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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Noun inflection"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Noun inflection"

Sinha, Yash. "Hindi nominal suffixes are bimorphemic: A Distributed Morphology analysis." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 3, no. 1 (March 3, 2018): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v3i1.4301.

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This paper provides a Distributed Morphology (DM) analysis for Hindi nominal (noun and adjectival) inflection. Contra Singh & Sarma (2010), I argue that nominal suffixes contain two morphemes – a basic morpheme, and a restrictedly distributed additional morpheme. The presence of two different morphemes is especially evident when one compares noun and adjectival inflectional suffixes, which Singh & Sarma (2010) do not, since they only look at noun inflection. I also show that the so-called adjectival inflectional suffixes are not limited to adjectives, and may occur on nouns, provided the noun is not at the right edge of the noun phrase. On the other hand, the regular noun inflection is only limited to nouns at the right edge of the noun phrase. This is demonstrated using a type of coordinative compound found in Hindi. Then, I take the fact that nouns can take either the regular noun inflection or the so-called “adjectival” inflection as motivation for a unified analysis for both sets of suffixes. I demonstrate that after undoing certain phonological rules, the difference between the “adjectival” and regular noun inflectional suffixes can be summarized by saying that the additional morpheme only surfaces in the regular noun inflectional suffixes. Finally, I provide vocabulary entries and morphological operations that can capture the facts about the distribution of the various basic and additional morphemes.

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KILBURY, JAMES. "German noun inflection revisited." Journal of Linguistics 37, no. 2 (July 2001): 339–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226701008830.

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Cahill & Gazdar (henceforth C&G) have presented their analysis of German noun inflection in issue 35.1 (1999) of this journal. As they emphasize (on page 4), the lexical knowledge representation language DATR they employ is theoretically neutral and can serve to encode descriptions set in entirely diverse theoretical frameworks, not just those that are theoretically close to theirs. The formalism is just as amenable to ‘item and process’ and ‘word and paradigm’ analyses as it is to the affixal ‘item and arrangement’ perspective. Moreover, distinct DATR theories (i.e., concrete descriptions) may differ greatly in their input (queries) and output (returned values) while they share a common structure reflecting the inheritance relations arising from the described phenomena.In this paper I will present another analysis of German noun inflection, encoded in the same formalism but based on the theory of MINIMALIST MORPHOLOGY developed by Wunderlich and his associates (Wunderlich & Fabri 1995, Wunderlich 1997a, 1999b). In his account German nouns are mapped into tree-based representations of their inflectional paradigms, whereas C&G map tuples of lexemes and inflectional categories (case and number) into individual inflected word forms. The major linguistic gain of my analysis is that the principal strength of Wunderlich's account, the formal description of relations within paradigms, is combined with the formal description of hierarchical relations BETWEEN paradigms, which is central for C&G but given little attention by Wunderlich.

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Pounder, Amanda. "Inflection and the Paradigm in German Nouns." American Journal of Germanic Linguistics and Literatures 8, no. 2 (1996): 219–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1040820700001852.

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The paper presents an analysis of noun inflection in Modern Standard German within a process framework. Familiar issues in the description of German inflectional morphology are discussed, such as analysis of weak nouns and of plural formation, and the establishment of inflectional classes, as well as broader theoretical issues such as postulation of identity relations (“zeros”). The elements of a process morphology are elaborated, including some that deviate from well-known models, such as recognition of a dynamic morphological component distinct from the static lexicon, expression of morphological semantics in the morphological component, and formalization of the notion of a paradigm. The paradigm is claimed to be an essential morphological structure, dynamic in nature, responsible for organization of the inflectional system and ensuring, in cooperation with operations applied to stems, correct sequencing and selection of these inflectional operations. It is also concluded that the inflectional class, derivative of the paradigm, may be a useful construct in some languages (including German), but is not a necessary one for all inflecting languages.

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Faust, Noam, and Mohamed Lahrouchi. "Asymmetric inflection in Berber." Brill’s Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 14, no. 2 (December 19, 2022): 194–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18776930-01402005.

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Abstract In Tashlhiyt Berber nouns, grammatical gender is usually expressed on both edges of the noun by the segment /t/. However, at the right edge, there is another, more minor pattern: many grammatically feminine nouns end in a vowel. The regular realization involves a final /t/ associated to a suffixal CV unit. Vowel-final feminine nouns are derived when a final stem vowel is associated to the V position of the suffix, blocking the association of the /t/. This right-edge effect is a mirror-image of Bendjaballah’s (2011) analysis of the left-edge inflection of vowel-initial stems. The distribution of gender marking in loans provides further supports to this analysis.

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CAHILL, LYNNE, and GERALD GAZDAR. "German noun inflection." Journal of Linguistics 35, no. 1 (March 1999): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226798007294.

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This is the second of a series of three papers that, taken together, will give an essentially complete account of inflection in standard German. In this paper we present that part of the account that covers nouns, one that captures all the regularities, subregularities and irregularities that are involved, but with a focus on the subregularities. Inflected forms are defined in terms of their syllable structure, as proposed in Cahill (1990a, b, 1993). The analysis is formulated as a DATR theory – a set of lexical axioms – from which all the relevant facts follow as theorems. DATR is a widely used formal lexical knowledge representation language developed for use in computational linguistics.

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ROTHOU, KYRIAKOULA M., and SUSANA PADELIADU. "Inflectional morphological awareness and word reading and reading comprehension in Greek." Applied Psycholinguistics 36, no. 4 (March 13, 2014): 1007–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716414000022.

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ABSTRACTThe study explored the contribution of two aspects of inflectional morphological awareness, verb inflection and noun–adjective inflection, to word reading and reading comprehension in the Greek language, which is an orthographically transparent language. Participants (120 first graders, 123 second graders, 126 third graders) were given two oral language experimental tasks of inflectional morphological awareness. Furthermore, phonological awareness, receptive vocabulary, expressive vocabulary, decoding, and reading comprehension were evaluated. It was revealed that noun–adjective inflectional morphology contributed significantly to decoding only in first grade, while verb inflectional morphology had a significant contribution to reading comprehension in third grade. It is interesting that inflectional morphological awareness did not predict reading skills for second graders. Phonological awareness was a firm predictor of word reading in all grades and made a unique contribution in Grades 2 and 3. Finally, in all grades, receptive vocabulary was a steady predictor of reading comprehension, whereas expressive vocabulary predicted only first-grade reading comprehension. It is suggested that inflectional morphological awareness may be an important predictor of early reading in a language with a shallow orthography and a rich morphology.

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Pereira, Bruna Karla. "INFLECTION OF CADA AND NUMBER FEATURE VALUATION IN BP." Estudos Linguísticos e Literários, no. 61 (June 15, 2019): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/ell.v0i61.27910.

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This research investigates nominal concord in structures of non-standard Brazilian Portuguese (BP) where cada is inflected with the plural morpheme -s while the phrases following it may not bear any plural marking. In order to account for this, I will consider that cardinals and silent nouns work as a boundary dividing the DP into two domains such that phrases to their left are marked with the plural morpheme while phrases to their right are unmarked, a pattern found across languages. Additionally, I will argue that DPs with cadas have a silent noun SET and that this silent noun conveys a set reading as well as valued plural features. In this case, cada is interpreted as either ‘such’ or ‘every’ rather than ‘each’ and is followed by a noun or a cardinal ≥ 2 (plus a noun). Accordingly, because cadas precedes SET, it is marked with -s. This plural silent noun is followed by a preposition, which allows its embedded NP to be singular.

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Friis, Louise S. "Tocharian B agent nouns in -ntsa and their origin." Indo-European Linguistics 9, no. 1 (November 2, 2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22125892-bja10012.

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Abstract The agent noun suffix in -ntsa belongs to a complex of Tocharian B agent noun formations, similar in form, function, and inflection. Of these, two suffixes are widely believed to be related to -ntsa: the productive agent noun in -ñca and the lexicalised agent noun in -nta. The suffix -ntsa forms occupational titles to eleven verbs in Tocharian B and can be reconstructed for Proto-Tocharian through comparison with Tocharian A. In this paper, it is argued that the suffix originated in the feminine of the PIE active participle in *-nt. This is substantiated by the fact that several ntsa-nouns refer to primarily female professions, as well as the existence of the relic forms Bpreṃtsa ‘pregnant’ and Blāntsa ‘queen’. Furthermore, it is proposed that the masculine is reflected in the suffixes -ñca and -nta and that the disintegration of gendered inflection in the participle led to its development into several agent noun formations.

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BAECHLER, RAFFAELA. "Analogy, reanalysis and exaptation in Early Middle English: the emergence of a new inflectional system." English Language and Linguistics 24, no. 1 (May 23, 2019): 123–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674318000333.

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From Old English to Middle English inflection is gradually lost. It is assumed that this is mainly due to phonological and syntactic changes. This article, however, argues that the loss of inflection is not a linear process but new systems can emerge, and that morphological changes play an important role. The nominal inflection of the Lambeth Homilies – an Early Middle English manuscript from the southwest Midlands and dated around 1200 – is investigated in detail. It will be shown that analogical changes within and across inflection classes do not simply lead towards a reduction of inflection. The increase in syncretism and decrease in allomorphy result in a new inflectional system. This new system distinguishes singular from plural, feminine from non-feminine (in the singular and plural), and possessive from non-possessive (in the singular and plural). Additionally, the original inflection classes related to different stems are almost lost, except the weak inflection classes. The inflection classes are instead related to gender; that is, gender is the information that best predicts how a noun is inflected.

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BENÍTEZ-BURRACO, ANTONIO, ELENA GARAYZÁBAL, and FERNANDO CUETOS. "Morphology in Spanish-speaking children with Williams syndrome." Language and Cognition 9, no. 4 (May 9, 2017): 728–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2017.6.

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abstractAims. Morphological skills in Williams syndrome (WS) are a controversial issue, particularly cross-linguistically. Methods. We assessed pluralization patterns of nouns, inflection of verbs in the past, and gender assignment, inflection, and agreement within the noun phrase in a sample of Spanish-speaking children with WS compared to typically developing (TD) children matched on mental age (VA-TD) and on chronological age (CA-TD) age. Results. Children with WS attribute grammatical gender correctly in a production task, but they have problems with inferring the referent’s sex from the gender of the noun in a comprehension task. Additionally, they correctly pluralize nouns and properly inflect regular verbs, but they have problems with irregular verbs. Our findings suggest that they have mastered the productive rules, but they perform like younger children regarding irregular items.

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Дисертації з теми "Noun inflection"

Collier, Scott James. "The evolution of complexity in Greek noun inflection." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.590655.

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This thesis investigates the diachrony of inflection classes, with a particular focus on which notions of morphological complexity can be relevant as motivating factors for change in the structure of inflectional systems. The inflection of nouns in Greek is taken as a case study, offering 2,500 years of relatively well-recorded development. The changes directly affecting the inflectional marking of nouns from the (reconstructed) Proto-Indo-European origins of the language through to Modem Standard Greek are examined, together with the shifting relationship between inflection class and gender across this period. To address these issues, the evolution of the Greek noun system is modelled within the framework of Network Morphology, and quantitative metrics of complexity, including both information-entropy- and principal-parts-based approaches, are applied to various stages of the language's history. This thesis demonstrates that, while complexity does play a role in many instances of "internally-motivated" morphological change, such change cannot be ascribed to a single unified notion of morphological complexity, but there are in fact multiple different types of complexity which can affect inflectional systems in different ways, sometimes in conflict with one another.

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Karatsareas, Petros. "A study of Cappadocian Greek nominal morphology from a diachronic and dialectological perspective." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/240609.

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In this dissertation, I investigate a number of interrelated developments affecting the morphosyntax of nouns in Cappadocian Greek. I specifically focus on the development of differential object marking, the loss of grammatical gender distinctions, and the neuterisation of noun inflection. My aim is to provide a diachronic account of the innovations that Cappadocian has undergone in the three domains mentioned above. !ll the innovations examined in this study have the effect of rendering the morphology and syntax of nouns in Cappadocian more like that of neuters. On account of the historical and sociolinguistic circumstances in which Cappadocian developed as well as of the superficial similarity of their outcomes to equivalent structures in Turkish, previous research has overwhelmingly treated the Cappadocian developments as instances of contact-induced change that resulted from the influence of Turkish. In this study, I examine the Cappadocian innovations from a language-internal point of view and in comparison with parallel developments attested in the other Modern Greek dialects of Asia Minor, namely Pontic, Rumeic, Pharasiot and Silliot. My comparative analysis of a wide range of dialect-internal, cross-dialectal and cross-linguistic typological evidence shows that language contact with Turkish can be identified as the main cause of change only in the case of differential object marking. On the other hand, with respect to the origins of the most pervasive innovations in gender and noun inflection, I argue that they go back to the common linguistic ancestor of the modern Asia Minor Greek dialects and do not owe their development to language contact with Turkish. I show in detail that the superficial similarity of these latter innovations’ outcomes to their Turkish equivalents in each case represents the final stage in a long series of typologically plausible, language-internal developments whose early manifestations predate the intensification of Cappadocian–Turkish linguistic and cultural exchange. These findings show that diachronic change in Cappadocian is best understood when examined within a larger Asia Minor Greek context. On the whole, they make a significant contribution to our knowledge of the history of Cappadocian and the Asia Minor Greek dialects as well as to Modern Greek dialectology more generally, and open a fresh round of discussion on the origin and development of other innovations attested in these dialects that are considered by historical linguists and Modern Greek dialectologists to be untypically Greek or contact-induced or both.

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Planella, Elisabeth. "Morphological inflection in second-language acquisition : the production of regular and irregular verbal inflection by native and non-native speakers of French." Thesis, University of Salford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248878.

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Parker, Jeffrey. "Inflectional Complexity and Cognitive Processing: An Experimental and Corpus-based Investigation of Russian Nouns." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1467904555.

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Frazier, Melissa Smith Jennifer L. "Accent in proto-Indo-European athematic nouns antifaithfulness in inflectional paradigms /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,113.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 10, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Linguistics." Discipline: Linguistics; Department/School: Linguistics.

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Carson, Robyn. "Processing Grammatical and Notional Number Information in English and French." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38309.

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Number is a grammatical category found in nearly every language around the world (Corbett, 2000). The syntactic expression of number is referred to as grammatical number. In English and French, two number categories are in use: singular and plural. Nouns that are written more frequently in their singular form are called singular-dominant, while those that are written more frequently in their plural form are called plural-dominant. Several lexical decision and picture naming studies have found that grammatical number and noun dominance interact, resulting in a surface frequency effect for singular-dominant nouns only. Singular-dominant nouns are recognized/named significantly faster in their singular form than in their plural form, while plural-dominant nouns are recognized/named equally fast in both forms (e.g., Baayen, Burani, & Schreuder, 1997; Biedermann, Beyersmann, Mason, & Nickels, 2013; Domínguez, Cuetos, & Segui, 1999; New, Brysbaert, Segui, Ferrand, & Rastle, 2004; Reifegerste, Meyer, & Zwitserlood, 2017). The objective of this thesis is to extend our understanding of the singular-dominant noun surface frequency effect in English and French by adopting three procedures. First, advanced linear mixed modelling techniques were used to improve statistical power and accuracy. Second, the noun dominance ratio technique (Reifegerste et al., 2017) was applied to investigate whether the surface frequency effect remains significant when noun dominance was treated as a continuous variable. Third, a determiner-noun number agreement task was created to determine whether the surface frequency effect could be reproduced in a novel task. Three studies were conducted. In Study 1, two lexical decision tasks (LDTs) were conducted. Results revealed that in both English and French, singular nouns were recognized faster than plural nouns while the noun dominance effect was non-significant. The interaction between grammatical number and noun dominance was significant in French and marginally so in English. The interaction pattern was identical in both languages, singular-dominant nouns demonstrated a surface frequency effect while plural nouns did not. In Study 2, three determiner-noun number agreement tasks (NATs) were conducted. Results revealed that in both English and French, plural nouns were recognized faster than singular nouns. No other effects were significant. Incorporating irregular singular nouns (e.g., bonus) and plural nouns (e.g., mice) as foils produced the same results. In Study 3, two LDTs and one NAT were conducted. Lexical decision results revealed that in both English and French, singular nouns were recognized faster than plural nouns. However, the effects of noun collectivity and animacy were significant in English only; non-collective nouns were recognized faster than collective nouns while inanimate nouns were recognized faster than animate nouns. Number agreement results revealed that in English, plural nouns were recognized faster than singular nouns; no other effects reached significance. Taken together, my studies confirm that a strong surface frequency effect exists during visual word recognition for singular-dominant nouns. However, the surface frequency effect does not extend to the formation determiner-noun number agreement decisions, which were influenced nearly exclusively by grammatical number.

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Krajewski, Grzegorz. "A constructivist investigation into the development of Polish noun inflections in children between two- and three-and-a half years of age." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491485.

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The studies presented in this thesis aim at investigating how young children acquire and develop the inflectional system of Polish nouns. The perspective adopted here is a usage-based, constructivist one and the first two chapters motivate this decision. In Chapter 1 the constructivist approach to language acquisition is introduced in general terms and contrasted with the more traditional nativist standpoint. Within the constructivist fr-amework no sharp distinction between words and grammar is maintained and it is proposed that children learn all aspects of their language gradually, by drawing upon general cognitive abilities. Evidence supporting this approach with respect to early syntactic development of English speaking children is reviewed. Chapter 2 focuses on morphology. First, it introduces the inflectional system of Polish nouns, and then, reviews various accounts of both the development of morphology in children and morphological processing in adults. In the end, based on the description of the system and the literature review, it is concluded that morphology is best viewed as an emerging interface between form and meaning, that morphological patterns emerge gradually, and that effects of similarity and frequency are crucial for this process. The following empirical chapters are set to test these claims. The goal is also to find answers to some 'open questions concerning the application of the usage-based model to complex inflectional systems, in particular: whether early inflectional patterns are restricted in their specifications of use, and whether their generalization is based on pairs of inflections, rather than single inflections. Chapter 3 presents a corpus study of a two-year-old child's speech. The main aim is an analysis of productivity in the use of inflections by the child and a critical discussion of various attempts at measuring morphological productivity in naturalistic data is offered. A series of carefully controlled comparisons of the child with her mother permits the conclusion that the child's use of inflections was indeed lexically more restricted than that of the adult. Chapter 4 offers a continuation of naturalistic analyses, focusing on syntactic diversity in the use of noun inflections. A measure of contextual diversity based on a computational approach to corpus psycholinguistics is applied and some issues concerning this application are discussed. The measure indicates that the child's use of inflections is also contextually restricted as compared to her mother. Chapters 5 and 6 report experimental studies, both involving a nonce word elicitation task and two age groups: 2;6 and 3;6 year oIds. The first study shows that the production of a particular inflectional form may be easier or more difficult depending on which other form serves as a departure point. The second study supplements these results, showing that whether a given form is an easy or difficult departure point may be partly determined by which form is the target. Similarity between various inflections seems to play an important role when children attempt to switch between forms. Also, effects of contexts (constructions) in which departure point forms were introduced and in which target forms were elicited were identified. Chapter 7 summarises the main findings, their theoretical implications and considers some directions for future research.

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Trompelt, Helena. "Production of regular and non-regular verbs : evidence for a lexical entry complexity account." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2010. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4212/.

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The incredible productivity and creativity of language depends on two fundamental resources: a mental lexicon and a mental grammar. Rules of grammar enable us to produce and understand complex phrases we have not encountered before and at the same time constrain the computation of complex expressions. The concepts of the mental lexicon and mental grammar have been thoroughly tested by comparing the use of regular versus non-regular word forms. Regular verbs (e.g. walk-walked) are computed using a suffixation rule in a neural system for grammatical processing; non-regular verbs (run-ran) are retrieved from associative memory. The role of regularity has only been explored for the past tense, where regularity is overtly visible. To explore the representation and encoding of regularity as well as the inflectional processes involved in the production of regular and non-regular verbs, this dissertation investigated three groups of German verbs: regular, irregular and hybrid verbs. Hybrid verbs in German have completely regular conjugation in the present tense and irregular conjugation in the past tense. Articulation latencies were measured while participants named pictures of actions, producing the 3rd person singular of regular, hybrid, and irregular verbs in present and past tense. Studying the production of German verbs in past and present tense, this dissertation explored the complexity of lexical entries as a decisive factor in the production of verbs.
Regularität spielt eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Produktion von Verben. Zweiroutenmodelle nehmen an, dass regelmäßige Formen aus Stamm und Suffixen zusammengesetzt werden und unregelmäßige Verben als ganze Form im mentalen Lexikon gespeichert sind. Ziel der Dissertation war eine ausführliche Untersuchung der Repräsentation von regelmäßigen und unregelmäßigen Verben im Deutschen sowie der morphologischen Prozesse bei ihrer Produktion. Dazu wurden drei Typen von Verben im Deutschen untersucht: Regelmäßige Verben (z.B. lachen) haben nur einen Stamm, irreguläre Verben (z.B. graben) haben mehrere Stämme und ihre Formen sind daher unvorhersagbar. Hybride Verben (z.B. singen) haben regelmäßige Formen im Präsens und unregelmäßige, unvorhersagbare im Präteritum. Besondere Berücksichtigung fand daher das Tempus bei der Generierung von Verben. Artikulationszeiten in einer Serie von Bild-Wort-Interferenzexperimenten lassen vermuten, dass Regularität nicht durch abstrakte generische Knoten repräsentiert ist wie es z.B. für Genus angenommen wird. Die Artikulationszeiten von allen drei Typen von Verben in einem weiteren Bildbenennungsexperiment haben gezeigt, dass Regularität eine Eigenschaft des gesamten Lexikoneintrags eines Verbs ist und nicht von individuellen Wortformen. Die präsentierten Daten sind eine Herausforderung für das Zweiroutenmodell (Pinker, 1999), sie sind jedoch mit einem Ansatz vereinbar, der komplexe Lexikoneinträge für unregelmäßige Verben annimmt.

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Oliveira, Ana Cristina Fernandes. "Flexão nominal e nominalizações agentivas e instrumentais em crianças com perturbações específicas do desenvolvimento da linguagem: estudo de caso comparativo." Master's thesis, Escola Superior de Saúde, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/4176.

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Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Perturbações da Linguagem na Criança, área de especialização em Terapia da Fala e Perturbações da Linguagem
No âmbito da língua portuguesa, a existência de dificuldades morfológicas nas crianças com Perturbações Específicas do Desenvolvimento da Linguagem (PEDL) constitui um objeto de estudo que tem merecido escassa atenção. Todavia, é consensual a literatura realizada para outras línguas, demonstrando a existência de dificuldades ao nível da morfologia flexional. Apesar de ser unânime a existência de dificuldades de flexão verbal, a flexão nominal tem sido alvo de controvérsias: alguns autores defendem a existência de dificuldades na realização do plural por parte desta população, enquanto outros afirmam que não existem evidências de dificuldades neste domínio. Comparativamente com a morfologia flexional, a morfologia derivacional apresenta-se como a grande lacuna na descrição dos défices morfológicos nas crianças com PEDL. Por serem escassos os estudos referentes a esta temática, são poucos os dados relativos a crianças com PEDL que permitam corroborar, convincentemente, a hipótese da organização modular da morfologia no léxico mental. Esta hipótese defende que os processos de derivação e flexão são representados independentemente no léxico, apresentando-se como subcomponentes autónomos (Miceli & Caramazza, 1988). Este estudo tem como objetivo verificar se as crianças com PEDL apresentam dificuldades na flexão nominal e na derivação, em português, e retirar conclusões, a partir dos resultados, sobre a representação da derivação e da flexão no léxico mental. Para este efeito, foi construído um teste que pretende investigar a flexão nominal em número e, no âmbito da morfologia derivacional, a produção de nomes agentivos (AG) e instrumentais (INST) deverbais, através de uma tarefa de produção elicitada que inclui itens relativos a palavras e a pseudo palavras. A amostra consiste em seis crianças monolingues com PEDL, com idades compreendidas entre os 4;8 e os 7;5. Realizou o teste, também, um grupo de controlo, constituído por nove crianças com desenvolvimento típico, com idades entre os 4;6 e os 7;10. O cruzamento dos resultados do desempenho dos dois grupos demonstrou assimetrias nos itens de morfologia derivacional, favorecendo o grupo de controlo: este grupo evidenciou uma percentagem de 81.5% de respostas corretas nos itens relativos a palavras e pseudopalavras, enquanto as crianças com PEDL apresentaram, apenas, 41.6% de respostas corretas nos itens relativos a palavras e 23.6% nos itens de pseudopalavras. Contrariamente, nos itens de morfologia flexional, os resultados foram simétricos: ambos os grupos apresentaram percentagens totais de respostas corretas nos itens relativos a palavras; nos relativos a pseudopalavras, o grupo de controlo obteve, igualmente, uma percentagem total de respostas corretas, enquanto as crianças com PEDL apresentaram 94.4% de respostas corretas. Pode concluir-se que, no momento da aplicação do teste, as crianças com PEDL estudadas não apresentavam dificuldades na flexão nominal em número; contudo, evidenciavam dificuldades no âmbito da morfologia derivacional. Os resultados indiciam, vi portanto, a existência de um défice seletivo da componente derivacional, o que enfatiza asua autonomia funcional e permite inferir que flexão e derivação constituem subcomponentes autónomos do léxico mental.
Abstract: The existence of morphological difficulties in Portuguese-speaking children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) is an object of study that has received scarce attention. However, the literature for other languages is consensual in demonstrating the existence of difficulties in the domain of inflectional morphology, particularly regarding verbal inflection. As for nominal inflection, its status is subject to controversy: while some authors have argued for the existence of difficulties with the plural of nouns among this population, other authors have claimed that there is no evidence of difficulties in this domain. Compared with inflectional morphology, derivational morphology has been largely ignored in the description of morphological deficits in SLI children. For this reason, little is known regarding SLI children to confirm the modular hypothesis of morphology in the mental lexicon convincingly. This hypothesis holds that inflection and derivation are represented independently in the lexicon, corresponding to autonomous subcomponents (Miceli & Caramazza, 1988). The aims of this study are to investigate whether Portuguese-speaking SLI children have difficulties in the domains of nominal inflection and derivation and, on the basis of the results obtained, to contribute to a better understanding of the representation of derivation and inflection in the mental lexicon. The task used in our study focuses on the production of nominal plural inflection and, as far as derivational morphology is concerned, of deverbal agent (AG) and instrument (INST) nouns; it is an elicited production task that includes items corresponding to words and pseudowords. The participants are six monolingual SLI children, aged between 4;8 and 7;5. The task was also administered to a control group, which is composed of nine typically developing children, aged between 4;6 and 7;10. The comparison of the performance results of the two groups indicates an asymmetry in the domain of derivational morphology between the two groups: the control group showed an accuracy rate of 81.5% in all items, whereas SLI children presented only 41.6% of target answers in the items corresponding to words and 23.6% in pseudowords. In contrast, the results in the domain of inflectional morphology were symmetrical: both groups showed total percentages of target answers in the items corresponding to words; as for pseudowords, the control group also obtained a full accuracy rates, whereas the SLI children obtained 94.4% of target answers. We may conclude, therefore, that, at the time of the study, the SLI children which are the object of the study, do not show evidence of difficulties in the domain of nominal number inflection, although they exhibit difficulties in the domain of derivational morphology. Hence our results may be taken to support the existence of a selective deficit in the derivational component, providing evidence for its functional autonomy and for the Viii hypothesis that inflection and derivation constitute autonomous subcomponents of the mental lexicon.

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Jobin, Bettina. "Genus im Wandel : Studien zu Genus und Animatizität anhand von Personenbezeichnungen im heutigen Deutsch mit Kontrastierungen zum Schwedischen." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Tyska institutionen, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-56.

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This study investigates, theoretically and empirically, the role of animacy in the development of gender systems. The theoretical background is a grammaticalisation approach to language change. Concerning gender, this presupposes that classifications begin as semantic distinctions in the realm of animacy with flexible, contextually based agreement between the gender-marking elements. This kind of gender is called contextual gender. In the course of time, these classifications will spread into other areas, they become desemanticized and the agreement relation grammaticalizes into one of government where the inherent gender of the head noun controls the gender of the agreeing elements, irrespective of contextual factors When this leads to a great number of violations of the principles of contextual agreement in the realm of animacy, a new cycle of semantic classification will begin, creating layers of classifications. For German and Swedish two different layers are discerned respectively. The empirical starting point of this project was the observation of two opposite developments in the area of female person reference in Germany and Sweden. As a consequence of feminist critique of language, mainly targeted at the use of socalled masculine generics, in Germany the use of female gender-specific nouns increased substantially, the major means being female derivation with –in, so-called motion. Although similar means for female derivation exist in Swedish, i.e. -inna and -ska, the number of derivations used is decreasing. In order to isolate socio-cultural and historical facts from language-internal mechanisms behind the diverging tendencies, a historical sketch of the development of equal rights, of language criticism and of the development of the female suffixes is drawn for the respective countries. It is obvious, that the German strategy to achieve gender-fair language use is established by making women visible by means of motion, while in Sweden the use of gender-neutral forms for a long period of time has been regarded as a sign of equality. This ‘neutral’ use of former masculine and male-specific forms has been made possible by the merging of the two nominal genders masculine and feminine into uter (Sw. utrum). A contrastive study of comparable German and Swedish newspaper texts shows that the lack of motion in Swedish is partly compensated by composition and attribution with gender-specific lexemes. Still, the 64% gender-specific noun phrases in Swedish cannot compare with the 95% in German. But the use of gender-specific forms for well over half of the person references calls into doubt the general opinion shared by most Swedes that Swedish has a gender-neutral person reference system. Linguistic asymmetry persists as long as gender-specification is restricted to one half of the gendered population, whatever the means for specification. The almost exclusive use of gender-specific forms in German is seen as indicative of a grammaticalisation process. Haspelmaths invisible hand explanation of grammaticalisation is used to show how the development of -in in German fulfils just about every requirement on a grammaticalisation process – language-external as well as -internal – while -inna and -ska neither are promoted sufficiently by the speech community nor does there exist a paradigm that could accommodate them. In contrast to Swedish, where the suffixes remain strictly derivational, it is demonstrated that -in is turning into an inflectional marker. The German gender sub-system for person reference is developing into a semantically based system with genderflexible person denominations. A study of the pronouns agreeing with non-personal-agents in a parallel corpus of EU-documents shows that other aspects than purely referential or formal ones impinge on the choice of agreement forms. Non-personal-agents in certain contexts expose both agency and intentionality, which turns them into suitable agreement partners for animate pronouns. In Swedish, all animate pronouns are sexed, leaving a “Leerstelle” for these inanimate but agentive and intentional referents. In German, this problem is covered by the polysemy of the personal pronouns. Non-personal-agents are shown to be one possiblesource for the spreading of a linguistic innovation from the realm of animacy into inanimate contexts via semantic and thematic roles that share important features with animates proper. The last study makes use of different types of German monolingual corpora in order to investigate the agreement between inanimate nouns with female inherent gender – from non-personal-agents and abstracts to concrete nouns – and agent nouns which can potentially expose agreement by female derivation. Although the results are rather heterogeneous, they allow the formulation of the hypothesis that agreement is more likely to occur with nouns for which a metaphorical bridge to stereotypical conceptions of femininity can be constructed and that key collocations with high frequency such as die Kirche als Trägerin or die DNA als Trägerin der Erbinformation contribute significantly to the spread of the agreement pattern.

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Книги з теми "Noun inflection"

Dedè, Francesco. I nomi greci in -ar e -ōr: Eteroclisi e classi nominali. Roma: Il calamo, 2013.

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Gadzhiakhmedov, N. Ė. Slovoizmenitelʹnye kategorii imeni v kumykskom i͡a︡zyke: Sravnitelʹno s drugimi ti͡u︡rkskimi i͡a︡zykami. Makhachkala: Izdatelʹsko-poligraficheskiĭ t͡s︡entr DGU, 1996.

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Ocherki po teorii ti͡u︡rkskogo slovoizmenenii͡a︡--imi͡a︡ : na materiale staroanatoliĭsko-ti͡u︡rkskogo i͡a︡zyka. Leningrad: Izd-vo Leningradskogo universiteta, 1987.

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Besim, Bokshi. Rruga e formimit të fleksionit të sotëm nominal të shqipes. 2nd ed. Prishtinë: Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës, 2005.

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Ism al-ālah: Dirāsah ṣarfīyah muʻjamīyah. ʻAmmān: Dār Wāʼil lil-Nashr, 2006.

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Shumësi dhe shquarsia e emrave në shqipen standarde: (konstatime, diskutime, propozime). Prishtinë: Era, 2015.

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Beekes, R. S. P. The origins of the Indo-European nominal inflection. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck, 1985.

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al-Asmāʼ al-ʻArabīyah fī al-taṣrīf. [Cairo?: s.n.], 1989.

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al-Dīn, Ḥāẓim ʻAlī Kamāl. Taṣrīf al-asmāʾ: Dirāsah jadīdah fī ḍawʾ ʻilm al-lughah al-ḥadīth. al-Qāhirah: Maktabat al-Ādāb, 1998.

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al-Maqṣūd, al-Sayyid Muḥammad ʻAbd. al- Asmāʾ al-ʻArabīyah fī al-taṣrīf. [Cairo: s.n.], 1989.

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Частини книг з теми "Noun inflection"

Sollid, Hilde, Philipp Conzett, and Åse Mette Johansen. "Gender and noun inflection." In Studies in Language Variation, 179–207. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/silv.16.09sol.

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Thieroff, Rolf. "Feminine vs. Non-Feminine Noun Phrases in German." In Explorations in Nominal Inflection, 301–20. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110197501.301.

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Xu, Zheng. "Chinese Adjective-Noun Combinations." In Competition in Inflection and Word-Formation, 307–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02550-2_12.

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Karnowski, Paweł, and Jürgen Pafel. "A Topological Schema for Noun Phrases in German." In Explorations in Nominal Inflection, 161–88. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110197501.161.

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Müller, Gereon. "On Decomposing Inflection Class Features: Syncretism in Russian Noun Inflection." In Explorations in Nominal Inflection, 189–228. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110197501.189.

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Ortmann, Albert. "A Factorial Typology of Number Marking in Noun Phrases: The Tension between Economy and Faithfulness." In Explorations in Nominal Inflection, 229–68. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110197501.229.

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Menzel, Thomas. "20. “Constructional” and “structural” iconicity of noun vs. adjective/pronoun markers in the Slavic nominal inflection." In Morphology 2000, 259–70. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.218.21men.

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Eisenberg, Peter, and Ulrike Sayatz. "Left of Number Animacy and Plurality in German Nouns." In Explorations in Nominal Inflection, 97–120. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110197501.97.

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Paciaroni, Tania. "Noun inflectional classes in Maceratese." In Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 231–70. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/la.186.09pac.

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Fehri, Abdelkader Fassi. "Inflectional Projections in Noun Phrases." In Issues in the Structure of Arabic Clauses and Words, 213–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1986-5_5.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Noun inflection"

PEICA, Cipriana Elena. "A Few Considerations Concerning Latin And Slavic Influences On The Development Of Noun Inflection In Contemporary Romanian." In 8th LUMEN International Scientific Conference Rethinking Social Action. Core Values in Practice | RSACVP 2017 | 6-9 April 2017 | Suceava – Romania. LUMEN Publishing House, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc.rsacvp2017.53.

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Tan, Samson, Shafiq Joty, Lav Varshney, and Min-Yen Kan. "Mind Your Inflections! Improving NLP for Non-Standard Englishes with Base-Inflection Encoding." In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.455.

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Saharia, Navanath, Utpal Sharma, and Jugal Kalita. "A Suffix-Based Noun and Verb Classifier for an Inflectional Language." In 2010 International Conference on Asian Language Processing (IALP). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ialp.2010.64.

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Vorobeva, Victoria. "AN OUTLINE OF INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE NOUN IN VAKH KHANTY." In 6th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2019v/2.1/s10.019.

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O’Neil, Michael P., George L. Gaines, Walter A. Svec, Mark P. Niemczek, and Michael R. Wasielewski. "Low Temperature Ultrafast Charge Separation; Rate vs Free Energy." In International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/up.1990.mc27.

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Photoinduced charge separation reactions in a large series of rigid porphyrin-triptycene-quinone (donor-spacer-acceptor) molecules were studied with picosecond transient absorbance and fluorescence techniques in polar and non-polar solvent at room temperature and at 77K in MTHF glass. At 77k the fluorescence yield as a function of free energy sharply inflects at 0.6eV. However at room temperature in toluene a less pronounced inflection occurs at 0.3eV. These inflection points represent the driving force where the rates of electron transfer approach the fluorescence decay rate of the porphyrin. Only when the energy of the ion pair state is lower than the lowest excited singlet state of the porphyrin may electron transfer occur.

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Mochizuki, Masahito, and Yoshiki Mikami. "Heterogeneous Microstructure Effect on Residual Stress and Fatigue Crack Resistance in Dual-Phase Materials." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77446.

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The effect of transformation-induced microscopic residual stress on fatigue crack propagation behaviour of ferrite-martensite lamellar steel was discussed. Fatigue tests of prestrained and non-prestrained specimens were performed. Inflections and branches at ferrite-martensite boundaries were observed in the non-prestrained specimens. On the other hand, less inflections and branches were found in the prestrained specimens. The experimental results showed that the transformation induced microscopic residual stress has influence on the fatigue crack propagation behaviour. To estimate the microscopic residual stress distribution, a numerical simulation of microscopic residual stress induced by martensitic transformation was performed. The simulation showed that compressive residual stress was generated in martensite layer, and the result agree with the experimental result that inflections and branches were observed at ferrite-martensite boundaries. In addition, the change in the microscopic residual stress distribution by prestraining was also calculated to show the compressive residual stress changed to tensile by prestraining. This also agree with the experimental result of the observation of fatigue crack path.

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Ostrogonac, Stevan, Dragisa Miskovic, Milan Secujski, Darko Pekar, and Vlado Delic. "A language model for highly inflective non-agglutinative languages." In 2012 IEEE 10th Jubilee International Symposium on Intelligent Systems and Informatics (SISY). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sisy.2012.6339510.

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Patseva, Mirena. "ACCENTUATION OF INFLECTIONAL SUFFIXES IN NOUNS IN THE BULGARIAN LANGUAGE." In International Annual Conference of the Institute for Bulgarian Language (Sofia, 2021). Prof. Marin Drinov Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/confibl2021.i.05.

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Liu, Cheng, Alexandrina Untaroiu, Houston G. Wood, Qingdong Yan, and Wei Wei. "Parametric Analysis and Optimization of Inlet Inflection Angle in Torque Converters." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64783.

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Torque converters are widely used in all means of transportations, such as cars, buses, trucks, and the list can go on. Since power is transmitted via fluid, the blade geometry which forms the flow passages is crucial to torque converter performance. The inlet deflection angle is an important blade design parameter with respect to both performance and manufacturability of torque converters. In the conventional design procedure, inlet deflection angle is often given by the designer’s experience or is selected based on experimental data if available. This study presents a method of optimizing the inlet deflection angle for torque converters and provides a series of non-inferior solutions for the decision maker to select from. The advantages of the method proposed consist of improved design quality and significantly shorter design cycle. A combination of computational analysis and global optimization algorithm was used in this study. A torque converter base model was evaluated using computational fluid dynamics for predicting its performance. The proper grid density and turbulence model were selected through correlation to the experimental data available. The following tasks were automated and integrated to form a parameterized design loop: 1) torque converter flow field CAD modeling, 2) meshing, and 3) CFD simulations and results post-processing. Selecting peak efficiency, stall torque ratio and stall pump capacity factor as objective functions, a multi-objective genetic algorithm was included in the design loop to optimize the torque converter performance. The CFD results proved to be in good agreement with the experimental data over the range of operating conditions considered in this study. The influence of inlet deflection angle on the performance of torque converter was determined through a parametric analysis and a series of Pareto-optimal solutions were determined by the optimization procedure, which proved to improve the performance of the base model torque converter.

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Horiuchi, Keisuke, Yuichiro Konishi, and Atsuo Nishihara. "Non-Intrusive Case Temperature Measurement Method of Direct-Water-Cooled Power Module." In ASME 2015 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2015-48625.

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In this paper, we present a non-intrusive case temperature measurement method of the direct-water-cooled power module. It uses the structure function, which in this case comprises the cumulative thermal capacitance and the cumulative thermal resistance. Since the effective heat transfer rate of the pinfin heatsink varies with the water flow rate, in this study we assumed the inflection point of the structure function corresponding to the change in the flow rate was junction-case thermal resistance. We compared numerical simulation results with experimental results and present our findings. Finally, we show that the design area in which the heat spreading angle of 45 degrees, the well-known rule of thumb, is suitable.

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