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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Operating costs estimation"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 5 жовтня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Operating costs estimation"

Kim, Mincheol, Taeho Choi, Minhwa Kim, Sungsoo Han, and Jayong Koo. "Optimal operation efficiency and control of water pumps in multiple water reservoir system: case study in Korea." Water Supply 15, no. 1 (August 19, 2014): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.079.

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Pumping regimes for water distribution systems have been established to reduce pump operation costs. Optimization of water reservoir networks has been studied extensively for operating pumps efficiently. According to research, optimization reduces pump operation costs by approximately 10–20%. However, comparing economic benefits per country would be too complex because the effects of optimization differ depending on the power cost estimation system of each country and the existing operations. This study presents an optimization algorithm to minimize the operating costs of an entire system via the application of dynamic programming. Case studies were conducted to apply the algorithm to real values in four scenarios. By setting cost minimization as an objective, an optimum water pump operation plan was derived that encompasses operating conditions, variations in water demand, and energy costs. Results showed that operating a standby pump in an existing system can increase the system's efficiency. In addition, even if hourly water consumption remains constant, each case requires its own operating method, because each case has different operational costs. By considering various conditions such as those mentioned in this study, future pump operation schedules can be optimized and stabilized to maintain economic water supply.

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Ziajka-Poznańska, Ewelina, and Jakub Montewka. "Costs and Benefits of Autonomous Shipping—A Literature Review." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 17, 2021): 4553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104553.

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The development of autonomous ship technology is currently in focus worldwide and the literature on this topic is growing. However, an in-depth cost and benefit estimation of such endeavours is in its infancy. With this systematic literature review, we present the state-of-the-art system regarding costs and benefits of the operation of prospective autonomous merchant ships with an objective for identifying contemporary research activities concerning an estimation of operating, voyage, and capital costs in prospective, autonomous shipping and vessel platooning. Additionally, the paper outlines research gaps and the need for more detailed business models for operating autonomous ships. Results reveal that valid financial models of autonomous shipping are lacking and there is significant uncertainty affecting the cost estimates, rendering only a reliable evaluation of specific case studies. The findings of this paper may be found relevant not only by academia, but also organisations considering to undertake a challenge of implementing Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships in their operations.

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Sayadi, Ahmad Reza, Ali Lashgari, Mohammad Majid Fouladgar, and Miroslaw J. Skibniewski. "ESTIMATING CAPITAL AND OPERATIONAL COSTS OF BACKHOE SHOVELS." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 18, no. 3 (June 29, 2012): 378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2012.692705.

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Material loading is one of the most critical operations in earthmoving projects. A number of different equipment is available for loading operations. Project managers should consider different technical and economic issues at the feasibility study stage and try to select the optimum type and size of equipment fleet, regarding the production needs and project specifications. The backhoe shovel is very popular for digging, loading and flattening tasks. Adequate cost estimation is one of the most critical tasks in feasibility studies of equipment fleet selection. This paper presents two different cost models for the preliminary and detailed feasibility study stages. These models estimate the capital and operating cost of backhoe shovels using uni-variable exponential regression (UVER) as well as multi-variable linear regression (MVLR), based on principal component analysis. The UVER cost model is suitable for quick cost estimation at the early stages of project evaluation, while the MVLR cost function, which is more detailed, can be useful for the feasibility study stage. Independent variables of MVLR include bucket size, digging depth, dump height, weight and power. Model evaluations show that these functions could be a credible tool for cost estimations in prefeasibility and feasibility studies of mining and construction projects.

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Childers, Christopher P., and Melinda Maggard-Gibbons. "Estimation of the Acquisition and Operating Costs for Robotic Surgery." JAMA 320, no. 8 (August 28, 2018): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.9219.

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Sun, Jing, Yonggang Peng, Di Lu, Xiaofeng Chen, Weifeng Xu, Liguo Weng, and Jun Wu. "Optimized Configuration and Operating Plan for Hydrogen Refueling Station with On-Site Electrolytic Production." Energies 15, no. 7 (March 23, 2022): 2348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072348.

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Hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) are critical for the popularity of hydrogen vehicles (fuel cell electric vehicles—FCEVs). However, due to high installation investment and operating costs, the proliferation of HRSs is difficult. This paper studies HRSs with on-site electrolytic production and hydrogen storage devices and proposes an optimization method to minimize the total costs including both installation investment and operating costs (OPT-ISL method). Moreover, to acquire the optimization constraints of hydrogen demand, this paper creatively develops a refueling behavior simulation method for different kinds of FCEVs and proposes a hydrogen-demand estimation model to forecast the demand with hourly intervals for HRS. The Jensen–Shannon divergence is applied to verify the accuracy of the hydrogen-demand estimation. The result: 0.029 is much smaller than that of the estimation method in reference. Based on the estimation results and peak-valley prices of electricity from the grid, a daily hydrogen generation plan is obtained, as well as the optimal capacities of electrolyzers and storage devices. As for the whole costs, compared with previous configuration methods that only consider investment costs or operating costs, the proposed OPT-ISL method has the least, 8.1 and 10.5% less, respectively. Moreover, the proposed OPT-ISL method shortens the break-even time for HRS from 11.1 years to 7.8 years, a decrease of 29.7%, so that the HRS could recover its costs in less time.

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Widyaningsih, U., Sutoyo, A. A. N. P. Yuda, A. Mirianto, Z. Zuhri, and N. V. Harini. "The Design of Ship Operation Cost Estimation Simulator Uses a Case Study of The Bung Tomo Trainer Ship." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1081, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1081/1/012008.

