Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Organisation pour l'harmonisation en Afrique du droit des affaires – Droit"

Abstract: The complexity of transnational sources is approached in this paper through the analysis of a regional report prepared through national reports of the member countries of the Organisation pour l'harmonisation en Afrique du droit des affaires (OHADA). The report contains the summary of the answers given by national reporters to nine questions prepared with the aim of investigating the difficulties related to the interaction of overlapping laws at a regional level. First, the problem of fragmentation related to both national/international and regional/interregional sources of law and jurisdictions is considered, and the major actors in the detection of the conflict of laws are listed. Then, several responses (both only proposed or already implemented) to cope with the fragmentation issue are presented, according to the differences in each country. In addition, a number of monitoring mechanisms put in place by the executive powers of each country in order to avoid superimposition of laws and regulations at different levels are enumerated. Additionally, the issue of judiciary organization, training, and functioning is addressed in relation to transnational sources and specialized judicial institutions. The emerging strategies used by the judges in order to avoid the complexity due to the overlapping legal rules are studied, but no specific strategies are actually identified. Finally, a tentative evaluation of the efficiency of the national courts in dealing with superimposition of laws is proposed to national reporters. However, the general problem of the lack of information and the scarce accessibility to the jurisprudence emerges and makes the aforementioned evaluation difficult.

Abstract: The trend towards harmonization of contract law is increasingly developing, but orientations may be very different, due not only to the respective contexts, but also to the nature of objectives pursued. The present essay describes and compares three recent harmonization projects, two in the African context of the Organisation pour l’harmonisation en Afrique du droit des affaires (OHADA), the third one initiated by the Organisation pour l’harmonisation du droit des affaires dans la Caraïbe (OHADAC). The first African project, as requested by the Council of Ministers of OHADA, took strong inspiration from the UNIDROIT Principles, as the intention was to elaborate a modern instrument apt to attract investors. This project, however, has not been adopted, in particular because of a marked reluctance to depart from the French legal tradition, which is prevailing in most (but not all) member States. An alternative project, based on a private initiative, is in the process of being elaborated, with the view to remain within the dominant legal tradition and to avoid disorienting practitioners. As to the project that has just been prepared in the framework of OHADAC, it takes much inspiration from existing uniform law instruments, including the UNIDROIT Principles. At the same time, it is mainly concerned not to retain rules which could appear to be unacceptable in certain parts of a region where the legal systems are very diverse.

