Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Paris (France). Hôtel de la marine"

BackgroundToday, there are still no DMARDs licensed for primary Sjögren Syndrome (pSS) patients. Among the explanations, are the limitations of current outcome measures used as primary endpoints: e.g; high placebo response rate, evaluation of either symptoms or systemic activity, and important features not being assessed. The NECESSITY consortium (https://www.necessity-h2020.eu/), including pSS experts from academia, pharmaceutical industry and patient groups formed to develop a new composite responder index, the Sjögren’s Tool for Assessing Response (STAR) that solve the issues of current outcome measures in pSS and is intended for use in clinical trials as an efficacy endpoint.ObjectivesTo develop a composite responder index in primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS): the STAR.MethodsTo develop the STAR, the NECESSITY consortium used data-driven methods, based on 9 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and consensus techniques, involving 78 experts and 20 patients. Based on reanalysis of rituximab trials (TRACTISS and TEARS) and literature review, the Delphi panel identified a core set of domains to include in the STAR, with their respective outcome measures. STAR options combining these domains were designed and proposed to the panel to select and improve them. For each STAR option, sensitivity to change was estimated by the C-index (derived from Effect size) in all 9 RCTs. Delphi rounds were run for selecting STAR among these options. The Delphi panel also voted to classify trials as positive, negative or “in between” in regards to primary but also key secondary endpoints. For the options remaining before the final vote, meta-analyses of the RCTs were performed separately for positive and “in between” trials together, and for negative trials.ResultsThe Delphi panel identified 5 core domains (systemic activity, patient symptoms, lachrymal gland function, salivary gland function and biological parameters), and 227 STAR options, combining these domains, were selected to be tested for sensitivity to change. After two Delphi rounds, meta-analyses of the 20 remaining options were performed. The candidate STAR was selected by a final vote based on metrological properties and clinical relevance. In positive/in between trials, candidate STAR detected a difference between arms (OR 3.29, 95%-CI [2.07;5.22], whereas it did not in negative trials (OR 1.53, 95%-CI [0.81;2.91]).ConclusionThe candidate STAR is a composite responder index, including in a single tool all main disease features, and is designed for use as a primary endpoint in pSS RCTs. Its rigorous and consensual development process ensures its face and content validity. The candidate STAR showed good sensitivity and specificity to change. The candidate STAR will be prospectively validated in a dedicated three arms RCT of the NECESSITY consortium that will evaluate combination of synthetic DMARDs (hydroxychloroquine + lefunomide or hydroxychloroquine + mycophenolate vs placebo). We encourage the use of STAR in any ongoing and future trials.Table 1.Candidate STARDomainPointDefinition of responseSystemic activity3Decrease of clinESSDAI ≥ 3Patient reported outcome3Decrease of ESSPRI ≥ 1 point or ≥ 15%Lachrymal gland function1Schirmer:If abnormal score at baseline: increase ≥ 5 mm from baselineIf normal score at baseline: no change to abnormalOrOcular Staining Score:If abnormal score at baseline: decrease ≥ 2 points from baselineIf normal score at baseline: no change to abnormalSalivary gland function1Unstimulated Whole Salivary Flow:If score > 0 at baseline: increase ≥ 25% from baselineIf score is 0 at baseline: any increase from baselineorUltrasound:Decrease ≥ 25% in total Hocevar score from baselineBiological1Serum IgG levels: decrease ≥ 10%orRheumatoid Factor levels: decrease ≥ 25%Candidate STAR responder≥ 5 pointsESSDAI: EULAR Sjögren syndrome disease activity index; ESSPRI: EULAR Sjögren syndrome patient reported index; IgG: Immunoglobulin G;AcknowledgementsNECESSITY WP5 STAR development participants: Suzanne Arends (University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Groningen 9700 RB, Netherlands), Francesca Barone (Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK), Albin Björk (Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden), Coralie Bouillot (Association Française du Gougerot Sjögren et des Syndromes Secs, France), Guillermo Carvajal Alegria (University of Brest, Inserm, CHU de Brest, LBAI, UMR1227, Brest, France; Service de Rhumatologie, Centre de Référence Maladies Autoimmunes Rares CERAINO, CHU Cavale Blanche, Brest, France), Wen-Hung Chen (GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA), Kenneth Clark (GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom), Konstantina Delli (Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, The Netherlands), Salvatore de Vita (Rheumatology Clinic, University Hospital of Udine, Italy), Liseth de Wolff (University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Groningen 9700 RB, Netherlands), Jennifer Evans (Novartis Pharmaceuticals corporation USA), Stéphanie Galtier (Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier (IRIS), Suresnes Cedex, France), Saviana Gandolfo (Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Medical area, University of Udine, ASUFC, 33100 Udine, Italy), Mickael Guedj (Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier (IRIS), Suresnes Cedex, France), Dewi Guellec (CHU de Brest, Service de Rhumatologie, Inserm, CIC 1412, Brest, France), Safae Hamkour (Center of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 GA, Netherlands), Dominik Hartl (Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland), Malin Jonsson (Section for Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Norway), Roland Jonsson (Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Department of Rheumatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway), Frans Kroese (University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Groningen 9700 RB, Netherlands), Aike Albert Kruize (University Medical Center Utrecht, Department Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Utrecht, Netherlands), Laurence Laigle (Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier (IRIS), Suresnes Cedex, France), Véronique Le Guern (AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Centre de référence maladies auto-immunes et systémiques rares, service de médecine interne, Paris, France), Wen-Lin Luo (Department of Biometrics and Statistical Science, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, New Jersey), Esther Mossel (University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Groningen 9700 RB, Netherlands), Wan-Fai Ng (Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK), Gaëtane Nocturne (Department of Rheumatology, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U1184: Centre for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France), Marleen Nys (Global Biometric Sciences, Bristol Myers Squibb, Braine L’Alleud, Belgium), Roald Omdal (Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, PO Box 8100, 4068, Stavanger, Norway), Jacques-Olivier Pers (LBAI, UMR1227, University of Brest, Inserm, Brest, France and CHU de Brest, Brest, France), Maggy Pincemin (Association Française du Gougerot Sjögren et des Syndromes Secs, France), Manel Ramos-Casals (Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona Institut Clinic de Medicinai Dermatologia, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain), Philippe Ravaud (Centre d’Epidémiologie Clinique, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France), Neelanjana Ray (Global Drug Development - Immunology, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA), Alain Saraux (HU de Brest, Service de Rhumatologie, Univ Brest, Inserm, UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Univ Brest, Inserm, LabEx IGO, Brest, France), Athanasios Tzioufas (Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Medical area, University of Udine, ASUFC, 33100 Udine, Italy), Gwenny Verstappen (University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Groningen 9700 RB, Netherlands), Arjan Vissink, Marie Wahren-Herlenius (Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden). We thank the following experts: Esen Karamursel Akpek, Alan Baer, Chiara Baldini, Elena Bartoloni, Marí-Alfonso Begona, Johan Brun, Vatinee Bunya, Laurent Chiche, Troy Daniels, Paul Emery, Robert Fox, Roberto Giacomelli, John Gonzales, John Greenspan, Robert Moots, Susumu Nishiyama, Elizabeth Price, Christophe Richez, Caroline Shiboski, Roser Solans Laque, Muthiah Srinivasan, Peter Olsson, Tsutomu Takeuchi, Frederick Vivino, Paraskevi Voulgari, Daniel Wallace, Ava Wu, Wen Zhang. We thank the anonymous patients from the NECESSITY Patient Advisory Group and the Sjögren Foundation for their valuable contribution to the Delphi process. We thank EW StClair and AN Baer who generated the baminercept data and made them publicly available.Disclosure of InterestsRaphaèle Seror Consultant of: GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer, Janssen and Novartis, Grant/research support from: GlaxoSmithKline and Amgen, Gabriel Baron: None declared, Marine Camus: None declared, Divi Cornec Consultant of: GlaxoSmithKline, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Amgen, Pfizer and Roche, Elodie Perrodeau: None declared, Simon J. Bowman Consultant of: Abbvie, Astra Zeneca, Galapagos and Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Michele Bombardieri Consultant of: UCB, Amgen/Medimmune, Janssen, and GlaxoSmithKline, Grant/research support from: Amgen/Medimmune, Janssen, and GlaxoSmithKline, Hendrika Bootsma: None declared, Jacques-Eric Gottenberg Consultant of: AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Gilead, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Novartis, MSD, CSL-Behring and Genzyme, Grant/research support from: Bristol Myers Squibb, Benjamin Fisher Speakers bureau: Bristol Myers Squibb and Novartis, Consultant of: Novartis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen and Servier, Grant/research support from: Servier, Galapagos and Janssen, Wolfgang Hueber Shareholder of: Novartis Pharma, Employee of: Novartis Pharma, Joel van Roon: None declared, Valerie Devauchelle-Pensec: None declared, Peter Gergely Shareholder of: Novartis Pharma, Employee of: Novartis Pharma, Xavier Mariette Consultant of: Bristol Myers Squibb, Galapagos, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB, Grant/research support from: Ose Pharmaceuticals, Raphaël Porcher: None declared