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Abstract Calculation of ship operating costs is the main element in determining tariffs, since determining the high and low rates is very important in the shipping business. In other words, determining the right ship operating costs is the key to the success of the shipping business. Vessel operating costs are determined by direct and indirect operational costs. Direct operational costs include capital costs, insurance costs, insurance premiums, crew costs, fuel costs, lubricant costs, grease costs, fresh water costs, port costs and Repair, Maintenance, Supply (RMS) costs. The indirect operational costs include branch office costs and admin costs. Calculation of ship operating costs can actually be done manually, but it will take a lot of time. So, we need a way to calculate the operational costs of ships that are easy and efficient. In this study we developed an application to calculate ship operating costs. Then we call this application a simulator. From the simulations carried out, the results obtained that the results of calculations using the simulator are the same as the results of manual calculations, namely the total cost in rupiah. The advantage of this simulator is that it saves calculation time, so that the results obtained are easier and more efficient. In addition, the appearance of the simulator is very good in accordance with the demands of the digitalization of sea transportation and this simulator can be used by all groups because it is easy to operate.

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Holm, Stefan, Fritz Frutig, Renato Lemm, Oliver Thees, and Janine Schweier. "HeProMo: A decision support tool to estimate wood harvesting productivities." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): e0244289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244289.

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In the field of forestry, one of the most economically important ecosystem service is the provision of timber. The need to calculate the economic effects of forest management in the short, medium, and long term is increasing. Forest operations or timber harvesting, which comprises felling, processing, and transport of trees or timber, are responsible for a large part of the costs and environmental impacts associated to forest management or enterprises. From a decision maker’s perspective, it is essential to estimate working productivity and production costs under given operating conditions before any operation is conducted. This work addresses the lack of a valid collection of models that allows estimating time, productivities, and costs of labor and machinery for the most important forest operations in forest stands under Central European conditions. To create such models, we used data from forest enterprises, manual time studies, and the literature. This work presents a decision support tool that estimates the wood harvesting productivities of 12 different kinds of forest operations under Central European conditions. It includes forest operations using chainsaws, harvesters, skidders, forwarders, chippers, cable and tower yarders, and helicopters. In addition, the tool covers three models for wood volume estimation. The tool is written in Java and available open-source under the Apache License. This work shows how the tool can be used by describing its graphical user interface (GUI) and its application programming interface (API) that facilitates bulk processing of scientific data. Carefully selected default values allow estimations without knowing all input variables in detail. Each model is accompanied by an in-depth documentation where the forest operation, input variables, formulas, and statistical background are given. We conclude that HeProMo is a very useful tool for applications in forest practice, research, and teaching.

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Minnullina, Anna, and Alla Larkina. "Estimating cost of using a rotation system when operating in rigorous climate regions." MATEC Web of Conferences 265 (2019): 07013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926507013.

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Basic cost estimation techniques concerning the use of a rotation system in operation consider particular characteristics of rigorous climate regions. By means of the offered recommendations the following indicators are defined: an average number of workers for operation; an amount of salary supplements; standard working hours for personnel on rotating assignments; equipment relocation costs, rotation camp maintenance and rotation worker transportation costs. In the situation when a building contractor has to prove camp accomplishment costs in details most road builders face the difficulties in cost sheet formation. The offered technique of cost estimation is approved at the road section being influenced by Arctic Extremes and confirmed its operational flexibility.

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Beaton, Aaron J., Kevin C. Dhuyvetter, Terry L. Kastens, and Jeffery R. Williams. "Per Unit Costs to Own and Operate Farm Machinery." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 37, no. 1 (April 2005): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s107407080000715x.

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With increasingly thin margins and new technologies, it is important that farm managers know their cost of field operations on a per unit basis (e.g., acre, ton, bale). Accurate per unit costs give confidence when constructing enterprise budgets and evaluating new technologies, such as no-till. Custom rates are often used as a proxy for per unit costs; however, this research, using entropy and jackknife estimation procedures, found that custom rates understate total ownership and operating costs by approximately 25% for an average Kansas farm. Estimates from these models are then used to benchmark actual costs against expected cost.

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Guerrieri, Mirko, Marco Fedrizzi, Francesca Antonucci, Federico Pallottino, Giulio Sperandio, Mauro Pagano, Simone Figorilli, Paolo Menesatti, and Corrado Costa. "An innovative multivariate tool for fuel consumption and costs estimation of agricultural operations." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 14, no. 4 (December 2, 2016): e0209. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2016144-9490.

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The estimation of operating costs of agricultural and forestry machineries is a key factor in both planning agricultural policies and farm management. Few works have tried to estimate operating costs and the produced models are normally based on deterministic approaches. Conversely, in the statistical model randomness is present and variable states are not described by unique values, but rather by probability distributions. In this study, for the first time, a multivariate statistical model based on Partial Least Squares (PLS) was adopted to predict the fuel consumption and costs of six agricultural operations such as: ploughing, harrowing, fertilization, sowing, weed control and shredding. The prediction was conducted on two steps: first of all few initial selected parameters (time per surface-area unit, maximum engine power, purchase price of the tractor and purchase price of the operating machinery) were used to estimate the fuel consumption; then the predicted fuel consumption together with the initial parameters were used to estimate the operational costs. Since the obtained models were based on an input dataset very heterogeneous, these resulted to be extremely efficient and so generalizable and robust. In details the results show prediction values in the test with r always ≥ 0.91. Thus, the approach may results extremely useful for both farmers (in terms of economic advantages) and at institutional level (representing an innovative and efficient tool for planning future Rural Development Programmes and the Common Agricultural Policy). In light of these advantages the proposed approach may as well be implemented on a web platform and made available to all the stakeholders.

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Дисертації з теми "Operating costs estimation"

Aubé, Antoine. "Comprendre la migration infonuagique : exigences et estimation des coûts d'exploitation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse, ISAE, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ESAE0021.

