Готові списки джерел за темами / Offshore structures

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Offshore structures"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 29 липня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Offshore structures"

Clauss, G., E. Lehmann, C. Ostergaard, and Carlos Guedes Soares. "Offshore Structures." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 117, no. 4 (November 1, 1995): 298–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2827238.

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Pérez Fernández, Rodrigo, and Miguel Lamas Pardo. "Offshore concrete structures." Ocean Engineering 58 (January 2013): 304–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2012.11.007.

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Lyons, G. J. "Mobile offshore structures." Engineering Structures 11, no. 3 (July 1989): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-0296(89)90010-2.

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Kouichirou, Anno, and Takeshi Nishihata. "DEVELOPMENT ON OFFSHORE STRUCTURE." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 32 (January 31, 2011): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.structures.50.

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Authors have developed the offshore structure for control of sea environment named S-VHS construction method, which is composed of the sloping top slit-type caisson and steel pipe piles. The sloping top form enables to realize the remarkable reduction of wave force exerted on the dike body compared with the conventional one. In this paper, hydraulic feature with wave dissipation ability and wave force reduction effect are verified through some hydraulic experiments. After the preliminary study for the valid structure form, reflection and transmission ability for the selected structure models were tested with the hydraulic experiment relevant to the ratio of caisson width and wave length. Finally, wave force experiment was executed and it revealed the performance of wave force reduction. Based on the results, we proposed specific design wave force formula for S-VHS construction method.

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MIYAZAKI, Tatsuo. "Ships and Offshore Structures." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 77, no. 5 (2008): 461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/jjws.77.461.

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YAMASHITA, Yasuo. "Ships and Offshore Structures." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 79, no. 5 (2010): 462–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/jjws.79.462.

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Tanner, R. G. "Design in offshore structures." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 12, no. 1 (March 1, 1985): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l85-025.

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Ghosh, S. K. "Buckling of offshore structures." Journal of Mechanical Working Technology 14, no. 3 (June 1987): 386–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3804(87)90023-4.

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Rhodes, J. "Buckling of offshore structures." Thin-Walled Structures 3, no. 1 (January 1985): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-8231(85)90021-7.

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Bulson, P. S. "Buckling of offshore structures." Applied Ocean Research 7, no. 2 (April 1985): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-1187(85)90044-6.

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Дисертації з теми "Offshore structures"

Adedipe, Oyewole. "Integrity of offshore structures." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2015. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9692.

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Corrosion and fatigue have been dominant degradation mechanisms in offshore structures, with the combination of the two, known as corrosion fatigue, having amplified effects in structures in the harsh marine environments. Newer types of structure are now being developed for use in highly dynamic, harsh marine environments, particularly for renewable energy applications. However, they have significantly different structural details and design requirements compared to oil and gas structures, due to the magnitude and frequency of operational and environmental loadings acting on the support structures. Therefore, the extent of corrosion assisted fatigue crack growth in these structures needs to be better understood. In this research, fatigue crack growth in S355J2+N steel used for offshore wind monopile fabrications was investigated in air and free corrosion conditions. Tests were conducted on parent, HAZ and weld materials at cyclic load frequencies similar to what is experienced by offshore wind monopile support structures. The seawater used for testing was prepared according to ASTM D1141 specifications and was circulated past the specimens through a purpose designed and built corrosion rig at a rate of 3 l/min, at a temperature of 8-100C and at a pH of 7.78-8.1. A new crack propagation method accompanied by constant amplitude loading was used. Crack growth rates in parent, HAZ and weld materials were significantly accelerated under free corrosion conditions, at all the stress ratios used compared to in air environment. However, in free corrosion conditions, crack growth rates in the parent, HAZ and weld materials were similar, particularly at a lower stress ratio. The results are explained with respect to the interaction of the loading condition, environment and the rate of material removal by corrosion in the weldments. A new model was developed to account for mean stress effects on crack growth rates in air and in seawater, and was found to correlate well with experimental data as well as with the other mean stress models tested.

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Richardson, Mark Damian. "Dynamically installed anchors for floating offshore structures." University of Western Australia. School of Civil and Resource Engineering, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0230.