Am 26. Oktober 2010 wurde in Paris die Ausstellung „Orages de Papier – La Grande Guerre des médias“ eröffnet. Die Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte hat diese Ausstellung zusammen mit der Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire de Strasbourg (BNU), der Bibliothèque de Documentation Internationale Contemporaine (BDIC) in Paris-Nanterre und der Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) erarbeitet. Alle vier Institutionen haben zu der Ausstellung Exponate aus ihren Kriegssammlungen beigesteuert, die im Ersten Weltkrieg angelegt wurden. Die Ausstellung war 2008 und 2009 schon in Straßburg und in Stuttgart zu sehen. In Paris wird sie in den Ausstellungsräumen der BDIC im Hôtel National des Invalidesgezeigt.

Sexual violence is a common and under-reported form of violence that affects all categories of individuals. We sought to provide epidemiological data on men aged 15 years and over, victims of rape or suspecting a rape, and who reported it to the police. We conducted a retrospective study at the Department of Forensic Medicine of Hôtel-Dieu, Paris, France, between 2018 and 2021. Two-hundred men were included in the study, with an average age of 28.8 years. A vulnerability was mentioned for 17.5% of them. Most of the patients reported anal penetration, committed by a single male assailant, whom they met on the day of the assault. More than 60% of the patients reported the voluntary consumption of alcohol and/or illicit substances prior to the assault. Most patients were examined shortly after the assault (median 1 day). Anal lesions were found on examination in 37.0% of patients reporting anal penetration regardless of the time frame. The presence of anal lesions was statistically higher when patients were examined within 48 h. Our results reinforce the data in the literature on the risk factors associated with sexual violence among men, notably the consumption of alcohol and illicit substances, and psychological, economic, and social vulnerability.