For a long period of time, both law makers and practitioners in Vietnam upheld the traditional theory claiming that legal persons could not be the subject of crimes and hence could not be held criminally liable. That notion started to change with the promulgation of the 2015 Criminal Code by the National Assembly stipulating corporate criminal liability. However, corporate criminal liability is still a new, complicating issue that is introduced into the Criminal Code for the first time and thus can not escape certain problems, shortcomings from the perspective of law-making activities. It thus needs more theoretical and practical research, conducting lessons learnt from other countries. This article presents a new research on a number of issues concerning corporate criminal liability from comparative law perspective in Vietnamese criminal law and other eight countries which are the members of the OHADA (Central African Republic, Togo, Cameroon, Guinea, Chad, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Garbon) such as: legal persons are the subject of offences and the subject of criminal liability; scope of corporate criminal offences; elements of corporate criminal law; criminal liabilities aggregation; punishments. On the premise of comparative law research, the article draws some conclusions and proposes certain recommendations to improve the provisions on corporate criminal liabililty in the current Vietnamese criminal law. Keywords: Corporate criminal liability, application’s conditions, punishments, Vietnam, OHADA, 2015 Criminal Code’s Recommendations. References: [1] Trách nhiệm hình sự của pháp nhân và mô hình của nó trong Luật hình sự Việt Nam tương lai, Tạp chí Nhà nước & Pháp luật, số 5, 217, (2006) 50-62. [2] Tờ trình số 186/TTr-CP của Chính phủ gửi Quốc hội về Dự án Bộ luật hình sự (sửa đổi) ngày 27/4/2015; Trịnh Quốc Toản: Một số vấn đề về trách nhiệm hình sự của pháp nhân trong Luật hình sự của các nước theo truyền thống Common Law, Tạp chí Toà án, số 18/9-2006, tr. 29-38; Trách nhiệm hình sự của pháp nhân trong luật hình sự các nước châu Âu lục địa, Tạp chí Nhà nước & Pháp luật, số 6, 194, 2005.[3] Tờ trình số 186/TTr-CP của Chính phủ gửi Quốc hội về Dự án Bộ luật hình sự (sửa đổi) ngày 27/4/2015; Tờ trình của Bộ Tư pháp gửi Chính phủ về dự án Bộ luật hình sự (sửa đổi), tháng 1/2015.[4] Organisation pour l'harmonisation en Afrique du droit des affaires- viết tắt là OHADA, Hiệp định về thành lập OHADA được ký ngày 17/10/1993 tại Maurice và có hiệu lực ngày 18/9/1995. [5] D. Kounde, Un autre regarde sur la responsabilité pénale des personnes morales en droit OHADA, J. Rech. Sci. Univ. Lomé (Togo), 19, 4 (2017) 237-262. [6] http://codes.droit.org/CodV3/penal.pdf; Trịnh Quốc Toản, Trách nhiệm hình sự của pháp nhân trong pháp luật hình sự (sách chuyên khảo), NXB Chính trị Quốc gia-Sự thật, Hà Nội, 2011. [7] L. D. Mukatshibende, Les Gaulois, nos ancêtres? Sur la circulation et l’influence du modèle juridique Français en Afrique Noire francophone, www.ohada.com/doctrine/a, OHADA n° D- 07- 02.[8] Tờ trình số 186/TTr-CP của Chính phủ gửi Quốc hội về Dự án BLHS (sửa đổi) ngày 27/4/2015.[9] http://www.droit-afrique.com/uploads/Gabon-Code-2019-penal.pdf.[10] https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b5cc0.html. [11] http://vertic.org/media/National%20Legislation/Cameroon/CM_Code_Penal_Cameroun.pdf.[12] https://www.droit-afrique.com/uploads/Tchad-Code-penal-2017.pdf.[13] https://www.ivoire-juriste.com/p/telechargement.html.[14] Xem: Nhà pháp luật Việt-Pháp, Từ điển thuật ngữ pháp luật Pháp-Việt, tr. 242.[15] http://www.vertic.org/media/National%20Legislation/Central_African_Republic/CF_Code_Penal.pdf.[16] https://www.refworld.org/docid/44a3eb9a4.html. [17] Xem: Nhà pháp luật Việt-Pháp, Từ điển thuật ngữ pháp luật Pháp-Việt, tr. 250.[18] https://www.policinglaw.info/assets/downloads/Code_pénale_du_Togo_(2015).pdf.[19] Acte uniforme révisé relatif au droit des sociétéetes comerciales et du groupement d’intérêt économique, http://www.ohada.com/actes-uniformes-revises/1299/acte-uniforme-revise-relatif-au-droit-des-societes-commerciales-et-du-groupement-d-interet-economique.html.[20] Nguyễn Ngọc Hòa (chủ biên), Bình luận khoa học Bộ Luật hình sự năm 2015, được sửa đổi, bổ sung năm 2017, NXB Tư pháp, Hà Nội, năm 2017.[21] V. Simonart, La personalité morale en droit comparé, Bruxelles, Bruylant, 1995, 256. [22] Germain Ntono Tisimi, Le devenir de la responsabilité pénale des personnes morales en droit camerounais. Des dispositions speciales vers un enoce generale?, Revue “Archives des politique criminelle”, 2011/1 n° 33 | pages 221 à 244.[23] Về các hình phạt quy định đối với pháp nhân phạm tội trong BLHS của các nước nghiên cứu, xem thêm: Điều 20 BLHS của Cộng hòa Trung Phi; Các điều từ 84 - 91 BLHS của Ghi-nê; Điều 54 BLHS của Togo; Các điều 18 (b), 25 (2), 25 (1), 19 (b) BLHS của Ca-mơ-run; Điều 85 BLHS của Sát; Các điều 212-1, 213-2, 214-1, 214-6, 214-7, 214-8, 215-1 BLHS của Buốc-ki-na Pha-xô; Điều 96 BLHS của Bờ Biển Ngà; các điều từ Điều 96 đến Điều 114 BLHS của Gabon.[24] Xem Ủy ban Thường vụ Quốc hội, Báo cáo giải trình tiếp thu, chỉnh lý dự thảo Bộ luật hình sự (sửa đổi), Tài liệu kỳ họp thứ 10 Quốc hội khóa XIII, 10/2015.[25] Xem Quyết định số 623/QĐ-TTg, ngày 14/4/2016 của Thủ tướng Chính phủ phê duyệt Chiến lược quốc gia phòng, chống tội phạm giai đoạn 2016 - 2025 và định hướng đến năm 2030. [26] Trịnh Quốc Toản, Trách nhiệm hình sự của pháp nhân trong pháp luật hình sự (sách chuyên khảo), NXB Chính trị Quốc gia-Sự thật, Hà Nội, 2011. [27] Trịnh Quốc Toản, Vấn đề trách nhiệm hình sự của pháp nhân trong điều kiện phát triển nền kinh tế thị trường ở Việt Nam hiện nay, Tạp chí Khoa học ĐHQGHN, Luật học, Tập 29, Số 1 (2013) 60-73.[28] Bạch Ngọc Du, Truy cứu trách nhiệm hình sự đối với pháp nhân thương mại phạm tội, Tạp chí Tòa án điện tử, ngày 27/5/2019,https://tapchitoaan.vn/bai-viet/phap-luat/truy-cuu-trach-nhiem-hinh-su-doi-voi-phap-nhan-thuong-mai-pham-toi.