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Le choix d'un hébergement d'un système d'information est lourd d'enjeux pour une organisation. En effet, de cette décision dépendent notamment ses dépenses pour l'exploitation de ce système, la main-d'œuvre allouée à cette exploitation, et la qualité de service rendu par le système d'information.Si, classiquement, cet hébergement était réalisé par les organisations dans leurs locaux, l'émergence d'hébergeurs tiers a initié un changement des pratiques, une migration des systèmes d'information vers l'infrastructure d'une autre organisation. L'informatique en nuage est un tel modèle de délégation de l'infrastructure à un tiers. Ce dernier fournit un nuage informatique, c'est-à-dire un ensemble de services configurables pour mettre à disposition des ressources informatiques.Dans ce contexte de migration vers un nuage informatique (ou migration infonuagique), de nouvelles problématiques apparaissent pour constituer l'hébergement du système d'information, nommé ici environnement infonuagique. Notamment, les problématiques liées à la récurrence et la variété des coûts opérationnels sont bien connues dans l'industrie.Dans ces travaux, nous cherchons à identifier les critères de sélection d'un environnement infonuagique lors d'une migration, et comment il nous est possible d'évaluer la satisfaction des exigences liées à ces critères. À ces fins, nous avons d'abord mené une enquête qualitative auprès d'industriels afin d'identifier les exigences récurrentes des environnements infonuagiques dans l'industrie. Puis, nous nous sommes concentrés sur l'estimation des coûts opérationnels de ces environnements, qui sont très fréquemment évoqués comme un critère à minimiser et qui sont souvent mal compris, étant donné la variété des modèles de tarification de l'informatique en nuage. Ainsi, nous avons développé un modèle conceptuel permettant l'estimation de ces coûts, puis un outil qui implémente ce modèle conceptuel afin d'automatiser cette estimation
Selecting a host for an information system is a major decision for any organization. Indeed, such a decision has consequences on many aspects, such as the operating costs, the manpower allocation to operations, and the quality of service provided by the information system.While the hosting was traditionally carried out by the organizations themselves, in their premises, the emergence of third-party hosting providers initiated a change in practices: a migration of information systems to the infrastructure of another organization.Cloud Computing is such a model for delegating infrastructure to a third party. The latter provides a cloud, which is a set of configurable services to deliver computing resources.In this context of cloud migration, new issues emerge to select information systems hosts, named emph{cloud environments}. In particular, problems related to the recurrence and variety of operational costs are well-known in the industry.In this research work, we aim to identify the criteria for selecting a cloud environment during a migration, and how we can evaluate the compliance of the cloud environment with the requirements linked to these criteria. To this end, we first carried out a qualitative study with industrial experts to identify the most recurring requirements of cloud environments in the industry. Then, we focused on estimating the operational costs of these environments, which are frequently mentioned as a criterion to be minimized, and which are often misunderstood, given the variety of pricing schemes of Cloud Computing. We therefore developed a conceptual model for estimating these costs, and then a tool that implements this conceptual model to automate the estimation

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Lai, Mei Teng. "Airline operating cost estimation." Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1950305.

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Allison, William J. "A cost model for estimating operating and support costs for U.S. Navy (nuclear) submarines." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2000. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA379412.

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Donmez, Mustafa. "A parametric cost model for estimating operating and support costs of U.S. Navy Aircraft." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2000. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA389448.

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Brandt, James M. "A parametric cost model for estimating operating and support costs of US Navy (Non-Nuclear) surface ships /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1999. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA363539.

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Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research) Naval Postgraduate School, June 1999.
"June 1999". Thesis advisor(s): Timothy P. Anderson, Samuel E. Buttrey. Includes bibliographical references (p. 171). Also avaliable online.

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Ting, Chung-wu. "Estimating operating and support cost models for U.S. Naval ships." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1993. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA277755.

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Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1993.
Thesis advisor(s): Katsuaki Terasawa ;Gregory G. Hildebrandt ; Dan C. Boger. ."December 1993." Bibliography: p. 73. Also available online.

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Scott, John MacDougall III. "A System Dynamics Model of the Operations, Maintenance and Disposal Costs of New Technologies for Ship Systems." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46266.

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Estimating the cost of new technology insertion into an existing (or new) operating environment is of great concern and interest for those entities that own and operate that technology. New technology has many cost requirements associated with it, for instance; design, manufacturing, operation, maintenance and disposal all add to the life-cycle cost of a technology. Estimation and planning methods are needed to better match the costs associated with technology life-cycle requirements (design, manufacturing, etc.) in order to optimize the spending of funds. By optimizing (or closely matching) predicted technology life-cycle costs to a budget the new technology system will have a high probability of operating more efficiently and will minimize costs. System Dynamics has been used to understand and simulate how complex systems of people and technologies operate over time. Decisions (such as how much funding is allocated when in a technology life-cycle) that occur temporally or in a complex environment (i.e., many causes and effects) can be simulated to evaluate the impact the decision may have. Currently, the majority of decision theories and tools are focused on one moment in time (event-focused) rather than including the dynamic nature that decisions can have over time. Evaluating decisions at one instant versus taking into account the life-cycle impact a decision can have, is especially important to the US Government, where investment decisions can involve billions of dollars today, but potentially hundreds of billions later for technology life-cycle requirements. The Navy has experienced large cost overruns in the implementation of new technologies especially in the operations, support and disposal life-cycle phases. There is a lack of detailed knowledge of the dynamic nature of the technology operations, support and disposal (OS&D) processes undertaken by aircraft-carrier builders and planners. This research effort is to better understand and simulate the dynamics prevalent in the new technology implementation process and use a dynamic modeling technique, namely, System Dynamics in our study. A System Dynamics model based on the information and data obtained from experts including; General Dynamics - Newport News Shipbuilding, the Naval Sea Command Cost Estimating Group, and Virginia Polytechnic and State University - System Performance Laboratory. The model was constructed to simulate and predict the cost of operating, maintaining and disposing of a new technology. The investigation of the dynamics yields four dominant behaviors that characterize the technology OS&D process. These four dynamic behaviors are; exponential growth, goal seeking, overshoot & collapse and S-shaped growth with overshoot. Furthermore, seven dynamic hypotheses in the system are investigated. The model predicts an increase in the risk and degradation of new technologies leads to an increase in the total costs in the technology OS&D process. Three interesting insights that lead to increased total OS&D costs were; an inequality between the requirements for OS&D and provided budget, any delay in additional funding being provided and that as the new technology system grew older, it became less costly to maintain.
Master of Science