Abstract Long attributed to François-Hubert Drouais or his atelier, a three-quarter length portrait of Marie-Antoinette, together with a curiously inscribed frame, displayed in the lobby of the Hôtel Le Bristol, Paris, serves as a pretext for reconstructing the queen’s practice of gifting portraits of herself to members of her chapel. This essay explores Marie-Antoinette’s tendency in the early part of her reign to entrust the production of portraits to the Cabinet des tableaux. It argues on the basis of stylistic analysis that the Le Bristol portrait was probably the work of Jean-Martial Frédou and on the basis of iconographical analysis that it accommodated the quarrel between philosophes and clerics over reform of the Catholic Church in France, which made it suited to Monsignor du Chilleau, Bishop of Chalon.

Major advances in the French medical system following the French Revolution have stimulated a rich historiography of which Michel Foucault’s Naissance de la clinique: une archéologie du regard médical (1963) and Erwin H. Ackerknecht’s Medicine at the Paris Hospital, 1794–1848 (1967) are of lasting significance. Changes in the organisation and structure of hospitals accompanied the development and availability of new medical technologies and procedures and encouraged a more intense study of the aetiology and pathology of disease. Theories about asthma and its treatment profited from this dynamic environment as Classical Greek doctrines about the effect of the humours on bodily imbalance gave way to an increasingly more precise understanding of the nature and cause of asthma. The clinician and teacher, Armand Trousseau (1801–1867), who held the chair of Clinical Medicine at the Hôtel-Dieu in Paris and was himself an asthmatic, promoted new theories about the illness and developed innovative ways of dealing with its effects. Among his patients was the banker and financier, Emile Pereire (1800–1875), a lifelong asthmatic. Based on the Pereire Family Archives (hereafter AFP), the case of Emile Pereire provides a preface to the later case of that other, more famous, asthmatic, Marcel Proust.

Introduction : Une Mutilation Sexuelle Féminine (MSF) est une intervention sur les organes génitaux sans justification médicale. En France, un octroi d’asile est possible pour les mineures à risque de MSF dans leur pays d’origine. La procédure prévoit un examen médico-légal de l’enfant. But de l’étude : Décrire la prévalence des MSF et les caractéristiques sociodémographiques des mineures et de leurs mères examinées à l’UMJ de l’Hôtel-Dieu à Paris. Résultats : Entre 2018 et 2021, 2 422 entretiens de famille ont été réalisés. Les mères étaient majoritairement originaires de Côte d’Ivoire, du Mali et de la Guinée Conakry. Des MSF ont été mises en évidence chez 84,4 % des 1 838 femmes examinées, majoritairement de type IIb. Les mères rapportaient des complications immédiates (21,2 % : hémorragie, douleurs) et à long terme (31,8 % : troubles sexuels, complications obstétricales). Les familles comportaient souvent plusieurs enfants, 3 307 mineures ont été examinées. Elles étaient majoritairement nées en France (72 %). Une MSF a été objectivée chez 61 d’entre elles (1,8 %, majoritairement de type IIb) ; elle était déjà connue de la famille dans la moitié des cas. Trois de ces mineures étaient nées en Europe. Conclusions : Les MSF sont un problème de santé publique à l’échelle mondiale mais également en France du fait des parcours migratoires. Cette étude descriptive a permis de réaliser un premier état des lieux médical des MSF chez les demandeuses d’asile reçues à l’UMJ Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, et des difficultés au diagnostic de MSF. D’autres études seraient utiles pour corroborer et comparer nos résultats.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of troxerutin in chronic venous insufficiency. Design: Randomized, double-blind, multicentre, prospective controlled trial. Setting: Hôtel Dieu Hospital and Notre Dame de Bon Secours Hospital, Paris, France. Patients: Sixty-nine patients with truncal varicose veins. Intervention: After a single-blind 15-day placebo run-in period, one group ( n = 34) received troxerutin 3500 mg daily for 2 months. The other group ( n = 35) received a placebo. Main outcome measures: Subjective symptoms, ankle circumference, venous refilling time with photoplethysmography, erythrocyte aggregation using the SEFAM aggregameter and fibrinogen level. Results: Leg aching ( p < 0.001) and venous function score ( p < 0.001) improvements were significantly higher in the troxerutin group (83% and −3.7) compared with the placebo group (23% and −0.7). A significant difference in favour of troxerutin was found for erythrocyte aggregation kinetic indexes ( p < 0.001) and dissociation threshold ( p < 0.01). Conclusions: This study confirmed the dual action of the drug: a parietal effect and a rheological effect.

