Готові списки джерел за темами / North western NSW

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "North western NSW"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022
Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "North western NSW"

1

Madani, George. "First confirmed records of the Western Hooded Scaly-foot Pygopus nigriceps from New South Wales." Australian Zoologist 41, no. 1 (October 1, 2020): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2020.017.

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ABSTRACT The Western Hooded Scaly-foot Pygopus nigriceps is a widespread pygopod concomitant with the sandy arid zone of inland and western Australia. The limited suitable habitat available and inaccessibility of north western New South Wales means that the occurrence of P. nigriceps has long gone undetected in the state. This is despite ecological work and fauna surveys having been conducted within this area. Here I report two records of P. nigriceps from far north western NSW (Sturt National Park and Winnathee Station), which are the only known confirmed records to date. This brings the number of known pygopods in NSW to 12 species.
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2

Gibson, DL. "Post-early cretaceous landform evolution along the western margin of the Bancannia trough, western NSW." Rangeland Journal 22, no. 1 (2000): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj0000032.

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Previously undated post-Devonian sediments outcropping north of Fowlers Gap station near the western margin of the Bancannia Trough are shown by plant macro- and microfossil determinations to be of Early Cretaceous (most likely Neocomian and/or Aptian) age, and thus part of the Eromanga Basin. They are assigned to the previously defined Teleplione Creek Formation. Study of the structural configuration of this unit and the unconformably underlying Devonian rocks suggests that the gross landscape architecture of the area results from post-Early Cretaceous monoclinal folding along blind faults at the western margin of the trough, combined with the effects of differential erosion. This study shows that. while landscape evolution in the area has been dynamic, the major changes that have occurred are on a geological rather than human timescale. Key words: geology, landscape evolution, Eromanga Basin, folding
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3

Farquhar, Jules E. "Range extension of the Triodia Earless Skink Hemiergis millewae, and first record in New South Wales." Australian Zoologist 40, no. 4 (January 2020): 636–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2019.022.

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A specimen of the Triodia Earless Skink Hemiergis millewae was discovered on the Barrier Range of far-western New South Wales (NSW). This observation is significant because it constitutes the first record of the species in NSW and the Broken Hill Complex bioregion, extending the species’ range 140 km north-east of the nearest known population in South Australia. Suitable spinifex habitat for H. millewae is highly isolated and small in extent on the Barrier Range, and the species may qualify for listing as a threatened species in NSW. I discuss the cause of apparent disjunctions in the species’ distribution and highlight the need for additional survey effort.
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4

Dovey, L., V. Wong, and P. Bayne. "An Overview of The Status and Management of Rock-wallabies (Petrogale) In New South Wales." Australian Mammalogy 19, no. 2 (1996): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am97163.

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Two species of rock-wallabies occur in New South Wales; the Yellow-footed Rock-wallaby Petrogale xanthopus in the far west and the Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby Petrogale penicillata in the east. Both species have contracted in distribution and abundance across their former range and are threatened in NSW. The P. xanthopus population in NSW now comprises only two sub-populations. Removal of large numbers of goats, thought to be the primary threat, has not halted the wallaby's decline. Fox and cat predation is now considered the major threat. Fox control is currently being conducted. P. penicillata has undergone a dramatic and continuing decline from being common throughout south-eastern Australia to currently being extremely rare in the southern and western parts of its range and found only in isolated colonies throughout the north of its range. Predation (particularly fox, but including dog and cat), once again, is considered the major threat. A recovery program has been commenced involving the media and wider community in locating extant colonies, as well as developing and implementing Population Management Plans. This program has documented further local extinctions and extremely low numbers of individuals in colonies in the southern and western parts of the range. While no surviving colonies are known between the Shoalhaven area and the Victorian border, there remain more and larger colonies in the north of the state.
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5

Bruce, Barry D., Scott A. Condie, and Caroline A. Sutton. "Larval distribution of blue grenadier (Macruronus novaezelandiae Hector) in south-eastern Australia: further evidence for a second spawning area." Marine and Freshwater Research 52, no. 4 (2001): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf99171.

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Small numbers of blue grenadier, Macruronus novaezelandiae, larvae were found in coastal waters off eastern Victoria and southern New South Wales in August 1993. This is the first record of larval blue grenadier from mainland Australian waters. It is considerably further north than previous records of larvae and remote from the single known spawning ground off western Tasmania. Larvae were aged between 17 and 36 days and were largely confined to an inshore northward flowing water mass. Back calculated spawning dates indicated that larvae from eastern Victoria/southern NSW were spawned earlier than larvae collected during the same period off western and southern Tasmania. Otolith increment widths were significantly wider in larvae caught in eastern Victoria/southern NSW suggesting that they experienced faster growth and development conditions than the Tasmanian larvae. Three-dimensional modelling of circulation and particle advection suggested that the source of eastern Victoria/southern NSW larvae was most likely eastern Bass Strait. These data suggest that there is a second, albeit limited, spawning area for blue grenadier in south-eastern Australia.
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6

Heywood, Peter Frank, and Simon Turpin. "Variations in Soil Carbon Stocks with Texture and Previous Landuse in North-western NSW, Australia." Sustainable Agriculture Research 2, no. 2 (February 16, 2013): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v2n2p124.

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<p>Australia’s land managers will need specific information about the best locations at which to sequester carbon if they are to take advantage of the recent Carbon Farming Initiative of the Australian Government under which carbon offsets can be created through sequestration of carbon in soil and trees. The literature indicates that soil texture and previous landuse are important determinants of soil carbon content. This paper describes the results of work to assess the current levels of soil carbon and the extent to which they vary with previous landuse and soil texture in the Namoi Catchment Management Authority in North West NSW, Australia. Soil samples were taken at 74 sites for determination of soil carbon concentration and stocks as well as soil texture and landuse in the last 10 years. There was wide variation between sites in soil carbon concentration and stocks which were greatest in those soils which had not been disturbed by cultivation and in soils with higher clay content. Thus, the greatest potential for carbon sequestration is in soils with the lowest carbon concentration, those which have been previously disturbed, and with higher clay content. Maintaining any increased carbon concentration will depend on minimizing disturbance, increased carbon input and minimizing loss of carbon through soil erosion. As these factors all vary significantly on a regional and landscape basis it will be important for land managers to have access to information which allows them to choose the sites at which potential for sequestration of soil carbon is greatest.</p>
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7

Campbell, MH, AM Bowman, WD Bellotti, DJ Munich, and HI Nicol. "Recruitment of Curly Mitchell Grass (Astrebla Lappacea) in North-Western New South Wales." Rangeland Journal 18, no. 1 (1996): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9960179.

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The recruitment of Astrebla lappacea was studied from 1986 to 1995 in a pasture in north-western NSW where the density of plants had declined from 1 to 3 plants/m2 in 1970 to 0.023 plants/m2 in 1986. Three treatments were imposed: ungrazed-sprayed-slashed, where annual weeds were treated with herbicides and slashing to reduce competition during recruitment; ungrazed-only; and grazed-only. The seed bank of A. lappacea was measured on four occasions and densities of A. lappacea plants determined after major rainfall events mainly in summer and autumn. On the ungrazed treatments the seed bank of A. lappacea increased from 0 in 1988 to 908, 898 and 286 germinable seed/m2 in, respectively, 1992, 1993 and 1995. Flowering and seedling recruitment occurred each year from 1988 to 1995 but seedlings only survived to become mature plants from the 1988 and 1992 recruitments. The major reason for the death of seedlings was dry conditions in the latter half of the year (1 10 to 135 mm of raid6 months). Frosts and competition from Brassicaceae weeds (mainly Raphistrum rugosum) in winter and spring also contributed to death of seedlings. Recruitment of seedlings and their survival to mature plants was higher on the ungrazed-sprayed-slashed treatment than on the other treatments. Recruitment and survival on the ungrazed-only treatment occurred because Brassicaceae weeds did not establish when recruiting rains fell in summer. Plant densit increased from 0.023 plants/m2 in 1986 to, respectively, 0.86, 0.64 Y and 0.004 mature plantdm and 7.88, 6.37, 0.10 seedlings/m2 on the ungrazed-sprayed-slashed, ungrazed-only and grazed-only treatments in 1995. On the grazed-only treatment the methods used to detect seeds revealed none in the soil during the experiment. However, some seeds were present because there was a low level of recruitment none of which survived to mature plants. The number of mature plants declined from 0.023 to 0.004/m2 indicating that under the present grazing system the complete elimination of A. lappacea from pastures in north-western NSW is possible if some form of managed recruitment is not devised.
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8

Ruiz-Talonia, Lorena, David Carr, Rhiannon Smith, R. D. B. Whalley, and Nick Reid. "Effect of temperature and light on germination of 10 species of Eucalyptus from north-western NSW." Australian Journal of Botany 66, no. 8 (2018): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt18115.

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The effects of temperature and light were examined on the germination of 14 seedlots of 10 Eucalyptus species, which are important for revegetation of native communities in north-western New South Wales. The species tested were E. albens, E. blakelyi, E. chloroclada, E. dealbata, E. camaldulensis, E. melanophloia, E. melliodora, E. pilligaensis, E. populnea and E. sideroxylon. Species were subjected to three alternating day/night temperatures (15/5, 25/15 and 35/25°C), representing winter, spring/autumn and summer conditions, respectively, and two light treatments (light/dark or dark), in growth cabinets. Limited quantities of seed of most seedlots prevented full factorial combinations of most treatments. Overall germination was high but varied significantly between species and seedlots within species. Differences were small, but light combined with winter or spring/autumn temperatures resulted in higher average germination (96%) than darkness and summer temperatures (93%). Seedlots of E. chloroclada, E. blakelyi, E. camaldulensis, E. sideroxylon, E. melliodora and E. melanophloia germinated consistently well under all treatment conditions, whereas germination in seedlots of E. albens, E. dealbata, E. melliodora, E. pilligaensis and E. populnea varied with treatments. Germination of small seeds was higher in the presence of light whereas larger seeds germinated better in continuous darkness. The time to first germination was three times faster under summer and spring/autumn temperatures than winter temperatures. In conclusion, temperature and light can significantly impact germination percentage and rate, depending on the species and provenances, and therefore should be considered in planning restoration projects in both nursery and field.
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9

Aragnou, Emilie, Sean Watt, Hiep Nguyen Duc, Cassandra Cheeseman, Matthew Riley, John Leys, Stephen White, et al. "Dust Transport from Inland Australia and Its Impact on Air Quality and Health on the Eastern Coast of Australia during the February 2019 Dust Storm." Atmosphere 12, no. 2 (January 22, 2021): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020141.

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Dust storms originating from Central Australia and western New South Wales frequently cause high particle concentrations at many sites across New South Wales, both inland and along the coast. This study focussed on a dust storm event in February 2019 which affected air quality across the state as detected at many ambient monitoring stations in the Department of Planning, Industry and Environment (DPIE) air quality monitoring network. The WRF-Chem (Weather Research and Forecast Model—Chemistry) model is used to study the formation, dispersion and transport of dust across the state of New South Wales (NSW, Australia). Wildfires also happened in northern NSW at the same time of the dust storm in February 2019, and their emissions are taken into account in the WRF-Chem model by using Fire Inventory from NCAR (FINN) as emission input. The model performance is evaluated and is shown to predict fairly accurate the PM2.5 and PM10 concentration as compared to observation. The predicted PM2.5 concentration over New South Wales during 5 days from 11 to 15 February 2019 is then used to estimate the impact of the February 2019 dust storm event on three health endpoints, namely mortality, respiratory and cardiac disease hospitalisation rates. The results show that even though as the daily average of PM2.5 over some parts of the state, especially in western and north western NSW near the centre of the dust storm and wild fires, are very high (over 900 µg/m3), the population exposure is low due to the sparse population. Generally, the health impact is similar in order of magnitude to that caused by biomass burning events from wildfires or from hazardous reduction burnings (HRBs) near populous centres such as in Sydney in May 2016. One notable difference is the higher respiratory disease hospitalisation for this dust event (161) compared to the fire event (24).
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10

McCALLUM, ANNA W., and GARY C. B. POORE. "Two crested and colourful new species of Lebbeus (Crustacea: Caridea: Hippolytidae) from the continental margin of Western Australia." Zootaxa 2372, no. 1 (February 26, 2010): 126–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2372.1.13.

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Two new species of hippolytid shrimp are described from the continental margin of Western Australia, Lebbeus clarehannah sp. nov. from one female specimen collected off Bald Island, WA, at depths of 408–431 m and Lebbeus cristagalli sp. nov. from ten specimens collected off north-western Australia at depths of 397–458 m. Both species belong to the group of Lebbeus species possessing epipods on only the first two pairs of pereopods. Within this group, they are similar to L. yaldwyni Kensley, Tranter & Griffin, 1987 from NSW, Australia, and L. compressus Holthuis, 1947 from Japan in possessing a high crest on the carapace. These crested species of Lebbeus are reviewed. They can be distinguished from one another by the shape of the carapace crest, the number of spines on maxilliped 3 and by colour pattern. A key to all crested species and colour photos of the Australian species are provided.
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Дисертації з теми "North western NSW"

1

Chan, Kwai-chau Carrie. "Planning for open storage uses in north western New Territories /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20354381.

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2

Chan, Kwai-chau Carrie, and 陳桂湫. "Planning for open storage uses in north western New Territories." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31258347.