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The gradual depletion of shallow water hydrocarbon deposits has forced the offshore oil and gas industry to develop reserves in deeper waters. Dynamically installed anchors have been proposed as a cost-effective anchoring solution for floating offshore structures in deep water environments. The rocket or torpedo shaped anchor is released from a designated drop height above the seafloor and allowed to penetrate the seabed via the kinetic energy gained during free-fall and the anchors self weight. Dynamic anchors can be deployed in any water depth and the relatively simple fabrication and installation procedures provide a significant cost saving over conventional deepwater anchoring systems. Despite use in a number of offshore applications, information regarding the geotechnical performance of dynamically installed anchors is scarce. Consequently, this research has focused on establishing an extensive test database through the modelling of the dynamic anchor installation process in the geotechnical centrifuge. The tests were aimed at assessing the embedment depth and subsequent dynamic anchor holding capacity under various loading conditions. Analytical design tools, verified against the experimental database, were developed for the prediction of the embedment depth and holding capacity.

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Abdolmaleki, Kourosh. "Modelling of wave impact on offshore structures." University of Western Australia. School of Mechanical Engineering, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0055.

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[Truncated abstract] The hydrodynamics of wave impact on offshore structures is not well understood. Wave impacts often involve large deformations of water free-surface. Therefore, a wave impact problem is usually combined with a free-surface problem. The complexity is expanded when the body exposed to a wave impact is allowed to move. The nonlinear interactions between a moving body and fluid is a complicated process that has been a dilemma in the engineering design of offshore and coastal structures for a long time. This thesis used experimental and numerical means to develop further understanding of the wave impact problems as well as to create a numerical tool suitable for simulation of such problems. The study included the consideration of moving boundaries in order to include the coupled interactions of the body and fluid. The thesis is organized into two experimental and numerical parts. There is a lack of benchmarking experimental data for studying fluid-structure interactions with moving boundaries. In the experimental part of this research, novel experiments were, therefore, designed and performed that were useful for validation of the numerical developments. By considering a dynamical system with only one degree of freedom, the complexity of the experiments performed was minimal. The setup included a plate that was attached to the bottom of a flume via a hinge and tethered by two springs from the top one at each side. The experiments modelled fluid-structure interactions in three subsets. The first subset studied a highly nonlinear decay test, which resembled a harsh wave impact (or slam) incident. The second subset included waves overtopping on the vertically restrained plate. In the third subset, the plate was free to oscillate and was excited by the same waves. The wave overtopping the plate resembled the physics of the green water on fixed and moving structures. An analytical solution based on linear potential theory was provided for comparison with experimental results. ... In simulation of the nonlinear decay test, the SPH results captured the frequency variation in plate oscillations, which indicated that the radiation forces (added mass and damping forces) were calculated satisfactorily. In simulation of the nonlinear waves, the waves progressed in the flume similar to the physical experiments and the total energy of the system was conserved with an error of 0.025% of the total initial energy. The wave-plate interactions were successfully modelled by SPH. The simulations included wave run-up and shipping of water for fixed and oscillating plate cases. The effects of the plate oscillations on the flow regime are also discussed in detail. The combination of experimental and numerical investigation provided further understanding of wave impact problems. The novel design of the experiments extended the study to moving boundaries in small scale. The use of SPH eliminated the difficulties of dealing with free-surface problems so that the focus of study could be placed on the impact forces on fixed and moving bodies.

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Segreti, John Michael. "Fatigue analysis methods in offshore structural engineering." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19287.

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Pouliquen, Patricia. "La condition des travailleurs de l’off-shore." Brest, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BRES5001.

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Le but de cette thèse a été de présenter la condition juridique et la protection sociale des travailleurs de l'offshore. Ainsi, dans une première partie, il a été examiné les protagonistes de la relation contractuelle à savoir l'employeur aux visages multiples et le salarié au statut ambivalent : certains personnels ont le statut de marin, d'autres sont des travailleurs terrestres, le plongeur connaît également un statut particulier. Ce statut particulier s'explique par le lieu de travail original de ces personnels : les structures offshore dont les variétés sont les plus diverses. Il a également été envisagé le droit applicable à la relation contractuelle dans la mesure où le départ du personnel offshore est régi par des normes matérielles internationales élaborées par les sociétés offshore. Mais cela n'exclut cependant pas les conflits de lois ou de juridiction susceptibles d'intervenir, d'autant plus que ce personnel peut évoluer dans les zones échappant à la souveraineté de l'état côtier. Dans une seconde partie, il a été examiné la protection sociale des travailleurs de l'offshore. Ce personnel travaillant dans la majorité des cas hors du territoire national, il a fallu relativiser le principe de territorialité de la protection sociale par des mesures nationales mais aussi communautaires, valables aussi bien pour les travailleurs terrestres que pour les marins. Quant à la réparation des risques professionnels, les marins connaissent un régime quelque peu différent de celui des travailleurs terrestres
The goal of this thesis has been to present the legal conditions and social welfare of off-shore workers. Therefore, the main players have been studied in their various roles; from the many-faced employeurs to the ambivalent nature and status of the personnel. Certain workers are considered to sailors, oters land-side workers and even divers have their own particular category. The enormous variety of jobs and job duties explains the creation of highly individual work categories. It has also been noted that in cases of resignation, the contract law applicable is based upon international norms which are then adapted by the off-shore companies. This however does not eliminate all conflicts of jurisdiction, particularly as the off-shore personnel can excluded from those under the jurisdiction of coastel law. Secondly, the social welfare of off-shore workers has been examined. As the large majority of off-shore personnel work outside national territories, the definition social welfare jurisdiction has had to be redefined by national and communal mesures which cover both land workers and sailors. As to the claims for professional risks. The sailors coverage differs very little from the land workers. The status of a salaried employee on detached service and that of an expatriate salaried employee must also be taken into account