AbstractThe Upper Kimmeridgian Members “Calcaires blancs supérieurs” and the “Marnes à exogyres supérieures” of the southeastern Paris basin were investigated for their palynofacies and calcareous nannofossils. These members display alternating limestone-marl lithotypes and represent shallow marine palaeoenvironments. The lower carbonate member is interpreted as a proximal palaeoenvironment (palaeobathymetry = 5 to 10 m), where storm and swell deposits were prevalent and the salinity was occasionally weak. The relative richness of brown phytoclasts in this part is favoured by good preservation related to restricted conditions. These conditions would explain the dominance of the nannofossil Cyclagelosphaera margerelii in the nannofossil assemblages. The palynological data as those of the nannofossil assemblages show variations in the shift from carbonate member to marly member. The dominance of brown phytoclasts over black phytoclasts, the presence of amorphous organic matter (AOM), and the highest abundance and diversity observed within the nannofossil assemblages suggest that the maximum of distality occurred during this transition, at the basal part of the Marnes à Exogyres supérieures. The upper part of the section (marly member) characterized by storm deposits and storm-coquina beds is deeper (palaeobathymetry probably between 10 and 40 m depth) than the lower part. Oxidizing depositional conditions prevailed and explained the abundance of black particles found in this upper part, while proximate cysts and elevated non-placolith coccolith abundances indicate that relationships with the open sea were probably more significant compared to the lower part. Towards the top of the section, recurrences of restricted conditions are reflected by relatively elevated amounts of AOM and the abundance peak of the nannofossil Biscutum ellipticum. This study shows that micropalaeontological signals can be well recorded in vast lagunal domains. We speculate that salinity, nutrient supply, and oxygenation of the waters control microfossil associations. In shallow environments, these parameters are particularly fluctuating, especially when freshwater dilutes marine waters in surface, on the occasion of rainy periods or of intense arrival of continental waters.

Based on the documents, the study provides a wide and comprehensive evaluation of the life of an engineer and citizen from Vidzeme Edgars Otto Pinka (1895–1941). His life was related to ships, military service in Latvia, Russia, and France, and the Latvian Society of Paris. Researching E. O. Pinka’s studies and work, the author has studied the engineer’s life from birth to the end of his life, reflecting on his progress as one of the best specialists in the Latvian Navy in his capacity of an engineer mechanic, shipping engineer, officer, and pedagogue. The contribution of E. O. Pinka to raising awareness about Latvia and Latvian music in France in the early 1930s is also significant. His daughter, a graduate (1964) of Riga Polytechnic Institute (RPI) Māra Pinka, inherited his interest in music. The article was developed by studying the collections of Latvian libraries, archives, and museums and communicating with the successors of E. O. Pinka’s family.

Érigé au cœur du nouveau quartier de l’Opéra en 1862, fondateur avec le Grand Hôtel du Louvre de la grande hôtellerie contemporaine en France, le Grand Hôtel instaure un concept né dans les plus grandes villes du monde et qui n’eut de cesse de se développer. De ce fait, le défi principal auquel le Grand Hôtel dut perpétuellement répondre est de consolider sa place parmi les plus grands hôtels de Paris. Sous cet angle, les changements furent d’importance puisque partant d’une position de leader indiscutable, il dut faire front à l’émergence de nouveaux concurrents le reléguant aisément au rang de doyen. Les hommes, prenant en main tour à tour l’entreprise, en passant par ses créateurs, les frères Pereire, puis par de hauts financiers et enfin par une dynastie familiale à l’histoire extraordinaire, eurent l’obligation de l’adapter à un marché en constante évolution et de répondre aux nouvelles aspirations des clients. De plus, l’histoire du Grand Hôtel traverse avec plus ou moins de difficultés des épisodes constituant la grande histoire de France et croise des personnages au destin exceptionnel tel que les frères Pereire ou Arthur et André Millon
Built in the middle of the Opéra district, creator with the Grand Hôtel du Louvre of the great contemporary hotel trade in France, the Grand Hôtel, born in 1862, insert in the French main town a concept spread out in the biggest town around the world. This new concept is still developing and growing nowadays. The most important defiance which the Grand Hôtel should respond is to strengthen its level between the greatest Paris’ hotels. From that angle, the change was important because, departing to a leader role, it had to fight against new competitors that relegate easily the Grand Hôtel to an inferior level. The leading men, from the brothers Pereire, “hotel’s creators”, to a family dynasty, that have an extraodinary history, passing to high finance men, had to modifie the firm strategy to fit the Grand Hôtel to an everyday new market and to answer the new customers needs. Moreover, all accross the Grand Hôtel life we can find important French history moments and personages with a fabulous destiny like brothers Pereire or Arthur and André Millon

L'hôtel-Dieu et l'Hôpital Général de Paris prennent en charge, au XVIIIe siècle, 10 à 15 000 personnes quotidiennement. L'Hôpital Général, constitué des maisons de Bicêtre, La Salpêtrière, La Pitié, a une double vocation d'accueil des pauvres et d'enfermement des mendiants, lequel est limité : la plupart sont considérés comme « bons pauvres ». La détention concerne davantage les prisonniers arrivés par voie administrative, de police ou de justice. Les enfants, notamment de la maison des Enfants Trouvés, les personnes âgées, les femmes, constituent l'essentiel de sa clientèle. L'hôtel-Dieu possède une organisation médicale avec un personnel qualifié, assurant les soins avec de fortes variations saisonnières. Il reçoit de nombreux malades de l'Hôpital Général. Le financement des hôpitaux est un défi : l'économie hospitalière fonctionne à contre-courant de la conjoncture. L'Hôpital Général ne tire pas du travail des pauvres les gains espérés à sa fondation hormis pour quelques productions de luxe, pas plus que de la charité. C'est la fiscalité notamment sur le vin et sur les spectacles (théâtres, opéra. . . ) qui s'impose et permet d'avoir des revenus réguliers. Ces hôpitaux sont de gigantesques machines économiques qui nécessitent quantité de grains, bois, vin, viande, étoffes. . . L'approvisionnement est une préoccupation majeure des administrations. Celles-ci, fonctionnant selon un modèle similaire mais pas avec la même efficacité (l'hôtel-Dieu se révélant plus rigoureux), doivent assurer la continuité en toute circonstance. Les hôpitaux remplissent leur rôle, social, médical ou répressif, et sont plébiscités par la population
The Paris hotel-Dieu and Hopital General, in the XVIIIth century, daily take care of 10 to 1500* people. The Hopital General, comprising the houses of Bicetre, La Salpetriere, La Pitie, has a doubl role of housing the poor and confining the beggars, this confinement being limited : most are seen a deserving poor. Confinement is essentially for prisoners sent by administrative, police or justic order. Children, mostly from the Foundling Hospital, the elderly, women, make the greatest part o its population. The hotel-Dieu has a medical organization with qualified personnel, giving care wit high seasonal variations. He houses a large proportion of patients coming from the Hopital General. Financing hospitals is a challenge : their economy has to work at best when circumstances are bad The Hopital General does not make profit from labour as expected when it was founded except for few luxury products ; neither can he count on charity. Tax revenues especially from wine and fron entertainment (theaters, opera. . . ) becomes crucial and allows regular income. These hospital are gigantic economic structures, requiring large amounts of cereals, wood, wine, meat, fabric. . . Supplying is a major concern of administrations. Organized according to a similar model but not with the same efficiency (the hotel-Dieu being more rigorous), they must insure continuity under any condition. Hospitals fulfill their social, medical or punishing role, and are in great demand by population

