian systematization formed the basis of further scientific systematics of international law in the 17th-19th centuries. The Hague Peace Conferences changed the traditional view of the division of international law into the law of war and peace. The Hague peace conventions influenced on formation of the international humanitarian law. The 20th century became a period of active formation of new branches of international law within the framework of the process of "codification and progressive development of international law" under the auspices of the United Nations. So the traditional law of war gave birth to several branches of modern international law.
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10

Brus, Marcel. "A Non-Aligned Crusade for International Law?" Leiden Journal of International Law 2, no. 2 (November 1989): 240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500001291.

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From 26 to 29 June the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries convened at the premisses of the Peace Palace in The Hague to discuss the issue of peace and the rule of law in international affairs. This meeting was the start of a campaign for aDecade of International Law. This was the first occasion that an extraordinary ministerial conference of the Non-Aligned Movement was not held in one of its member countries. The Hague was chosen to underline the historic ties between this city and the (early) development of international law. This year it will be 90 years ago that the First Hague Peace Conference was held on the initiative of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia. This conference (together with the Second Hague Peace Conference of 1907) became a landmark in the history of the codification of international law and especially the development of mechanisms for the peaceful settlement of international disputes between states. The two most important conventions that were adopted at that conference were the Convention with Respect to the Law and Customs of War on Land and the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes.
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Дисертації з теми "Peace (International law)"

1

Sellars, Kirsten. ""Crimes against peace" and international law." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=133994.

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The Nuremberg Judgment on the leaders of Nazi Germany proclaimed ‘crimes against peace’ – the planning and waging of aggressive wars – to be ‘the supreme international crime’.  This charge was premised on two innovative ideas: that aggressive war was a crime, and that individuals could be held responsible for it. Although heralded as an historic milestone at the time, it turned out to be a transient legal anomaly.  At the Nuremberg Tribunal, the number of acquittals, coupled with the relative leniency of the sentences, indicated the judges’ unease about convicting on the basis of ‘crimes against peace’.  At the Tokyo Tribunal, some judges questioned the validity of the charge and filed dissents.  Legal observers, meanwhile, were outspoken in their criticisms, and argued that it was an ex post facto enactment, selectively applied. Aside from retroactivity and selectivity, the main difficulty arose from the internal contradictions within the charge itself, which rendered it unsustainable as a component of international law.  On jurisdiction, it enhanced the sovereignty of nations by protecting them against aggression, while simultaneously undermining sovereignty by subjecting leaders to international law.  On enforcement, while judicialising punishment after the event, it simultaneously de-legitimised both aggression and attempts to prevent it.  These weaknesses were confirmed by the failure of ‘crimes against peace’ to become part of customary international law. If the Rome Statute is amended to include ‘crime of aggression’ within the International Criminal Court’s operative remit, these latter problems are likely to occur.
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2

Subedi, Surya P. "Land and maritime zones of peace in international law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d87ec164-c5e2-4cbc-b6b4-92b893d0dbd1.

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During the past few decades a number of initiatives have been undertaken both inside and outside the UN to establish Zones of Peace (ZOP) in various parts of the globe. Currently, there are seven declarations and proposals for ZOP relative to the Indian Ocean, the South Atlantic, the South Pacific, the Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, Nepal and Tibet. On the basis of the areas they cover and the legal issues they raise, the first four zones are termed in this thesis 'maritime zones of peace1 and the remaining three 'land zones of peace'. The State practice relative to such zones demonstrates a significant move towards the acceptance of a variety of methods of creating different regimes with differing legal content. Yet there has been very little academic discussion on this subject from a legal point of view. Therefore, this thesis is designed to examine the legal aspects of the concept of ZOP. This study begins by examining the State practice on maritime ZOP and looks at whether the concept of maritime ZOP is consistent with the existing principles of international law, especially the freedom of the seas, and whether the State practice on ZOP has crystallised into a rule of customary international law. In doing so, it will assess the legal status of the UN General Assembly declarations on maritime ZOP. This is followed by an examination of the proposals for land ZOP. The study then assesses the extent to which the principles underlying the traditional concepts such as neutrality or demilitarised zones, as well as similar emerging principles, could be applied to the concept of ZOP. Another line of enquiry pursued in this thesis is into the concept of objective regimes in international law. After establishing that there exists in international law a rule on objective regimes, this thesis argues that the regimes of ZOP can be regarded as candidates for objective regimes. It is asserted that the methods applied to the creation of various ZOP are among the internationally accepted methods of creating regimes of a dispositive character and the regime of ZOP is similar to other regimes which have generally been regarded as objective regimes in international law. This thesis finds that although the ZOP is a distinct notion developed in response to the peculiar problems of a single State or a territorial entity or a geographical region, it draws upon similar traditional doctrines as well as other emerging rules of international law. On the whole, the declarations on ZOP can be viewed as innovative methods designed to consolidate the already extant and the emerging rules of international law, accord concrete meaning to certain general principles and apply them in the ZOP concerned.
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3

Chesterman, Simon. "Just war or just peace? : humanitarian intervention and international law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a2f9085b-4ca9-4244-bff0-837ea5d4d74b.

