Готові списки джерел за темами / Occupational risk assessment and management

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Occupational risk assessment and management"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Occupational risk assessment and management"

1

Felton, J. S. "Occupational Health: Risk Assessment and Management." Occupational Medicine 50, no. 7 (September 1, 2000): 535–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/50.7.535.

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2

Kozyrieva, Olena, Veronika Khudolei, Valentina Vyhovska, Maksym Zabashtanskyi, and Andrii Rogovyi. "Mining Business Risk Management." E3S Web of Conferences 174 (2020): 04043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017404043.

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Анотація:
In the mining industry, as a dangerous industry related to the specifics of its production, in particular, the process of risk management and analysis should be taken into account. One of the main reasons of occupational accidents, in addition to human error and technical failures, is the lack of foresight of possible accidental events, and the lack of assessment by a company of the risks associated with occupational safety. The article considers the main risks in the mining industry, analyses the problems of modern systems of risk assessment and management of mining investment projects, methods and sequence of qualitative and quantitative risk assessment, provides recommendations for their improvement in order to bring them in line with international risk management standards.
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3

MORGACHOVA, V. I. "STUDY OF OCCUPATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY." Ukrainian Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 5 (December 27, 2021): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.bpsacea.2312.261021.68.803.

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Анотація:
In the course of work it was demonstrated that occupational risk is considered to be the probability of harm to health as a result of exposure to harmful and / or dangerous production factors during the labor process. A prerequisite for occupational safety in production activities is knowledge and assessment of the activities of sources of danger, risk assessment tools, the degree of impact of hazards on people and taking the necessary measures. Risk management is carried out in the performance of each production operation performed by employees of the enterprise, and is aimed at eliminating or reducing unacceptable risks through the implementation of appropriate protective measures. Without the analysis and management of occupational risks, it is impossible to create safe conditions, as well as reduce injuries and reduce occupational diseases. One of the main methods of occupational risk analysis that gives the best results is the method of analysis of causation using a dynamic model. In order to identify hazards, assess risks and implement protective measures that can ensure the acceptable level of risks of future work, it is necessary to consider the production task and visit the work site. Work is allowed if there are no additional hazards and protective measures of the Risk Assessment Map are actually implemented. It is forbidden to perform the work when identifying additional hazards that require reducing the risks of additional resources and the decision of management. It is strictly forbidden to perform the work until the rapid reduction of the level of risk to an acceptable level begins − with the identification of additional hazards that require the development and implementation of protective measures at the expense of personal resources.
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4

Tsopa, V. A., О. О. Yavorska, M. S. Brezitskа, S. I. Cheberyachko, O. V. Deryugin, and A. V. Yavorskyi. "ANALYSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT MODELS ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS." Labour protection problems in Ukraine 38, no. 3-4 (December 30, 2022): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36804/nndipbop.38-3-4.2022.16-24.

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Анотація:
An analysis of professional risk management models according to international standards is proposed, taking into account the interpretation of the main terms (danger, risk, incident risk assessment), to build a uniform approach in occupational safety and health management systems in organizations. To solve the problem, the method of morphological analysis was used, which is based on the selection of possible solutions for assessing the technological feasibility of occupational risk management models and making a rational decision regarding the features of documenting the assessment of occupational risks using integrated approaches, which made it possible to specify the elements that form local, topological and metric spaces A comparison of the interpretation of the main terms that form models of occupational risk management was carried out, based on the requirements of the EU-OSHA Workplace Risk Assessment Guide, Guidelines for Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems ILO-BHP 2001, ISO 45001: 2018 Occupational health and safety management systems. Requirements and guidelines for application". Built in accordance with the requirements of the specified international standards, professional risk management models that take into account differences in the interpretation of terminology. The concepts of acceptability (permissibility) and non-acceptability (non-permissibility) of professional risks for their assessment are defined. It has been established that the main difference between ISO 45001:2018 and the existing international standards regarding the requirements for occupational risk management is the consideration of all hazardous occupational factors that can significantly affect both the probability of the occurrence of a hazardous event and the severity of the consequences, which requires a review of the matrix approach to assessment professional risks. Forms for documenting the assessment of occupational risk are proposed, in accordance with the requirements of the specified standards, which reflect their differences formed in the considered models. The scientific novelty consists in substantiating the impact of professional risk management models on their documentation procedure. Forms for documenting the assessment of occupational risk are proposed, in accordance with the requirements of the specified standards, which reflect their differences formed in the considered models. Recommendations have been developed regarding the relationship between dangerous factors of the organization's environment and their impact on the level of professional risks.
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Yatsyna, Irina V., Anna V. Sukhova, Elena A. Preobrazhenskaya, and Anna M. Egorova. "Scientific and methodological aspects of assessment, forecasting and risk management for the health of workers (literature review)." Hygiene and sanitation 101, no. 10 (October 23, 2022): 1249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2022-101-10-1249-1254.

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Анотація:
An urgent task in modern conditions is to improve the existing models of occupational risk assessment to ensure the safety and health of employees, obtain and analyze objective information sufficient to develop scientifically sound management decisions on the prevention of occupational and general morbidity, reduce labour loss and preserve labour longevity. The review provides information on domestic and foreign models of occupational risk assessment, their improvement to ensure the safety and health of employees. Various models of occupational risk assessment are analyzed, both quantitative, semi-quantitative, and qualitative methods of assessing occupational risk that causes the risk for employee health disorders associated with exposure to chemicals, dust factor, noise, and vibration. Methodological principles of various models of occupational risk assessment differ in approaches to assessment of hazard and impact. The advantages and disadvantages of domestic and foreign models of occupational risk assessment are established. This requires the development of a single unified methodology (procedure) for assessing and managing occupational risks, criteria for assessing occupational health risks of an individual and cohort (group, collective) nature. The ideas and evidence discussed in this review indicate that scientific research and professional practice on occupational risk assessment in occupational should develop towards a more holistic, health-oriented model of occupational risk assessment and management. When preparing the review, the databases Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Global Health, CyberLeninka, RSCI were used.
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Denisov, E. I., L. V. Prokopenko, and S. V. Stepanyan. "OCCUPATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT: PROGNOSIS, CAUSATION AND BIOINFORMATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES." Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 67, no. 6 (June 23, 2012): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn.v67i6.284.