Comment étaient nourris les malades de l'Hôtel-Dieu de Paris à l'époque moderne ? Quel rôle jouait l'alimentation dans leurs soins ? Où et comment s'approvisionnait l'Hôtel-Dieu ? Quels étaient ses moyens ? Telles sont les principales questions auxquelles tente de répondre cette thèse, en s'appuyant sur les Délibérations du Bureau et, quand ils existent encore, sur les Comptes (recettes et dépenses) de l'Hôtel-Dieu. Essentiellement à base de pain, de viande et de vin, mais aussi de bouillons pour lesgriefs malades, les portions données aux malades sont copieuses. Car le malade à l'Hôtel-Dieu doit être bien traité et une bonne alimentation constitue le premier des soins. Les légumes et les fruits restent accessoires. Il est difficile d'en connaître la quantité consommée. En périodes de pénurie (guerre, calamité, famine) les portions de pain, viande ou vin sont ajustées sur les possibilités d'approvisionnement. L'Hôtel-Dieu déploie tous ses efforts pour assurer son approvisionnement, d'abord auprès de ses fermes et vignobles, puis de plus en plus sur le marché. Si une bonne alimentation est un gage de santé, les médecins de l'Hôtel-Dieu ont attendu la veille de la Révolution pour considérer que leurs prescriptions devaient porter non seulement sur les médecines mais aussi sur l'alimentation. Cette petite « révolution » n'est pas allée sans provoquer la réaction des religieuses accoutumées à contrôler l'alimentation des malades
How were the sick of the Hôtel-Dieu de Paris fed in modern times? What role did food play in their care? Where and how did the Hôtel-Dieu get supplies? What were its means? These are the principal questions that this thesis attempts to answer, using the deliberations of the Bureau and, when they still exist, the accounts (income and expenditure) of the Hôtel-Dieu. Mainly consisting of bread, meat and wine, but also broths for the seriously ill persons, the portions given to patients are copious, for the patient to the Hôtel-Dieu must be treated well and a good diet is the first treatment. The essentials do not include vegetables and fruits. It is difficult to know which amount of the latter was consumed. In times of scarcity (war, disaster, famine) the portions of bread, meat and wine are adjusted to the possibilities of supplying. The Hôtel-Dieu is making every effort to ensure its supplying, first relying on its farms and vineyards, then increasingly on the market. If a proper diet is the guarantee of a good health, the doctors at the Hôtel-Dieu waited until the eve of the French Revolution to consider that their prescriptions were to cover not only medicines but also diet. This little "revolution" did not occur without causing the reaction of nuns accustomed to controlling the patients’ diet

Comment étaient nourris les malades de l'Hôtel-Dieu de Paris à l'époque moderne ? Quel rôle jouait l'alimentation dans leurs soins ? Où et comment s'approvisionnait l'Hôtel-Dieu ? Quels étaient ses moyens ? Telles sont les principales questions auxquelles tente de répondre cette thèse, en s'appuyant sur les Délibérations du Bureau et, quand ils existent encore, sur les Comptes (recettes et dépenses) de l'Hôtel-Dieu. Essentiellement à base de pain, de viande et de vin, mais aussi de bouillons pour lesgriefs malades, les portions données aux malades sont copieuses. Car le malade à l'Hôtel-Dieu doit être bien traité et une bonne alimentation constitue le premier des soins. Les légumes et les fruits restent accessoires. Il est difficile d'en connaître la quantité consommée. En périodes de pénurie (guerre, calamité, famine) les portions de pain, viande ou vin sont ajustées sur les possibilités d'approvisionnement. L'Hôtel-Dieu déploie tous ses efforts pour assurer son approvisionnement, d'abord auprès de ses fermes et vignobles, puis de plus en plus sur le marché. Si une bonne alimentation est un gage de santé, les médecins de l'Hôtel-Dieu ont attendu la veille de la Révolution pour considérer que leurs prescriptions devaient porter non seulement sur les médecines mais aussi sur l'alimentation. Cette petite « révolution » n'est pas allée sans provoquer la réaction des religieuses accoutumées à contrôler l'alimentation des malades
How were the sick of the Hôtel-Dieu de Paris fed in modern times? What role did food play in their care? Where and how did the Hôtel-Dieu get supplies? What were its means? These are the principal questions that this thesis attempts to answer, using the deliberations of the Bureau and, when they still exist, the accounts (income and expenditure) of the Hôtel-Dieu. Mainly consisting of bread, meat and wine, but also broths for the seriously ill persons, the portions given to patients are copious, for the patient to the Hôtel-Dieu must be treated well and a good diet is the first treatment. The essentials do not include vegetables and fruits. It is difficult to know which amount of the latter was consumed. In times of scarcity (war, disaster, famine) the portions of bread, meat and wine are adjusted to the possibilities of supplying. The Hôtel-Dieu is making every effort to ensure its supplying, first relying on its farms and vineyards, then increasingly on the market. If a proper diet is the guarantee of a good health, the doctors at the Hôtel-Dieu waited until the eve of the French Revolution to consider that their prescriptions were to cover not only medicines but also diet. This little "revolution" did not occur without causing the reaction of nuns accustomed to controlling the patients’ diet

