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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Paleontology Cambrian"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 25 липня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Paleontology Cambrian"

Vidal, Gonzalo. "Proterozoic and Cambrian bioevents." Spanish Journal of Palaeontology 13, no. 3 (February 27, 2022): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/sjp.23973.

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Hinz-Schallreuter, Ingelore. "Ostracodes from the Middle Cambrian of Australia." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 188, no. 3 (September 2, 1993): 305–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/188/1993/305.

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Landing, Ed, and Guy M. Narbonne. "Scenella and “a chondrophorine (medusoid hydrozoan) from the basal Cambrian (Placentian) of Newfoundland”." Journal of Paleontology 66, no. 2 (March 1992): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000033837.

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In a recent article, Narbonne et al. (1991) documented that the stratigraphic range of the chondrophorine Kullingia delicata continues above the the uppermost Precambrian (Vendian) into the lowermost Cambrian (Placentian Series) of the Avalonian faunal province. The revised text published in the Journal of Paleontology includes several references to Scenella Billings, 1872, as a Cambrian chondrophorine. This classification is in error and unfortunately serves to reinforce several recent reports that conclude that Scenella is a chondrophorine rather than a helcionacean mollusk.

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Fortey, Richard A. "Late Cambrian trilobites from the Sultanate of Oman." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 194, no. 1 (November 28, 1994): 25–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/194/1994/25.

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Verma, Vishal, Birendra P. Singh, Om N. Bhargava, Ravi S. Chaubey, Radek Mikuláš, Olev Vinn, Subhay K. Prasad, Scott Morrison, and Deepak Kumar. "The ichnogenus Psammichnites in the Cambrian of the Zanskar region: biostratigraphic significance in the correlation of Tethyan Himalaya Cambrian sections, India." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 308, no. 3 (June 30, 2023): 247–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2023/1140.

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Jago, James B., and Peter W. Haines. "Recent radiometric dating of some Cambrian rocks in southern Australia: relevance to the Cambrian time scale." Spanish Journal of Palaeontology 13, no. 3 (February 27, 2022): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/sjp.23984.

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Miller, Randall F. "Location of trace fossils and problematica of George Frederic Matthew from Part W, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology." Journal of Paleontology 70, no. 1 (January 1996): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000023210.

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George frederic matthew studied the geology of eastern Canada during the late 1800's to early 1900's and became an authority on Cambrian paleontology. Matthew advised the Geological Survey of Canada as its Cambrian expert and published over 200 papers spanning topics from Precambrian stromatolites to Pennsylvanian arthropods to archaeology (Miller, 1988a; Landing and Miller, 1988). He described a number of trace fossils and problematica cited in Hantzschel (1975), but the location of some specimens and their status has been uncertain, sometimes considered missing. Most of the specimens have now been located and this paper summarizes their current location.

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Chang, Wen T. "Cambrian biogeography of the Perigondwana Faunal Realm." Spanish Journal of Palaeontology 13, no. 3 (February 27, 2022): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/sjp.23977.

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Chang, Wen T. "Cambrian correlation within the Perigondwana Faunal Realm." Spanish Journal of Palaeontology 13, no. 3 (February 27, 2022): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/sjp.23976.

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Waggoner, Ben, and James W. Hagadorn. "An unmineralized alga from the Lower Cambrian of California, USA." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 231, no. 1 (February 2, 2004): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/231/2004/67.

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Дисертації з теми "Paleontology Cambrian"

Skinner, Ethan S. "Taphonomy of exceptionally perserved fossils from the Kinzers Formation (Cambrian), southeastern Pennsylvania." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1090592371.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 167 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 127-143).

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Fuller, Margaret. "Early Cambrian corals from the Moorowie Formation, Eastern Flinders Ranges, South Australia /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SM/09smf967.pdf.

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Ahn, Soo Yeun. "Ediacaran-Cambrian Stratigraphy and Paleontology of Western Nevada and Eastern California." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1275489532.

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Bohach, Lisa Lynn. "Systematics and biostratigraphy of Lower Cambrian trilobites of western Laurentia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ32705.pdf.

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Hegna, Thomas Arthur. "Systematics of late Cambrian (Sunwaptian) trilobites from the St. Charles Formation, southeastern Idaho." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2006. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/45.

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Baghiyan-Yazd, Mohammad Hassan. "Palaeoichnology of the terminal Proterozoic-Early Cambrian transition in central Australia : interregional correlation and palaeoecology." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phb1445.pdf.

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Tremblay, James Vincent. "Trilobites and strata of the Lower and Middle Cambrian Peyto, Mount Whyte and Naiset Formations, Alberta and British Columbia /." *McMaster only, 1996.

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Skinner, Ethan S. "Taphonomy of exceptionally preserved fossils from the Kinzers Formation (Cambrian), southeastern Pennsylvania." The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1090592371.

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Kastigar, Jessica M. "Application of X-ray Computed Tomography to Interpreting the Origin and Fossil Content of Siliceous Concretions from the Conasauga Formation (Cambrian) of Georgia and Alabama, USA." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1461271051.

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Peteya, Jennifer Anita. "Resolving Details of the Nonbiomineralized Anatomy of Trilobites Using Computed Tomographic Imaging Techniques." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366025146.

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Книги з теми "Paleontology Cambrian"

E, Logan William. Remarks on the fauna of the Quebec group of rocks and the primordial zone of Canada: Addressed to Mr. Joachim Barrande. [Montreal: s.n.], 1986.

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W, Cowie J., and Brasier M. D, eds. The Precambrian-Cambrian boundary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.

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Kruse, P. D. Cambrian palaeontology of the Daly Basin. Darwin: Govt. Printer of the Northern Territory, 1990.

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Bengtson, Stefan. Early Cambrian fossils from South Australia. Brisbane: Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 1990.

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Moczydłowska, Małgorzata. Acritarch biostratigraphy of the Lower Cambrian and the Precambrian--Cambrian boundary in southeastern Poland. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1991.

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Moczydlowska, Malgorzata. Acritarch biostratigraphy of the Lower Cambrian and the Precambrian--Cambrian boundary in southeastern Poland. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1991.

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McMenamin, Mark A. S. The emergence of animals: The Cambrian breakthrough. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990.

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McMenamin, Mark. The emergence of animals: The Cambrian breakthrough. New York: Columbia University Press, 1989.

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Ediakara-ki, kanburia-ki no seibutsu: Ediacaran & Cambrian creatures. Tōkyō-to Shinjuku-ku: Gijutsu Hyōronsha, 2013.

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Yochelson, Ellis Leon. Paleobiology of Climactichnites: An enigmatic Late Cambrian fossil. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993.

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Частини книг з теми "Paleontology Cambrian"

McMenamin, Mark A. S. "Cambrian Cannibals." In Dynamic Paleontology, 181–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22777-1_11.

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Palmer, A. R., and Stephen M. Rowland. "Day 1: Early Cambrian stratigraphy and paleontology, southern Great Basin, California-Nevada." In Cambrian and Early Ordovician Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Basin and Range Province, Western United States: Las Vegas, Nevada to Salt Lake City, Utah, July 1–7, 1989, 17–27. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft125p0017.

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Signor, Philip W., and Jeffrey F. Mount. "Paleontology of the Lower Cambrian Waucoban Series in eastern California and western Nevada." In Late Proterozoic and Cambrian Tectonics, Sedimentation, and Record of Metazoan Radiation in the Western United States: Pocatello, Idaho, to Reno, Nevada 20–29 July, 1989, 47–53. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft331p0047.

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Rees, Margaret N., and Richard A. Robison. "Days 5 and 6: Cambrian stratigraphy and paleontology of the central House Range and Drum Mountains, Utah." In Cambrian and Early Ordovician Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Basin and Range Province, Western United States: Las Vegas, Nevada to Salt Lake City, Utah, July 1–7, 1989, 59–72. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft125p0059.

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Palmer, A. R. "Day 0: Early and Middle Cambrian stratigraphy of Frenchman Mountain, Nevada." In Cambrian and Early Ordovician Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Basin and Range Province, Western United States: Las Vegas, Nevada to Salt Lake City, Utah, July 1–7, 1989, 14–16. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft125p0014.

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Cook, Harry E., Michael E. Taylor, and James F. Miller. "Day 2: Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician stratigraphy, biostratigraphy and depositional environments, Hot Creek Range, Nevada." In Cambrian and Early Ordovician Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Basin and Range Province, Western United States: Las Vegas, Nevada to Salt Lake City, Utah, July 1–7, 1989, 28–36. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft125p0028.

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Miller, James F., and Michael E. Taylor. "Day 4: Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician stratigraphy and biostratigraphy, southern House Range (“Ibex area”), Utah." In Cambrian and Early Ordovician Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Basin and Range Province, Western United States: Las Vegas, Nevada to Salt Lake City, Utah, July 1–7, 1989, 45–58. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft125p0045.

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Taylor, Michael E., Harry E. Cook, and James F. Miller. "Day 3: Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician biostratigraphy and depositional environments of the Whipple Cave Formation and House Limestone, central Egan Range, Nevada." In Cambrian and Early Ordovician Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Basin and Range Province, Western United States: Las Vegas, Nevada to Salt Lake City, Utah, July 1–7, 1989, 37–44. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft125p0037.

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Taylor, Michael E. "Introduction and background for Field Trip T125." In Cambrian and Early Ordovician Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Basin and Range Province, Western United States: Las Vegas, Nevada to Salt Lake City, Utah, July 1–7, 1989, 1–5. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft125p0001.

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Cook, Harry E. "Geology of the Basin and Range Province, western United States: An overview." In Cambrian and Early Ordovician Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Basin and Range Province, Western United States: Las Vegas, Nevada to Salt Lake City, Utah, July 1–7, 1989, 6–13. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft125p0006.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Paleontology Cambrian"

Collantes Ruiz, Mayoral Alfaro, and Gozalo Gutiérrez. "The genus Serrodiscus (Trilobita) in the upper Marianian (early Cambrian) from nothern Huelva province, SW Spain." In XVIII Encuentro de Jóvenes Investigadores en Paleontologia. Nova.id.fct, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21695/cterraproc.v1i0.394.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Paleontology Cambrian"

Johnson, Emily, Sofia Andeskie, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Mojave National Preserve: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299742.

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Mojave National Preserve (MOJA) in the Mojave Desert of southern California hosts an extensive geologic record, with units ranging in age from the Paleoproterozoic (2.5 to 1.7 billion years ago) to the Quaternary (present day). MOJA topography is dominated by numerous mountain ranges hosting extensive geological exposures divided by expansive valleys, dunes, and a low elevation dry salt lake. Some geological units are fossil-bearing, both within the preserve and in adjacent lands outside the boundaries of the preserve. The fossils preserved within MOJA span from the Proterozoic Eon (uncertain maximum age of fossiliferous rocks, but at least approximately 550 million years ago) to the Holocene Epoch (beginning 11,700 years ago). Abundant and diverse marine fossils are preserved in units dated from the late Proterozoic through most of the Cambrian, as well as from the Devonian through the early Permian. More recent volcanic tuff and unconsolidated sedimentary deposits in valleys preserve Cenozoic flora and fauna. Geologic surveys documented paleontological resources within the modern (2023) boundaries of MOJA as early as 1914, but fossils were rarely the focus of detailed study, and no comprehensive inventory was compiled. John Hazzard was the first geologist to devote significant attention to the study of paleontology within MOJA. Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, Hazzard and collaborators identified Paleozoic assemblages within the Kelso and Providence Mountains. Between the 1950s to 1980s, several dissertations and theses described the geology of various areas within MOJA, in which the authors provided limited paleontological descriptions and fossil locality information. Jack Mount conducted extensive paleontological research in the Cambrian sections of the Providence Mountains in the 1970s and 1980s, focusing on olenellid trilobites in the Latham Shale. As early as the 1960s, rockhounds collecting opalite and petrified wood discovered fossilized plant material and vertebrate bones in areas now in south-central MOJA and notified paleontologists at San Bernardino County Museum (SBCM). This resulted in one of the only paleontological excavations in what is now MOJA, with collections of Miocene vertebrate fauna including camelid and early rhino material. More recently, James Hagadorn reported the late-surviving Ediacaran organism Swartpuntia in an assemblage from the Wood Canyon Formation of the Kelso Mountains in 2000. From October 2021 to January 2022, a field inventory was conducted to determine the scope and distribution (both temporal and geospatial) of paleontological resources at MOJA. An additional week of field work was conducted in December 2022. A total of thirteen localities were documented and field-checked throughout the preserve. These localities resulted from field checks of previously reported fossil sites, as well as new discoveries based on literature searches and information provided by MOJA staff. The findings of this report constitute a baseline of paleontology resource data for MOJA, and reflect the current understanding of the scope, significance, and distribution of MOJA’s fossil record. This report provides a foundation for the management and protection of paleontological resources within MOJA and supports future education, interpretation,

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Johnson, Emily, Sofia Andeskie, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Mojave National Preserve: Paleontological resource inventory (sensitive version). National Park Service, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299463.

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Анотація:

Mojave National Preserve (MOJA) in the Mojave Desert of southern California hosts an extensive geologic record, with units ranging in age from the Paleoproterozoic (2.5 to 1.7 billion years ago) to the Quaternary (present day). MOJA topography is dominated by numerous mountain ranges hosting extensive geological exposures divided by expansive valleys, dunes, and a low elevation dry salt lake. Some geological units are fossil-bearing, both within the preserve and in adjacent lands outside the boundaries of the preserve. The fossils preserved within MOJA span from the Proterozoic Eon (uncertain maximum age of fossiliferous rocks, but at least approximately 550 million years ago) to the Holocene Epoch (beginning 11,700 years ago). Abundant and diverse marine fossils are preserved in units dated from the late Proterozoic through most of the Cambrian, as well as from the Devonian through the early Permian. More recent volcanic tuff and unconsolidated sedimentary deposits in valleys preserve Cenozoic flora and fauna. Geologic surveys documented paleontological resources within the modern (2023) boundaries of MOJA as early as 1914, but fossils were rarely the focus of detailed study, and no comprehensive inventory was compiled. John Hazzard was the first geologist to devote significant attention to the study of paleontology within MOJA. Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, Hazzard and collaborators identified Paleozoic assemblages within the Kelso and Providence Mountains. Between the 1950s to 1980s, several dissertations and theses described the geology of various areas within MOJA, in which the authors provided limited paleontological descriptions and fossil locality information. Jack Mount conducted extensive paleontological research in the Cambrian sections of the Providence Mountains in the 1970s and 1980s, focusing on olenellid trilobites in the Latham Shale. As early as the 1960s, rockhounds collecting opalite and petrified wood at Hackberry Wash discovered fossilized plant material and vertebrate bones and notified paleontologists at San Bernardino County Museum (SBCM). This resulted in one of the only paleontological excavations in what is now MOJA, with collections of Miocene vertebrate fauna including camelid and early rhino material. More recently, James Hagadorn reported the late-surviving Ediacaran organism Swartpuntia in an assemblage from the Wood Canyon Formation of the Kelso Mountains in 2000. From October 2021 to January 2022, a field inventory was conducted to determine the scope and distribution (both temporal and geospatial) of paleontological resources at MOJA. An additional week of field work was conducted in December 2022. A total of thirteen localities were documented and field-checked throughout the preserve. These localities resulted from field checks of previously reported fossil sites, as well as new discoveries based on literature searches and information provided by MOJA staff. The findings of this report constitute a baseline of paleontology resource data for MOJA, and reflect the current understanding of the scope, significance, and distribution of MOJA’s fossil record. This report provides a foundation for the management and protection of paleontological resources within MOJA and supports future education, interpretation, and research.

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Tweet, Justin, Holley Flora, Summer Weeks, Eathan McIntyre, and Vincent Santucci. Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2289972.

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Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument (PARA) in northwestern Arizona has significant paleontological resources, which are recognized in the establishing presidential proclamation. Because of the challenges of working in this remote area, there has been little documentation of these resources over the years. PARA also has an unusual management situation which complicates resource management. The majority of PARA is administered by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM; this land is described here as PARA-BLM), while about 20% of the monument is administered by the National Park Service (NPS; this land is described here as PARA-NPS) in conjunction with Lake Mead National Recreation Area (LAKE). Parcels of state and private land are scattered throughout the monument. Reports of fossils within what is now PARA go back to at least 1914. Geologic and paleontologic reports have been sporadic over the past century. Much of what was known of the paleontology before the 2020 field inventory was documented by geologists focused on nearby Grand Canyon National Park (GRCA) and LAKE, or by students working on graduate projects; in either case, paleontology was a secondary topic of interest. The historical record of fossil discoveries in PARA is dominated by Edwin McKee, who reported fossils from localities in PARA-NPS and PARA-BLM as part of larger regional projects published from the 1930s to the 1980s. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has mapped the geology of PARA in a series of publications since the early 1980s. Unpublished reports by researchers from regional institutions have documented paleontological resources in Quaternary caves and rock shelters. From September to December 2020, a field inventory was conducted to better understand the scope and distribution of paleontological resources at PARA. Thirty-eight localities distributed across the monument and throughout its numerous geologic units were documented extensively, including more than 420 GPS points and 1,300 photos, and a small number of fossil specimens were collected and catalogued under 38 numbers. In addition, interviews were conducted with staff to document the status of paleontology at PARA, and potential directions for future management, research, protection, and interpretation. In geologic terms, PARA is located on the boundary of the Colorado Plateau and the Basin and Range provinces. Before the uplift of the Colorado Plateau near the end of the Cretaceous 66 million years ago, this area was much lower in elevation and subject to flooding by shallow continental seas. This led to prolonged episodes of marine deposition as well as complex stratigraphic intervals of alternating terrestrial and marine strata. Most of the rock formations that are exposed in the monument belong to the Paleozoic part of the Grand Canyon section, deposited between approximately 510 and 270 million years ago in mostly shallow marine settings. These rocks have abundant fossils of marine invertebrates such as sponges, corals, bryozoans, brachiopods, bivalves, gastropods, crinoids, and echinoids. The Cambrian–Devonian portion of the Grand Canyon Paleozoic section is represented in only a few areas of PARA. The bulk of the Paleozoic rocks at PARA are Mississippian to Permian in age, approximately 360 to 270 million years old, and belong to the Redwall Limestone through the Kaibab Formation. While the Grand Canyon section has only small remnants of younger Mesozoic rocks, several Mesozoic formations are exposed within PARA, mostly ranging in age from the Early Triassic to the Early Jurassic (approximately 252 to 175 million years ago), as well as some middle Cretaceous rocks deposited approximately 100 million years ago. Mesozoic fossils in PARA include marine fossils in the Moenkopi Formation and petrified wood and invertebrate trace fossils in the Chinle Formation and undivided Moenave and Kayenta Formations.

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Herring, Theodore, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Wind Cave National Park: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299620.

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Wind Cave National Park (WICA), the first cave in the world to become a national park, is famous for the park’s namesake feature. Wind Cave, named for the noticeable wind-flow patterns observed as air moves in and out of the natural cave entrance, is currently the third longest cave system in the United States and seventh longest in the world. Wind Cave formed when groundwater dissolved buried layers of the fossiliferous Madison Limestone, which were deposited during the Mississippian subperiod approximately 359 to 347 million years ago. In addition to the Madison Limestone, several other formations are exposed within the park, dating from the early Proterozoic to the Holocene. The presence of fossils within the park has been known since at least the late 19th century when early settlers explored the cave to turn the geologic feature into a tourist attraction. However, most of the geologic work conducted during the park’s history has focused on the exploration and development of the cave itself, rather than its fossils. Paleontology became a bigger focus in the late 20th century when the park partnered with the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology to recover and research fossils found within the cave and on the park’s surface. Other partnerships include those with the Mammoth Site of Hot Springs and Northern Arizona University, through which researchers have studied Quaternary cave deposits found across the park. In ascending order (oldest to youngest), the geologic formations at WICA include undifferentiated lower Proterozoic rocks (Precambrian), Harney Peak Granite (Precambrian), Deadwood Formation (Cambrian–Ordovician), Englewood Limestone (Devonian–Mississippian), Madison Limestone (Mississippian), Minnelusa Formation (Pennsylvanian–Permian), Opeche Shale (Permian), Minnekahta Limestone (Permian), Spearfish Formation (Permian–Triassic), Sundance Formation (Middle–Upper Jurassic), Unkpapa Sandstone (Upper Jurassic), Lakota Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Fall River Formation (Lower Cretaceous), White River Group (Eocene–Oligocene), and Quaternary alluvium, conglomerate, and gravel deposits. The units that are confirmed to be fossiliferous within the park are the Deadwood Formation, Englewood Limestone, Madison Limestone, and Minnelusa Formation, which contain a variety of marine fossils from a shallow sea deposition environment; the Sundance Formation, which has much younger marine fossils; the Lakota Formation, which has yielded petrified wood; and the White River Group and Quaternary deposits, which contain vertebrate and invertebrate fossils deposited in and near freshwater streams, lakes, and ponds. Many of the fossils of WICA are visible from or near public trails and roads, which puts them at risk of poaching or damage, and there is evidence that fossil poaching occurred at several of the Klukas sites soon after they were discovered. Furthermore, there are several fossil sites on the tour routes within Wind Cave, which are of value to interpretation and the park experience. WICA has implemented cyclic fossil surveys in the past to monitor site conditions, and it is recommended that this paleontological resource monitoring be continued in the future.

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