Abstract This article recommends the Cape Town Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment and appeals to African countries to accede to the Luxembourg Protocol on Railway Rolling Stock (Rail Protocol). The discussion in this article focuses on the extent to which Article XXII of the Rail Protocol can be applied with respect to Africa. The article critically analyses the competence of the African Economic Community (AEC) and its sub-regional organizations to accede to the Cape Town Convention and Rail Protocol. The author provides a detailed argumentative analysis of the legal mandate of the AEC and the influence of African Union (AU) laws on the competence of the AEC’s sub-regional organizations to make declarations under the Cape Town Convention and Rail Protocol. The analysis confirms that competence to accede to the Convention and Rail Protocol resides with sovereign States in Africa and not with the AU, the AEC, the Organisation pour l’harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires, or any existing sub-regional organization in Africa.

AbstractThis article inquires into the Organisation pour l’harmonisation du droit des affaires en Afrique (OHADA)’s claims to innovation for its law reform processes and into its ambition to become a precedent for pursuing legal integration among countries elsewhere in Africa and in the world. It seeks to assess whether the OHADA regime effectively contributes to, or has the potential to contribute to, socio-economic development in member states. In making this assessment, the article revisits assumptions about the part that international and Western inspired law should play in development, institutional renovation and law reform in OHADA countries. The article argues that a shift of paradigms should occur in OHADA and international economic law from the foreign investor credo towards a more nuanced empirically informed approach to law making. Legal, policy and economic experts should concentrate more efforts on the needs, practices and realities of businesses in OHADA states, particularly local enterprises the majority of which are micro, small and medium (MSM) and are regulated by both formal and unofficial rules. Focusing on facilitating the operation of local businesses as well as on poverty reduction rather than on making regional economic integration, the dominant goal of business law reform in the OHADA can lead to commercial rules and strategies more successful at fostering sustainable development in member parties.Bearing this in mind, the article analyses some of the innovations ascribed to the OHADA regime with a view to investigating whether they actually contribute usefully to the operation of businesses and more generally to socio-economic development in member states. The attributes examined concern both the form and the substance of the new law. Part A looks at the alleged increased physical accessibility and logical ordering of member states’ business law rules. In order to better appreciate the impact of this claimed novelty, Part B focuses on the OHADA Acts themselves and analyses three of their fundamental characteristics, namely their supranational, transplanted and viral-like nature, the latter two qualifiers being used metaphorically. The article shows that while OHADA-promoted rules and concepts are innovative in a number of respects, their supranational, transplanted and viral qualities have either little, none or adverse effects on the operation of local MSM businesses in the OHADA region.Some commentators contend that the adverse effects and poor effectiveness of laws can be linked to a system’s legal origins. In particular, law and economics scholars and other academics have asserted that common law is a superior normative framework to civil law for law reform aimed at promoting economic development and the “rule of law”. Part C considers this claim and argues that the debate is beside the point since it presupposes a hermetic conception of legal traditions, conceives development as being primarily dependent on foreign investment and does not rest on solid empirical data from OHADA states.