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Straight, Kevin Andrew. "An Analogy Based Method for Freight Forwarding Cost Estimation." Thesis, University of California, Riverside, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1562168.

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The author explored estimation by analogy (EBA) as a means of estimating the cost of international freight consignment. A version of the k-Nearest Neighbors algorithm (k-NN) was tested by predicting job costs from a database of over 5000 actual jobs booked by an Irish freight forwarding firm over a seven year period. The effect of a computer intensive training process on overall accuracy of the method was found to be insignificant when the method was implemented with four or fewer neighbors. Overall, the accuracy of the analogy based method, while still significantly less accurate than manually working up estimates, might be worthwhile to implement in practice, depending labor costs in an adopting firm. A simulation model was used to compare manual versus analytical estimation methods. The point of indifference occurs when it takes a firm more than 1.5 worker hours to prepare a manual estimate (at current Irish labor costs). Suggestions are given for future experiments to improve the sampling policy of the method to improve accuracy and to improve overall scalability.

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Redman, Terry Lee. "A cost simulation tool for estimating the cost of operating government owned and operated ships." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1994. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA285512.

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Licher, Monica Katherine. "Estimating Post-Construction Costs of a Changing Urban Stormwater Program." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/73679.

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Degradation of the nation's waters continues to be a problem and urban runoff is a large contributor to it. New stormwater management policies stress the importance of using stormwater control practices that reduce the quantity and improve the quality of stormwater runoff. The new approaches tend to emphasize small-scale, on-site practices over large scale. Yet to achieve water quality benefits, stormwater control practices must be maintained over time. Maintenance costs of these facilities, however, are poorly understood. A case study of five municipalities around the United States is used to estimate inspection and enforcement costs for each case site. Maintenance activities and costs were collected at the case sites for the following stormwater controls: dry ponds, wet ponds, wetlands, bioretention facilities, sand filters, and infiltration trenches. Cost estimates indicate that inspection and enforcement is not influenced by type. Maintenance cost estimates change depending on the BMP type. Estimated annual post-construction costs applied to a hypothetical 1,000-acre indicate that moving from large-scale to small-scale stormwater controls has a large impact in terms of financial obligation.
Ph. D.

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Книги з теми "Operating costs estimation"

Marwick, KPMG Peat, Technology Sharing Program (U.S.), and United States. Federal Transit Administration., eds. Estimation of operating and maintenance costs for transit systems: Final report. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, 1993.

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Kuestermeyer, Alva A. Capital and operating cost estimation for milling of uranium ores in United States. Golden, Colo: Colorado School of Mines Press, 1985.

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Archondo-Callao, Rodrigo. Estimating vehicle operating costs. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1994.

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Chatti, Karim. Estimating the effects of pavement condition on vehicle operating costs. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board, 2012.

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Allison, William J. A cost model for estimating operating and support costs for U.S. Navy (nuclear) submarines. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 2000.

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D, Clarke R. W., Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology., and Redpath Industries, eds. Estimating preproduction and operating costs of small underground deposits. North Bay, Ont: J.S. Redpath Limited, 1986.

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Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology. and J. S. Redpath Limited, eds. Estimating preproduction and operating costs of small underground deposits. Ottawa, Ont: Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, 1987.

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Kuprianczyk, George. Practical cost estimating for machining operations for machine shops. Chicago: Practical Publications, 1997.

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Kesavan, R. Process planning and cost estimation. 2nd ed. New Delhi: New Age International Ltd., 2009.

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Hildebrandt, Gregory G. An estimation of USAF aircraft operating and support cost relations. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1990.

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Частини книг з теми "Operating costs estimation"

Condemine, Cyril, Loic Grau, Yves Masson, and Sebastien Aubry. "Live Digital Twin for Hydraulic Structures Fatigue Estimation." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 494–505. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6138-0_43.

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AbstractMaintaining hydraulic structures such as dams, penstocks, or water lock gates in operating conditions and optimizing their maintenance costs are key issues for energy production or river navigation. The ultimate objective is to know the real state of fatigue and damage of the structure and identify any related anomalies. In this paper, we introduce a digital twin, for fatigue evaluation merging measured data obtained with an embedded sensor network and a 3D numerical model that converts in real time measured data into fatigue. After 3 years of R&D collaboration between CNR and Morphosense in the maintenance of navigation lock gates or dam gates, this presentation exposes how the proposed Live Digital Twin solution contributes to fatigue evaluation and more generally to global structural monitoring in dealing with fundamental issues of hydraulic structures: risk assessment, maintenance in operating conditions and maintenance costs optimization. After a context and state of the art introduction, the second part will detail the system overview. In the third part, the monitoring system will be addressed.

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Voutchkov, Nikolay. "Operation and Maintenance Costs." In Desalination Project Cost Estimating and Management, 111–40. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, 2018.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351242738-5.

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Gustafson, Cole R., Peter J. Barry, and Mir B. Ali. "Estimating Costs of Durable and Operating Capital Services." In Costs and Returns for Agricultural Commodities, 273–87. New York: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429036385-31.

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Orlowski, Sebastian, Axel Werner, and Roland Wessäly. "Estimating trenching costs in FTTx network planning." In Operations Research Proceedings, 89–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29210-1_15.

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Harmon, Bruce R., Lisa M. Ward, and Paul R. Palmer. "Schedule Estimating Relationships for Tactical Aircraft." In Cost Analysis Applications of Economics and Operations Research, 259–80. New York, NY: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6384-2_15.

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Hamlin, C. "Defining a Vessel’s Size and Estimating its Cost." In Operations Research and Management in Fishing, 327–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3280-0_21.

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Rossi, Pierluigi, Gianmarco Rigon, Riccardo Alemanno, Leonardo Bianchini, Massimo Cecchini, and Danilo Monarca. "Big Data for Farm Machines: An Algorithm for Estimating Tractors’ Operating Costs." In AIIA 2022: Biosystems Engineering Towards the Green Deal, 881–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30329-6_90.

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Bürgy, Reinhard. "Networks of Critical Infrastructures: Cost Estimation and Defense of Attacks." In International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, 17–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41826-7_2.

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Lin, Po-Chen, and Reha Uzsoy. "Estimating the Costs of Planned Changes Implied by Freezing Production Plans." In International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, 17–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26024-2_2.

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Gao, Ni-ni, Zi-xian Liu, and Ya-fang Li. "Estimating the Hidden Costs of Operating Room with Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing." In The 19th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, 87–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38433-2_10.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Operating costs estimation"

Munene, Isaac. "Estimating On-condition Direct Maintenance Cost (DMC)." In Vertical Flight Society 74th Annual Forum & Technology Display, 1–7. The Vertical Flight Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0074-2018-12849.

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Aftermarket support has become a key component of cost and competitiveness in the rotorcraft industry. Both the operator and the rotorcraft manufacturer play a role in aftermarket support. Many rotorcraft original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are offering fixed price maintenance service programs in their after-market support programs. Since product support may last well over two decades, the desire for low direct operating cost (DOC) and lower life cycle cost (LCC) has become a more visible consideration in the rotorcraft design phase. Direct maintenance cost (DMC), forms a significant part of the DOC and LCC. A subset of DMC, On-condition maintenance cost is a category with unspecified maintenance intervals and presents one of the more challenging estimating efforts, particularly on a new rotorcraft program with no history. The approach used for estimating maintenance costs can strongly influence decision making within the OEM while also educating the customer on better maintenance philosophy and planning. Incorrectly minimizing or excluding the effect of on-condition cost (within the DMC estimate) could have a profound impact on operator and service organizations of the OEM. This paper presents a high-level discussion on the potential refinements that can be made to the Helicopter Association International’s Economic Committee’s Guide for the Presentation of Helicopter Operating Cost Estimates 2010. Estimating the on-condition direct maintenance cost for airframe manufacturers is the focus of the discussion.

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Zarembski, Allan M., and Pradeep Patel. "Estimating Maintenance Costs for Mixed Higher Speed Passenger and Freight Rail Corridors." In 2010 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2010-36036.

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In order to reduce the cost of new intercity passenger rail corridors, the operation of higher speed passenger networks on existing freight corridors is being examined and considered. The issues to be addressed in such operations include the one-time upgrade of the track to allow for this higher speed passenger traffic and the ongoing maintenance costs necessary to maintain this track for the mixed higher speed passenger and freight operations. This latter issue is usually addressed in the access agreements for the corridor, and must include how these costs are to be shared. A recent US Federal Railroad Administration study specifically addressed the issue of “steady state” maintenance costs for mixed use corridors consisting on this class of higher speed passenger operations and concurrent freight operations, to include heavy axle load freight operations. The result of that study was a “planner’s handbook” for estimating these track maintenance costs, as part of the overall analysis of the feasibility and cost of operating higher speed passenger traffic on existing freight corridors. This paper presents the methodology used in the development of the methodology for estimating maintenance costs for mixed higher speed passenger and freight rail corridors (Classes 4, 5 and 6). Specifically, it addresses the estimation of these “steady state” infrastructure maintenance costs for a range of operating scenarios with different combination of passenger and freight traffic densities and operating speeds. These infrastructure costs include track, bridge and building (B&B), and communications and signal (C&S) costs. The resulting costs are presented as a set of cost matrices both in terms of a total cost per track mile and in terms of cost per passenger train mile. The cost matrices cover a range of combinations of traffic and track configuration, with minimum and maximum costs developed for each cell in the cost matrices. The minimum costs are based on maintenance standards geared to typical Class I freight railroad practice, such as where passenger trains currently operate on a freight railroad right of way, while the maximum costs reflect maintenance practices on existing high speed railroad track. This paper provides a description of the analytic models used to generate the costs, and the process by which those models were calibrated to actual cost data to develop costs for a wide range of traffic and track combinations. Sample application of the methodology to include several proposed mixed use corridors is also presented.

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Farber, Jacob A., and Daniel G. Cole. "Using Multiple-Model Adaptive Estimation and System Identification for Fault Detection in Nuclear Power Plants." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87616.