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Анотація:
Methodology of occupational risk management is outlined based on workers’ health disorders forecast and causation (work-relatedness assessment). It originates from Labour Code of Russian Federation prescriptions and includes principles, methods and criteria of risk management and risk communication. The methodology is realized by means of bioinformational technologies as expert and analytical system in the form of interactive Web-based directory «Occupational risk assessment» for practical use for occupational risk prevention.
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Cai, Ying, Fei Li, Jingdong Zhang, and Zixian Wu. "Occupational Health Risk Assessment in the Electronics Industry in China Based on the Occupational Classification Method and EPA Model." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10 (September 20, 2018): 2061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102061.

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Анотація:
The awareness of occupational health risk management in the electronics industry is weak in China, and many Chinese occupational health management regulations have not been effectively implemented. China’s current occupational hazards classification method and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inhalation risk assessment model recognized internationally were used to perform health risk assessments for a chip manufacturing company in the electronics industry in order to determine the existing problems and put forward the optimization proposals of the occupational hazards classification method in China. The results showed that the detected concentrations of toxic and harmful chemicals in all testing points did not exceed the occupational health exposure limits in China. According to the EPA inhalation risk assessment model, the highest values of non-carcinogenic risks of ammonia, chlorine, fluoride, sulfuric acid, hydrogen chloride, ethylene glycol, phosphine, boron trifluoride, isopropanol, benzene, and xylene were 5.10, 67.12, 1.71, 45.98, 1.83, 1.43, 160.35, 46.56, 2.52, 5.55, and 5.37, respectively, which means workers in electronic chip manufacturing companies exposed to these chemicals have higher occupational health risks. However, on the basis of the occupational hazards classification method, the occupational health risks of exposure to the toxic and hazardous chemicals are relatively harmless operations. The evaluation results of the EPA inhalation risk assessment model are generally higher than those of the occupational hazards classification method. It’s recommended to refine the value of occupational exposure limit B, taking more characteristics of the hazard factors into account and fuzzifying the parameters to optimize the occupational hazards classification method. At the same time, it is suggested that the electronic chip manufacturing company should conduct anti-virus risk management covering in three aspects: increasing the awareness of occupational hazards, enhancing system ventilation, and improving personal health management measures.
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Thom, Karen M., and Sheena E. E. Blair. "Risk in Dementia – Assessment and Management: A Literature Review." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 61, no. 10 (October 1998): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802269806101001.

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Анотація:
Dementia affects a person's ability to undertake previously achievable tasks which can present risks. The assessment and management of risk can differ and inclusion of the person's view is not always apparent. This literature review aimed to explore current knowledge concerning key areas relevant to risk assessment and management. This included the contribution of occupational therapy functional assessment. It revealed that knowledge tended to be practice based, rather than research based, and that there was no specific research on functional assessment of risk. Issues of how risk was established by those involved and consideration of the person's view were raised.
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9

Maroni, Marco, Antonella Fait, and Claudio Colosio. "Risk assessment and management of occupational exposure to pesticides." Toxicology Letters 107, no. 1-3 (June 1999): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4274(99)00041-7.

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10

Taranushina, I. I., and O. V. Popova. "Analysis of the Occupational Risk Management at the Enterprises during Lifting Equipment Operation." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 4 (April 2021): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-4-76-82.

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Анотація:
The model for assessing the levels of occupational risks was introduced and is used at the mechanical engineering enterprises during lifting equipment operation. The analysis of injuries carried out six months after the start of its use and familiarization of employees with the register and the level of hazards showed a decrease in risk levels in relation to previous periods. The results of the study of the procedure for managing occupational risks when working on three types of cranes are presented: electric bridge crane; gantry crane and single-girder electric supporting bridge crane. The first two listed cranes are installed at hazardous production facilities. After drawing up a plan for assessing occupational risks at the stage of risk identification, the method of questionnaires was used to collect information about production processes and determine the register of hazards. To analyze the work of the occupational health and safety management system, a multi-level control of the technological process and ensuring its safety was introduced. In practice, the relevance and availability of the Fine — Kinney method for assessing the levels of occupational risks was confirmed. When studying the significance of the impact of the procedures (elements) of the occupational health and safety management system on the probability of a hazard and, consequently, on the final level of occupational risk, the method of expert assessments was used. The methods for formalizing assessment results proposed and implemented in the organizations reflect all the stages of the process and provide answers at any stage of the study of the occupational risk levels. The measures developed based on the results of the assessment of occupational risk levels allow to maintain safe working conditions and prevent the occurrence of hazards that lead to injuries at work.
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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Occupational risk assessment and management"

1

Schenk, Linda. "Management of chemical risk through occupational exposure limits." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Philosophy and History of Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9769.

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Анотація:

Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) are used as an important regulatory instrument to protect workers’ health from adverse effects of chemical exposures. The OELs mirror the outcome of the risk assessment and risk management performed by the standard setting actor. In paper I the OELs established by 18 different organisations or national regulatory agencies from the industrialised world were compared. The comparison concerned: (1) what chemicals have been selected and (2) the average level of exposure limits for all chemicals. In paper II the OELs established by 7 different national regulatory agencies of EU member states are compared to those of the European Commission (EC). In addition to the same comparisons as performed in the first study a comparison level was introduced (3) the similarity between the OELs of these EU member states and the OELs recommended by the EC.

List of OELs were collected through the web-pages of, and e-mail communication with the standard-setting agencies. The selection of agencies was determined by availability of the lists. The database of paper I contains OELs for a total of 1341 substances; of these 25 substances have OELs from all 18 organisations while more than one third of the substances are only regulated by one organisation alone. In paper II this database was narrowed down to the European perspective.  The average level of OELs differs substantially between organisations; the US OSHA exposure limits are (on average) nearly 40 % higher than those of Poland. Also within Europe there was a nearly as large difference. The average level of lists tends to decrease over time, although there are exceptions to this. The similarity index in paper II indicates that the exposure limits of EU member states are converging towards the European Commission’s recommended OELs. These two studies also showed that OELs for the same substance can vary significantly between different standard-setters. The work presented in paper III identifies steps in the risk assessment that could account for these differences. Substances for which the level of OELs vary by a factor of 100 or more were identified and their documentation sought for further scrutiny. Differences in the identification of the critical effect could explain the different level of the OELs for half of the substances. The results reported in paper III also confirm the tendency of older OELs generally being higher. Furthermore, several OELs were more than 30 years old and were based on out-dated knowledge. But the age of the data review could not account for all the differences in data selection, only one fifth of the documents referred to all available key studies. Also the evaluation of the key studies varied significantly.

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2

Evans, Jacqueline Ann. "The application of systems science to occupational accidents to develop a generic assessment tool." Thesis, City University London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287641.

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3

Ding, Qian. "Regulatory tools for managing chemicals risk at the workplace." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Filosofi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-127269.

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Анотація:
This thesis focuses on exacerbating chemicals risk in workplaces under the background of rapid industrialization in developing countries. The overall aim is to investigate the development of regulatory tools which aim at minimizing the health risks from chemical substances in the workplace. The contents of the thesis are divided into three sections: the profile of occupational diseases in China (paper I), occupational exposure limits (paper II and III), and comparison between chemicals regulat ions in Europe and China (paper IV). Paper I presents an analysis of the development of occupational diseases in China between 2000 and 2010. The number of recorded cases of occupational diseases increased rapidly in China during this period and the majority of cases were attributable to dust and other chemicals exposures. Difficulties in diagnosis and inefficient surveillance are major impediments to the proper identification and mitigation of occupational diseases. Migrant workers are extremely vulnerable to occupational hazards. Paper II investigates the state of harmonization of OELs between twenty-five OEL systems in Europe and Asia. The majority of the investigated organizations declare themselves to have been influenced by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), and in many cases this can be empirically confirmed. However, large international differences still exist in substance selection and in the level of OELs among organizations. Paper III explores the setting of risk-based OELs on non-threshold carcinogens. Relatively few agencies set risk-based OELs. Differences exist in policy, both regarding the magnitude of risk considered as tolerable or acceptable and whether a general risk level or case-by-case substance-specific risk levels are determined. In regards to the level of the OELs both differences in science and policy contribute, and it was not possible to determine which has the larger influence. Paper III explores the setting of risk-based OELs on non-threshold carcinogens. Relatively few agencies set risk-based OELs. Differences exist in policy, both regarding the magnitude of risk considered as tolerable or acceptable and whether a general risk level or case-by-case substance-specific risk levels are determined. In regards to the level of the OELs both differences in science and policy contribute, and it was not possible to determine which has the larger influence. Paper IV systematically compares the regulation systems for chemicals in the EU and China in terms of substances covered, requirement on information, risk assessment and risk management. It shows that the European and Chinese chemicals legislations are remarkably similar.The differences are larger in terms of substance coverage and data requirements than in terms of risk assessment and management. Substitution of hazardous substances is driven more by updates of the EU regulatory system than of the Chinese system.

QC 20130830

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Gruenzner, Gerrit. "Avaliação da poeira de sílica: um estudo de caso em uma pedreira na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3134/tde-17122003-104641/.

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Анотація:
As empresas produtoras de pedra britada têm uma atribuição fundamental para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico da população que é a produção de material básico para construção civil. A pedra britada está entre as cinco primeiras substâncias minerais com maior valor de produção, e mesmo assim, os dados de consumo per capita indicam que no país existe uma demanda latente de agregados para construção civil, representada por um alto índice de falta de moradias e por uma infra-estrutura sanitária deficiente. A crescente demanda da produção de bens minerais associada à falta de controle dos riscos ocupacionais, acentuam os problemas de saúde e segurança do trabalho na mineração. A presente dissertação aborda a avaliação da concentração de poeira contendo sílica cristalina no ambiente de trabalho em uma empresa de mineração a céu aberto produtora de brita na região metropolitana de São Paulo. Com o objetivo de estimar os riscos da exposição ocupacional à poeira de sílica cristalina foram obtidas doze amostras de poeira na fração respirável em cinco atividades realizadas na lavra de brita. As amostras de poeira respirável foram coletadas junto aos trabalhadores, utilizando-se bombas de amostragem de uso individual, ciclone Dorr-Oliver e filtros de membrana de PVC. O método analítico adotado para quantificação da sílica cristalina utilizou a técnica de espectrometria de difração de raios X. Os resultados obtidos nos processos de perfuração e britagem indicaram que os riscos de exposição à poeira são inaceitáveis. Mesmo em condições ambientais apresentando chuviscos ocasionais, a perfuratriz provida de sistema de umidificação proporcionou concentrações de poeira respirável acima dos limites de exposição. Na atividade de movimentação de rochas os resultados apresentaram riscos aceitáveis de exposição para o operador da pá carregadeira devido à cabina dispor de sistema de ar condicionado, isolando o trabalhador do meio externo.
The crushed stone companies have a fundamental attribution for the economic development and well-being of the population that is the production of basic material for civil construction. The crushed stone is between the five first mineral substances with larger production value, and even so, the consumption data per capita indicate that in the country exists a latent demand of aggregate for civil construction, represented by a high index of dwellings lack and for a deficient sanitary infrastructure. The increasing demand of the production of mineral goods associate to the lack of the risk control, accentuate the occupational safety and health problems in the mining activity. The dissertation presents the evaluations of dust concentration contend crystalline silica in the working environment in a quarry in São Paulo's metropolitan area. With the purpose of risks assessment estimation of the occupational exposure to crystalline silica were obtained twelve dust samples in the respirable mass fraction in five activities accomplished in the mining process of crushes. The respirable dust samples were collected close to the workers, using personal samplers pump, Dorr-Oliver cyclone and PVC membrane filters. The analytic method adopted for quantification of crystalline silica used X-ray diffraction spectrometry. The results obtained in the drilling and crushing processes indicated that the exposure risks to the dust are unacceptable. Even in environmental terms happening occasional fine drizzle, the drill resulted from wet system provided concentrations of respirable dust above the exposure level. In the rocks transport activity the results revealed acceptable risks of exposure for the operator of the shovel due to the cabin have air conditioner system, isolating the worker of the external area.
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5

Ceyhan, Cumhur. "Occupational Health And Safety Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, Determining Controls: Case Study On Cut And Cover Underground Stations And Tunnel Construction." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614159/index.pdf.

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Анотація:
The purpose of this thesis is to examine the hazard identification, risk assessment and related determining controls aspects of occupational health and safety topic, within the framework of a safety management system, for the construction industry. To achieve this purpose, a literature survey is carried out with specific emphasis on the standards, guidelines, codes of practices and other documents published by authorized institutions and national legislation related with the subject. The Marmaray Project, which is considered as one of the major transportation infrastructure projects in Turkey, is chosen as the case study area. In the Marmaray Project, the case study is carried out at Ü
skü
dar Underground Station Construction Site as an example for the cut and coverunderground station construction and at Yedikule Tunnel Construction Site for the tunnel construction and achieved results are assessed within the context of this thesis.
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6

Wishart, Darren E. "The challenge of developing a fleet driving risk assessment tool: What can be learned from the process?" Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/82635/10/Darren_Wishart_Thesis.pdf.

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Анотація:
One of the riskiest activities in the course of a person's work is driving. By developing and testing a new work driving risk assessment measurement tool for use by organisations this research will contribute to the safety of those who drive for work purposes. The research results highlighted limitations associated with current self-report measures and provided evidence that the work driving environment is extremely complex and involves constant interactions between humans, vehicles, the road environment, and the organisational context.
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7

Bron, Mikael. "Hantering av fysiska säkerhetsrisker – en kunskapsöversikt." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för kommunikationssystem, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-10800.

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Анотація:
Att kunna arbeta med systematisk hantering av brotts-, brands- och arbetsmiljörisker är en eftertraktadkompetens. Det syns inte minst i både näringslivets och den offentliga förvaltningensarbetsannonser när man söker chefer, handläggare eller samordnare till säkerhetsavdelningar.Trots det finns mycket lite skrivet på svenska om riskhantering och riskanalys i kontexten skyddmot brott. Ännu ovanligare är litteratur som jämför riskhantering mellan brandskydd, arbetsmiljöoch brottsskydd.Bristen på litteratur påverkar även studier av riskhantering inom fysisk och organisatorisk säkerhet,i synnerhet på akademisk nivå där det i Sverige är ett relativt nytt ämne. Att flytta fram positionernaoch vidga kunskapsfältet är därför angeläget både för ämnet fysisk- och organisatorisk säkerhetsåväl som för näringslivet. Detta kandidatarbete är ett tidigt bidrag till ett ämnesområde som ser utatt växa. Genom att kartlägga engelsspråkiga handböcker och det vetenskapliga kunskapsläget inomnärliggande discipliner har arbetet haft ytterligare ett mål: att nå ut med kunskap till de som arbetarmed riskhantering i praktiken och på så sätt vidga gruppens medvetenhet och yrkeskompetens.Uppsatsens syfte är att redovisa kunskapsläget och samtidigt visa på riskhanteringsprocessensbredd och djup. Mer konkret har det skett genom att identifiera likheter och skillnader i destuderade områdenas begreppsapparater, processbeskrivningar, problem, framgångsfaktorer ochsamtidigt redovisa eventuell kritik som riktas mot riskhantering som fenomen. Resultaten visar attdet finns fler likheter än skillnader mellan både riskhanteringsprocesser som riskanalysmetoder,oavsett om syftet är att skydda mot brott, ohälsa eller brand och olyckor.Arbetet har genomförts som en deskriptiv litteratursstudie och jämförande textanalys. Riskhanteringsprocessenhar beskrivits med utgångspunkt i den generiska ISO-standarden (31000:2009,Riskhantering - Principer och riktlinjer). Tio riskanalysmetoder som täcker samtliga steg i riskbedömningsmomentethar valts ut och beskrivits. Redovisning med tillhörande analys har följtsamma ordningsföljd som standardens processbeskrivning. Materialet har kompletterats ochjämförts med facklitteratur och vetenskapliga artiklar från tre riskhanteringsområden: (1) skyddmot ohälsa i arbetsmiljön, (2) skydd mot brand och olyckor samt (3) skydd mot brott.Uppsatsen ger även exempel på den inkonsekventa begreppsanvändningen som förekommer bådemellan och inom olika discipliner som sysslar med riskhantering. En av uppsatsens slutsatser äratt det sannolikt inte går att skapa en enhetlig begreppsapparat varken inom akademin eller i denpraktiska verksamheten samtidigt som det heller inte är nödvändigt. Istället kan missförstånd undvikasgenom att tydligt och i varje enskilt fall definiera vad man avser med ett visst begrepp.
The competence to manage risks related to health, security, fire and safety is a sought-after skill.This is especially noticeable in both business and public administration job postings for therecruitment process of managers, administrators or coordinators to security departments. At thesame time there is little specialist literature available in Swedish on the subject of risk managementin the context of protecting assets and people from physical security threats. The lack of literatureaffects the study of risk management from a physical and procedural security perspective,particularly at an academic level where this is a relatively new topic. To move forward and expandthe field of knowledge is an important step, not only for the scientific community but also for theindustry. This bachelor thesis attempts to be an initial but significant contribution to a topic thatis likely to grow. By mapping what has already been published on the subject in English as wellas summing up and analyzing the scientific knowledge from similar disciplines the thesis has alsohad an additional goal: to reach out with knowledge to those dealing with risk management inpractice, and thus raising their awareness and developing their professional skills.The purpose of this study is to present the current state of knowledge and at the same time toshow the width and depth of the risk management process. This is done by identifying similaritiesand differences in definitions, process descriptions, problems and best practice of the studied areaswhile at the same time account for any criticism offered against risk management as a concept.The results show that there are more similarities than differences in the risk management processand methods regardless of whether the purpose is to protect people and assets from healthhazards, crime, fire or accidents.The paper has been conducted as a descriptive literature study and a comparative textual analysis.The risk management process has been described with reference to the generic ISO standard(31000:2009, Risk management - Principles and guidelines). Also, ten common risk analysismethods that cover all steps in the risk assessment process have been described. The narrative andrelated analysis follow the same order as the ISO-standard process description.The material has been supplemented and compared with guidelines and scientific papers from threetypes of risks management contexts: (1) health hazards, (2) fire and safety, and (3) security.The paper also provides examples of the inconsistent use of terms and definitions both between andwithin different disciplines involved in risk management. One of the conclusions of the report is thatcreating a unified, universal terminology to be used in the security context probably is impossibleas well as being not necessary. Instead, certain terminological misunderstandings can be avoided byproviding clear definitions and explanations of their meaning in each particular case.
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Cruz, Miguel A. "A State and Territorial Survey Regarding Utilization of Environmental Health Shelter Assessments during Disasters, and a Secondary Analysis of Available Shelter Assessment Data." FIU Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1738.

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Disasters are complex events characterized by damage to key infrastructure and population displacements into disaster shelters. Assessing the living environment in shelters during disasters is a crucial health security concern. Until now, jurisdictional knowledge and preparedness on those assessment methods, or deficiencies found in shelters is limited. A cross-sectional survey (STUSA survey) ascertained knowledge and preparedness for those assessments in all 50 states, DC, and 5 US territories. Descriptive analysis of overall knowledge and preparedness was performed. Fisher’s exact statistics analyzed differences between two groups: jurisdiction type and population size. Two logistic regression models analyzed earthquakes and hurricane risks as predictors of knowledge and preparedness. A convenience sample of state shelter assessments records (n=116) was analyzed to describe environmental health deficiencies found during selected events. Overall, 55 (98%) of jurisdictions responded (states and territories) and appeared to be knowledgeable of these assessments (states 92%, territories 100%, p = 1.000), and engaged in disaster planning with shelter partners (states 96%, territories 83%, p = 0.564). Few had shelter assessment procedures (states 53%, territories 50%, p = 1.000); or training in disaster shelter assessments (states 41%, 60% territories, p = 0.638). Knowledge or preparedness was not predicted by disaster risks, population size, and jurisdiction type in neither model. Knowledge: hurricane (Adjusted OR 0.69, 95% C.I. 0.06-7.88); earthquake (OR 0.82, 95% C.I. 0.17-4.06); and both risks (OR 1.44, 95% C.I. 0.24-8.63); preparedness model: hurricane (OR 1.91, 95% C.I. 0.06-20.69); earthquake (OR 0.47, 95% C.I. 0.7-3.17); and both risks (OR 0.50, 95% C.I. 0.06-3.94). Environmental health deficiencies documented in shelter assessments occurred mostly in: sanitation (30%); facility (17%); food (15%); and sleeping areas (12%); and during ice storms and tornadoes. More research is needed in the area of environmental health assessments of disaster shelters, particularly, in those areas that may provide better insight into the living environment of all shelter occupants and potential effects in disaster morbidity and mortality. Also, to evaluate the effectiveness and usefulness of these assessments methods and the data available on environmental health deficiencies in risk management to protect those at greater risk in shelter facilities during disasters.
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Alhajri, Jefain R. "Six element maturity model for health and safety improved performance in Kuwaiti oil sector." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/six-element-maturity-model-for-health-andsafety-improved-performance-in-kuwaiti-oilsector(8bda125b-6659-414b-96be-cfd2e8ce6d2f).html.

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The management of health and safety risks in the oil refinery tends to be centred on the collection and simulation of technical data which can then be used to make decisions on the wellbeing of the workforce as well as the refinery installations. While the number crunching in the process is immensely vital, there tends to be a problem of ignoring or, at the very least, side-lining the social-cultural values of the people dealing with health and safety risk assessment processes. The economic driver for the operation of the oil refinery tends to be more important because of the generally huge initial financial outlay, and the eventual high costs of maintenance; hence health and safety risk management should have evidence of ensuring that the installations, as well as the people that work in them, are well catered for. In the Kuwait Gulf Oil Company this problem is more evident in newer installations where lean management processes have been instituted by oil firms so that they can reduce waste in the oil refining process without compromising the occupational health and safety needs of the refinery. Therein lies the initial problem of integrating health and safety risk assessment processes because most approaches concentrate on the technical elements of waste elimination while ignoring the social-cultural factors that impact on the health and safety of the workforce. This is an exploratory piece of research that examines the impact of rational and cognitive decision theories – herein called the psychology of risk – and how they impact on the occupational health and safety systems in the oil and gas refining sector of Kuwait. The research concludes that the application of lean concepts in the oil refining process is noble in itself but it needs to be integrated with the rational and cognitive detection factors that are necessary to incorporate and support the social-cultural tendencies of the workforce. The research recommends a framework for incorporating social-cultural values in the decision making process pertaining to health and safety risk assessment in oil refining process plants. Key Words: occupational health and safety risk assessment; lean management; social-cultural values; rational and cognitive decision making; oil and gas process plants.
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Reid, Christopher. "Occupational Lower Extremity Risk Assessment Modeling." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4111.

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Introduction: Lower extremity (LE) work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are known to occur with cumulative exposure to occupational and personal risks. The objective of this dissertation study was to find if creating a quantifiable risk detection model for the LE was feasible. The primary product of the literature review conducted for this study resulted in focusing the attention of the model development process onto creating the initial model of the LE for assessing knee disorder risk factors. Literature Review: LE occupational disorders affect numerous industries and thousands of people each year by affecting any one of the musculoskeletal systems deemed susceptible by the occupational and personal risk factors involved. Industries known to be affected tend to have labor intensive job descriptions. Some of the numerous industry examples include mining, manufacturing, firefighting, and carpet laying. Types of WMSDs noticed by the literature include bursitis, osteoarthritis, stress fractures, tissue inflammation, and nerve entrapment. In addition to the occupationally related disorders that may develop, occupationally related discomforts were also taken into consideration by this study. Generally, both the disorders and the discomforts can be traced to either a personal or occupational risk factor or both. Personal risk factors noted by the literature include a person's physical fitness and health history (such as past injuries). Meanwhile, occupational risks can be generalized to physical postures, activities, and even joint angles. Prevalence data over a three year interval (2003-2005) has found that LE WMSDs make up on average approximately 7.5% of all the WMSD cases reported to the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). When the literature is refined to the information pertaining to occupational knee disorders, the mean prevalence percentage of the same three year range is about 5%. Mean cost for knee injuries were found to be $18,495 (for the year between 2003 and 2004). Methodology: Developing a risk model for the knee meant using groups of subject matter experts for model development and task hazard analysis. Sample occupational risk data also needed to be gathered for each of a series of tasks so that the model could be validated. These sample data were collected from a sample aircraft assembly plant of a US aerospace manufacturer. Results: Based on the disorder and risk data found in the literature, a knee risk assessment model was developed to utilize observational, questionnaire, and direct measure data collection methods. The final version of this study's knee model has an inventory of 11 risk factors (8 occupational and 3 personal) each with varying degrees of risk exposure thresholds (e.g., high risk, moderate risk, or minimal risk). For the occupational risk assessment portion of the model, the results of task evaluations include both an occupational risk resultant score (risk score) and a task risk level (safe or hazardous). This set of results is also available for a cumulative (whole day) assessment. The personal risk assessment portion only produces a risk resultant score. Validation of the knee risk model reveals statistically (t (34) = 1.512, p = 0.156), that it is functioning as it should and can decide between hazardous and safe tasks. Additionally, the model is also capable of analyzing tasks as a series of cumulative daily events and providing an occupational and personal risk overview for individuals. Conclusion: While the model proved to be functional to the given sample site and hypothetical situations, further studies are needed outside of the aerospace manufacturing environment to continue testing both the model's validity and applicability to other industrial environments. The iterative adjustments generated for the occupational risk portion of the model (to reduce false positives and negatives) will need additional studies that will further evaluate professional human judgment of knee risk against this model's results. Future investigations must also make subject matter experts aware of the minimal risk levels of this knee risk assessment model so that task observational results are equally comparable. Additional studies are moreover needed to assess the intimate nature between variable interactions; especially multiple model defined minimal risks within a single task.
Ph.D.
Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
Engineering and Computer Science
Industrial Engineering PhD
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Книги з теми "Occupational risk assessment and management"

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S, Sadhra Steven, and Rampal Krishna G, eds. Occupational health: Risk assessment and management. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Science, 1999.

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Richard, Cothern C., Mehlman Myron A, and Marcus William L, eds. Risk assessment and risk management of industrial and environmental chemicals. Princeton, N.J: Princeton Scientific Pub. Co., 1988.

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Corporation, Bionetics, NASA Occupational Health Office, and Dynamac Corporation, eds. Proceedings from the 2001 NASA Occupational Health Conference: Risk assessment and management in 2001, February 25-March 2, 2001, Galveston Island, Texas. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2001.

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4

Iannacchione, Anthony T. The Application of major hazard risk assessment (MHRA) to eliminate multiple fatality occurrences in the U.S. minerals industry. Spokane, WA: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Spokane Research Laboratory, 2008.

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Iannacchione, Anthony T. The Application of major hazard risk assessment (MHRA) to eliminate multiple fatality occurrences in the U.S. minerals industry. Spokane, WA: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Spokane Research Laboratory, 2008.

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Iannacchione, Anthony T. The Application of major hazard risk assessment (MHRA) to eliminate multiple fatality occurrences in the U.S. minerals industry. Spokane, WA: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Spokane Research Laboratory, 2008.

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Iannacchione, Anthony T. The Application of major hazard risk assessment (MHRA) to eliminate multiple fatality occurrences in the U.S. minerals industry. Spokane, WA: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Spokane Research Laboratory, 2008.

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8

Occupational health and safety. Burlington, VT: Gower, 2010.

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Regulatory governance and risk management: Occupational health and safety in the coal mining industry. New York: Routledge, 2011.

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United States. Mine Safety and Health Administration. Small Mine Office. Managing risk by knowledge and training. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration, Small Mine Office, 2009.

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Частини книг з теми "Occupational risk assessment and management"

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Whiting, James F. "Risk Assessment." In Global Occupational Safety and Health Management Handbook, 63–77. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2019. |: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429056475-5.

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Murè, Salvina, Micaela Demichela, and Norberto Piccinini. "Risk Assessment Of Occupational Accident through Fuzzy Model." In Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management, 58–63. London: Springer London, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-410-4_10.

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Hansson, Lisbeth. "Risk Model for Occupational Accidents Applied to Offshore Supply Vessels." In Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management, 64–69. London: Springer London, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-410-4_11.

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Liu, Hui, Tingting Jiang, Ting Gao, Yue Fang, and Peng Mao. "A Model for Occupational Health Risk Assessment of Decoration Workers." In Proceedings of the 24th International Symposium on Advancement of Construction Management and Real Estate, 2213–27. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8892-1_155.

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Karakaya, A. E. "The Usage of Biomarkers in Some Environmental and Occupational Chemical Exposure Cases in Turkey." In Assessment and Management of Environmental Risks, 363–71. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0987-4_38.

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Rantala, Minna, Maria Lindholm, Sari Tappura, and Noora Nenonen. "Risk Assessment Knowledge Relating to Occupational Health and Safety Risks: A Case Study of Five Finnish Companies." In Advances in Safety Management and Human Performance, 163–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80288-2_19.

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Morel, Gael, and Manikam Pillay. "The Occupational Risk Assessment Method: A Tool to Improve Organizational Resilience in the Context of Occupational Health and Safety Management." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 367–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20497-6_34.

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Finkel, Adam M., Douglas O. Johns, and Christine Whittaker. "Occupational Risk Assessment." In Risk Assessment for Environmental Health, 225–65. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429291722-12.

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Packham, Christopher L. "Risk Assessment for Skin Exposure." In Kanerva's Occupational Dermatology, 1895–904. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02035-3_201.

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Lee, Hongmu. "Risk Assessment." In Risk Management, 61–74. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3468-0_6.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Occupational risk assessment and management"

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Смагулов, Н. К., and Т. Н. Хамитов. "Health management of employees based on occupational risk assessment." In The second international scientific Forum "Health and Safety at the Workplace". Encyclopedix, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-985-7153-46-6-2018-1-2-213-216.

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Kulkarni, Poorva, Saud Al Hammadi, Osama Al Zbeidi, and Meera Al Marzooqi. "Proactive Management of Occupational Health using Fatigue Risk Assessment." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/197671-ms.

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Nikolic, Bozo, and Ljiljana Ruzic-Dimitrijevic. "Risk Assessment of Information Technology Systems." In InSITE 2009: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3368.

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Risk assessment is a structured and systematic procedure, which is dependent upon the correct identification of hazards and an appropriate assessment of risks arising from them, with a view to making inter-risk comparisons for purposes of their control and avoidance. There are differences in the methodology used to conduct risk assessments. This paper presents some methodologies of risk management in the IT (information technology) area. In addition, a method of risk assessment created and applied by our expert team in this area is described. As there is a similarity between these methodologies, the paper presents the use of methods from the occupational health area in the IT area. All items in the risk assessment methodology for working environment and workplace are modified to IT as working environment and to an application as a workplace. In that way, the risk assessment process in the safety analysis of an IT system is carried out by an original method from the occupational health area.
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Qi, Zuoqiu, Hong Wang, Xiaobing Zhao, and Jichi Chen. "The occupational hazard risk assessment method based on PHA and risk matrix." In 2020 International Conference on Urban Engineering and Management Science (ICUEMS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icuems50872.2020.00149.

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Rodrigues, Matilde A., Pedro M. Arezes, and Celina P. Leão. "Risk Decision: Main Constraints and Approaches." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88354.

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The key factor in risk management process is the risk acceptance decision. However, it is not an easy task since different approaches can be adopted. In Portugal, it is unknown how companies decide in relation to the risk acceptance of the occupational risks and on the need to implement risk reduction measures. Building on these facts, this work aims to analyze how Portuguese organizations make their decisions concerning occupational accident risk and the main constraints to the decision process, and to identify the most appropriate approach to be applied. The questionnaire Risk Decision Analysis was developed and applied on a sample of Portuguese Occupational Health & Safety Professionals. The results show that the type of OHS services was the main factor that influenced the risk analysis activities and the type of risk assessment, namely in relation to quantitative risk assessments: the in-house OHS personnel use more quantitative risk assessments than the external consultants. Both qualitative and quantitative criteria need to be considered, but quantitative criteria are preferred in relation to qualitative criteria. In relation to risk measures used, the risk matrix is the most used to evaluate the risks of particular activities and risk rates for evaluating the safety performance of organizations. The study also shows that ALARP principle is the best approach to be applied in decision-making process on occupational risk. In general, the study emphasized the need of guidelines that helps in acceptance criteria formulation.
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Iavicoli, I., and V. Leso. "1601h Challenging issues in carbon nanotube occupational risk assessment and management strategies." In 32nd Triennial Congress of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), Dublin, Ireland, 29th April to 4th May 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-icohabstracts.805.

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Alexeyev, A., Z. Zharylkassyn, and Y. Otarov. "CRITERIA FOR SOCIAL EFFICIENCY OF MANAGEMENT OF PROFESSIONAL RISK IN CHRYSOTILE INDUSTRY." In The 16th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» Russian National Congress with International Participation (OHRNC-2021). FSBSI “IRIOH”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-2-1-2021-1-16-20.

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Abstract: The study was carried out in the areas of studying the criteria of the social efficiency of occupational risk management by: assessing the general and occupational morbidity of workers, researching the quality of life, analyzing the social and hygienic factors of health and assessing the social protection of workers. It was found that the highest incidence rates were found in a group of workers with up to 9 years of experience, which amounted to 42.3 cases, 537.8 days of disability. When managing occupational risk in production for a five-year period, a tendency was determined to reduce the incidence of workers in sick persons by 6.1%, in cases by 4%, in days by 8.2% per 100 year-round workers. When assessing the quality of life of workers, it was found that the values of indicators on the scale "Vital activity" among employees significantly increase with increasing experience, and according to the scale "Mental health" of the psychological component of the quality of life, workers with experience of 0-9 years have significantly higher values compared to the rest of the senior groups. In the study of the criteria of social and hygienic factors of health and social protection of workers, a tendency was established to reduce the subjective assessment of their health by workers with an increase in age and work experience. So social efficiency in terms of subjective assessment of their health workers increased in all seniority and age groups. The greatest growth in the subjective assessment of their health was found among workers aged 30-39 - by 8% (0.4 points on the scale). Thus, the social effect of occupational risk management at chrysotile production is determined in a decrease in the incidence of sickness with temporary disability of employees and in an increase in the criteria for subjective assessments of their health by employees of the enterprise.
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Claycamp, H. G. "167. Expert Systems in the Future of Occupational Health Risk Assessment and Management." In AIHce 1997 - Taking Responsibility...Building Tomorrow's Profession Papers. AIHA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2765288.

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Alves, L., E. Gravatá, A. Fernandes, J. Nobrega, and E. Vazquez. "An integrated risk assessment and management for the rehabilitation of a university department." In Selected Contributions From the International Symposium Occupational Safety and Hygiene (Sho 2017). CRC Press/Balkema P.O. Box 11320, 2301 EH Leiden, The Netherlands: CRC Press/Balkema, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315164809-110.

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Dubrovskaya, E. N. "METHODS OF BOATMASTERS PROFESSIONAL RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT." In The 4th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» International Youth Forum (OHIYF-2022). FSBSI «IRIOH», 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-6-9-2022-1-73-76.

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Introduction: Boatmasters work activity is specific. During the entire navigation period, the crew is affected by unavoidable factors number: noise, vibration, climatic conditions, ship rolling, monotony of work process during watch keeping, psycho-emotional and physical exertion and, as a result, the development of chronic fatigue is observed, negatively affecting the safety of flights. The study goal: to assess the professional reliability of boatmasters. Materials and methods: Analysis of occupational morbidity indicators. Determination of occupational risk indicators. Results: The assessment and forecast of occupational risk in the group of boatmasters was carried out using significant professional factors that have a negative impact to health indicators and may reduce the professional reliability of this group of workers. Conclusion: The analysis of obtained data showed that boatmasters working conditions have become more complicated with the automation of ship management systems, the reduction of crew number, and combination of professional functions. Screening of crew psycho-emotional state when hiring and during navigation becomes one of the priority areas of occupational hygiene. It is necessary to develop a set of measures aimed to seafarers health preservation.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Occupational risk assessment and management"

1

Mahaffey, J. A., P. G. Doctor, R. L. Buschbom, C. S. Glantz, P. M. Daling, L. E. Sever, G. J. Jr Vargo, et al. A strategic analysis study-based approach to integrated risk assessment: Occupational health risks from environmental restoration and waste management activities at Hanford. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6760022.

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Mahaffey, J. A., P. G. Doctor, R. L. Buschbom, C. S. Glantz, P. M. Daling, L. E. Sever, G. J. Jr Vargo, et al. A strategic analysis study-based approach to integrated risk assessment: Occupational health risks from environmental restoration and waste management activities at Hanford. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10161643.

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3

Travis, C. (Workshop on risk assessment and risk management). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6764591.

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Lu, Po-Yung. (Health risk assessment on environmental, occupational, and life style hazards). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7098522.

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Abercrombie, Robert K. Cryptographic Key Management and Critical Risk Assessment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1131520.

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Zhu, Karen, and Shuo Li. Risk Management and Assessment of Upgrading and Standardizing Guardrail. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314298.

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MERCER MANAGEMENT CONSULTING LEXINGTON MA. SUPSHIP Bath. Assessment of Alternatives for New Construction Risk Management. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada399234.

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Scott, Joe H., Matthew P. Thompson, and David E. Calkin. A wildfire risk assessment framework for land and resource management. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-315.

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Moore, David W., Todd S. Bridges, Carlos Ruiz, Jerome Cura, and Susan Kane. Environmental Risk Assessment and Dredged Material Management: Issues and Application. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada360840.

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Burnett, LouAnn Crawford, and Benjamin H. Brodsky. Biological Select Agents and Toxins: Risk-Based Assessment Management and Oversight. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1432263.

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