L'hôtel-dieu de paris a laissé, pour la fin du moyen âge, une collection de comptes qui permet de reconstituer comment malades et personnel sont alors nourris et par quels moyens se fait l'approvisionnement de l'hôpital. Codifiée par un réglement, l'alimentation est composée, pour l'essentiel, de pain, de vin, de viande (ou de poisson et d'oeufs) et de légumes, ainsi que de quelques compléments occasionnels. Elle est relativement équilibrée et, à défaut d'être variée, assez abondante, sauf peut-être durant les périodes d'extrêmes difficultés. Sa préparation, assurée par un personnel spécialisé nombreux, dans des locaux adaptés, est satisfaisante, sans être très élaborée. Compte-tenu du nombre de bouches à nourrir, les volumes consommés sont importants et il faut, dans une conjoncture dramatique, développer différentes strategies pour assurer l'approvisionnement de l'établissement. Celui-ci se fait de moins en moins par le prélèvement en nature, opéré sur les debi-rentiers et fermiers, mais toujours en grande partie par la production directe, maintenue sur les terres de l'hôpital. Les comptes fournissent ainsi de multiples informations sur la céréaliculture et la viticulture (facons, rendements, rentabilité). Ils permettent aussi de mesurer l'impact des dévastations des campagnes pendant cette phase de la guerre de cent ans et d'affiner le bilan et la chronologie de la reconstruction des campagnes parisiennes. Le reste de l'approvisionnement provient des achats faits, soit auprès de marchands, parisiens ou forains, soit auprès de particuliers. Il s'adapte aux fluctuations des prix et aux penuries. Les dons d'aliments, fruits de la charité, ne constituent qu'un appoint minime. Le coût des dépenses nécessaires à l'approvisionnement est énorme et, en raison de l'effondrement des revenus traditionnels de l'hôpital, doit être équilibré par des ressources nouvelles. La forte insertion de l'hôtel-dieu dans la société de son temps l'aide a surmonter des moments difficiles.

L'euphorie du marché de l'art sous l'Occupation est aussi le reflet d'un afflux de marchandises issues des spoliations artistiques des personnes de confessions juives ou de tout opposant du IIIe Reich. Le nœud d'exploration de la présente thèse se place volontairement sur cette question. Elle propose une analyse des paradigmes d'un marché de l'art en période de guerre sous contrôle d'État collaborationniste
The euphoria of the art market under the Nazi Occupation is also a reflection of an influx of goods resulting from the artistic spoliations of the Jewish community along with any opponent of the Third Reich. The main concern of this thesis deliberately places itself on this question. It proposes an analysis of the paradigms of an art market during a war period under the control of a collaborationist State

Libéral Bruand (1631-1697) fut à la fois architecte, ingénieur du roi et l'un des premiers membres de l'Académie royale d'architecture. Son grand œuvre est l'Hôtel royal des Invalides qu'il bâtit de 1671 à 1676. Par ailleurs, il a bâti des maisons et des hôtels destinés à des commanditaires aisés (aristocrates ou financiers). Il a contribué à créer la typologie de la "maison de maître" en y introduisant les innovations techniques et distributives des hôtels des années 1630-1650. Son art privilégie le respect du programme, la clarté de l'ordonnance et la sobriété de l'ornement. Cette étude est la première monographie d'un architecte emblématique de la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle ayant cumulé toutes les fonctions du monde du bâtiment de son époque. Elle est fondée sur de nombreuses sources et archives inédites provenant notamment du Minutier central des notaires. Outre l'étude systématique des quatorze ouvrages déjà connus de l'architecte, ces recherches ont permis de lui attribuer vingt-trois œuvres supplémentaires et d'en réfuter quatre
Libéral Bruand (1631-1697) was concurrently an architect, a Royal Engineer, and one of the first members of the Royal Academy of Architecture. His great work was the Hôtel royal des Invalides that he built from 1671 to 1676. In addition, he built houses and hôtels intended for a wealthy clientele (aristocrats and financiers). He participated in creating the typology of the "maison de maître" by introducing technical and distributive innovations in hôtels in the years from 1630 to 1650. His art is characterized by a close respect of the program, clarity in planning, and sober ornamentation. This study is the first monograph dedicated to an architect who is representative of the second half of the seventeenth century and who had all the professional qualifications of the builder's milieu of his day. It is founded on abundant source material and unpublished archives, in particular the notarial records of the Minutier central des notaires (Archives nationales, Paris). Beyond the systematic study of the fourteen works that were previously credited to the architect, this research has made it possible to credit him with an additional twenty-three works and to deattribute four