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One challenge in nuclear power plant operation is the detection and identification of system faults and plant transients. Timely and accurate identification will reduce operational costs and increase plant safety. This paper describes a combined model-based and data-driven approach to identifying faults in nuclear power plants. Faults are detected for a GSES Generic Pressurized Water Reactor simulator using the multiple-model adaptive estimation (MMAE) technique. In this technique, multiple input-output system models are used that represent different operating conditions. The models predict sensor measurements for both normal and faulted operating conditions simultaneously. The predicted measurements are then compared to the sensor measurements to determine the most likely operating condition. The system models are obtained using system identification techniques for a specific set of faulted conditions. This technique uses sensor measurements from the simulation to identify appropriate parameters for the system models. The MMAE technique is then used to detect similar faults using the identified model. This combination of model-based and data-driven techniques can ultimately be used to create robust fault models that take advantage of both the models created during the design and validation process and real plant data.

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Baldo, L. "Condition-based-maintenance for fleet management." In Aerospace Science and Engineering. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902677-9.

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Abstract. New “enlightened” and holistic maintenance strategies are shaping the industrial world from the inside, providing intelligent and focused solutions where high availability, reliability and safety are required. Maintenance planning and scheduling is an extremely daunting and multi-faceted task which involves competences from fairly different fields: customer support, quality, engineering, production, RAMS, cost estimation etc. In the aerospace sector, a significant percentage of Life Cycle Costs (LCCs) and, in particular, operating costs, are determined by Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) activities and the relative asset unavailability due to down-time or turn-around-time [1,2]. This is the reason why currently there is an ongoing intense effort in the research community and in the industry towards new maintenance strategies which could overcome the limitations of preventive maintenance thus streamlining operations, without jeopardizing mission safety. This research project is hence spot on and focuses on the development of optimized maintenance strategies, built around the system health status.

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Cao, Yunpeng, Lie Chen, Jianwei Du, Fang Yu, Qingcai Yang, and Minghao Wu. "The Degradation Simulation of Compressor Salt Fog Fouling for Marine Gas Turbine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-64464.

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When a gas turbine operates in a marine environment, gradual performance degradation occurs due to salt fog in the compressor and turbine. Regular water washing of a gas turbine can effectively restore the performance loss caused by compressor salt fog fouling on the flow passage. However, inappropriate washing will increase maintenance costs, cause unnecessary down time and premature erosion of leaf surfaces. In this paper, a coefficient matching method for a three shaft marine gas turbine salt fog fouling degradation factor model is proposed, which can establish a model of salt fog fouling degradation factor according to a change in operating time and exhaust temperature in the washing cycle. The influences of load, environment temperature, inlet pressure loss and salt fog fouling rate on the performance degradation of the gas turbine are simulated and analyzed; then, the degradation regularity of the performance parameters of the gas turbine under different operating conditions and fouling degrees is obtained. Finally, a method of operating cost estimation for marine gas turbines is proposed that can estimate the cost of transient change and cumulative change in the cleaning cycle caused by the salt fog fouling, which can help the operator to determine the cleaning strategy and reduce the operation cost of the gas turbine.

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Zhou, Dengji, Meishan Chen, Huisheng Zhang, and Shilie Weng. "A Damage Evaluation Model of Turbine Blade for Gas Turbine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-56817.

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Current maintenance, having a great impact on the safety, reliability and economics of gas turbine, becomes the major obstacle of the application of gas turbine in energy field. An effective solution is to process Condition based Maintenance (CBM) thoroughly for gas turbine. Maintenance of high temperature blade, accounting for most of the maintenance cost and time, is the crucial section of gas turbine maintenance. The suggested life of high temperature blade by Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) is based on several certain operating conditions, which is used for Time based Maintenance (TBM). Thus, for the requirement of gas turbine CBM, a damage evaluation model is demanded to estimate the life consumption in real time. A physics-based model is built, consisting of thermodynamic performance simulation model, mechanical stress estimation model, thermal estimation model, creep damage analysis model and fatigue damage analysis model. Unmeasured parameters are simulated by the thermodynamic performance simulation model, as the input of the mechanical stress estimation model and the thermal estimation model. Then the stress and temperature distribution of blades will be got as the input of the creep damage analysis model and the fatigue damage analysis model. The real-time damage of blades will be evaluated based on the creep and fatigue analysis results. To validate this physics-based model, it is used to calculate the lifes of high temperature blade under several certain operating conditions. And the results are compared to the suggestion value of OEM. An application case is designed to evaluate the application effect of this model. The result shows that the relative error of this model is less than 10.4% in selected cases. And it can cut overhaul costs and increase the availability of gas turbine significantly. Therefore, the physical-based damage evaluation model proposed in this paper, is found to be a useful tool to tracing the real-time life consumption of high temperature blade, to support the implementation of CBM for gas turbine, and to guarantee the reliability of gas turbine with lowest maintenance costs.

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Sun, Suichu, and Akber Pasha. "HRSGs for Combined Cycle Plants: Design Considerations and Life Consumption Estimation Using Dynamic Software." In ASME 2011 Power Conference collocated with JSME ICOPE 2011. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2011-55330.

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Today’s Heat Recovery Steam Generators are exposed to more severe operation than just running at a base load. The deregulation of the electric generation industry has resulted in an increase of merchant plants that are required to supply electrical power to the grid as needed and when needed. The plants will be coming on line with minimal notice. This puts a strain on the HRSG and unless properly designed and operated to withstand the quick start-ups and shut downs, the integrity will be compromised. Fast starts result in achieving full load revenues much sooner including the cost of high start-up emission reduction. Basic definition of a fast start is to have about 66% of the plant power available in 30–50 minutes and full plant power available in 60–75 minutes with a hot or warm steam turbine. This paper describes various mechanisms which affect the integrity of the boilers. These include the damage mechanisms, their effect on various parts and how to control them. The causes and the end results of these damage mechanisms are not the same for all components of the boiler. This analysis results in deciding which components need further review of the critical components. Detailed analysis of the critical components under the specified operating conditions can lead the nature and origin of the forces causing adverse impact on the life of the component. Once the failure mechanism is determined, means to eliminate or reduce the impact can be developed. This paper also describes the Life Consumption Estimation software which uses the data directly retrieved from the plant data acquisition system, thus eliminating the tedious task of manual data transmission. Based on the correlations developed by Vogt Power International Inc. (VPI) with the detailed dynamic simulation, Finite Element Analysis and various codes the component consumption is estimated and displayed with the calculated replacement and start-up costs on a continual basis. This gives the plant owners and operators an on line tool to gauge the economic benefits of the aggressive operations in real time.