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The question of the legality of humanitarian intervention is, at first blush, a simple one. The Charter of the United Nations clearly prohibits the use of force, with the only exceptions being self-defence and enforcement actions authorized by the Security Council. There are, however, long-standing arguments that a right of unilateral intervention pre-existed the Charter. The thesis begins with an examination of the genealogy of this right, and arguments that it may have survived the passage of the Charter, either through a loophole in Article 2(4) or as part of customary international law. It has also been argued that certain 'illegitimate' regimes lose the attributes of sovereignty and thereby the protection given by the prohibition of the use of force. None of these arguments is found to have merit, either in principle or in the practice of states. A common justification for a right of unilateral humanitarian intervention concerns the failure of the collective security mechanism created after the Second World War. The thesis therefore examines Security Council activism in the 1990s, notable for the plasticity of the circumstances in which the Council was prepared to assert its primary responsibility for international peace and security, and the contingency of its actions on the willingness of states to carry them out. This reduction of the Council's role from substantive to formal partly explains the recourse to unilateralism in that decade, most spectacularly in relation to the situation in Kosovo. Crucially, the thesis argues that such unilateral enforcement is not a substitute for but the opposite of collective action. Though often presented as the only alternative to inaction, incorporating a 'right' of intervention would lead to more such interventions being undertaken in bad faith, it would be incoherent as a principle, and it would be inimical to the emergence of an international rule of law.
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4

Tlhacoane, Tshepo. "Cyberattacks: The latest threat to international peace and security, and how international law can respond." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33053.

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Today it is accepted that states may not unilaterally attack each other using rifles, missiles, nuclear, or chemical weapons. But what about computer software such as worms and trojans which are capable of causing similar or greater damage? Are states permitted to attack each other using these so-called cyberweapons? Are they even considered weapons due to their differing form? This is the crux of what this dissertation is about. It aims to show that if states are prohibited from attacking each other with certain categories of weapons, they should not be permitted to attack each other with a different weapon which causes similar damage. I make three overarching arguments in this dissertation. The first is that cyberweapons should be considered ‘weapons' even though they differ in form and sophistication. Secondly, that the use of cyberattacks is a use of force and contravenes article 2(4) of the UN Charter. Finally, I will argue that extant international law is not able to maintain international peace and security and that a multilateral treaty is required.
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Tlhacoane, Tshiamo. "Cyberattacks: The latest threat to international peace and security, and how international law can respond." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33053.

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Today it is accepted that states may not unilaterally attack each other using rifles, missiles, nuclear, or chemical weapons. But what about computer software such as worms and trojans which are capable of causing similar or greater damage? Are states permitted to attack each other using these so-called cyberweapons? Are they even considered weapons due to their differing form? This is the crux of what this dissertation is about. It aims to show that if states are prohibited from attacking each other with certain categories of weapons, they should not be permitted to attack each other with a different weapon which causes similar damage. I make three overarching arguments in this dissertation. The first is that cyberweapons should be considered ‘weapons' even though they differ in form and sophistication. Secondly, that the use of cyberattacks is a use of force and contravenes article 2(4) of the UN Charter. Finally, I will argue that extant international law is not able to maintain international peace and security and that a multilateral treaty is required.
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6

White, N. D. "The United Nations and the maintenance of international peace and security." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1988. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13282/.

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This thesis reviews in detail the powers, practice and effectiveness of the United Nations in the maintenance of international peace and security since its inception over forty years ago. The work not only contains an examination of the constitutional powers of the the two United Nations' organs responsible for this area - the Security Council and the General Assembly - and of how these powers have been developed in practice, but also of the significant political factors operating to limit the ambit and effectiveness of those powers. To this end Part 1 of the work examines the Security Council, Part 2 the General Assembly, whilst Part 3 contains a study of the peacekeeping function of the United Nations. Each Part is roughly divided into an analysis in terms of political factors, constitutional considerations and finally effectiveness. Peacekeeping is examined separately because it raises a host of particular problems - both constitutional and political – which would be difficult to encompass in the other two Parts. Generally, each chapter contains a conclusion at which point the various threads are drawn together not only to produce a summary but also to provide guidance as to the future use and development of the powers possessed by the United Nations in this field.
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7

Zawātī, Ḥilmī. "Just war, peace and human rights under Islamic and international law." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28236.

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The present thesis attempts a critical examination of the theory of war under Islamic and public international law, in an effort to demonstrate that jihad is a just, defensive, and exceptional form of warfare, geared to the maintenance of peace, and the protection of human rights for all people, whether those rights be exercised alone or in association with others, without distinction as to race, sex, language or religious belief. Through an examination of the norms of Islamic and public international law on armed conflict, this thesis argues that Islamic law, which governs the doctrine of jihad, is realistic and practical. Further, it made a great contribution to international humanitarian law more than a millennium before the codification of the four Geneva Conventions of 1949, and eight centuries before the appearance of Hugo Grotius treatise "De jure belli ac pacis libri tres" in 1625.
Furthermore, this comparative study reveals that the word jihad might be one of the most misunderstood terms in the history of Islamic legal discourse. This analysis also claims that the division of the world into dar al-Islam (territory of Islam) and dar al-harb (territory of war), which is not predicated on a state of mutual hostility, was dictated by particular events, and was not imposed by scripture. Moreover, this discussion provides that Islamic humanitarian law regulates conduct during a jihad on the basis of certain humane principles, compatible with those upon which modern international conventions are based. Finally, this thesis concludes that there is a unique relationship between jihad and the notion of just war, a matter which qualifies it as the bellum justum of Islam.
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8

Abdul, Rahman Hilmi M. "Just war, peace and human rights under Islamic and international law." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0007/MQ37294.pdf.

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9

Mekonin, Abere. "Human Rights and Sustainable Development Law : Sustainabale Development Law :The Path to Sustainable Peace." Thesis, Linnaeus University, Linnaeus School of Business and Economics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-6568.

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This paper considers the fast changing developments and changes in relation to sustainable development law with its three pillars, and the needs of international development. The focus of the analysis is on the connection between international economic, international social and international environmental law which constitute sustainable development law at their intersection point, and will show how they can be the paths to sustainable peace. As sustainable development law is emerging as international concern, the qualitative approach of this paper will show its pillars separately and their connection under different conditions. This paper also demonstrates that this approach is gaining ground in the literature, and it contends that it is a more appropriate way of addressing the problems of economic, social and environmental. In support of this argument, the paper looks initially how sustainable development law fits to be the path to sustainable peace within the contemporary world which is full of economic, social and environmental conflicts. Secondly, it provides a theoretical framework how sustainable development law with its pillars can lead the world to sustainable peace. Thirdly, the three pillars, (-international economic law, international social law and international environmental law-), will be elaborated in relation to their intersection and sustainable development law.

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Du, Plessis Madri. "Evaluation of the international law regarding humanitarian intervention in human rights abuses not breaching international peace and security." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53742.

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Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University,2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study exammes, m stages of development, the existing law regarding humanitarian intervention, problems in respect of this law and cases of intervention. More specifically, intervention in human rights abuses not breaching international peace and security but rather posing a so-called threat to peace is examined. This information is used to consider whether more adequate provision can be made regarding circumstances of intervention to stop situations of grave human rights abuses sooner. From the law regarding humanitarian intervention, it is evident that the institution of intervention is illegal under the present UN legal system. Yet, in a time when the human rights culture has become so important that it forms part of the basis of international law, effective intervention is not being authorised by the Security Council. As a result, other actors have been intervening in cases of grave human rights abuses. These interventions need to be appropriate and well managed. Since the protection of human rights is as valid in non-democracies, as in any democratic state form, the study finds that human rights will benefit from dependence on legitimate authority. Attributing more importance to the Uniting for Peace Resolution could expand the role of the General Assembly. Humanitarian intervention also needs to be coupled with a commitment to address the causes of human rights abuses through conflict resolution and social reconstruction. The study concludes with some criteria/guidelines for the establishment of the legitimacy of intervention.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie is - binne 'n raamwerk van ontwikkelingstydperke - 'n ondersoek na die bestaande reg aangaande humanitêre ingryping, probleme tenopsigte daarvan en gevalle van ingryping. Veral ingrypings in menseregte-skendings wat nie internasionale vrede en sekuriteit skend nie, maar eerder 'n sogenaamde bedreiging vir vrede is, word ondersoek. Die inligting wat so bekom is, word gebruik om te oordeel of meer gepaste voorsiening gemaak kan word waarvolgens situasies van growwe menseregte-skendings deur ingryping gouer beëindig kan word. Die reg aangaande humanitêre ingryping toon dat ingryping onwettig is in die bestaande regsisteem van die Verenigde Nasies. In 'n tyd waarin menseregte so belangrik geword het dat dit ten grondslag lê van internasionale reg, word effektiewe ingrypings nogtans nie gemagtig deur die Veiligheidsraad nie. Gevolglik gryp ander partye in om teen situasies van growwe menseregte-skendings op te tree. Hierdie ingrypings moet daarom gepas wees en goed bestuur word. Aangesien die beskerming van menseregte net so geldig is in ander staatsvorms as in demokrasieë, bevind die studie dat menseregte sal baat daarby indien dit afhanklik is van legitieme gesag. Voorts kan die rol van die Algemene Vergadering aangaande die beskerming van menseregte uitgebrei word deur groter waarde te heg aan die "Uniting for Peace"-resolusie. Dit is verder nodig dat humanitêre ingryping gekoppel word aan 'n verbintenis om die oorsake van menseregteskendings aan te pak deur konflik-resolusie en sosiale heropbou. Ter afsluiting word riglyne neergelê om te help met die bepaling van die legitimiteit van . . mgrypmg.
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Книги з теми "Peace (International law)"

1

Kelsen, Hans. Peace through law. Union, N.J: Lawbook Exchange, 2000.

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2

Nolte, Georg, ed. Peace through International Law. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03380-3.

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3

Green, N. A. Maryan. International law. 3rd ed. London: Pitman, 1987.

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4

Thomas, Pallasch Brian, Council for the Advancement of Citizenship., and United States Institute of Peace., eds. Furthering peace through international law. Washington, D.C: Council for the Advancement of Citizenship, 1990.

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5

Kant, Immanuel. To perpetual peace: A philosophical sketch. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Pub., 2003.

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6

K, Woetzel Robert, and Woetzel Jonathan R, eds. Peace, education, and youth: International criminal law conferences. Los Angeles, CA: U.S.C. Student Press, University of Southern California, 1985.

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Ziegler, David W. War, peace, and international politics. 8th ed. New York: Longman, 2000.

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War, peace, and international politics. 6th ed. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 1993.

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War, peace, and international politics. 4th ed. Boston: Little, Brown, 1987.

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War, peace, and international politics. 5th ed. Glenview, Ill: Scott, Foresman, 1990.

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Частини книг з теми "Peace (International law)"

1

Lesaffer, Randall. "Peace through law." In War, Peace and International Order?, 31–51. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2017. |: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315447803-3.

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Sellers, Mortimer N. S. "Perpetual Peace." In Republican Principles in International Law, 116–29. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230505292_15.

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Ranney, James Taylor. "International dispute resolution mechanisms." In World Peace Through Law, 55–71. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315121864-9.

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Frowein, Jochen Abr. "Comment: State Responsibility and Peace." In Peace through International Law, 47–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03380-3_5.

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Galicki, Zdzislaw. "Comment: State Responsibility and Peace." In Peace through International Law, 61–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03380-3_7.

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Candioti, Enrique. "Comment: International Law of Shared Natural Resources and Peace." In Peace through International Law, 151–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03380-3_13.

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Nolte, Georg. "Introduction." In Peace through International Law, 3–4. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03380-3_1.

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Hafner, Gerhard. "Comment: The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and its Contribution to Peace." In Peace through International Law, 111–17. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03380-3_10.

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Perera, Amrith Rohan. "Comment: The Contribution of the Law of Treaties to Peace." In Peace through International Law, 119–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03380-3_11.

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Matz-Lück, Nele. "The Benefits of Positivism: The ILC’s Contribution to the Peaceful Sharing of Transboundary Groundwater." In Peace through International Law, 125–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03380-3_12.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Peace (International law)"

1

"International Space Cooperation for Peace." In 55th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.iac-04-w.3.03.

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"INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW: Aspirations and Challenges to Global Justice and Peace." In 6th INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ISSUES CONFERENCE. Tishk International University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23918/ilic2021.35.

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3

SGC Working Group. "Peace in Space." In 54th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.iac-03-iisl.3.11.

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Mintarsih, Mimin, and Lukman Mahdami. "Law Enforcement to Raise Legal Awareness of People in Making Peace." In International Conference on Community Development (ICCD 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201017.096.

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Özkan, Gürsel. "The Settlement of Compansation Disputes through Peace before Administrative Judiciary." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01544.

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According to the Article 13 of the Law No. 2577, even though one must apply to the authorities as a preliminary condition of court case before filing a fully judicial lawsuit in terms of the administrative action, Article 13 of Law No. 2577 with its current form does not provide a contribution to the provision of the pre-trial dispute resolution. The Decree Law No. 659 set up the way for application which would also include the compensation claims arising from administrative actions that were designed according to The Article 13 of Law No. 2577. In this arrangement , the preference is left to the person concerned to make a choice either to refer to peace or not to against losses arising from administrative processes; one is not given the chance to eliminate the loses by means of peace during the process of law after administrative process is cancelled by law; this also prevents us to come to the desired objective because it doesn’t provide adequate legal assurance to the top executives and members of the legal disputes commission for their business and operations.
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"Space to Promote Peace - Outcome of the IAA Study." In 55th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.iac-04-iaa.5.13.2.01.

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Mišič, Jakob Jančar, and Marko Jeran. "Winner Takes it all or How Did Arena of International Law Fail to Decolonize the World in Versailles?" In Socratic Lectures 9. University of Lubljana Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55295/psl.2024.d5.

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Abstract: We are living in a time when there is no shortage of excuses to encroach on foreign terri-tories. This article deals specifically with the political and legal justifications for encroach-ments on other peoples' territories during the Peace of Versailles and the later created Man-date system. It systematically shows how the socio-political changes at the end of the 19th century and the development of international law led to the maturation of the idea of sov-ereignty and how it affected the empires of the Great Powers. It then shows in detail how the liberal mindset in international law is used to justify new colonial achievements and the expansion of empires even after the end of the First World War. Keywords: Mandate system, colonialism, level of civilisation, decolonization, mandate for Togoland, A. V. Dicey
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Atah, Said, Amir Husni, and Said Rafiie. "Learning from 12 Years of Peace in Aceh: Seeking Prosperity and Progress in Aceh." In International Conference on Law, Governance and Globalization 2017 (ICLGG 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iclgg-17.2018.33.

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Chase, Jonathan, Duc Thien Nguyen, Haiyang Sun, and Hoong Chuin Lau. "Improving Law Enforcement Daily Deployment Through Machine Learning-Informed Optimization under Uncertainty." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/806.

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Urban law enforcement agencies are under great pressure to respond to emergency incidents effectively while operating within restricted budgets. Minutes saved on emergency response times can save lives and catch criminals, and a responsive police force can deter crime and bring peace of mind to citizens. To efficiently minimize the response times of a law enforcement agency operating in a dense urban environment with limited manpower, we consider in this paper the problem of optimizing the spatial and temporal deployment of law enforcement agents to predefined patrol regions in a real-world scenario informed by machine learning. To this end, we develop a mixed integer linear optimization formulation (MIP) to minimize the risk of failing response time targets. Given the stochasticity of the environment in terms of incident numbers, location, timing, and duration, we use Sample Average Approximation (SAA) to find a robust deployment plan. To overcome the sparsity of real data, samples are provided by an incident generator that learns the spatio-temporal distribution and demand parameters of incidents from a real world historical dataset and generates sets of training incidents accordingly. To improve runtime performance across multiple samples, we implement a heuristic based on Iterated Local Search (ILS), as the solution is intended to create deployment plans quickly on a daily basis. Experimental results demonstrate that ILS performs well against the integer model while offering substantial gains in execution time.
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Petkova, Tatyana. "Geopolitical challenges in the 21st century – The place of the EU in international politics." In 9th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade - Serbia, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.09.09083p.

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For the first time in Europe, until the start of the war in Ukraine by Russia in February 2022, there is such prosperity, such security and such freedom. A violence in the first half of the 20th century gave way to a period of peace and stability unprecedented in European history. The creation of the European Union was decisive for this development. It has changed the relationship between our countries and the lives of our citizens. European countries are determined to seek the peaceful resolution of disputes and to cooperate through common institutions. During this period, under the influence of the progressive spread of the rule of law and democracy, authoritarian regimes were transformed into secure, stable and dynamic democracies. The present study aims to present a political-philosophical view of the geopolitical challenges in the 21st century and the place of the EU in international politics. The main points of the article are: global challenges and main threats: security is a prerequisite for development; energy dependence; terrorism, etc.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Peace (International law)"

1

Black, Richard, Joshua Busby, Geoffrey D. Dabelko, Cedric de Coning, Hafsa Maalim, Claire McAllister, Melvis Ndiloseh, et al. Environment of Peace: Security in a New Era of Risk. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/lcls7037.

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The environmental crisis is increasing risks to security and peace worldwide, notably in countries that are already fragile. Indicators of insecurity such as the number of conflicts, the number of hungry people and military expenditure are rising; so are indicators of environmental decline, in climate change, biodiversity, pollution and other areas. In combination, the security and environmental crises are creating compound, cascading, emergent, systemic and existential risks. Without profound changes of approach by institutions of authority, risks will inevitably proliferate quickly. Environment of Peace surveys the evolving risk landscape and documents a number of developments that indicate a pathway to solutions––in international law and policy, in peacekeeping operations and among non-governmental organizations. It finds that two principal avenues need to be developed: (a) combining peace-building and environmental restoration, and (b) effectively addressing the underlying environmental issues. It also analyses the potential of existing and emerging pro-environment measures for exacerbating risks to peace and security. The findings demonstrate that only just and peaceful transitions to more sustainable practices can be effective––and show that these transitions also need to be rapid.
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2

Borrie, John, Elena Finckh, and Kerstin Vignard. Increasing Transparency, Oversight and Accountability of Armed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. UNIDIR, December 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/caap/17/wam/04.

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Armed unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)—often referred to as drones—have become a prominent and sometimes controversial means of delivering lethal force in the 21st century. Yet the international community is some way from reaching consensus on how established international principles are to be interpreted and applied to the use of armed UAVs. This situation is unsatisfactory for promoting civilian protection in conflict, the maintenance of peace and security, or the rule of law. Moreover, UAVs have unique characteristics that make them particularly susceptible to misuse in comparison to other technologies, at the same time as their capabilities are growing rapidly. Taken together, these factors add up to a pressing need for further development of international understandings related to transparency, oversight and accountability in the context of UAV spread and use. Building on a prior United Nations publication in 2015, this UNIDIR study assesses the current situation and suggests ways to strengthen shared understandings of transparency, oversight and accountability to address challenges raised by armed UAVs.
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Lewis, Dustin, and Naz Modirzadeh. Taking into Account the Potential Effects of Counterterrorism Measures on Humanitarian and Medical Activities: Elements of an Analytical Framework for States Grounded in Respect for International Law. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/qbot8406.

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For at least a decade, States, humanitarian bodies, and civil-society actors have raised concerns about how certain counterterrorism measures can prevent or impede humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In 2019, the issue drew the attention of the world’s preeminent body charged with maintaining or restoring international peace and security: the United Nations Security Council. In two resolutions — Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) — adopted that year, the Security Council urged States to take into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities, including medical activities, that are carried out by impartial humanitarian actors in a manner consistent with international humanitarian law (IHL). By implicitly recognizing that measures adopted to achieve one policy objective (countering terrorism) can impair or prevent another policy objective (safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities), the Security Council elevated taking into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities to an issue implicating international peace and security. In this legal briefing, we aim to support the development of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to devise and administer a system to take into account the potential effects of counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. Our primary intended audience includes the people involved in creating or administering a “take into account” system and in developing relevant laws and policies. Our analysis zooms in on Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) and focuses on grounding the framework in respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL. In section 1, we introduce the impetus, objectives, and structure of the briefing. In our view, a thorough legal analysis of the relevant resolutions in their wider context is a crucial element to laying the conditions conducive to the development and administration of an effective “take into account” system. Further, the stakes and timeliness of the issue, the Security Council’s implicit recognition of a potential tension between measures adopted to achieve different policy objectives, and the relatively scant salient direct practice and scholarship on elements pertinent to “take into account” systems also compelled us to engage in original legal analysis, with a focus on public international law and IHL. In section 2, as a primer for readers unfamiliar with the core issues, we briefly outline humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. Then we highlight a range of possible effects of the latter on the former. Concerning armed conflict, humanitarian activities aim primarily to provide relief to and protection for people affected by the conflict whose needs are unmet, whereas medical activities aim primarily to provide care for wounded and sick persons, including the enemy. Meanwhile, for at least several decades, States have sought to prevent and suppress acts of terrorism and punish those who commit, attempt to commit, or otherwise support acts of terrorism. Under the rubric of countering terrorism, States have taken an increasingly broad and diverse array of actions at the global, regional, and national levels. A growing body of qualitative and quantitative evidence documents how certain measures designed and applied to counter terrorism can impede or prevent humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In a nutshell, counterterrorism measures may lead to diminished or complete lack of access by humanitarian and medical actors to the persons affected by an armed conflict that is also characterized as a counterterrorism context, or those measures may adversely affect the scope, amount, or quality of humanitarian and medical services provided to such persons. The diverse array of detrimental effects of certain counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities may be grouped into several cross-cutting categories, including operational, financial, security, legal, and reputational effects. In section 3, we explain some of the key legal aspects of humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. States have developed IHL as the primary body of international law applicable to acts and omissions connected with an armed conflict. IHL lays down several rights and obligations relating to a broad spectrum of humanitarian and medical activities pertaining to armed conflicts. A violation of an applicable IHL provision related to humanitarian or medical activities may engage the international legal responsibility of a State or an individual. Meanwhile, at the international level, there is no single, comprehensive body of counterterrorism laws. However, States have developed a collection of treaties to pursue specific anti-terrorism objectives. Further, for its part, the Security Council has assumed an increasingly prominent role in countering terrorism, including by adopting decisions that U.N. Member States must accept and carry out under the U.N. Charter. Some counterterrorism measures are designed and applied in a manner that implicitly or expressly “carves out” particular safeguards — typically in the form of limited exceptions or exemptions — for certain humanitarian or medical activities or actors. Yet most counterterrorism measures do not include such safeguards. In section 4, which constitutes the bulk of our original legal analysis, we closely evaluate the two resolutions in which the Security Council urged States to take into account the effects of (certain) counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. We set the stage by summarizing some aspects of the legal relations between Security Council acts and IHL provisions pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. We then analyze the status, consequences, and content of several substantive elements of the resolutions and what they may entail for States seeking to counter terrorism and safeguard humanitarian and medical activities. Among the elements that we evaluate are: the Security Council’s new notion of a prohibited financial “benefit” for terrorists as it may relate to humanitarian and medical activities; the Council’s demand that States comply with IHL obligations while countering terrorism; and the constituent parts of the Council’s notion of a “take into account” system. In section 5, we set out some potential elements of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to develop and administer its “take into account” system in line with Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019). In terms of its object and purpose, a “take into account” system may aim to secure respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. In addition, the system may seek to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts that also qualify as counterterrorism contexts. We also identify two sets of preconditions arguably necessary for a State to anticipate and address relevant potential effects through the development and execution of its “take into account” system. Finally, we suggest three sets of attributes that a “take into account” system may need to embody to achieve its aims: utilizing a State-wide approach, focusing on potential effects, and including default principles and rules to help guide implementation. In section 6, we briefly conclude. In our view, jointly pursuing the policy objectives of countering terrorism and safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities presents several opportunities, challenges, and complexities. International law does not necessarily provide ready-made answers to all of the difficult questions in this area. Yet devising and executing a “take into account” system provides a State significant opportunities to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities and counter terrorism while securing greater respect for international law.
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S. Abdellatif, Omar. Localizing Human Rights SDGs: Ghana in context. Raisina House, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52008/gh2021sdg.

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In September 2015, Ghana along all UN member states endorsed the Agenda 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as the cardinal agenda towards achieving a prosperous global future. The SDGs are strongly interdependent, making progress in all goals essential for a country’s achievement of sustainable development. While Ghana and other West African nations have exhibited significant economic and democratic development post-independence. The judiciary system and related legal frameworks, as well as the lack of rule law and political will for safeguarding the human rights of its citizens, falls short of considering violations against minorities. Will Ghana be able to localize human rights related SDGs, given that West African governments historically tended to promote internal security and stability at the expense of universal human rights? This paper focuses on evaluating the commitments made by Ghana towards achieving Agenda 2030, with a particular focus on the SDGs 10 and 16 relating to the promotion of reduced inequalities, peace, justice and accountable institutions. Moreover, this paper also analyzes legal instruments and state laws put in place post Ghana’s democratization in 1992 for the purpose of preventing discrimination and human rights violations in the nation. The article aims to highlight how Ghana’s post-independence political experience, the lack of rule of law, flaws in the judiciary system, and the weak public access to justice are obstacles to its effective localization of human rights SGDs. Those obstacles to Ghana’s compliance with SDGs 10 and 16 are outlined in this paper through a consideration of human rights violations faced by the Ghanaian Muslim and HIV minorities, poor prison conditions, limited public access to justice and the country’s failure to commit to international treaties on human rights. Keywords: Ghana, human rights, rule of law, security, Agenda 2030
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Gordon, Eleanor, and Briony Jones. Building Success in Development and Peacebuilding by Caring for Carers: A Guide to Research, Policy and Practice to Ensure Effective, Inclusive and Responsive Interventions. University of Warwick Press, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/978-1-911675-00-6.

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Анотація:
The experiences and marginalisation of international organisation employees with caring responsibilities has a direct negative impact on the type of security and justice being built in conflict-affected environments. This is in large part because international organisations fail to respond to the needs of those with caring responsibilities, which leads to their early departure from the field, and negatively affects their work while in post. In this toolkit we describe this problem, the exacerbating factors, and challenges to overcoming it. We offer a theory of change demonstrating how caring for carers can both improve the working conditions of employees of international organisations as well as the effectiveness, inclusivity and responsiveness of peace and justice interventions. This is important because it raises awareness among employers in the sector of the severity of the problem and its consequences. We also offer a guide for employers for how to take the caring responsibilities of their employees into account when developing human resource policies and practices, designing working conditions and planning interventions. Finally, we underscore the importance of conducting research on the gendered impacts of the marginalisation of employees with caring responsibilities, not least because of the breadth and depth of resultant individual, organisational and sectoral harms. In this regard, we also draw attention to the way in which gender stereotypes and gender biases not only inform and undermine peacebuilding efforts, but also permeate research in this field. Our toolkit is aimed at international organisation employees, employers and human resources personnel, as well as students and scholars of peacebuilding and international development. We see these communities of knowledge and action as overlapping, with insights to be brought to bear as well as challenges to be overcome in this area. The content of the toolkit is equally relevant across these knowledge communities as well as between different specialisms and disciplines. Peacebuilding and development draw in experts from economics, politics, anthropology, sociology and law, to name but a few. The authors of this toolkit have come together from gender studies, political science, and development studies to develop a theory of change informed by interdisciplinary insights. We hope, therefore, that this toolkit will be useful to an inclusive and interdisciplinary set of knowledge communities. Our core argument - that caring for carers benefits the individual, the sectors, and the intended beneficiaries of interventions - is relevant for students, researchers, policy makers and practitioners alike.
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Audsley, Neil, Gonzalo Avila, Claudio Ioratti, Valerie Caron, Chiara Ferracini, Tibor Bukovinszki, Marc Kenis, et al. Peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders). Euphresco, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240228454.

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Bactrocera zonata, commonly known as the peach fruit fly, is a polyphagous pest native to tropical Asia, causing significant damage to various fruit crops, especially guava, mango and peach. It has spread to Southern and south east Asia, Egypt and other North African countries. The introduction of the pest to new areas is primarily driven by international tourism and trade of infested fruit. Its ability to establish in new regions is influenced by temperature and humidity, with potential for expansion under climate change. Despite its severity, few biological control efforts have been documented due to limited knowledge of potential natural enemies. Efforts in Africa have included releasing parasitoids, such as Aganaspis daci, Fopius arisanus, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata and Psyttalia incisi, with partial success. F. arisanus shows promise as a biological control agent, capable of parasitizing B. zonata in laboratory conditions, but may face climatic challenges in North Africa. Other natural enemies have been identified, but their low parasitism rates make them less viable for biological control. Further research is needed to assess the potential of various parasitoids for controlling B. zonata effectively.
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Technical Guidelines to Facilitate the Implementation of Security Council Resolution 2370 (2017) and Related International Standards and good Practices on Preventing Terrorists from Acquiring Weapons. UNIDIR, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/caap/22/pacav/03.

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Анотація:
Terrorist acquisition of different types of weapons, including Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW), their corresponding ammunition, improvised explosive device (IED) components, and uncrewed aerial systems (UAS) and components, poses a global threat to international peace and security. Preventing such acquisitions by terrorists presents States and the international community as well as communities of practitioners with a set of complex and multifaceted challenges. In March 2022, the UN Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate (CTED), United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre (UNCCT) of the UN Office of Counter-Terrorism (UNOCT) and UNIDIR launched the “Technical guidelines to facilitate the implementation of Security Council resolution 2370 (2017) and related international standards and good practices on preventing terrorists from acquiring weapons”. The technical guidelines have been developed under a joint project implemented by CTED, working on behalf of the UN Global Counter-Terrorism Coordination Compact Working Group on Border Management and Law Enforcement relating to Counter-Terrorism, funded by UNCCT and co-implemented by UNCCT and UNIDIR. With the adoption by the Security Council of its resolution 2370 (2017), the Council reaffirmed its previous decision in resolution 1373 (2001) that all States should refrain from providing any form of support to those involved in terrorist acts, including by eliminating the supply of weapons – including SALW, military equipment, UAS and their components, and IED components – to those involved in terrorist acts. The Security Council urged Member States to act cooperatively to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons and called upon them to become party to related international and regional instruments. Resolution 2370 is the first Security Council resolution specifically dedicated to preventing terrorists from acquiring weapons. The technical guidelines have been developed as part of a broader project that seeks to facilitate and support the implementation of resolution 2370 (2017), relevant subsequent resolutions, good practices, and international standards. The technical guidelines aim at contributing to the enhancement of Member States’ legislative, strategic, and operational capacities to prevent, detect and counter the acquisition, illicit trafficking and use of different weapons, systems, and components. These technical guidelines are non-binding and should be considered living working reference document. They are also expected to form a basis for dialogue at different levels, including among regional and national stakeholders in their efforts to assess, develop, review, and refine regional and national measures to prevent terrorist acquisition of weapons. Following roll-out, application and use, the document will be subject to modifications, revisions, and updates, based on feedback received from States and the technical communities of practice.
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