Cette thèse montre le rôle de l’Hôtel Lambert, parti politique dirigé par le prince A. J. Czartoryski depuis Paris, et de son agence, fondée par Michał Czaykowski, à Constantinople, dans la lutte pour la liberté de la Pologne. À travers la comparaison des actions politiques menées par ces deux personnages depuis la France et l’Empire ottoman dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle, se dessine l’analyse des modus-operandi de l’Hôtel Lambert, guidé par l’espoir de reconquérir l’indépendance de la patrie opprimée et de préserver la polonité à l’étranger. Cette recherche est complétée par l’étude de la politique d’accueil de la Sublime Porte, vis-à-vis des réfugiés de la Révolution hongroise qui cherchent asile sur le territoire ottoman, dans laquelle la conversion à l’islam de certains de ces exilés tient une place importante. De plus, l’analyse du transfert culturel dans les deux pays d’accueil et de la situation socio-économique des réfugiés polonais dans l’Empire ottoman permet de donner une vision approfondie de la construction des interactions de ces exilés dans leurs nouvelles sociétés. Un autre versant de cette recherche est centré sur la création de la colonie polonaise dans l’Empire ottoman, laboratoire social de la polonité en exil
This thesis shows the role of l’Hôtel Lambert, political party led by Prince A. J. Czartoryski from Paris, and his agency, founded by Michał Czaykowski, in Constantinople, in the struggle for Poland’s freedom. Through the comparison of the political actions taken by these two characters from France and the Ottoman Empire in the first half of the 19th century, emerges the analysis of the modus operandi of l’Hôtel Lambert, guided by the hope of reconquering independence of the oppressed homeland and to preserve “la polonité” abroad. This research is complemented by the study of the reception policy of the Sublime Porte, vis-à-vis the refugees of the Hungarian Revolution who seek asylum on the Ottoman territory, in which the conversion to Islam of some of these exiles holds an important place. Moreover, the analysis of the cultural transfer in the two host countries and of the socio-economic situation of the Polish refugees in the Ottoman Empire gives an in-depth view of the construction of the interactions of these exiles in their new societies. Another aspect of this research is centered on the creation of the Polish colony in the Ottoman Empire, social laboratory of “la polonité” in exile

Nous avons étudié dans ce travail les manières concrètes dont s’expriment les rapports entre le pouvoir et le théâtre au XVIIe siècle, époque où cet art était déjà associé au principe de diffusion de masse lui permettant de s’épanouir indépendamment du mécénat. Étant donné que le théâtre est à la fois une pratique et une littérature, notre enquête a été menée en deux temps. Nous nous sommes d’abord intéressés aux comédiens professionnels dont la plupart ont formé des troupes portant le nom d’un grand personnage. Cette réalité qui semble a priori évidente est pourtant révélatrice. L’histoire de la troupe royale de l’Hôtel de Bourgogne en constitue un excellent exemple. D’autres troupes de moindre importance peuvent, elles aussi, entretenir des rapports étroits avec leurs protecteurs. C’est par exemple le cas des comédiens du Grand Condé auxquels nous avons consacré la suite de nos réflexions. Mais la plupart du temps, ces troupes ambulantes ne sont pas à proximité de leurs bienfaiteurs. Elles sont plutôt en contact avec d’autres instances de pouvoir, le pouvoir municipal notamment. C’est ainsi que le premier volet de notre travail s’achève sur deux études de cas consacrées à Dijon et à Bruxelles, deux destinations favorites des troupes. Après avoir étudié les comédiens, notre investigation se poursuit en se focalisant sur les auteurs de théâtre. La question des rapports entre les dramaturges et les protecteurs s’inscrit dans un vaste sujet qu’est le patronage littéraire en général. Nous avons essayé de l’illustrer à travers l’exemple du patronage de Richelieu, précédé d’une enquête préliminaire sur la question des dédicaces qui a servi tout notre second volet
We studied in this work the concrete ways in which are expressed the relations between the power and the theater in the seventeenth century, when this art was already associated with the principle of mass distribution which allows it to flourish regardless of patronage. As the theater is both a practice and a literature, our investigation was conducted in two stages. We are primarily interested in professional actors, most of whom have formed theatre troops bearing the name of a powerful man. This reality seems a priori obvious is nevertheless revealing. The history of the Royal troupe of Hôtel de Bourgogne is a prime example. Other smaller companies maintain also close relations with their protectors. This is for example the case of the theater troop of Great Condé that we studied. But most of the time, these touring companies are not close to their patrons. Rather, they are in contact with other bodies of power, especially the municipal power. Thus the first part of our work ends with two case studies on Dijon and Brussels, two favorite destinations of theater troops. After studying the actors, our investigation continues by focusing on playwrights. The question of relations between playwrights and patrons is part of a vast subject that is the literary patronage in general. We tried to illustrate it through the example of the patronage of Richelieu, preceded by a preliminary inquiry into the question of dedication who served our whole second part