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Mohamed, W., V. Sethi, P. Pilidis, A. O. Abu, A. Nasir, and O. Lotfi. "Evaluation of Electricity Cost in a Growing Market." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-95466.

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Operating gas turbines at higher firing temperatures has been shown to be more thermally efficient with more power obtained from relatively less fuel. There is, however, an associated slight increase in operating and maintenance costs at higher power settings. This paper studies the relationship between gas turbine power setting, the hot gas-path components’ life consumption, operating and maintenance cost and how these parameters can affect the cost of electricity. A 165 MW gas turbine power plant is modelled and investigated with a comparative turbine blade lifing model that performs stress and thermal analysis, and creep life estimation using the parametric Larson Miller method. The outcomes of this analysis are then linked to an economic model to calculate the cost of generating electricity. The results shows that the optimum cost of electricity does not coincide with the lowest TET or power setting as would be expected when taking into account the creep life of the blade. This is because although lower TET results in improved component life, it will also result in lower thermal efficiency which is found to have a more significant impact on the overall electricity cost. In other words, the cost of electricity will increase at low TETs due to reduced thermal efficiency. On the other hand the cost of electricity will also increase at high TETs due to reduced turbine blade life that leads to increase in maintenance cost.

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Piana, Umberto, Gregory J. Kowalski, and Mansour Zenouzi. "Incorporating Reliability and Failure Models Into Energy System Analysis." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6311.

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Estimation of the mean lifetime and reliability of sophisticated systems such as cogeneration power plant (CHP) is a challenging problem in energy-engineering applications. A simulation model that predicts failure and repair times is described and used to calculate operating time availability and costs to operate the system. The new concept of estimated repair time with a Weibull probability density function is the key to the study of the down time. This probability distribution was defined for each component to estimate the time necessary to repair and the associated costs in economic and sustainability terms. The described simulation model provides a tool that demonstrates the competitive advantage or disadvantage of the CHP system for an application and enables more informed decisions as to their designs.

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Wensky, Tobias, Lutz Winkler, and Jens Friedrichs. "Environmental Influences on Engine Performance Degradation." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22748.

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Environmental influences have an increasing effect on the performance degradation and durability of modern aircraft engines. The study provides information on environmental effects using in-flight engine data and results of engine overhauls performed at MTU Maintenance. According to these investigations global regions are classified into erosive and anthropogenic polluted areas. Both types of regional effects significantly degrade performance and engine durability. The investigation, which is based upon the in-flight data taken from Engine Trend Monitoring (ETM), provides one approach for the estimatation of environmental effects on aircraft engine performance degradation. The results of the monitored engines provide detailed information on the environmental effects atlocal airports. The Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT) that has been measured under flight conditions is compared with a calculated EGT of a calibrated fully thermodynamic gas path engine model (MOPS). Therefore, the EGT also serves as an indicator for performance degradation, increase of specific fuel consumption and the need for on-wing maintenance actions. Further information provided by the engine shop visit data at MTU Maintenance allows for an estimation of environmental influences on durability and overhaul costs. The on-wing time of maintained shop visit data is compared with a model for on-wing time calculation, whereas variations in durability were observed and analyzed under the aspects of environmental influences. Depending on the variations, corrections were made by defining the factors contributing to the classifications of environmental effects. These corrective factors provide information on reduced durability and increased operating costs. The result of the ETM performance degradation analysis shows significant variations in engine performance degradation as a result of specific regional operation. The analyses of maintenance data as well as performance degradation measured by ETM show remarkable environmental effects on engine durability and an increase in maintenance costs.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Operating costs estimation"

Simmons. L51814 Survey Of Dry Low NOx Combustor Experience. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010207.

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Air pollution has become a major public issue and it is now evident that unburned hydrocarbons, CO, and NOx must meet increasingly restrictive standards. The emissions of nitrogen oxides by gas turbines are of concern because of their high toxicity and their role in the formation of photochemical smog. The formation of NOx occurs in a gas-fired gas turbine when combustion temperatures exceed a critical level for sufficient time to allow atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen to combine. For those gas turbine applications where steam or ultra-pure water are readily available, then steam or water injection are preferable NOx control strategies. Because these attributes are usually not available at pipeline compression stations, the turbine operators in the pipeline industry have chosen to control emissions by a dry combustion process. An alternative would be a catalytic reduction of the NOx generated in the exhaust gas but this requires an investment in SCR hardware and continuous use of ammonia, which adds to operating costs. Historically, dry low emissions (DLE) systems have experienced a greater than expected number of start-up problems as new products were introduced to the marketplace. A need of the gas pipeline industry is to identify the operating problems experienced with DLE systems, to link these problems to their most probable cause, to estimate costs incurred, and to glean strategies for avoiding future problems. A comprehensive PRCI sponsored survey of operators and manufacturers was completed which provides assistance to gas turbine operators in making NOx control procurement decisions and for budgeting operations and maintenance costs. This first ever detailed study provides information on typical operating costs and problems incurred with the currently operating DLE systems and serves as a guide for individual companies in the selection of cost effective low NOx combustion systems from available components offered by the OEM and after-market suppliers. The information developed by this report is intended to guide operators in estimating maintenance and repair costs to establish a lifetime cost of operation.

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Willson. L51756 State of the Art Intelligent Control for Large Engines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010423.

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Computers have become a vital part of the control of pipeline compressors and compressor stations. For many tasks, computers have helped to improve accuracy, reliability, and safety, and have reduced operating costs. Computers excel at repetitive, precise tasks that humans perform poorly - calculation, measurement, statistical analysis, control, etc. Computers are used to perform these type of precise tasks at compressor stations: engine / turbine speed control, ignition control, horsepower estimation, or control of complicated sequences of events during startup and/or shutdown. For other tasks, however, computers perform very poorly at tasks that humans find to be trivial. A discussion of the differences in the way humans and computer process information is crucial to an understanding of the field of artificial intelligence. In this project, several artificial intelligence/ intelligent control systems were examined: heuristic search techniques, adaptive control, expert systems, fuzzy logic, neural networks, and genetic algorithms. Of these, neural networks showed the most potential for use on large bore engines because of their ability to recognize patterns in incomplete, noisy data. Two sets of experimental tests were conducted to test the predictive capabilities of neural networks. The first involved predicting the ignition timing from combustion pressure histories; the best networks responded within a specified tolerance level 90% to 98.8% of the time. In the second experiment, neural networks were used to predict NOx, A/F ratio, and fuel consumption. NOx prediction accuracy was 91.4%, A/F ratio accuracy was 82.9%, and fuel consumption accuracy was 52.9%. This report documents the assessment of the state of the art of artificial intelligence for application to the monitoring and control of large-bore natural gas engines.

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Micco, Alejandro, Ugo Panizza, and Mónica Yañez. Bank Ownership and Performance. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010835.

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This paper builds a new dataset on bank ownership and bank performance covering approximately 50,000 observations for 119 countries over the 1995-2002 period. The paper then uses the dataset to reassess the relationship between bank ownership and bank performance, providing separated estimations for developing and industrial countries. It is found that, while ownership is strongly correlated with performance in developing countries, that ownership is not correlated with performance in industrial countries. In particular, the paper suggests that state-owned banks operating in developing countries tend to have lower profitability and higher costs than their private counterparts, and that the opposite is true for foreign-owned banks (which tend to be characterized by higher profitability and lower costs). We also find that, in developing countries, the entry of foreign banks plays a useful role by making domestic banks more efficient in terms of overhead cost and spreads, although we do not find any effect on profitability of domestic banks.

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El-Rayes, Khaled, Nora El-Gohary, Mani Golparvar-Fard, Ernest-John Ignacio, and Hadil Helaly. Economical Impact of Full Closure for Accelerated Bridge Construction and Conventional Staged Construction. Illinois Center for Transportation, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/23-010.

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Accelerated bridge construction (ABC) methods have been increasingly used in recent years to reduce the impact of construction operations on traffic and mobility. ABC methods, however, often require a higher initial cost, more planning, and additional design coordination. Several tools have been developed to assist decision-makers in the selection of conventional staged construction or ABC methods based on bridge characteristics and requirements. Most of these existing tools, however, are qualitative and depend on the subjective opinion of decision-makers/experts. Accordingly, there is a need for additional research to develop quantitative tools for generating reliable cost estimates for conventional and accelerated bridge construction methods. This report presents the findings of a research project funded by the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) to develop a decision support tool (DST) that IDOT can use to estimate and compare the cost of all bridge construction methods, including conventional staged construction and ABC methods. This project has four objectives. The first objective is to develop a qualitative DST that can be used by IDOT planners and decision-makers to identify all feasible bridge construction methods for any bridge project based on its specific characteristics, requirements, and constraints. The second objective is to create a quantitative cost-estimating DST that can be used to accurately estimate construction, road user, maintenance and rehabilitation, and life cycle costs for all feasible construction methods including conventional and ABC methods. The third objective is to develop guidance for the user interface of the developed DST to explain how it can be used to compare and rank all feasible bridge construction methods based on their individual performance in design, construction, road user, and maintenance and rehabilitation costs. The fourth objective is to evaluate the performance and accuracy of the developed quantitative DST for estimating bridge costs.

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Bowers, H. I., L. C. Fuller, and M. L. Myers. Cost estimating relationships for nuclear power plant operationa and maintenance. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5431729.

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Bell, Conor K., Robert F. Keefe, and Jeremy S. Fried. OpCost: an open-source system for estimating costs of stand-level forest operations. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-960.

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Sanchez, Susan M., Matthew M. Morse, Stephen C. Upton, Mary L. McDonald, and Daniel A. Nussbaum. A Robust Design Approach to Cost Estimation: Solar Energy for Marine Corps Expeditionary Operations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada612938.

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Knotek-Smith, Heather, and Jeffrey Gerald. Environmental Quality Requirements Model Program Objective Memorandum Fiscal Years 2021–2025. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39101.

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This document describes the methodology used to evaluate the costs incurred by organizations involved in planning, programming, budgeting, and execution of the Army’s environmental programs and estimating those costs for future year planning cycles, this model is referred to as the Environmental Quality Requirements Model (EQRM). The EQRM is used to develop the budget positions as presented to Congress to obtain the Operations and Maintenance appropriations. These appropriations fund the Environmental Quality Program which includes Compliance, Conservation and Pollution Prevention requirements. The model encompasses the commands under the funding structure of the Deputy Chief of Staff – G9 Installations which includes the following: Installation Management Command, the Army National Guard, the Army Reserve Command, and the Army Materiel Command.

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