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Ghadimi, R. "Nonlinear dynamic analysis of offshore structures." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/3581.

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In this thesis consideration is given to a selection of nonlinear dynamic problems in the field of offshore engineering. Hydrodynamic loading on fixed horizontal and vertical tubular members and the dynamic response of articulated towers together with the distribution of shear force and bending moment along the tower are investigated using various wave theories. Effects of nonlinear convective acceleration terms in the calculation of fluid inertia forces and moments are examined and attention is given to integration of wave forces up to the free surface for vertical members. Calculation of fluid loading at the displaced position of the articulated tower and any Mathieu type instabilities that may occur have been considered. The dynamic analysis of a damaged Single Anchor Leg Storage (SALS) system subject to loss of buoyancy in the yoke chamber is studied. The equations of motion of the yoke/riser system are derived assuming large displacements and solved in the time domain. Time histories of the response, variations of the riser tension, velocities of riser top end and the time histories of pivot reactions are given. Natural periods and mode shapes for small displacements of the system are calculated. Two methods of simulating random seas, both represented by a sum of harmonic wave components, are used to simulate second order low frequency (slow drift) force on a tanker in head seas by Pinkster's time domain method. In one method the wave amplitudes are generated randomly from a Rayleigh distribution and in the other they are obtained deterministically via the wave spectrum. Time histories of slow drift force and response together with simulation results with various duration lengths are presented and compared. Estimates of the extreme vessel response and its relation to rms value are compared with the result of a commonly used method of determining peak/rms ratios. The results of these investigations highlight the importance of accurately simulating nonlinear effects in both fixed, floating and compliant offshore structures from the point of view of safe design and operation of such- systems.

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Rodriguez-Sanchez, Jose Efrain. "Fatigue crack repair for offshore structures." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313721.

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Trim, A. D. "Probabilistic dynamic analysis of offshore structures." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376215.

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Klepsvik, Jonny. "Nonlinear wave loads on offshore structures." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36062.

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Schulz, Karl Wayne. "Numerical prediction of the hydrodynamic loads and motions of offshore structures /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Книги з теми "Offshore structures"

V, Reddy D., and Arockiasamy M, eds. Offshore structures. Malabar, Fla: R.E. Krieger Pub. Co., 1991.

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Clauss, Günther. Offshore structures. London: Springer-Verlag, 1994.

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Clauss, Günther, Eike Lehmann, and Carsten Östergaard. Offshore Structures. London: Springer London, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3193-9.

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Clauss, Günther, Eike Lehmann, and Carsten Östergaard. Offshore Structures. London: Springer London, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1998-2.

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Clauss, Günther. Offshore structures. London: Springer-Verlag, 1992.

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Gorman, D. G., and J. Neilson, eds. Decommissioning Offshore Structures. London: Springer London, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1552-6.

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Karimirad, Madjid. Offshore Energy Structures. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12175-8.

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G, Gorman D., and Neilson J. 1948-, eds. Decommissioning offshore structures. London: Springer, 1998.

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A, Witz Joel, ed. Compliant offshore structures. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1991.

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F, Boswell L., D'Mello C. A, and Edwards A. J, eds. Mobile offshore structures. London: Elsevier Applied Science, 1988.

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Частини книг з теми "Offshore structures"

Moan, Torgeir. "Offshore Structures." In Modeling Complex Engineering Structures, 171–223. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784408506.ch07.

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Beckett, Paul. "Offshore structures." In Tax Havens and International Human Rights, 45–77. New York : Routledge, 2017. | Series: Human rights and: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315618432-3.

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Clauss, Günther, Eike Lehmann, and Carsten Östergaard. "Marine Structural Analysis." In Offshore Structures, 1–123. London: Springer London, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1998-2_1.

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Clauss, Günther, Eike Lehmann, and Carsten Östergaard. "Environmental Conditions Affecting Marine Structures." In Offshore Structures, 125–75. London: Springer London, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1998-2_2.

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Clauss, Günther, Eike Lehmann, and Carsten Östergaard. "Evaluation of Marine Structures." In Offshore Structures, 177–279. London: Springer London, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1998-2_3.

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Clauss, Günther, Eike Lehmann, and Carsten Östergaard. "Dimensioning of Marine Steel Structures." In Offshore Structures, 281–318. London: Springer London, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1998-2_4.

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Clauss, Günther, Eike Lehmann, and Carsten Östergaard. "Marine Science and Marine Technology." In Offshore Structures, 1–24. London: Springer London, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3193-9_1.

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Clauss, Günther, Eike Lehmann, and Carsten Östergaard. "Features of Offshore Structures." In Offshore Structures, 25–143. London: Springer London, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3193-9_2.

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Clauss, Günther, Eike Lehmann, and Carsten Östergaard. "Hydromechanical Analysis of Offshore Structures." In Offshore Structures, 145–332. London: Springer London, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3193-9_3.

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Palo, Paul. "Mobile Offshore Base." In Large Floating Structures, 281–302. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-137-4_11.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Offshore structures"

Manzocchi, Mark, Liangsheng Wang, and Mark Wilson. "Online Structural Integrity Monitoring of Fixed Offshore Structures." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/23360-ms.

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Soreide, T. H., F. Amdahl, and B. Brodtkorb. "The Idealized Structural Unit Method on Concrete Structures." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/5488-ms.

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Bartholomew, Edward Kawos @., Eu Shawn Lim, Iraj Toloue, Mohd Shahir Liew, Kamaluddeen Usman Danyaro, Kar Mun Chan, and Seng Wah Ling. "Physics-Based Structural Health Monitoring Digital Twin for Seismically Vulnerable Fixed Offshore Structures." In Offshore Technology Conference Asia. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31377-ms.

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Abstract An Autonomous Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) System for Fixed Offshore Structures is a tool used to monitor the state or the health of a structure in terms of its integrity and strength in an automated manner. An SHM system framework comprises of software and hardware integration equipped with IoT capability to collect raw data, online data transmittal to onshore, a back-end engine to process data into useful engineering information and display the monitoring results through engineering parameters and digital twinning, which emulates the real condition of the structure offshore. The prominent monitoring method for a structure's strength is through global monitoring, using structural modal properties as the measuring parameter to indentify a certain structure's global integrity, specifically using its natural frequency. This paper aims to layout the framework of an autonomous SHM system for global monitoring which is implemented onto a seismically vulnerable fixed offshore structure.

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Hughes, O. F., and T. R. McNatt. "A Unified Structural Design Method For Floating Offshore Structures." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/7188-ms.

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Majumdar, Ananya, and Biplab Ranjan Adhikary. "Mitigation of Vortex-Induced Vibration in Offshore Structures." In SPE Conference at Oman Petroleum & Energy Show. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/218591-ms.

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Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) study of any offshore structure is of paramount importance to check the structural stability. VIV poses a significant concern for these structures, as the excessive vibration can lead to fatigue damage and structural failure. Mooring lines, risers, pipelines, and other attachments can also get damaged in case of offshore structures. When the shedding frequency approaches the structure's shedding frequency, these vibrations can be major and perhaps dangerous. VIV can occur at low as well as high Reynold's number regime. Because of rising demand for crude oil, offshore gas, and oil, exploration has been shifted to deeper sea levels. Offshore floating wind turbines are used to conserve energy and generate electricity. It can further help to reduce visual pollution and achieve stronger and more constant winds. Floating offshore wind turbines are considered a viable solution in ocean depths more than 50 to 60 meters and with significant wind resources. As an emerging technology, it can utilize less foundation material, shorten the installation and decommissioning times, and create more wind energy. New dangers can be mitigated by employing commercially available bottom fixed turbines and well-known oil and gas technologies for floaters. VIV can cause large-amplitude vibrations of tethered structures in the ocean. Thus, the effect of VIV on floating structures needs to be studied. The flow-induced response of a floating structure is generally checked for crossflow. In this study a response reduction technique is proposed based on the in-house modelled two-way coupled interaction of fluid and structure due to vortex-induced motion.

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Amare, Gizat Derebe, and Yonas Zewdu Ayele. "Effect of Negative Damping on Offshore Structures." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-78715.

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Offshore structures are inevitably exposed to flow induced loads and flow-induced vibrations. The effect of these loads will affect the responses of structures, and the combined of two together on the response can lead the structures to induce different phenomena. The effect of damping is to counteract any dynamic response; however, “negative damping” increases the response amplitude. For example, the response amplitude may increase and can lead to structure instabilities, and it might cause damage in the short time. In order to achieve the best possible structural design, it is then relevant to study conditions under which structure instabilities occur. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the conditions under which offshore structures could induce “negative damping” and different structural phenomena that have been caused by “negative damping”. The discussion suggests a damping model with linear and time-varying terms, and shows theoretically that the model is negative under certain wave conditions.

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Wisch, D. J. "Offshore Structures: Adequate Margins." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/18333-ms.

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Snell, Richard. "IS0 Offshore Structures Standard." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/8421-ms.

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Whitehouse, R. J. S., J. M. Harris, T. R. Mundon, and J. Sutherland. "Scour at Offshore Structures." In International Conference on Scour and Erosion (ICSE-5) 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41147(392)2.

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Smedley, Philip, Pat O’Connor, and Richard Snell. "ISO Offshore Structures Standards." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-49160.

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Анотація:

The ISO 19900 series of Standards address the design, construction, transportation, installation, integrity management and assessment of offshore structures. Offshore structural types covered by ISO include: bottom-founded ‘fixed’ steel structures; fixed concrete structures; floating structures such as monohull FPSOs, semi-submersibles and spar platforms; arctic structures; and site-specific assessment of jack-up platforms. All the fundamental ISO Offshore Structural Standards have now been published representing a major achievement for the Oil and Gas Industry and representative National Standards Organizations. A summary of the background to achieving this milestone is presented in this paper. In parallel, other Codes and Standards bodies such as API, CEN, CSA, Norsok and the Classification Societies are looking to harmonize some, or all, of their Offshore Structures Standards in-line with ISO, wherever this is desirable and practical. API, in particular, have been pro-active in reviewing and revising their Offshore Recommended Practices (RPs) to maximize consistency with ISO, including revising the scope and content of a number of existing API RPs, adopting ISO language, and embracing technical content. Given API’s long heritage of Offshore Standards it is not surprising that this remains very much a mutual effort between ISO and API with much in ISO Standards building on existing API design practice. Now published, those involved in developing and maintaining the ISO 19900 series of Standards have to deal with both new and existing challenges, including encouraging wider awareness and adoption of these Standards, enhancing the harmonization effort, ensuring technical advances are captured in timely revisions to these Standards, and most pressing to ensure that the next generation of offshore engineers are encouraged to participate in the long-term development of the Standards that they will be using and questioning. This paper is one of a series of papers at this OMAE Conference that outline the technical content and future strategy of the ISO Offshore Structures Standards.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Offshore structures"

Yokel, Felix Y., and Robert G. Bea. Mat foundations for offshore structures in Arctic regions. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.86-3419.

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Phan, Long T., and H. S. Lew. Punching shear resistance of lightweight concrete offshore structures for the Arctic:. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.88-4007.

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McLean, David I., H. S. Lew, Long T. Phan, and Mary Sansalone. Punching shear resistance of lightweight concrete offshore structures for the Arctic :. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.86-3388.

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Phan, Long T., H. S. Lew, and David I. McLean. Punching shear resistance of lightweight concrete offshore structures for the Arctic :. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.86-3440.

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McLean, David I., H. S. Lew, Long T. Phan, and Hae In Kim. Punching shear resistance of lightweight concrete offshore structures for the Arctic :. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.86-3454.

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Taylor, Andrew W. Report of a workshop on requalification of tubular steel joints in offshore structures. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.5877.

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Cheng, Yi-Wen. Fitness-for-service criteria for assessing the significance of fatigue cracks in offshore structures. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.tn.1088.

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Foxall, W., and J. Savy. Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for offshore structures in the Santa Barbara Channel phase 2 report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/13775.

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Sackinger, W. M., M. O. Jeffries, Fucheng Li, and Mingchi Lu. Ice island creation, drift, recurrences, mechanical properties, and interactions with arctic offshore oil production structures. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6994079.

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Sackinger, W. M., M. O. Jeffries, Fucheng Li, and Mingchi Lu. Ice island creation, drift, recurrences, mechanical properties, and interactions with arctic offshore oil production structures. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10179650.

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