Les Grands Magasins du Louvre naissent en 1855 à l’ombre du Grand Hôtel du Louvre, dans un quartier en expansion suite aux travaux de Haussmann, deux ans seulement après la création du Bon Marché. Leur création est fortement liée au projet et au réseau des frères Pereire qui souhaitent développer le commerce et le tourisme de luxe à Paris. Les Grands Magasins du Louvre s’imposent rapidement comme l’un des principaux grands magasins, voire même le plus important par le chiffre d’affaires dans les années 1870-1880, ainsi que par l’espace occupé. En effet, d’abord enclavé par l’hôtel, le magasin conduit par ses deux gérants, Chauchard et Hériot, va engloutir toutes les boutiques environnantes, et s’emparer de l’hôtel en 1875. Ils adoptent ainsi le slogan les « plus vastes magasins du monde ». Ce premier pied dans l’hôtellerie va inciter ses dirigeants à poursuivre leur expansion dans ce domaine en exploitant trois hôtels supplémentaires, le Terminus Saint-Lazare, l’hôtel d’Orsay et le Crillon. Les Grands Magasins du Louvre sera donc le seul grand magasin à avoir investi dans un autre secteur que le commerce pour diversifier ses activités. A la fin du XIXème siècle, le magasin semble connaître son apogée étendant son influence sur le territoire national comme à l’étranger et s’approvisionnant en marchandises du monde entier. Mais la Première Guerre mondiale et surtout la crise économique des années 1930 lui porte un coup dur dont il ne se relèvera pas. En 1939 il dépose une première fois le bilan, avant que cette fermeture soit interrompue par la guerre. Il continuera à survivre après le Second conflit mondial, avant de disparaître définitivement en 1974
The Grands Magasins du Louvre was born in 1855 in the shadow of the Grand Hôtel du Louvre, in an expanding area following the works of Haussmann, only two years after the creation of the Bon Marché. Their creation is strongly linked to the project and the network of the Pereire brothers who wish to develop trade and luxury tourism in Paris. Louvre shops are quickly becoming one of the leading department stores, and even the most important by turnover in the 1870s and 1880s, as well as occupied space. Indeed, at first locked by the hotel, the store led by its two managers Chauchard and Hériot will engulf all the surrounding shops, as well as the hotel in 1879. They adopt the slogan of "the largest stores in the world". This first foot in the hotel industry will encourage its leaders to continue their expansion in this area by operating three additional hotels, the Terminus Saint-Lazare, the hotel d'Orsay and Crillon. The Grands Magasins du Louvre will therefore be the only department store to have invested in a sector other than commerce to diversify its activities. At the end of the nineteenth century, the store seems to know its heyday extending its influence on the national territory and abroad and sourcing goods from around the world. But the First World War and especially the economic crisis of the 1930s brought him a hard blow which he will not recover. In 1939 it first filed the balance sheet, before the closure was interrupted by the war. It will continue to survive after the Second World War, before finally disappearing in 1974

Abstract During Babinski’s lifetime, neurology was progressively recognized in France as a distinct discipline with its own institutional framework. 9e starting point had been the creation in 1882 for Jean-Martin Charcot of the chair for the study of diseases of the nervous system at the Salpêtrière. However, the neurological scene was complex and widespread. Aside from Charcot’s at the Salpêtrière, there were other neurological centers of equal importance, such as those at Bicêtre, Ivry, elsewhere at the Salpêtrière itself, in Villejuif, and naturally at La Pitié with Babinski. Leadership of these departments was o[en a stepping-stone to the Salpêtrière and possibly to the chair (Table 16-1). From the beginning of his residency in 1880 until his retirement in 1922, Babinski was in continual contact with all the famous names in medicine throughout the Paris hospital system and especially in neurology. In 1896, when he took over as head of department at La Pitié, Victor Cornil, professor of pathological anatomy, was working at the Hôtel-Dieu, Gilles de la Tourette had a post at Hérold, Pierre Marie and alienist Désiré Bourneville were at Bicêtre (note that the médecins alienists des Hôpitaux de Paris, found only at the Bicêtre and Salpêtrière hospitals, were different from the aliénists des asiles assigned to psychiatric hospitals such as Ste. Anne and were recruited through a different competition system), Fulgence Raymond held the chair at the Salpêtrière, Jules Dejerine was working in another department (Jacquart) at the Salpêtrière, and Albert Gombault was in Ivry.1

Abstract Science, and especially physics, has become too specialized and too expensive to shelter amateurs. The de Broglie brothers, Louis (who first gave expression to the particle-wave duality [113]), and especially his elder brother, the due Maurice de Broglie, were among the last. Louis-Cesar-Victor-Maurice de Broglie (1875-1960) was born into an ancient and illustrious French family; the diplomatic corps and the army were the only careers thought fitting for the scion of such a noble line, and it was only after delicate negotiations with his grandfather, the head of the clan, that he was per mitted to enter the navy. Posted to the Mediterranean fleet, his scientific bent soon asserted itself: it was Maurice de Broglie who installed the first shipboard wireless on a French warship. But he became restless at the limited opportunities for indulging his interests and asked leave to resign from the navy and devote himself to science. The grandfather was scandalized: science was an amusement for old men and not an occupation for a de Broglie. But, after pleading his case, it was agreed that the young Maurice might convert a room in the family hôtel in Paris into a laboratory in which to amuse himself when not at sea. It was only after the patriarch’s death that Maurice, then 33, finally felt able to resign his commission (although he returned to work on submarine communications for the duration of the First world War). He then studied spectroscopy at the College de France and completed a thesis under a distinguished physicist, Paul Langevin, with whom he had worked on the submarine project. Thereafter Maurice de Broglie withdrew to his superbly equipped private laboratory, where he was joined by a succession of assistants, including his brother, Louis, who later won a Nobel prize. The Swiss crystallographer, P. P. Ewald, told in a lecture in 1953 that: