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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Osmosis"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 1 серпня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Osmosis"

Kiil, F. "Molecular mechanisms of osmosis." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 256, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): R801—R808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1989.256.4.r801.

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Osmosis across a semipermeable membrane is usually treated in terms of thermodynamics, but the equations for osmosis can also be derived from kinetic considerations. Since fewer solvent molecules bombard the semipermeable membrane from the solution side, a kinetic pressure difference (osmotic potential) is generated into pore openings. Intermolecular forces cancel each other and do not affect the osmotic potential. On the other hand, osmotic flow is dependent on intermolecular cohesive forces permitting the generation of large negative pressures in the membrane pores. Osmosis is therefore a unique property of liquids, whereas intermolecular cohesive forces do not affect diffusion. Osmotic pressure up to 180 atm can be correctly determined from the reduction in saturated vapor pressure above the solution because osmotic pressure and reduction in vapor pressure to some extent are analogous phenomena. Osmotic pressures up to 180 atm may also be correctly determined from kinetic considerations by accounting for binding between solvent and solute molecules (4-5 water molecules per solute molecule for sucrose solutions).

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Wu, Sihao, Juntao Wang, Lin Zhang, Sixin Liu, and Congfa Li. "Effects of Osmotic Dehydration on Mass Transfer of Tender Coconut Kernel." Foods 13, no. 14 (July 11, 2024): 2188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13142188.

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Анотація:

Tender coconut water has been very popular as a natural beverage rich in various electrolytes, amino acids, and vitamins, and hence a large amount of tender coconut kernel is left without efficient utilization. To explore the possibility of making infused tender coconut kernel, we investigated the effects of two osmosis methods, including solid-state osmotic dehydration and liquid-state osmotic dehydration, as well as two osmosis agents such as sorbitol and sucrose, on the mass transfer of coconut kernel under solid-state osmotic dehydration conditions. The results showed that under the conditions of solid-state osmosis using sucrose and liquid-state osmosis using sucrose solution, the water diffusion coefficients were 9.0396 h−1/2 and 2.9940 h−1/2, respectively, with corresponding water mass transfer coefficients of 0.3373 and 0.2452, and the equilibrium water loss rates of 49.04% and 17.31%, respectively, indicating that the mass transfer efficiency of solid-state osmotic dehydration of tender coconut kernel was significantly higher than that of liquid-state osmotic dehydration. Under solid osmosis conditions, the water loss rates using sucrose and sorbitol were 38.64% and 41.95%, respectively, with dry basis yield increments of 61.38% and 71.09%, respectively, demonstrating superior dehydration efficiency of sorbitol over sucrose under solid-state osmosis. This study can provide a reference for the theoretical study of the mass transfer of tender coconut kernel through osmotic dehydration, and also provide technical support for the development and utilization of tender coconut kernel.

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Xiang, Pengfei, Yunliang Cui, and Gang Wei. "Study on the Effect of Low-Temperature Anode Filled with FeCl3 Solution on Electro-Osmotic Reinforcement of Soft Clay." Applied Sciences 12, no. 5 (February 28, 2022): 2517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12052517.

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In order to study the effect of FeCl3 solution on the current, soil pH value, drainage volume, anode potential difference, energy consumption, and resistivity of electro-osmosis consolidation of soft clay with different moisture contents under a low temperature environment, we carried out 31 sets of model tests under different working conditions by using a self-made device and an improved Miller Soil Box. The test results showed that, under the same conditions, although the energy consumption coefficient of electro-osmosis had little change in the low temperature environment, the current, displacement, and electro-osmosis coefficient were obviously reduced, and the resistivity and anode potential difference was greatly increased, indicating that the low temperature environment reduces the efficiency of electro-osmosis of soft clay. After the anode was filled with FeCl3 solution, the current, water displacement, and electro-osmotic coefficient were clearly increased; the anode potential difference and electro-osmotic energy consumption coefficient were clearly decreased; and the resistivity was reduced to a certain extent, which indicates that the anode filled with FeCl3 solution is very beneficial in improving electro-osmotic efficiency and in saving energy. The electro-osmotic discharge after the anode filled with FeCl3 solution at low temperature was clearly higher than that after the anode was filled water at normal temperature, indicating that the effect of the anode filled with FeCl3 solution on electro-osmosis is greater than that of temperature. In the process of electro-osmosis of soft clay, the better the electro-osmosis effect, the smaller the pH value of the anode and the larger the pH value of the cathode. The pH value of the cathode and anode can be used as one of the indexes to reflect the electro-osmosis effect.

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Touati, Khaled, Fernando Tadeo, and Hamza Elfil. "Osmotic energy recovery from Reverse Osmosis using two-stage Pressure Retarded Osmosis." Energy 132 (August 2017): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.05.050.

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Odom, Arthur Louis, Lloyd H. Barrow, and William L. Romine. "Teaching Osmosis to Biology Students." American Biology Teacher 79, no. 6 (August 1, 2017): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2017.79.6.473.

