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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Pastoral livestock"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 7 вересня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Pastoral livestock"

1

de Glanville, William A., Alicia Davis, Kathryn J. Allan, Joram Buza, John R. Claxton, John A. Crump, Jo E. B. Halliday, et al. "Classification and characterisation of livestock production systems in northern Tanzania." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 30, 2020): e0229478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229478.

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Анотація:
Livestock keepers in sub-Saharan Africa face a range of pressures, including climate change, land loss, restrictive policies, and population increase. Widespread adaptation in response can lead to the emergence of new, non-traditional typologies of livestock production. We sought to characterise livestock production systems in two administrative regions in northern Tanzania, an area undergoing rapid social, economic, and environmental change. Questionnaire and spatial data were collected from 404 livestock-keeping households in 21 villages in Arusha and Manyara Regions in 2016. Multiple factor analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to classify households into livestock production systems based on household-level characteristics. Adversity-based indicators of vulnerability, including reports of hunger, illness, and livestock, land and crop losses were compared between production systems. Three distinct clusters emerged through this process. The ethnic, environmental and livestock management characteristics of households in each cluster broadly mapped onto traditional definitions of ‘pastoral’, ‘agro-pastoral’ and ‘smallholder’ livestock production in the study area, suggesting that this quantitative classification system is complementary to more qualitative classification methods. Our approach allowed us to demonstrate a diversity in typologies of livestock production at small spatial scales, with almost half of study villages comprising more than one production system. We also found indicators of change within livestock production systems, most notably the adoption of crop agriculture in the majority of pastoral households. System-level heterogeneities in vulnerability were evident, with agro-pastoral households most likely to report hunger and pastoral households most likely to report illness in people and livestock, and livestock losses. We demonstrate that livestock production systems can provide context for assessing household vulnerability in northern Tanzania. Policy initiatives to improve household and community well-being should recognise the continuing diversity of traditional livestock production systems in northern Tanzania, including the diversity that can exist at small spatial scales.
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2

Qin, Lin, Xiaoyu Song, Wang Wen, Xiaodi Liu, and Hui Liu. "Research on Livestock Carrying Capacity of Arid Pastoral Areas Based on Dynamic Water–Forage–Livestock Balance in OtogBanner, China." Water 12, no. 9 (September 11, 2020): 2539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092539.

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Анотація:
There are nonequilibrium characteristics of grassland ecosystems driven by water, and constraints on the development scale of artificially irrigated grassland caused by the lack of water resources in arid pastoral areas. Based on the interaction of water, forage, and livestock, this study built a model of livestock-carrying capacity within the dynamic water–forage–livestock balance, to analyze the livestock carrying capacity of arid pastoral areas. The results showed that compared with the fixed livestock carrying capacity of 1.0898 million sheep units with a dynamic forage–livestock balance, the livestock carrying capacity based on the dynamic water–forage–livestock balance of OtogBanner were in a multi-equilibrium state due to the fluctuation of rangeland productivity caused by a change in precipitation conditions and the adjustment of the tame grassland irrigation scale caused by the change in water demand of other water users in the pastoral area. Under the conditions of the wet, normal, and dry years, the livestock carrying capacity was 1.632 million standard sheep units under the 26.5 thousand hm2 tame grassland developing areas, 1.3037 million standard sheep units under the 25.9 thousand hm2 tame grassland developing areas, and 0.9155 million standard sheep units respectively under 22.4 thousand hm2 tame grassland developing areas. This fluctuation change was more prominent in the pastoral areas with rangeland as the key field. Besides this, the model could effectively identify the predicament of water and forage resources. At present, the overload of forage resources and water resources coexisted in the pastoral area of OtogBanner, and an important reason for this was that the distribution of water and forage resources was poorly matched with the mode of animal husbandry production. The value of 1.3037 million sheep units was recommended to the livestock-carrying capacity of OtogBanner according to the model. This study could provide a new method for the calculation of livestock carrying capacity, and offered a scientific basis for the protection of the grassland ecological environment and the sustainable development of animal husbandry in the arid pastoral area of OtogBanner.
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3

Hiernaux, Pierre, and Mohamed Habibou Assouma. "Adapting pastoral breeding to global changes in West and Central tropical Africa: Review of ecological views." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 73, no. 3 (September 23, 2020): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.31893.

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Анотація:
Pastoral livestock is defined as a reproduction-oriented, grazing-based familial livestock system with community-managed resources. Pastoral breeders differ from one another in the diversity of species and breeds raised, the size and management of herds and the extent of their regional mobility. The social, economic and environmental weight of pastoralist livestock in West and Central sub-Saharan Africa is evoked together with its imputation of environmental degradation. Global changes faced by pastoral livestock are sorted out by domains, climatic and societal, and by time scales, short or long. The incriminated impacts of livestock on ecosystems are assessed in the short and long terms. The functions of pastoral breeding already affected by global changes whether climatic or societal are analyzed. The capacity of two alternative livestock breeding systems, ranching and stall-feeding, to respond to these constraints is reviewed. Finally, pastoral breeding has been recognized as being able to adapt best to long-term climate change and to short- and long-term societal changes, provided that national and international investments are made. Civil security must be restored and pastoralists’ access to water and fodder resources must be secured. Professional organizations and associations should be empowered to negotiate grazing rights, and their skills should be enhanced. There is the need to complete, rehabilitate and manage hydraulic and veterinary infrastructures, but also to invest significantly in adapted health, education and communication infrastructures in long-neglected pastoral areas.
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4

Kebede, Sisay, Zewdu K. Tessema, Mengistu Urge, Mehari Alebachew, and Abule Ebro. "Impact of Bush Encroachment on Livestock Production and Pastoral Livelihoods in Fentale District, Eastern Ethiopia." Sustainable Agriculture Research 9, no. 4 (October 29, 2020): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v9n4p56.

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Анотація:
The threat of bush encroachment on community livelihoods and economy in range lands of Fentale district in Ethiopia is not well known. So, this study was conducted to evaluate the impact of bush encroachment and its stress on livestock daily milk yield and pastoral livestock production of the district. The data of household livestock holding and its production, household income sources, expenditure, etc. was obtained from district pastoral and agro-pastoral office and the respective pastoral communities. The data was collected through semi-structured questionnaires, focus group discussion and key informant interviews. The data was analyzed through descriptive statistics and regression analysis using Minitab Software. The result revealed that there was an alarming rate increasing of bush encroachment coverage and positive association (P < 0.05) with camel and goat population than cattle and sheep population (P > 0.05) in the study district. Results of current study also revealed that a positive correlation between increasing coverage of bush encroachment and mean daily milk yield of livestock (i.e. cattle, goat and camel) in the study areas. Pastoral producers also perceived the impact of bush encroachment on livestock population trend and milk production in all study sites and applied different adaptation strategies (like feed supplementation and mobility). It is recommended that appropriate intervention options (like bush thinning) of government and other stakeholders is needed to alleviate the current economic bush related challenges of pastoral producers and save the loosing natural resources, even by amendment of pastoral production related policies and its implementation
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5

Ahmed Mohammed, Abdulla. "ADOPTION OF SMALL RUMINANTS’ FATTENING PACKAGE IN AGRO-PASTORAL AREAS, DUGDA DAWA DISTRICT, SOUTHERN OROMIA, ETHIOPIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 9 (September 30, 2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9.2015.2940.

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Анотація:
Many studies were conducted to identify determinants of adoption of crop base technologies and practices and improved seeds, and while few studies concerned on evaluation of extension services in terms of the clients’ need and interest or adoption of livestock technologies in agro-pastoral and pastoral context. In fact, livestock extension services in general in developing countries are less prioritized and thus livestock based technology services are rarely extended. Common livestock technologies which are promoted to livestock raisers are focused on feed, veterinary services, and improved management practices through the extension services of agricultural/pastoral offices and livestock development units. The case hereunder, is about agro-pastoralists extension services evaluative perception and small ruminant fattening package adoption. Hence, this study investigates agro-pastoralists’ perception on the extension services, small ruminant fattening package and intensity of adoption of small ruminants’ fattening package. The study is undertaken in DugdaDawaWoreda, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. The Woreda has agro-pastoral and pastoral production system. The data were collected from 151 randomly selected pastoralists and agro-pastoralists using structured interview schedule. Secondary data were collected from different sources to supplement the data obtained from the survey. In addition to quantitative data qualitative data also gathered. Prior to formal survey an informal survey was also undertaken by using group discussion and interview with key informants. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage mean, standard deviation, Chi-square tests and t-test were employed. The Tobit model was also employed to determine factors influencing intensity of small ruminant fattening package adoption. This study identifies agro-pastoralists and pastoralists are poorly addressed and their need and interests are not considered in any extension programmes. The Tobit model output showed that, agro-pastoralists intensity of adoption of small ruminant fattening package is influenced by: perception on the availability of improved breed, perception on resources based conflicts, current management practices, total livestock holding of HHs and credit use and availability for veterinary purposes. Future extension activities and agencies, promoting fattening package in agro-pastoral and pastoral areas, should focus on targeting agro-pastoralists with low perception on the availability of better breed, information and demonstration on the improved management practices, revision of credit supply criteria, making awareness and demonstration of the significant importance of small ruminants in the agro-pastoral and pastoral income and livelihoods contribution is important.
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6

Huang, Zhipeng, Yan Zhang, Yi Huang, Gang Xu, and Shengping Shang. "Sales Scale, Non-Pastoral Employment and Herders’ Technology Adoption: Evidence from Pastoral China." Land 11, no. 7 (July 3, 2022): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11071011.

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Анотація:
The adoption of livestock husbandry technologies has been an important factor affecting the welfare of herders and the efficiency of grazing-based livestock production and grassland protection in China’s pastoral areas. The small-scale herder is the main body of grassland-based grazing husbandry, and so technology adoption is particularly important, though it is currently scarce. To identify the factors influencing technology adoption behavior by Chinese herders, especially its effect on the scale of livestock sales and non-pastoral employment (NPE), we conducted a survey in the Gansu and Qinghai provinces of China with a sample of 296 herder households. The results show that the scale of livestock sale promotes the adoption of technology, while non-pastoral employment has a generally negative effect. In detail, the substitution effect of NPE is positive, but the wealth effect is negative. In addition, NPE and its wealth effect have moderating effects that can enhance the effect of the sales scale on the adoption of herders’ technology. After distinguishing the technologies into profit-seeking technology and pro-environmental technology, we found that NPE and its substitution effect have a significant influence on pro-environmental technology, while the wealth effect has a significant impact on both profit-seeking and pro-environmental technology. Environmental awareness and altruism also have significant positive impacts on pro-environmental technology. These findings are relevant to policy implications dealing with technology adoption in pastoral areas.
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7

Issoufa, Idrissa, Morou boubé, Abdoulaye Diouf, Saley Karim, and Ali Mahamane. "Caractérisation des pâturages herbacés sahéliens à accès limité : Cas du Centre Secondaire de Multiplication de Bétail de Sayam (Diffa)." Journal of Applied Biosciences 156 (December 26, 2020): 16095–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/jabs.156.4.

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Анотація:
Objectifs : Cette étude vise à caractériser l’état actuel des pâturages herbacés du Centre Secondaire de Multiplication de Bétail de Sayam. Méthodologie et Résultats : Quatre groupements pastoraux ont été identifiés et décrits à partir de 56 relevés linéaires réalisés sur un transect Sud - Nord. Au total 98 espèces herbacées réparties parmi 59 genres et 27 familles botaniques ont été répertoriées. Les genres suivants : Eragrostis, Ipomoea, Aristida, Cenchrus, Indigofera, Digitaria et Brachiaria ont été les mieux représentés. Ils représentent environ 50% du total et renferment l’essentiel des espèces de bonne valeur pastorale. Le recouvrement global, les valeurs pastorales brutes et nettes sont respectivement de 85,5%, 75,05% et 67,56%, celles-ci attestent que le pâturage du centre est de bonne qualité. La productivité globale en phytomasse herbacée a été estimée 2,26 tMS/ha avec une capacité de charge globale de 0,40 UBT/ha/an soit 2,5 ha/UBT/an. L’analyse du spectre fourrager indique que les espèces de bonne valeur pastorale et de faible valeur pastorale dominent le tapis herbacé. La première catégorie domine la zone centrale mieux protégée tandis que la dernière occupe les parties périphériques soumises à une forte exploitation du bétail. Conclusion et application des résultats : Le front de colonisation des espèces faiblement appétées (espèces qui ont IS = 0 ou IS = 1) progresse vers le centre sous l’effet de la forte pression pastorale. D’où l’urgence de clôturer l’ensemble du périmètre du centre afin d’éviter de créer un déséquilibre écologique préjudiciable à la survie de nombreuses espèces inféodées à ces milieux particuliers. Dans les perspectives d’une gestion durable des ressources fourragères des centres secondaire de multiplication de bétail, ce travail fournit des informations scientifiques fiables sur l’état actuel des pâturages herbacés de ce centre. Mots-clés : Kouri, composition floristique, groupements pastoraux, qualité pastorale, Sayam. Idrissa et al., J. Appl. Biosci. 2020 Caractérisation des pâturages herbacés sahéliens à accès limité : Cas du Centre Secondaire de Multiplication de Bétail de Sayam (Diffa). 16096 Characterization of Sahelian herbaceous pastures with limited access: Case of the Secondary Cattle Multiplication Center of Sayam (Diffa). ABSTRACT Objectives : This study aims to characterize the current state of the herbaceous pastures of the Sayam Secondary Cattle Multiplication Center. Methodology and Results : Four pastoral groups have been identified and described from 56 linear surveys carried out on a South - North transect. A total of 98 herbaceous species distributed among 59 genera and 27 botanical families have been listed. The best represented genera are: Eragrostis, Ipomoea, Aristida, Cenchrus, Indigofera, Digitaria and Brachiaria. They represent about 50% of the total and contain most of the species of good pastoral value. The overall recovery, the gross and net pastoral values are respectively 85.5%, 75.05% and 67.56%, these attest that the pasture of the center is of good quality. The overall productivity of herbaceous phytomass was estimated at 2.26 tMS / ha with an overall carrying capacity of 0.40 TLU / ha / year, ie 2.5 ha / TLU / year. Analysis of the forage spectrum indicates that species of good pastoral value and those of low pastoral value dominate the grass cover. The first category dominates the better protected central zone while the last occupies the peripheral parts subject to heavy livestock exploitation. Conclusion and applicability of results : The colonization front of poorly palatable species is progressing towards the center under the effect of strong pastoral pressure. Hence the urgency to enclose the entire perimeter of the center in order to avoid creating an ecological imbalance detrimental to the survival of many species dependent on these particular miles. With a view to the rehabilitation and sustainable management of these pastoral centers, this study provides additional information on the current state of the herbaceous pastures in this center. Keywords : Kouri, floristic composition, pastoral groups, pastoral quality, Sayam, Niger
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8

KIMA, Sophie A., A. A. OKHIMAMHE, and Andre KIEMA. "Assessing the Impacts of Land Use and land cover change on Pastoral Livestock Farming in South-Eastern Burkina Faso." Environment and Natural Resources Research 6, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v6n1p110.