Abstract This article assesses the extent to which the law under the Organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA) has been received in anglophone Cameroon after 26 years of existence, with specific focus on the Fako judicial division.1 With regard to the tenets of qualitative research, it is observed that, from the viewpoint of the legal reception technique, it is indisputable that OHADA law has been infused into the English-speaking legal system in Cameroon through legal techniques of transposition. Through the use of interviews and questionnaires as our research tools, it is revealed that this reception remains limited because most judicial actors still find it difficult to implement legislation that they have not yet mastered. Linguistic issues and the difficulties faced in accessing the Common Court of Justice and Arbitration based in Ivory Coast in Abidjan on OHADA-related matters are serious obstacles to its effective implementation. This situation has been worsened by the poor articulation of clichés that tend to radically oppose OHADA law compared to common law principles. This article tries to deconstruct the ideas received as it shows some of the similarities in the substantive law under the two systems and consequently advocates on this basis the idea that efforts be made to familiarize common law jurists with the content of OHADA law. The article recommends that linguistic issues be tackled by OHADA lawmakers right from the stage of legal drafting by using drafting techniques that will reduce the feeling that the common law is being neglected. For uniform acts yet to be translated, the translation process should associate experts in comparative law to enable the use of appropriate legal language in translation from French into English. Only such efforts will entice the common law African countries that are still hesitating to join OHADA law and, by so doing, will render investment in Africa more attractive.

L’avènement d’un nouveau droit uniforme de la vente commerciale dans l’espace OHADA s’inscrit dans le cadre de la reforme juridique initiée par les dirigeants africains à travers le Traité OHADA, signé à PORT-LOUIS (ILE MAURICE) le 17 octobre 1993. Depuis le 1er janvier 1998, date d’entrée en vigueur de l’Acte uniforme portant sur le droit commercial général, dont le livre V traite de la vente commerciale, les Etats africains disposent désormais d’un nouveau droit de la vente. Cette nouvelle réglementation venait à propos dans la mesure où, la plupart des Etats membres de l’OHADA n’étaient pas signataires de la Convention de Vienne du 11 avril 1980 sur la vente internationale de marchandises, et ne disposaient d’aucune législation spécifique consacrée à la vente commerciale. Le droit nouveau de la vente commerciale OHADA ayant bénéficié de l’emprunt fait au droit français et à la common law à travers la CVIM, la problématique de cette thèse est d’analyser l’ensemble des dispositions portant sur ce droit à la lumière des deux législations précitées, dans l’optique de mettre en exergue les insuffisances et les avancées d’un tel texte mis en œuvre pour sécuriser les transactions commerciales en Afrique.

Le traité international instituant l'Organisation pour l'Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA) est défini par sa fonction comme un instrument juridique au service de l'intégration et du développement. La question de la faisabilité de ces objectifs pour l'Afrique mérite toutefois d'être posée. Cette thèse consiste alors à démontrer que l'application de l'OHADA et son étude s'inscrivent dans un schéma complexe dégageant toute son ambivalence. Cela signifie d'une part que l'intégration juridique que l'OHADA opère doit être appréciée par rapport aux nombreux conflits de compétence que l'organisation génère tant au plan du droit international général et africain (CEMAC, OAPI, etc. ) qu'au plan des ordres juridiques nationaux dans lesquels son droit dérivé (Actes uniformes) doit s'inscrire. Cela signifie d'autre part que l'OHADA ne peut emporter automatiquement un développement économique. Cette affirmation doit être constatée dans un premier temps par le fait que le système de droit est un système autonome et que sa fonction ne peut emporter que des conséquences indirectes sur le système économique. Elle doit être constatée dans un second temps par la compréhension que l'état du système économique et politique africain ne peut que porter atteinte à la réception du droit et donc à son application par l'individu. Cette affirmation doit être complétée par une analyse de la société africaine et des mentalités économiques et juridiques qui ne peuvent que jouer sur sa pleine effectivité.

L’étude du droit de vote de l’associé en droit OHADA suite à la réforme de l’Acte Uniforme sur le droit des sociétés commerciales, révèle que le législateur continue de faire du droit de vote un droit essentiel de l’associé dont il doit jouir même lorsqu’il est exercé par une tierce personne. La garantie de l’exercice de ce droit est assurée d’une part par la limitation légale des hypothèses de suspension provisoire de ce droit, la facilitation de son exercice par la multiplication des organes convocateurs des associés en assemblée générale et l’institution du vote électronique et d’autre part, par l’érection en délit de l’entrave à la participation de l’associé. Cependant, dans les sociétés de capitaux, force est de reconnaitre que le droit de vote de l’associé tend à être désacralisé. Cette désacralisation se traduit par la possibilité désormais accordée à ces sociétés d’émettre des actions de préférence qui permettent la modulation du droit de vote. De fait, en fonction des objectifs que souhaite atteindre la société, cette dernière peut décider d’émettre des actions dont le droit de vote est soit supprimé, soit suspendu. On peut donc y voir une sorte d’« instrumentalisation » du droit de vote. Ainsi, le législateur OHADA ne fait plus du droit de vote un attribut essentiel de l’action. Cette désagrégation de l’action qui ôte au droit de vote son caractère intangible introduit inévitablement différentes catégories d’actionnaires. De même, elle remet en cause la légitimité du pouvoir fondée sur une légitimité capitalistique. Le principe d’égalité proportionnelle est également remis en cause dans la mesure où les actions de préférence peuvent ne conférer à leurs titulaires aucun droit de vote. Si le droit de vote n’est désormais qu’une simple modalité de l’action et que l’action peut exister sans lui, des opérations inédites qui emporteraient transfert du droit de vote indépendamment de l’action ne peuvent-elles être envisagées ? Une convention dont l’objet serait le transfert du droit de vote pourrait être conclue. De même, les parties pourraient décider de recourir à d’autres techniques qui permettent de se défaire du droit de vote comme le « voting trust » ou, dans une moindre mesure, de recourir au « proxy advisor »
Following the reform of the Uniform Act on Commercial Companies, the study of shareholder franchise in OHADA law exposes the fact that the legislator continues to make voting rights an essential right of the shareholder which he must enjoy even when this right is exercised by a third party. The exercise of this right is guaranteed on the one hand by legal limitation of hypotheses of provisional suspension of this right, facilitating its exercise by a multiplication of convening bodies to summon shareholders for board meetings and the institution of electronic voting. On the other hand, it is guaranteed by the incorporation in criminal law, the obstruction of participation of a shareholder. However, in limited companies, it is important to recognize that the right to vote of the shareholder tends to be desecrated. This desecration is reflected in the possibility now given to these companies to issue preference shares that allow the modulation of voting rights. In fact, depending on the objectives that the company wishes to achieve, the company may decide to issue shares whose voting rights are either abolished or suspended. We can notice here a sort of "instrumentalisation" of the right to vote. Thus, the OHADA legislator no longer makes the right to vote an essential attribute of shares. This breakdown of shares which takes away the intangible nature of voting rights inevitably introduces different categories of shareholders. Likewise, it puts into question the legitimacy of power based on capitalistic legitimacy. The principle of proportional equality is also put into question to the extent that preference shares may not confer on their holders any right to vote. If the right to vote is now a mere modality of shares and shares can exist without it, could new operations which entail the transfer of voting rights independent from shares not be considered? An agreement with the objective of transfer of voting rights could be concluded. In the same way, the parties may decide to use other techniques that allow voting rights to be waived, such as voting trust, or to a lesser extent, resort to a proxy advisor

Depuis une décennie, voire un peu plus, le réflexe s'est développé chez les juristes de se soucier du sort de la partie la plus faible dans les relations qui se nouent entre les parties du corps social. Cette sollicitude s'est singulièrement amplifiée avec le retentissant succès qu'a connu le discours sur les droits de l'homme et l'État de droit, à la faveur de l'indignation de la communauté internationale consécutivement aux violations massives des droits humains un peu partout dans le monde. Si l'opinion s'est souciée des droits du citoyen dans ses rapports avec les personnes publiques, et en premier lieu avec l'État, des droits du salarié vis-a-vis de l'employeur, de ceux de l'assuré vis-à-vis de l'assureur, du consommateur vis-à-vis du professionnel qui le fournit, et plus récemment du locataire vis-à-vis du bailleur, l'interêt du débiteur a l'encontre duquel ont été engagées des procédures forcées de recouvrement n'a que rarement retenu l'attention. Pourtant, et c'est le paradoxe, des auteurs aussi nombreux que prestigieux ont depuis toujours eu conscience que ce dernier mérite, comme toutes les parties faibles, sinon plus que celles-ci, que l'on se préoccupe de ses droits ou globalement de ses interêts. . .

Face aux bouleversements économiques qui s'opèrent dans le monde des affaires, les pays d'Afrique francophone ont pensé, à juste titre, élaborer une législation uniforme et moderne en vue de palier les insuffisances et surtout la vétusté des multiples législations nationales. La plupart des États africains ayant transposé le dispositif juridique colonial, l'impératif d'actualisation et d'adaptation aux réalités locales s'imposait inévitablement. Ainsi, à la suite des autres branches du droit des affaires, le droit des entreprises en difficultés ne pouvait-il échapper à une uniformisation car constituant l'aspect le plus sensible de la matière. La mise en place des procédures collectives destinées à redresser l'entreprise en difficulté remet en question les relations contractuelles que l'entreprise encore in bonis avait entretenues avec ses partenaires. La nécessité de sauver l'unité économique de production impose des restrictions qui peuvent porter considérablement atteintes aux principes contractuels. Conscient de cette réalité et voulant rassurer les partenaires sociaux, le droit uniforme africain s'érige en un défenseur du contrat qui, bien que subissant les exigences du redressement, conserve toute sa valeur. Notre étude met en exergue l'équilibre recherché par le droit uniforme africain à travers une conciliation plus ou moins réussie entre l'objectif du redressement et la préservation de la force contractuelle. Il en résulte le constat selon lequel la valeur juridique du contrat en tant que lien d'obligation est préservée malgré les atteintes qu'il subit pour les besoins de redressement de l'entreprise en difficulté.

Les créanciers sont la clé de voûte de l’activité de l’entreprise. En cela, ils demeurent le partenaire naturel et primordial de l’exercice de l’activité de l’entreprise. Cette situation est valable indifféremment pour les entreprises in bonis et pour celles qui sont tombées sous le coup d’une procédure collective. Aussi bien en droit français, dans le cadre du livre VI du Code de commerce, qu’en droit de l’OHADA, sous l’impulsion de l’AUPC, les créances postérieures sont celles qui permettent à l’entreprise en difficulté de tenter d’éviter le marasme financier qu’elle rencontre. En effet, les créanciers postérieurs sont ceux qui ont accepté de conclure un partenariat avec l’entreprise en difficulté aux fins de financer la poursuite ou le maintien de l’activité nécessaire à la recherche d’une solution durable. Pour parvenir à comprendre et à analyser le sort des créances postérieures dans les deux systèmes juridiques objet de l’étude, il a fallu répondre à deux questions principales dotées d’une technicité certaine à savoir, d’une part, ce qu’est une créance postérieure et d’autre part, la manière dont elle est traitée par le droit des entreprises en difficulté. La réponse à ces deux questionnements a permis de faire ressortir les ressemblances et les divergences entre le droit français et le droit de l’OHADA quant au sort des créances nées du partenariat postérieur au jugement d’ouverture de la procédure collective
Creditors are the keystone of the firm’s activity. Indeed, they are still being the natural and primordial partner of the firm’s activity. This situation is valid similarly for in bonis Firms and for those which fell out bankrupt. According to French law, in the 6th book of the commercial law, and Organization for Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA)’s system, at the instigation of the uniform act on bankruptcy (AUPC), posterior creditors are those who enable ailing firm to eliminate financial stagnation. In the same time, posterior creditors are those who accepted to finalize a partnership with the firm in trouble, instead of its difficulties, so as to finance activity’s pursuit or to support to gain a sustainable solution. To understand and to analyze the fate of posterior creditor in both studying legal systems, it has been necessary to answer two main questions endowed with a certain technical nature. Firstly, what is a posterior debt? And secondly, how are posterior creditors treated by bankruptcy law? Answering to those questions took out likenesses and divergences between French law and OHADA’s system as for the fate of posterior debt born in the later partnership establishes subsequently to the judgment of opening of bankruptcy

L’organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA) a adopté, depuis sa création en 1993, des lois d’uniformisation appelées « Actes uniformes ». Adopté, depuis sa création en 1993, des lois d’uniformisation appelées « Actes uniformes ». Ceux-ci régissent les rapports internes et internationaux dans les Etats membres, faisant ainsi l’économie des conflits de lois dans le domaine uniformisé. Cette incidence de l’intégration juridique sur le droit international privé est en réalité plus complexe qu’elle n’y paraît et doit être ramenée à sa juste valeur. Le droit unifié est d’abord incomplet dans la mesure où il ne règle pas toutes les questions dans le domaine qu’il s’assigne. Ainsi, certains conflits de lois demeurent et ne peuvent être réglés que par le recours aux règles nationales de conflit de lois ou par l’élaboration des règles communautaires de conflit de lois. L’ordre juridique OHADA intègre toutes ces deux solutions et c’est dans cette logique que s’inscrit l’adoption des règles toutes ces deux solutions et c’est dans cette logique que s’inscrit l’adoption des règles communes relatives au droit applicable au fond du litige soumis à l’arbitrage. Bien plus, le droit unifié s’applique aussi aux situations extracommunautaires par l’entremise des règles de conflit et emprunte les mécanismes du droit international privé pour assurer le respect de ses valeurs. Ainsi s’explique l’existence d’un ordre public international de l’OHADA et des lois de police communautaires
Since its creation in 1993, the Organization for the harmonization of business law in Africa (OHBLA) has adopted common rules named « uniform acts ». These rules are intended to govern internal and international cases in all the member states, thus leading to the elimination of conflict of laws in the harmonised field. Such an influence of the community law on the conflicts of laws is, in reality, complex and limited. The first limitation is due to the gaps of uniform law which does not provide the solution to all questions in the field of business law prone to harmonization. Some conflicts therefore remain and can be solved according to national and community rules of conflict of laws. The OHBLA legal order uses these two solutions and has adopted common rules on the law applicable to the merits of the dispute in arbitration matters. Furthermore, substantive uniform law also applies to some external relations including non contracting states, when it is designated by the conflict rules. Lastly, community law uses private international law techniques like public policy and the method of international mandatory norms, to insure the protection of its values

This chapter describes the relationship between the Organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA; the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa) and the Hague Principles. OHADA is an African supranational organization which was created on October 17, 1993. As per the Preamble and Article 1 of the OHADA Treaty, OHADA aims at creating simple, modern, and harmonized business law rules in Africa. To achieve this goal, OHADA has five institutions: (i) the Conference of Heads of State and Government; (ii) the Council of Ministers; (iii) the Common Court of Justice and Arbitration; (iv) the Regional Training Centre for Legal Officers; and (v) the Permanent Secretariat. Uniform Acts are the main instrument of OHADA. To understand the rules governing choice of law in commercial international contracts under OHADA law, it is important to examine the relation between the acts of OHADA (Uniform Acts and regulations) and the domestic law of the Member States. Meanwhile, there is no uniform codification of private international law under OHADA law. The chapter then explains that the Working Group on the Preliminary Draft Uniform Act on the Law of Obligations in the OHADA Region in 2015 did not use the Hague Principles, and why this omission should be reversed.