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Анотація:

Osmosis is a fundamental concept of great importance to understanding natural biological, physical, and chemical processes. We provide an instructional guide to assist instructors of advanced high school biology and college biology students in defining questions that are central to deriving a highly developed understanding of osmosis. We present teaching activities that focus on advancing multiple hypotheses about the cause of osmosis, presenting a tentative explanation and model of osmosis, and drawing scientifically accepted conclusions about osmotic processes.

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Kim, Jung Eun, Sherub Phuntsho, Syed Muztuza Ali, Joon Young Choi, and Ho Kyong Shon. "Forward osmosis membrane modular configurations for osmotic dilution of seawater by forward osmosis and reverse osmosis hybrid system." Water Research 128 (January 2018): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.042.

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Jeyakanthan, V., C. T. Gnanendran, and S. C. R. Lo. "Laboratory assessment of electro-osmotic stabilization of soft clay." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 48, no. 12 (December 2011): 1788–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t11-073.

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Анотація:

The application of electro-osmosis (EO) for stabilizing soft clays is receiving more attention in geotechnical engineering. When the application of traditional ground improvement techniques, such as surcharge, pre-loading, wick drains, and vacuum pre-loading, is not appropriate for a particular situation, innovative techniques such as electro-osmosis need to be considered. Although the effectiveness of electro-osmosis has been widely demonstrated in many field applications, geotechnical engineers are still hesitant to apply electro-osmosis due to unknown effects such as electro-chemical changes, which could not be accounted for in the design. This paper presents a design of an electro-osmotic triaxial testing apparatus suitable for electro-osmotic treatment of soft clays and for measuring electro-osmotic permeability and generated pore-water pressure, as well as a testing procedure that accounts for the contribution of electro-chemical changes in the improvement of soil properties. A series of electro-osmotic triaxial tests with various initial stresses and boundary conditions were conducted and the results are presented in the paper.

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Spinelli Barria, Michele, Cecilia Morales, Cristian Merino, and Waldo Quiroz. "Realist ontology and natural processes: a semantic tool to analyze the presentation of the osmosis concept in science texts." Chemistry Education Research and Practice 17, no. 4 (2016): 646–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5rp00219b.

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Анотація:

In this work, we developed an ontological tool, based on the scientific realism of Mario Bunge, for the analysis of the presentation of natural processes in science textbooks. This tool was applied to analyze the presentation of the concept of osmosis in 16 chemistry and biology books at different educational levels. The results showed that more than 50% of the books present the process of osmosis connected just with concentration properties associated with the hydrodynamic state of the osmotic process, forgetting the properties of osmotic pressure to define the state of osmotic equilibrium. This omission creates confusion between the state of osmotic equilibrium with the isotonic state by reducing the entire osmosis process to a mere process of diffusion by differences in concentrations. Moreover, in 4 of the biology textbooks, the presentation of the osmosis concept and osmotic equilibrium in cell system illustrations generates confusion between hydrostatic pressure generated by gravityvs.hydrostatic pressure generated by membrane tension or turgor pressure. Our results show that in most of the texts, the osmotic process is not connected with the non-equilibrium state, macroscopic dynamic state or equilibrium state, whereas in other textbooks, equivalence between these states and hypo–hyper and isotonic states is incorrectly presented.

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Marbach, Sophie, and Lydéric Bocquet. "Osmosis, from molecular insights to large-scale applications." Chemical Society Reviews 48, no. 11 (2019): 3102–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cs00420j.

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Анотація:

Osmosis is a universal phenomenon occurring in a broad variety of processes. It is both trivial in its fundamental expression, yet highly subtle in its physical roots. Here we give a global and unifying view of osmosis and its consequences with a multi-disciplinary perspective. Pushing the fundamental understanding of osmosis, we explore new perspectives in a variety fields and highlight a number of examples where osmotic processes show great promises in terms of applications.

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Rathna, Ravichandran, and Ekambaram Nakkeeran. "Performance of High Molecular Weight Osmotic Solution for Opuntia Betacyanin Concentration by Forward Osmosis." Current Biotechnology 8, no. 2 (January 20, 2020): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211550108666191025112221.

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Background: Forward osmosis is a sustainable membrane process employed for concentrating thermo-sensitive compounds to minimize storage and transportation costs with improved shelf life. Objective: In this study, the intervention of high molecular weight osmotic agents in the concentration of Opuntia betacyanin using forward osmosis was studied. Furthermore, the statistical model was used to estimate the probabilistic behavior of the forward osmosis process during concentration. Method: By using 2k-full factor analysis, the hydrodynamic variables, such as flow rate (50 and 150 mL/min) and temperature (20 and 50ºC) of the feed solution and osmotic agent solution (OAS) were selected. The study focused on inquiring and developing a statistically significant mathematical model using four independent variables on transmembrane flux, concentration factor and concentrate recovery. Results: Betacyanin feed flow rate of 50 mL/min at 28ºC, and OAS flow rate of 150 mL/min at 50ºC were determined as optimal conditions with a 2.5-fold increase in total soluble solids for a processing time of 4 h. Furthermore, forward osmosis enhanced the betacyanin concentration from 898 to 1004 mg/L and 98.7% recovery with 0.40 L/m2h transmembrane flux with comparable improvement in its physicochemical characteristics. The lower p-value of the main effects on the responses validated the significance of the process parameters on betacyanin concentration. Conclusion: The study suggested that a high molecular weight sucrose could be used as an osmotic agent for the concentration of Opuntia betacyanin during forward osmosis.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Osmosis"

Alaswad, Saleh O. M. "Investigation of organic osmotic agents forward osmosis desalination process." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2015. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/808886/.

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This study investigated the effects of novel membrane-osmotic agent systems on forward osmosis process efficacy. Glucose, sucrose and NaCl were investigated as osmotic agents, and nano-filtration, reverse osmosis and hollow fibre flat sheet as membrane types. The effects of draw solution concentration, flow rate and temperature as well as feed water flow rate and temperature were investigated for the aforementioned membrane types. The efficacy of forward osmosis process was measured on the basis of water flux, water recovery rate, water permeability, specific energy consumption and solute flux where applicable. Single, binary and ternary systems were considered. Experimental results showed the NF membrane and the RO membrane performed better at low and high concentrations of osmotic agent. Higher water flux rates were achieved by using NF membrane for both types of osmotic agents with changing osmotic agent concentration rates. The best result was obtained through the combination of NF membrane and glucose at lower concentrations and with sucrose at higher concentrations. The NF membrane-sucrose system showed better results for all parameters when changing feed water flow rate at lower temperatures while the NF-glucose system showed better performance when increasing temperature of the solution. Specific energy consumption increased in all the combinations of membrane-osmotic agent with increasing osmotic agent concentration rates. However, the lowest energy requirements were noted for the combination of NF membrane - glucose as an osmotic agent. Overall, both NF and RO membranes showed better results at different osmotic agent flow rates, but glucose proved to be the superior osmotic agent. For the binary systems, higher FO process efficacy across almost all parameters was noted for the systems with deionised water (DW). However, systems also used more energy; because such systems also used more energy they are not necessarily superior to other systems. Water recovery rate and water flux were considerably higher in a ternary system involving sucrose + NaCl + DW compared to the ternary system using brackish water as feed solution in FO process. Overall, FO efficiency for a ternary mixture of glucose osmotic agent + NaCl salt + BW was higher in water recovery and water flux than the other ternary mixtures with DW as feed solution. Based on the study results, a number of recommendations for future work are provided. Manipulated Osmosis Desalination (MOD) is a promising desalination approach that should be further investigated by analysing the factors affecting the process’ efficacy. Such factors are likely to include various membrane parameters (thickness, porosity and different pore diameters) and draw solutions as well as the process parameters including temperature, flow rates and osmotic agent concentrations. Further investigations should be conducted for binary and especially ternary systems involving different types of membranes and solutes for refining and optimising the process of selection. The Close loop circulation system needs to be replaced by the no-circulation systems for better FO performance in future studies. Importantly, the experimental results should be compared with the developed mathematical models to further validate the results. Finally, future MOD studies should focus on identifying optimal regeneration approaches. The selection of osmotic agents based on their regeneration economics along with other important FO parameters could be undertaken in future research.

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Hassinger, Elaine. "Reverse Osmosis Units." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/156939.

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1 pp.
Reverse osmosis (RO) is an excellent way to remove certain unwanted contaminants, such as lead and nitrates, from your drinking water. This article discusses how reverse osmosis works, and both the advantages and disadvantages of the system.

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Xie, Zhangwang. "Polysaccharide fouling in reverse osmosis and forward osmosis desalination and its alleviation." Thesis, Xie, Zhangwang (2015) Polysaccharide fouling in reverse osmosis and forward osmosis desalination and its alleviation. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2015. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/31172/.

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Анотація:

Membrane separation processes, including forward osmosis (FO) and reverse osmosis (RO), for application in water desalination are plagued by membrane fouling. In particular, membrane biofouling is unpredictable in its nature and affected by numerous factors. One of the major contributors to biofouling is the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by bacteria, especially the polysaccharides that form a large part of EPS. The objectives of this study are to understand the polysaccharide fouling mechanisms based on a comparison of polysaccharide fouling in FO and RO and to find suitable alleviating agents for polysaccharide fouling mitigation. Three major tasks were conducted in this study. Firstly, polysaccharide fouling in FO and RO were compared under identical solution chemistry and operational conditions to understand the respective fouling mechanisms in FO and RO. Secondly, some alleviating agents for mitigation of polysaccharide fouling in FO and RO were tested to demonstrate the fouling alleviation mechanism. Thirdly, a model of hydraulic resistances was developed to illustrate membrane fouling mechanisms based on analysis of the contribution of hydraulic resistances to permeate flux decline. Major findings are: 1) Commercial polysaccharides and polysaccharides isolated from naturally adherent bacteria behaved differently in membrane fouling, which showed that alginate was not a typical model and it is important to select a proper model for polysaccharide fouling. 2) Under identical conditions, membrane fouling by both commercial and isolated polysaccharides was more severe in RO than FO, indicating the importance of pressure source in membrane fouling. 3) RO fouling was likely dominated by foulant – foulant interaction which was greatly affected by calcium ions, while FO fouling could be largely governed by foulant – membrane interaction, which was greatly influenced by solution viscosity. 4) Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) at a proper dose was found to be able to reduce membrane fouling, which could be explained by the electrostatic repulsion between polysaccharides and SNP. 5)Presence of calcium ions played a crucial role in polysaccharide fouling and its alleviation, with its presence leading to significant increase in cake resistance in RO fouling and reducing alleviation efficiency.

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Lion, Thomas. "Osmosis : a molecular dynamics computer simulation study." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7877.

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Анотація:

Osmosis is a phenomenon of critical importance in a variety of processes ranging from the transport of ions across cell membranes and the regulation of blood salt levels by the kidneys to the desalination of water and the production of clean energy using potential osmotic power plants. However, despite its importance and over one hundred years of study, there is an ongoing confusion concerning the nature of the microscopic dynamics of the solvent particles in their transfer across the membrane. In this thesis the microscopic dynamical processes underlying osmotic pressure and concentration gradients are investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. I first present a new derivation for the local pressure that can be used for determining osmotic pressure gradients. Using this result, the steady-state osmotic pressure is studied in a minimal model for an osmotic system and the steady-state density gradients are explained using a simple mechanistic hopping model for the solvent particles. The simulation setup is then modified, allowing us to explore the timescales involved in the relaxation dynamics of the system in the period preceding the steady state. Further consideration is also given to the relative roles of diffusive and non-diffusive solvent transport in this period. Finally, in a novel modi cation to the classic osmosis experiment, the solute particles are driven out-of-equilibrium by the input of energy. The effect of this modi cation on the osmotic pressure and the osmotic ow is studied and we find that active solute particles can cause reverse osmosis to occur. The possibility of defining a new "osmotic effective temperature" is also considered and compared to the results of diffusive and kinetic temperatures.

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Siddiqui, Farrukh Arsalan. "Membrane filtration : fouling and cleaning in forward osmosis, reverse osmosis, and ultrafiltration membranes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bcaadfaa-62fb-4910-8218-bff387a19a11.

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Анотація:

A comparison of fouling in osmotically driven processes with that in pressure driven processes is the main focus of the thesis. Forward osmosis (FO) and reverse osmosis (RO) have received considerable attention for water treatment and seawater desalination. This research compared the nature of fouling in FO mode with that in RO starting with the same initial flux in connection with cleaning effects and then comparing to those in ultrafiltration membranes. In all cases, with cleaning as an integral part, the extent of fouling reversibility, and the question whether a critical flux could be determined were examined. The work during the first phase (undertaken at Oxford) quantified the removal of reversible fouling through rinsing by cold and hot water for a range of concentrations using the foulants dextran and carboxymethyl cellulose. The flux-TMP relationship was conventionally compared to that of the clean water flux. The later phase (at Singapore) compared the fouling in FO and RO by alginate in terms of multiple parameters using cellulose tri acetate (CTA) and thin film composite (TFC) membranes. Silica and alginate were selected as model foulants. Whilst experimental water flux profiles in the present study did not exhibit significant differences in trend between FO and RO fouling, foulant resistance for FO was found to be increasingly greater than for RO with the progression of the fouling tests. This was further corroborated by membrane autopsies post fouling tests; both foulant mass deposition density and specific foulant resistance for FO were greater than for RO. The analysis clearly revealed that FO is essentially more prone to fouling than RO which was presumably due to less flux decline in FO (or greater average flux) as compared to that in RO in result of ICP-self compensation effect which is opposite to the prevailing claim in the literature. Additionally, the present study did not find evidence that hydraulic pressure in RO has a role in foulant layer compaction. FO membrane fouling by real waters was the focus of the final phase of the research at SMTC. Pilot scale FO experiments were conducted on spiral wound CTA membrane with treated waste water obtained from a NEWater factory (Singapore) as the feed. In the second stage, experiments were repeated at bench scale with membrane coupons taken from the spiral wound membranes used earlier. The key finding was that the mass transfer coefficients in the Spiral-Wound module were around 50% lower than the corresponding values in the flat sheet unit and this severely limited the fluxes. The reason could be attributed to strong internal concentration polarisation in the former, where tightly wound spacers act to increase the structural parameter.

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Guell, David Charles. "The physical mechanism of osmosis and osmotic pressure--a hydrodynamic theory for calculating the osmotic reflection coefficient." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29859.

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Arnaud, Damien. "Biofouling on reverse osmosis membranes." Thesis, Arnaud, Damien (2015) Biofouling on reverse osmosis membranes. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2015. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/29838/.

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Анотація:

Membrane biofouling is a major concern in water treatment processes as it can significantly reduce the system’s efficiency. Biofouling is mainly caused by microorganisms, and is difficult to control or avoid. It leads to higher operating pressure which strains the membrane, shortens the membrane life, and increases maintenance costs. Multiple literature reviews suggest that the main contributors to membrane biofouling are polysaccharides. This is why in this project two model polysaccharides (alginate and xanthan) were used to study their individual fouling effects on reverse osmosis efficiency, as well as their fouling effects coupled with calcium chloride on the same system’s efficiency. During experiments, the polysaccharides were used in 0.2g/L concentrations, while calcium chloride was used at a concentration of 1.3mM. Because alginate and xanthan are two different types of polysaccharides, they would be expected to have different physical and chemical properties and thus have different fouling behaviours. It was found that the polysaccharides did not have much effect on the system’s efficiency in the absence of calcium chloride. In experiments where calcium chloride was added in the feed solution with the polysaccharide, it was demonstrated that the addition of salt led to increased membrane fouling and greater decreases in system efficiency. The fouled membranes were kept for confocal laser scanning microscopy of the fouling layers. The images determined the general structure of the cake formed on the membrane. Using the Imaris software, calculations on the average volume the cake layer was occupying (bio-volume) and the average compactness of the cake layer could be done. During experiments, the membrane showed good salt rejections with over 96% salt rejection for each experiment

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Suwannakarn, Monthat. "Biofouling on forward osmosis system." Thesis, Suwannakarn, Monthat (2016) Biofouling on forward osmosis system. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2016. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/33949/.

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Анотація:

Fouling is an inevitable issue that all membrane systems have to face. The presence of membrane fouling causes membrane systems (such as reverse osmosis and forward osmosis) to suffer the increase of resistance thus reducing the efficiency of the systems. This raises concerns about the osmosis technology as it also reduces the system and membrane lifetime while increasing the maintenance costs. From previous papers and literature review, polysaccharides were found to be the main contributor to membrane fouling. The literature explains the polysaccharides that caused the membrane fouling were alginate, BSA, AHA, xanthan and others however, only alginate and xanthan were tested in this research project. The mixing interaction of other cations such as Ca2+ with some of the aforementioned polysaccharides (salt in the form of CaCl2 and NaCl were also tested to see the changes in fouling effects when both are combined. Throughout the experiments, a fixed amount of NaCl and CaCl2 and the polysaccharide were kept constant. The draw solution (NaCl mixed with DI water) was always retained to be saturated. These experiments were designed in this way to examine the differences between each polysaccharide and its combination towards fouling behaviour, since alginate and xanthan have different chemical characteristics. The results show that xanthan causes a higher resistance compared to alginate. In the case where NaCl and CaCl2 were present in the feed solution, the resistance of both polysaccharides greatly increases thus resulting in lowering the flux and ultimately decreasing the system efficiency. Out of all the experiments, the xanthan with salt resulted in highest flux decrease while the alginate only had the least flux decline (excluding the baseline experiment). Further analysis was done using the total organic carbon (TOC) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). These examinations demonstrated the characteristics and properties of the polysaccharide layers that were formed on the membrane surface. The CLSM result was compared with the flux and resistance movement and it was found that they supported each other (and the findings were closely related). Since CLSM analysis is able to show the x, y and z dimension, the thickness can be found within each CLSM images. Therefore the thickness of the polysaccharide (fouling) layer (from CLSM images) was thick and/or dense, the (a higher resistance was achieved) higher the resistance would be and vice versa.

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Zaghy, Amar. "Biofouling in reverse osmosis processes." Thesis, Zaghy, Amar (2016) Biofouling in reverse osmosis processes. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2016. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/33970/.

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Анотація:

Reverse Osmosis (RO) is a water purification technology that uses a semi-permeable membrane to remove salt and other particles from drinking water. It is the dominant technology which has overtaken many conventional systems in recent years. Membrane biofouling is the main disadvantage of using RO technology which can result in reducing the system’s efficiency. The rejected microorganisms on the surface of the membrane form a fouling layer (biofouling) which leads to a decline in permeate flux, increase of hydraulic resistance, increase in operating pressure, and shortening of the membrane life. Polysaccharides, produced by microorganisms, are the main substances responsible for membrane biofouling. In this study, two types of polysaccharides (alginate and pullulan) were used to investigate their individual fouling effects as well as their fouling effects coupled with sodium chloride and calcium chloride. 50 mM of ionic strength (27.5 g NaCl + 1.47 g CaCl2) and 0.2 g/L of polysaccharides were used in the fouling experiments conducted with a laboratory-scale reverse osmosis system. It was found that alginate lead to more reduction in system’s efficiency in comparison with pullulan. The effect of alginate on the efficiency of the system was much more severe in the presence of salt, namely sodium chloride and calcium chloride, compared to its individual effect in the absence of salt. The addition of salt led to an increase in membrane fouling and a decrease in system’s efficiency. On the other hand, it was found that pullulan enhanced the system’s efficiency when it is combined with salt. To support the above findings, a Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) analysis, a Total Organic Carbon (TOC) test, and an estimation of the weight of produced fouling layers were performed. In general, analysing the results of the tests supported the findings.

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Aguiar, Alessandra Mara Locatelli de. "Avaliação do processo de concentração osmotica para obtenção de banana passa." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/255529.

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Анотація:

Orientador: Roberto Herminio Moretti
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: O Brasil é um país com característica agrícola e o desenvolvimento dos setores agroindustriais é de grande importância sócio-econômica e que devem ser explorados a fim de evitar o desperdício de alimentos, agregar valor aos produtos agrícolas e aumentar a renda dos produtores. A transformação industrial, à experiência de regiões e países bem sucedidos, mostra que pelo menos a transformação primária das frutas deve ser pensada pelos produtores. Isto porque é um prolongamento das atividades agrícolas, que objetiva transformar produtos perecíveis em produtos estáveis. A bananicultura é uma atividade de importância econômica e social, sendo cultivada na maioria dos países tropicais. O Brasil é o terceiro maior produtor e representa cerca de 9,0% da produção mundial, com uma área de 495 mil ha, superado apenas pela Índia e pelo Equador. O presente trabalho estudou o processo de concentração osmótica em banana nanica (Musa cavendishi) através de planejamento experimental completo com 3 variáveis independentes (tempo, espessura e concentração de ácido cítrico), utilizando soluções de açúcar invertido, à pressão atmosférica e temperatura constante de 45°C. As variáveis dependentes para os 17 experimentos realizados foram: perda de peso, perda de umidade, incorporação de sólidos, variação de sólidos totais, variação de sólidos solúveis e a relação brix / acidez (ratio) que indica o equilíbrio das características sensoriais do produto. Para identificar a melhor relação foram selecionados 4 experimentos com diferentes ratio. Estas amostras de banana préconcentradas osmoticamente foram secas em estufa com circulação forçada de ar quente a 60°C até atingirem um teor de 65% de sólidos totais. Foi realizada uma análise sensorial (teste de preferência) com as 4 amostras selecionadas. Os resultados obtidos com os experimentos mostram uma perda de umidade entre 25,13 a 38,16% no processo de concentração osmótica e um produto com boas características organolépticas
Abstract: Brazil is a country with agricultural characteristics and thus the development of the agro-industrial sector is of great socio-economic importance and should be explored so as to avoid food wastage and increase the value of agricultural products and producer profit. Based on the experience of highly successful regions and countries, in industrial transformation, the primary transformation of fruits should be thought of by the producers, since this is really a prolongation of the agricultural activity, with the aim of transforming perishable products into stable ones. The culture of bananas is an economically and socially important activity, bananas being cultivated in the majority of tropical countries. Brazil is the third biggest producer, behind India and Ecuador, representing 9% of world production and occupying an area of 495 thousand hectares. This work studied the osmotic concentration of banana nanica (Musa cavendishi) using a complete experimental design with 3 independent variables (time, thickness and citric acid concentration), using invert sugar solutions, atmospheric pressure and a constant temperature of 45ºC. The variable dependents for the 17 experiments carried out were: weight loss, moisture loss, solids incorporation, variation in total solids, variation in soluble solids and the brix:acidity ratio, which indicates the equilibrium of the product sensory characteristics. Four experiments with different ratios were selected in order to identify the best ratio. These osmotically pre-concentrated banana samples were dried in a forced air incubator at 60ºC to a total solids content of 65%. A sensory preference analysis was carried out with the 4 samples selected. The results obtained showed moisture losses from 25.13 to 38.16% in the osmotic concentration process and a product with good organoleptic characteristics
Mestrado
Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

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Книги з теми "Osmosis"

Caballero, Teresa. Osmosis. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Emecé Editores, 1988.

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Tikhomolova, K. P. Electro-osmosis. New York: E. Horwood, 1993.

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Kucera, Jane. Reverse Osmosis. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119145776.

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Kucera, Jane. Reverse Osmosis. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470882634.

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Center for Environmental Research Information (U.S.), ed. Reverse osmosis process. Cincinnati, OH: Center for Environmental Research Information, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1996.

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Sourirajan, S., and Takeshi Matsuura, eds. Reverse Osmosis and Ultrafiltration. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1985-0281.

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Tony, Staton-Bevan, ed. Osmosis & glassfibre yacht construction. 2nd ed. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Sheridan House, 1995.

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Bergman, Robert. Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration. 2nd ed. Denver, CO: American Water Works Association, 2007.

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Staton-Bevan, Tony. Osmosis & glassfibre yacht construction. 2nd ed. London: Adlard Coles Nautical, 1995.

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S, Sourirajan, Matsuura Takeshi 1936-, American Chemical Society. Division of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry., and American Chemical Society Meeting, eds. Reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration. Washington, D.C: American Chemical Society, 1985.

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Частини книг з теми "Osmosis"

Heppner, John B., John B. Heppner, Minos E. Tzanakakis, Minos E. Tzanakakis, Minos E. Tzanakakis, Pauline O. Lawrence, John L. Capinera, et al. "Osmosis." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2697. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_1899.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Osmosis." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 507. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_8271.

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Broad, Roger. "Osmosis." In Labour's European Dilemmas, 156–74. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230508545_11.

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Baak, Marleen A., Bernard Gutin, Kim A. Krawczewski Carhuatanta, Stephen C. Woods, Heinz W. Harbach, Megan M. Wenner, Nina S. Stachenfeld, et al. "Osmosis." In Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease, 668. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29807-6_2789.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Osmosis." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 912. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_14405.

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Phuntsho, Sherub, Ho Kyong Shon, Tian Zhang, and Rao Surampalli. "Introduction: Role of Membrane Science and Technology and Forward Osmosis Processes." In Forward Osmosis, 1–14. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784414071.ch01.

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Wei, Jing, and Chuyang Y. Tang. "Modeling of Forward Osmosis Processes." In Forward Osmosis, 15–48. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784414071.ch02.

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Kim, Joon Ha, Minkyu Park, and Jijung Lee. "Impacts of Spacers on Forward Osmosis Processes." In Forward Osmosis, 49–71. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784414071.ch03.

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Herron, Jack. "Forward Osmosis Element Design." In Forward Osmosis, 73–83. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784414071.ch04.

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Shon, Ho Kyong, Laura Chekli, Sherub Phuntsho, Jungeun Kim, and Jaeweon Cho. "Draw Solutes in Forward Osmosis Processes." In Forward Osmosis, 85–113. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784414071.ch05.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Osmosis"

Howlett, Larry D. "The Theory of Osmosis." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-55040.

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A fresh view for explaining the process of osmosis and the phenomenon of osmotic pressure is presented. The process of osmosis was identified and modeled more than 100 years ago. Others have unsuccessfully challenged the original model developed by J.H. van’t Hoff. We revisit the basic equations and assumptions used in the thermodynamic derivation of the osmosis model. And, we propose a small but significantly different view of the traditional theory of osmosis. From this new view of osmosis and the osmosis experiment, we conclude that osmosis occurs at atmospheric pressure. In cellular membranes, flow from the solvent to the solution is related to the vapor pressure difference determined from the concentration difference with Raoult’s law. Furthermore, we suggest that osmotic pressure as determined from the osmosis experiment is related to both the solution properties and the membrane characteristics. We suggest that the difference between experimental and theoretical determination of osmotic pressure can be attributed to capillary action that may occur in some man made membranes.

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Ragone, Grazia, Judith Good, and Katherine Howland. "OSMoSIS." In IDC '20: Interaction Design and Children. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3397617.3397838.

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Ingarra, Nicholas, Krzysztof (Chris) Kobus, and Jonathan Maisonneuve. "A Method to Account for the Effects of Thermal Osmosis in PEM Fuel Cells." In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-96126.

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Abstract In PEM fuel cells heat and water management are essential for fuel cell operation. Presently there are two agreed modes of water transport: electro-osmotic drag (EOD) and back diffusion (BD). EOD and BD are obtained from the Nernst-Planck equation. It can be shown that the Nernst Planck equation neglects the impact of thermal osmosis. It must be determined if this assumption on neglecting thermal osmosis is valid, or if thermal osmosis is a strong influencer of net water flow. Thermal osmosis (TO) is not fully understood, and some researchers have made conclusions about thermal osmosis but failed to properly isolate thermal osmosis from other modes of water transport. This work demonstrates that thermal osmosis is neglected in most fuel cell analysis and that thermal osmosis needs to be examined further.

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Takeda, M., M. Manaka, and A. Goto. "Chemical Osmosis-Driven Thermodynamically Coupled Processes: Mechanistic Insights into Oil Recovery from Core-Scale Experiments." In SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/218268-ms.

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Abstract Chemical osmosis-driven oil migration is a viable mechanism for improved oil recovery (IOR) obtained by low-salinity water flooding (LSFW) in various reservoirs, including shale, sandstone, and carbonate rocks. Chemical osmosis generates a driving force on crude oil trapped alongside connate high-salinity water (HSW) in hydraulically stagnant zones that are not directly accessible by injected low-salinity water (LSW). However, the extent to which chemical osmosis contributes to oil recovery remains unclear. This uncertainty arises partly due to the limited experimental evidence directly demonstrating chemical osmosis-driven oil migration in actual rocks and mainly because the underlying processes have not been comprehensively clarified. This study re-examines the thermodynamically coupled processes involved in chemical osmosis-driven oil migration at the pore scale. Building on the underlying mechanisms, previous studies indicating osmotic effects were reviewed to gain mechanistic insights. These studies specify the necessary factors enabling chemical osmosis-driven oil recovery in LSWF: leaky semipermeability, permeability gap, and hydraulic dead-end boundary. With these factors, chemical osmosis via pores with membrane effects generates effective osmotic pressure and volumetric increase in HSW, driving oil migration through pores with less or no membrane effects from hydraulically stagnant to conductive zones. These thermodynamically coupled processes continue in a dynamic equilibrium state until the salinity difference eventually vanishes between the hydraulically stagnant and conductive zones. Therefore, chemical osmosis-driven oil recovery lasts long and progresses into a hydraulically stagnant zone at the scales of pores, pore networks, and rocks. "Effective" osmotic pressure acts on HSW as a driving force and breakthrough pressure to counteract the viscous and capillary forces working on the oil to migrate. However, the magnitude of the effective osmotic pressure is subtle or non-detectable in rocks with large pores, causing chemical osmosis-driven oil migration to resemble static oil displacement, seemingly caused by the volume increase of the HSW and/or oil phase, as observed in microfluidic pore models.

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Cannon, James, Daejoong Kim, Shigeo Maruyama, and Junichiro Shiomi. "Osmosis and Solute Size: A Molecular Dynamics Study." In ASME 2011 9th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2011-58104.

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Osmosis plays an essential role in a wide range of phenomena, and therefore it is useful to understand how to manipulate the rate at which osmosis occurs. In the present study we conduct molecular dynamics simulations to consider the influence of solute size on the osmotic pressure gradient which drives the flow. Our results show how selective choice of the size of the solute can enhance, or hinder, the establishment of a strong osmotic gradient.

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Howlett, Larry D. "A Proposed New Molecular Model for Liquids and Solids." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-70484.

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Abstract Proposed: free, unconstrained molecules exist in pure liquids and solids. This new molecular model is a direct development from using vapor pressure as a primary variable for understanding seed storage and osmosis. Current seed models consider relative humidity as an important variable. Current understanding of osmosis considers chemical potential, concentration, and osmotic pressure as important variables. My new concepts began 25 years ago with an engineering consulting project to design and build a warehouse for storing seeds. Solutions for design changes and supplier errors led to a new viewpoint: vapor pressure is an important variable for understanding stored seed. After extending this idea to modeling moisture transfer between a seed and its environment and two rejected papers about seeds, my model was different from the current textbook explanation for moisture transfer across a membrane: osmosis. After studying osmosis and its history, I concluded that vapor pressure is the driving force for moisture transfer across a membrane. The vapor pressure concept introduces a physical model for the osmosis process. All I did was reexamine seeds and osmosis from a new viewpoint. Vapor pressure was introduced as an important variable. Since vapor pressure is the force per unit area resulting from molecular collisions, and osmosis occurs with liquid on both sides of the membrane, I proposed that free molecules must exist in pure liquids and solids.

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Elghmati, Salem, and Xavier de Hemptinne. "Radiation Induced Osmosis." In 1986 Quebec Symposium, edited by D. K. Evans. SPIE, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.938941.

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de Hemptinne, X. "Radiation Induced Osmosis." In 1984 European Conference on Optics, Optical Systems and Applications, edited by Bouwe Bolger and Hedzer A. Ferwerda. SPIE, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.943699.

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Tshuma, Ivonne, Ralf Cord-Ruwisch, and Wendell Ela. "Hydraulic Energy Generation for RO (Reverse Osmosis) from PRO (Pressure Retarded Osmosis)." In 2020 4th International Conference on Green Energy and Applications (ICGEA). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icgea49367.2020.239707.

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Banchik, Leonardo D., and John H. Lienhard. "Thermodynamic Analysis of a Reverse Osmosis Desalination System Using Forward Osmosis for Energy Recovery." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86987.

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Thermodynamic analysis is applied to assess the energy efficiency of hybrid desalination cycles that are driven by simultaneous mixed inputs, including heat, electrical work, and chemical energy. A seawater desalination cycle using work and a chemical input stream is analyzed using seawater properties. Two system models, a reversible separator and an irreversible component based model, are developed to find the least work required to operate the system with and without osmotic recovery. The component based model represents a proposed desalination system which uses a reverse osmosis membrane for solute separation, a pressure exchanger for recovering a fraction of the flow work associated with the pressurized discharge brine, and a forward osmosis (FO) module for recovering some of the chemical energy contained within the concentrated discharge brine. The energy attained by the addition of the chemical input stream serves to lower the amount of electrical work required for operation. For this analysis, a wastewater stream of varying solute concentration, ranging from feed to brackish water salinity, is considered as the chemical stream. Unlike other models available in the literature, the FO exchanger is numerically simulated as a mass exchanger of given size which accounts for changing stream concentration, and consequently, stream-wise variations of osmotic pressure throughout the length of the unit. A parametric study is performed on the models by varying input conditions. For the reversible case it is found that significant work reductions can be made through the use of an energy recovery device when the inlet wastewater salinity used is less than the feed salinity of 35 g/kg. For the irreversible case with a typical recovery ratio and feed salinity, significant work reductions were only noted for a wastewater inlet of less than half of the feed salinity due to pump work losses. In the irreversible case, the use of a numerical model to simulate the FO exchanger resulted in a maximum work reduction when the pressure difference between streams was around one half of the osmotic pressure difference as opposed to the precise value of one half found in zero-dimensional exchanger models.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Osmosis"

McMordie-Stoughton, Katherine L., Xiaoli Duan, and Emily M. Wendel. Reverse Osmosis Optimization. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1095449.

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Sohail Murad. Final Report: Computer Simulation of Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis in Structured Membranes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1032490.

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Siler, J. L. A comparison of ROChem reverse osmosis and spiral wound reverse osmosis membrane modules. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10191871.

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Siler, J. L. Remediating biofouling of reverse osmosis membranes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7279109.

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Coleman, Amos J. Ebara Reverse Osmosis Optimization (ROOP) System. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada254593.

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Siler, J. L. Remediating biofouling of reverse osmosis membranes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10172329.

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Siler, J. L. A comparison of reverse osmosis membrane cleaning methods. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6731692.

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Siler, J. L. A comparison of reverse osmosis membrane cleaning methods. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10113174.

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Farnand, B. Reverse osmosis fractionation of organic solutes in nonaqueous solutions. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/304404.

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