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Анотація:
<p class="1Body">Conversion of pastures to cropland is one of the most important issues facing livestock farming in Burkina Faso. This study examined the impact of land use/cover change on pastoral livestock farming in Boulgou province between 1980 and 2013. Landsat satellite images (1989, 2001 and 2013) and socio-economic data were analysed. The interpretation of the classified Landsat images revealed an increase in cropland from 20.5% in 1989 to 36.7% in 2013. This resulted mainly from the conversion of woody savannah and shrub and grass savannah to cropland. Pastoral livestock farmers reported that the major drivers of vegetation loss were drought (95.1 %), population growth (91.8%), cropland increase (91.4%), extraction of fuel wood (69.8%) and increase in livestock population (65.4). These changes affect livestock farming through reduction of pasture, poor access to water and reduction of livestock mobility routes according to the farmers. This calls for regional and national policies to protect grazing areas in Burkina Faso that are similar to policies being implemented for forest and other types of vegetation cover in other countries. For such pastoral policies to be successful, issues concerning the mobility of livestock farmers must be enshrined into such policies and this study is an example of information source for these policies.</p>
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9

Yssouf, Sieza, Gomgnimbou P. K. Alain, Belem Adama, and Serme Idriss. "Use of Satellite Imagery for Pastoral Resources Monitoring in Kossi Province (Burkina Faso)." Journal of Agricultural Studies 7, no. 2 (April 7, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v7i2.14475.

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Анотація:
In Burkina Faso, livestock sector has an important place in the country's economy. Essentially extensive, this livestock farming is characterized by transhumance system, which consists of leading livestock sometimes over long distances in search of good pastures and water.Satellite images from different periods can be used to monitor the evolution of pastoral resources (pasture areas and surface water points) in a given area. Field data, coupled with satellite images, provide a better understanding of livestock transhumance movements in the study area. The objective of this study was to monitor the spatial and temporal evolution of pastoral resources using remote sensing tools in Kossi province. Field data, coupled with satellite images, provide a better understanding of livestock transhumance movements in the study area.
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10

Mutze, G. "Barking up the wrong tree? Are livestock or rabbits the greater threat to rangeland biodiversity in southern Australia?" Rangeland Journal 38, no. 6 (2016): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj16047.

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Анотація:
Increasing provision of permanent water points has put most Australian pastoral rangelands within grazing distance of sheep, cattle, kangaroos and large feral herbivores, and there is concern that grazing-sensitive native plants will be lost as a result. Proposals have been developed to conserve plant biodiversity by permanently excluding livestock from any areas that are remote from permanent water, or to buy back pastoral properties and remove existing water points to create large reserves. There is, however, little evidence that water-remote areas provide refuge for grazing-sensitive plants, nor consistent evidence of plant biodiversity loss along gradients of increasing livestock grazing pressure in proximity to water. One of the reasons why that evidence might be lacking is that most livestock studies have not considered the grazing impact of sympatric European rabbits, the most widespread and abundant wild herbivore in southern Australia. Numerous studies have shown that rabbit grazing has a major impact on rangeland vegetation and can prevent regeneration at densities which may be too low to be thought important. Plant biodiversity gradients are readily discernible along gradients of rabbit density in livestock-free reserves. Rabbits are therefore likely to be a significant confounding factor when assessing livestock impacts, or possibly the primary cause of observed patterns of plant diversity. If so, attempts to preserve plant biodiversity by removing livestock are destined to fail in rabbit-grazed areas. Public funds for biodiversity conservation in the pastoral zone might be better spent on co-investment with pastoralists for rabbit control on conservatively stocked properties, rather than on restricting pastoral use of land in livestock-free, rabbit-infested reserves.
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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Pastoral livestock"

1

Ohta, Itaru. "Livestock Individual Identification among the Turkana : The Animal Classification and Naming in the Pastoral Livestock Managemen." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/86373.

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2

Fre, Zeremamiam. "Pastoral development in Eritrea and Eastern Sudan : implications for livestock extension programmes." Thesis, University of Reading, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366228.

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3

Davies, Jonathan M. "The role of livestock in Afar pastoral livelihoods : capitalisation, commoditisation and obligation." Thesis, University of Reading, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402562.

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4

Roe, Alan George. "Pastoral livelihoods : changes in the role and function of livestock in the northern Jordanian Badia." Thesis, Durham University, 2000. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4618/.

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Анотація:
This thesis considers the importance of livestock in the household economy of the Ahl al Jebel Bedouin in the arid Badia region of north east Jordan. The principal objective of the study is to provide development planners working within the Badia region with information on how livestock are used and valued within a pastoral society and indicate ways in which these values may be subject to change. The study demonstrates that Bedouin herdowners have responded purposefully to developing regional markets for livestock products and have identified the income and capital growth values of livestock investments. However, the study further suggests that in important ways production for market supply is closely bound with the management of household resources, notably production for domestic consumption and the two spheres of production constitute complimentary aspects of the pastoral livelihood strategy. It is further argued that pastoral production in the Badia is mediated by the prevailing Bedouin value system which ascribes non-material values to livestock, thus giving social meaning to the way in Which herd owners choose to manage their herds. The thesis argues that the relationship between herd owners and their livestock must necessarily be flexible and suggests that changes in the way in which livestock are valued may constitute an important element in how households respond to change. The study thus characterises the Ahl al Jebel herd management objectives as innovative and fluid, and indicates that approaches to pastoral development need to be more sensitive to household objectives and more supportive of indigenous innovation.
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Beard, Rodney. "Ito stochastic control theory, stochastic differential games and the economic theory of mobile pastoralism /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18631.pdf.

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6

Amary, Nefza Mohamed. "Assessing the quality of forage for livestock in a semi-arid pastoral system in South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4869.

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Анотація:
Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) - MSc (Biodiv and Cons Biol)
This study evaluated the nutritional quality of the forage plants in Namaqualand Granite Renosterveld vegetation in the Kamiesberg uplands of the Leliefontein communal area, South Africa. Determining the quality of forages is one of the most important factors necessary for the effective management of rangelands as it impacts on the nutrient needs of animals and consequently, the grazing capacity in rangelands. The edible portions of various forage plants were collected in the wet and dry seasons in 2012 and 2013 after which the nutritional quality (mineral nutrient content; crude protein (CP); fibre, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF); dry matter digestibility (DMD); dry matter intake (DMI); metabolizeable energy (ME); and relative forage value (RFV)) as well as the anti-nutritional quality (total phenolics (TP); condensed tannins (CT); and silicon (Si) concentrations) of the plants were determined. Plants were thereafter grouped into their respective growth forms: grasses (15 species), herbs (15 species), leaf succulents (17 species), non-succulents (134 species), reeds (7 species), trees (8 species) and stem succulents (2 species) for statistical analyses. There were generally only a few significant differences for each forage growth form, when comparing the nutritional and anti-nutritional qualities between the two seasons. Certain forage types such as leaf succulents were found to have a high nutritional value in terms of their mineral nutrient content, CP, DMD and ME , but were also found to contain high concentrations of one or more anti-nutritional factors. However, within each season, results showed that for both the nutritional quality and anti-nutritional quality, there was a significant difference between the different growth forms within each season. This suggests that both of these quality parameters are essential in order to draw meaningful conclusions regarding forage quality of these semi-arid rangeland plants. Further research is needed at the species level to determine what plant species are the most nutritious in terms of both nutritional and anti-nutritional quality in order to inform the potential production of these species on a commercial scale.
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7

Ibrahim, Medhat. "Analysis of Portfolio Diversification and Risk Management of Livestock Assets in the Borana Pastoral System of Southern Ethiopia." DigitalCommons@USU, 2015. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4408.

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Анотація:
Ethiopia is one of the poorest and most populated countries in the world. It is also one of the largest receivers of foreign aid in the world. The Borana Plateau in the Oromia region is one of the poorest regions in southern Ethiopia. The local population in this region has relied on livestock for their livelihood for many generations. The growing number of humans and livestock on the Borana Plateau has caused the rangeland to be degraded. Coupled with more frequent and severe droughts, this growth can cause the loss of a large number of the livestock in this region from time-to-time. Several scientific and social studies have been conducted regarding how to maintain more sustainable livelihoods on the Borana Plateau in the face of all of these challenges. Most of the social science literature has focused on the poor and how to build their resiliency in the face of poverty and drought. Research about poor pastoralists is very important. However, it is likely the wealthy pastoralists of the region have the greatest potential to fuel economic activity by their investment decisions. This thesis focused on an analysis of portfolio diversification and risk management by wealthy pastoralists on the Borana Plateau. The method was to choose 12 important and wealthy pastoralists to survey to obtain data for the analysis. The idea was that wealthy pastoralists have more discretionary income available to invest compared to other local people. They have large-sized cattle herds, which leads to a larger-than-average consumption of the community water and forage resources. Wealthy pastoralists can also provide employment for the local communities for milking and herding activities. Understanding the diversification strategies used by this segment of the pastoralist population also provides some insights about the diversification strategies that are available and the barriers that exist to accessing different forms of investment to allow for diversification. This type of information may help us understand how to aid more general economic development in the Borana Plateau given that investment decisions of the wealthy are relatively important compared to the general population. It is also likely true that the livestock investment decisions by wealthy pastoralists may point to the future configuration of livestock herds on the Borana Plateau. A nonlinear quadratic program was used to estimate five optimal portfolios using a mean-variance (E-V) formulation for minimizing variance. These optimal portfolios were analyzed together with the portfolios actually held by the 12 participants using risk analysis. This included using portfolio analysis, stochastic dominance, and stochastic efficiency, and estimating risk premiums for different investment alternatives. It was found that large investments in camels, savings accounts, and real estate are preferred by very risk-averse producers. A combination of cattle, camels, and savings tended to make up the portfolios of more risk-seeking participants.
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8

Schroeder, Amy. "Investigating the diet selection and genetic variation of small ruminants in a dryland pastoral system in South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6962.

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Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) - MSc (Biodiv and Cons Biol)
Small ruminants found in pastoral dryland systems face many challenges regarding constant environmental and climate changes. These variable environments are home to many pastoralists who use the natural resources to sustain their livestock. Due to the prevailing environmental changes, these pastoralists require various adaptation strategies for the survival of their small ruminants. Adaptation is vital for all pastoralists globally, especially those living in semi-arid to arid regions as these areas are badly impacted by climate change. Farming with small ruminants that are able to constantly adapt to variable environments are a long-term and low cost resource strategy for farmers in these areas. Drought is a recurring challenge that farmers in dryland systems have to cope with and small ruminants are forced to adapt to food and water available to them as drought affects their survival, reproduction and production. This is because drought affects the environment directly as rainfall has an impact on all forage and water resources found in drylands. Thus available forage and the utilisation of this resource by small ruminants is essential for sheep and goat farmers who depend on these animals for their livelihoods. This thesis sets out to establish sheep and goat breeds found in a dryland pastoral system in South Africa focussing on their genetic differences and their diet selection during a drought period. The study was carried out in the 582 634 ha Steinkopf communal area located in the semi-arid to arid region of Namaqualand in South Africa. The dominant land use in this area is livestock farming where farmers utilise two biomes for grazing. Using mitochondrial DNA, genetic differences were investigated in small ruminants found in Steinkopf. The small ruminants that were studied were the Boer goats, Swakara sheep (Karakul) and cross-bred sheep. These were the most commonly farmed small ruminants in this area. Genetic differences and diversity found within the small ruminants in this area supports their ability to adapt to drought and changing environments. Diet selection of these small ruminants were assessed using direct forage observation during this drought period in both the Succulent and Nama Karoo biomes. Findings of the study indicate that small ruminants during a drought period will largely forage on what is available to them. Boer goats changed their diets from browser to grazers in the different biomes while sheep remained grazers in both biomes. This suggests that these animals are well adapted to changing forage availability and will adjust their feeding behaviours accordingly. Succulent plant species were utilised by all small ruminants and this can be regarded as new knowledge for small ruminants in dryland systems. Succulent species play a role in the diets of small ruminants in the Steinkopf rangeland and these animals have adapted traits that allow them to eat plants that contain high levels of phenolics and tannins, which show their high adaptability to this area. This study also revealed that indigenous and locally bred sheep in this area are crucial resources for livestock farming in this area. Swakara sheep in this area showed a low level of genetic variation while cross-bred sheep and the Boer goat had significant variation. With a long tradition of breeding small ruminants in the Steinkopf communal area that suit changing conditions, livestock keepers have accumulated detailed knowledge of their animals. Recommendations from this study were to do further studies regarding genetic variation within the cross-bred sheep as this information will be useful for breeding programs in dryland areas and it will add to the small ruminant genetics in South Africa. Because this study was conducted in a drought period, I recommend that diet selection should be observed during a regular wet and dry period as this would indicate how these animals adapt to what forage is available to them. These studies can act as management strategies for herders as it can provide information on how to use the natural resources sustainably.
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9

Byenkya, Gilbert Steven. "Impact of undesirable plant communities on the carrying capacity and livestock performance in pastoral systems of south-western Uganda." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/255.

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The impact of undesirable plant communities (Cymbopogon afronardus and woody species dominated by Acacia species) on livestock carrying capacity and performance was investigated on 15 farms in an Acacia/Cymbopogon dominated pastoral system of south-western Uganda. Species prevalence based on basal cover for grasses, frequency for forbs and effective canopy cover for trees/shrubs were determined on farms. The PHYGROW model was used to predict forage productivity for computation of carrying capacity. The NIRS/NUTBAL nutritional management system was used to determine cattle dietary CP and DOM through fecal scans and to estimate animal performance. Cymbopogon afronardus had a prevalence of 10.29% among the grasses while Acacia gerrardii (34.37%) and Acacia hockii (33.66%) were the most prevalent woody species. Forage productivity differed significantly among the farms with a mean long-term annual forage yield of 4560(SE+41) kg/ha. Farms infested with Cymbopogon and woody species produced the least amount of forage and therefore had the lowest carrying capacities (0.38 -0.39 AU/ha) while improved farms had comparatively higher forage yields with higher carrying capacities (0.49 - 0.52 AU/ha). A mean carrying capacity for the system was estimated at 0.44 AU/ha using a 25% harvest efficiency for ANPP. All the farms were overstocked, on average by 3.2 times. Livestock BCS, diet CP and DOM were significantly different (P<0.0001) among the different farm types. BCS were highest on improved farms and lowest on Cymbopogon infested farms while dietary CP and DOM values were lowest on improved farms and highest on farms with a high woody component. Farms with a relatively high woody component exhibited intermediate BCS despite the high dietary CP values. Cattle on Cymbopogon infested farms had consistently lower body weights over the months although there were no significant differences in daily live weight gains among farms. Recommendations included need for research into appropriate control measures for both Cymbopogon afronardus and woody species, farmer sensitization about overstocking, research to improve forage quality on improved farms and need for feed supplementation for improved breeds on improved farms. Integration of NIRS/NUTBAL and PHYGROW models into the research and management systems was desirable. The observed increase in Sporobolus spp. required investigation.
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10

Van, der Merwe Sarel Johannes. "The impact of pastoral farming and wildlife management practices on lion-livestock interactions in the Kgalagadi-South region of Botswana." Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/118.

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Thesis (D. Tech.) - Central University of Technology, Free State, 2009
All over the African continent south of the Sahara Desert, African lion numbers are plummeting to levels where, over large areas of their remaining distribution range, extinction has become a real threat. The main reason for the decreasing numbers is the increasing conflict between livestock farmers and lions. Lions are forced to kill livestock where their natural prey has been squeezed out by livestock and associated farming practices, and the farmers find it necessary to protect their livelihoods, often through the indiscriminate killing of lions. In the Kgalagadi-South region of Botswana, lion/livestock interactions present a challenge to livestock owners and wildlife managers alike. The relatively low ecological carrying capacity and occupied lion habitats in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (KTP) force some expelled young adult and sub-adult lions southwards into the adjoining Wildlife Management Area (WMA) KD/15, which separates the KTP and the communal grazing area. This WMA most likely also contains resident prides. Some of these predators sporadically enter the livestock grazing area. Similarly, large stock often enters the WMA. It is mostly these boundary transgressions that result in livestock killing, and the reaction of livestock owners often leads to the killing of lions. To gather information concerning the nature and extent of the situation, two questionnaires were prepared with the assistance of the Department of Biostatistics of the University of the Free State, South Africa. One questionnaire targeted livestock owners while the other was aimed at wildlife officials of the Department of Wildlife and National Parks in Botswana and SANParks in South Africa. Both covered the five-year period 2002-2006. A trial run was carried out to adjust to problem-specific circumstances before fieldwork commenced. Fieldwork was done during four consecutive seasons – in January, February, April and December 2007. Thirty livestock respondents and 13 wildlife officials were interviewed during the first two excursions into the study area. The third visit was to plot the cut-line between the WMA and the grazing area (by means of a Global Positioning System or GPS) and to make first-hand observations regarding movement over the cut-line. During all four visits the environmental (including grazing) conditions and density and distribution of wildlife and stock were observed in both the WMA and the grazing areas. The information gathered points towards a seemingly unsolvable situation. The exceptionally high daytime temperatures and food scarcity, brought about by erratic rainfall, overgrazing near boreholes, generally low carrying capacity and low phosphorus (P) levels, force large stock, i.e. cattle, horses, donkeys and mules, to graze far away from the safety of the cattle-posts during the cool hours of the night, thus making kraaling impractical. Such circumstances enhance exposure to lion predation especially in or near the WMA and the KTP fence. Some lions also penetrate deep into the grazing areas, especially in the arid western part of the study area. This study revealed certain weaknesses in current wildlife and livestock management practices in the study area, the sum of which put both farmers and the lion population under extreme pressure. Most of these shortcomings can be rectified without drastic invasive methods. Such adjustments can result in improved livestock and wildlife utilisation and protection of the lions. For example: the placement of mixed phosphorus and salt licks near cattle-posts to fulfil the need for vital micro and macro elements; addressing unnecessary livestock losses, which contribute to a lower income and less tolerance towards predation (e.g. botulism, which may stem from stock chewing on bones in their desire for more phosphorus, and losses to black-backed jackal, Canis mesomelas, in poorly maintained kraals); more drinking troughs at boreholes to prevent unnecessary shoving and minimise energy waste; and the introduction of more bulls to herds to increase the calving percentage. The study further concluded that there is little reason why stockowners should consider protecting lions. It suggests that significant value can be added to the wildlife (and the protection of lions) in the specific area by making farmers and other local residents share in the relatively untapped ecotourism potential of the area.
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Книги з теми "Pastoral livestock"

1

Al-Najim, Mujeeb N. Changes in the species composition of pastoral herds in Bay Region, Somalia. London: Overseas Development Institute, 1991.

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2

Köhler-Rollefson, Ilse. Keepers of genes: The interdependence between pastoralists, breeds, access to the commons, and livelihoods. Sadri, Rajasthan: LIFE Network, 2007.

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3

Hazel, Robert. Livestock camps and male exclusivism in pastoral East Africa. [Montreal]: Dept. of Anthropology, McGill University, 1985.

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4

Simorra, Ramon Violant i. La vida pastoral al Pallars. Tremp: Garsineu Edicions, 2001.

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Simorra, Ramon Violant i. La vida pastoral al Pallars. Tremp: Garsineu Edicions, 2001.

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6

Brunschwig, Gilles. Systèmes d'élevage extensif d'altitude dans les Andes centrales du Pérou. Montpellier, France: Centre international de hautes études agronomiques méditerranéennes, Institut agronomique méditerranéen de Montpellier, 1990.

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7

Muhereza, E. Frank. Pastoral resource competition in Uganda: Case studies into commercial livestock ranching and pastoral institutions. Utrecht, Netherlands: International Books, 2002.

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8

White, Richard. Livestock development and pastoral production on communal rangeland in Botswana. Gaborone, Botswana: Botswana Society, 1993.

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9

International Congress of Americanists (46th 1988 Amsterdam, Netherlands). Trabajos presentadoas al simposio Rur 6. El pastoreo altoandino--origen, desarrollo y situación actual. Qosqo: [s.n.], 1990.

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10

Customary commerce: A historical reassessment of pastoral livestock marketing in Africa. London: Overseas Development Institute, 1992.

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Частини книг з теми "Pastoral livestock"

1

Little, Peter D., and John G. McPeak. "1. Introduction - Pastoral Livestock Marketing in Eastern Africa." In Pastoral Livestock Marketing in Eastern Africa, 1–14. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440323.001.

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2

Barrett, Christopher B., Marc F. Bellemare, and Sharon M. Osterloh. "2. Household-Level Livestock Marketing Behavior among Northern Kenyan and Southern Ethiopian Pastoralists." In Pastoral Livestock Marketing in Eastern Africa, 15–38. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440323.002.

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3

Mcpeak, John G. "3. Livestock Marketing In Marsabit District, Kenya, Over the Past Fifty Years." In Pastoral Livestock Marketing in Eastern Africa, 39–56. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440323.003.

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4

Adugna, Teressa. "4. Determinants of Market Prices of Livestock: The Case of Cattle in Alemaya, Eastern Ethiopia." In Pastoral Livestock Marketing in Eastern Africa, 57–72. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440323.004.

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5

Green, Alan M., Christopher B. Barrett, Winnie K. Luseno, and John G. Mcpeak. "5. Livestock Market Organization and Price Distributions in Northern Kenya." In Pastoral Livestock Marketing in Eastern Africa, 73–88. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440323.005.

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6

Radeny, Maren, Patti Kristjanson, Eric Ruto, Jacob Wakhungu, and Riccardo Scarpa. "6. Determinants of Cattle Prices in Southern Kenya: Implications for Breed Conservation and Pastoral Marketing Strategies." In Pastoral Livestock Marketing in Eastern Africa, 89–108. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440323.006.

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7

Desta, Solomon, Getachew Gebru, Seyoum Tezera, and D. Layne Coppock. "7. Linking Pastoralists and Exporters in A Livestock Marketing Chain: Recent Experiences From Ethiopia." In Pastoral Livestock Marketing in Eastern Africa, 109–28. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440323.007.

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8

Mahmoud, Hussein A. "8. Innovations in Pastoral Livestock Marketing: The Emergence and The Role Of ‘Somali Cattle Traders-Cum-Ranchers’ in Kenya." In Pastoral Livestock Marketing in Eastern Africa, 129–44. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440323.008.

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9

Zaal, Fred, Morgan Ole Siloma, Rachel Andiema, and Albino Kotomei. "9. The Geography of Integration: Cross-Border Livestock Trade in East Africa." In Pastoral Livestock Marketing in Eastern Africa, 145–68. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440323.009.

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Little, Peter D. "10. Working Across Borders: Methodological and Policy Challenges Of Cross-Border Livestock Trade in The Horn of Africa." In Pastoral Livestock Marketing in Eastern Africa, 169–86. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440323.010.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Pastoral livestock"

1

Kibara Manyeki, John, Izabella Szakálné Kanó, and Balázs Kotosz. "Livestock product supply and factor demand responsiveness." In The European Union’s Contention in the Reshaping Global Economy. Szeged: Szegedi Tudományegyetem Gazdaságtudományi Kar, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/eucrge.2020.proc.9.

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Despite there being incredible challenges in enhancing livestock development in Kenya, this article isolates product supply and factors input demand responsiveness as the main constraints facing the smallholder. A flexible-Translog profit function permits the application of dual theory in the analysis of livestock product supply and factor demand responsiveness using farm-level household data. The results indicate that own-price elasticities were elastic for cattle, while goat and sheep were inelastic. Cross-price and scale elasticities were found to be within inelastic range in all cases, with the goat being a preferred substitute for cattle. All factor inputs demand elasticities were inelastic with the exception of elastic cattle output prices and labour cost. Thus, the recommended policy option would be supportive pro-pastoral price policies, enhanced investment in pastureland improvement and an increasing wage rate, since these assume key significance in improving the livestock production/marketing.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Pastoral livestock"

1

Catley, Andy. Commercialising Pastoralist Livestock Systems in East Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.018.

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Across East Africa’s vast rangelands, pastoralist livestock systems have been commercialising since the early 1900s. Commercialisation has varied widely within and between areas, but now includes substantial livestock exports, regional and cross-border trade, and supply to domestic markets. This policy brief examines some of the key features of pastoralism that affect how commercialisation evolves in pastoralist societies, and why poorer producers often benefit least from new market access. The policy brief draws on a substantial body of research and programme evaluations, and two new APRA research reports on pastoral livestock commercialisation in south-east Ethiopia (Gebresenbet, 2020) and northern Kenya (Roba, 2020).
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2

García-Dory, Fernando, Ella Houzer, and Ian Scoones. Livestock and Climate Justice: Challenging Mainstream Policy Narratives. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/1968-2021.128.

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In discussions around food systems and the climate, livestock is often painted as the villain. While some livestock production in some places contributes significantly to climate change, this is not universally the case. This article focuses on pastoral production systems – extensive, often mobile systems using marginal rangelands across around half of the world’s surface, involving many millions of people. By examining the assumptions behind standard calculations of greenhouse gas emissions, a systematic bias against pastoralism is revealed. Many policy and campaign stances fail to discriminate between different material conditions of production, lumping all livestock systems together. Injustices arise through the framing of debates and policy knowledge; through procedures that exclude certain people and perspectives; and through the distributional consequences of policies. In all cases, extensive livestock keepers lose out. In reflecting on the implications for European pastoralism, an alternative approach is explored where pastoralists’ knowledge, practices and organisations take centre‑stage.
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