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3

Chin, Man Yi Maggie Lee Sui-chun Macella Lo Yi-wah. "Planning considerations for golf course development in rural areas in North-Western New Territories /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14799777.

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4

Hassage, Rodney Lynn 1947. "Life Histories Behavior and Space Partitioning in Selected Species of Western North American Plecoptera." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331949/.

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Five species of stoneflies (Zapada haysi, Plumiperla diversa, Taenionema pacificum, Isoperla petersoni, Arcynopteryx compacta) from the North Slope and Interior of Alaska were examined for seasonal patterns of emergence of adults and growth of nymphs. Generally growth was retarded during the winter in this region, and all species except I. petersoni completed growth prior to January. The life cycles of six stonefly species (Prostoia besametsa, Triznaka signata, Sweltsa coloradensis. Isoperla fulva, Skwala parallela, Claassenia sabulosa) are described from northern New Mexico. In this region growth was generally less retarded during the winter than in Alaska; P. besametsa completed all nymphal growth during late fall and winter. Drumming behavior of a Colorado population of Pteronarcella badia was described using an evolutionary framework to explain the maintenance of signal variation in this species. Laboratory experiments were used to explore the effect of intraspecific and interspecific interactions on spatial partitioning in P. badia and Claassenia sabulosa. P. badia exhibited clumping and distributed itself as the surface area of substrate in low densities; however, in the presence of C. sabulosa its distribution was random and different from available surface area. A field study was used to examine spatial partitioning by three New Mexico stonefly species (I_. fulva, P. besametsa, T. signata) and to ascertain patterns of microdistribution relating to several abiotic and biotic factors. Generally, there was an interaction of the measured abiotic parameters (current, water temperature, time) with nymphal size. Additionally, void space and sample volume were successfully used to compare biotic densities among leaf and mineral substrates, which were higher in leaf packs than in mineral substrates.
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5

Norrish, Shane. "Soil and water interactions controlling wheat crop response to phosphorus fertiliser in north-western New South Wales." View thesis, 2003. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20051013.115006/index.html.

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6

Norrish, Shane A., University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and School of Environment and Agriculture. "Soil and water interactions controlling wheat crop response to phosphorus fertiliser in north-western New South Wales." THESIS_CSTE_EAG_Norrish_S.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/613.

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This thesis examines the response to P fertiliser by wheat crops growing in the vertosol soils of the low rainfall areas of the northern grain zone of eastern Australia. Farmers in this region depend on water accumulated from rainfall over a fallow period and stored in the subsoil to increase wheat grain yield beyond that normally achievable from in-crop rainfall and to decrease the production risks due to rainfall variability. The large variability in stored water, seasonal rainfall and subsoil properties result in extremely varied yield and yield responses to P fertiliser between seasons and between sites. Finally, as a practical guide to predicting wheat response to P fertilizer: 1/. current sampling strategies of determining P only in the surface 10 cm appear to be adequate for soils with bicarbonate P concentrations greater than 15 mg/kg. 2/. For soils with lower concentrations in the surface, sampling of 80 cm is recommended. Crops with a mean concentration of bicarbonate P greater than 7 mg/kg between 10 - 80 cm are unlikely to respond to P fertiliser. 3/. No increase in profitable grain yield response was found for fertiliser applications greater than 10 kg P/ha.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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7

Klaustermeier, Aaron Wallace. "Brine-Contaminated Soils in Western North Dakota: Site Assessment Methodology and a New In-Situ Remediation Method." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28056.

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Anthropogenic soil salinity caused by produced water (i.e., brine) contamination is an issue in all oil and gas producing regions. The objectives of this research are to develop soil electrical conductivity (EC) conversion equations for rapid site assessment of brine spills and to determine the efficacy of crystallization inhibitors as an in-situ remediation method. Conversion equations were developed for soil-to-water suspensions and saturated paste extracts (ECe) on brine-contaminated soils. These new equations provided the best prediction of ECe when compared to 14 other equations reported in the literature. A crystallization inhibitor (C18Fe7N18) applied to NaCl-contaminated soils using various concentrations and methods of application yielded dendritic salt crystals above the soil surface. On average, between 0.29 and 0.57 g g-1 of NaCl salts effloresced when surface applying a 0.01M concentration of the crystallization inhibitor. Results from these studies will guide consultants and researchers in the assessment and remediation of brine-contaminated soils.
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8

Lombardo, Alexander. "Leonard Cohen's New Jews: a Consideration of Western Mysticisms in Beautiful Losers." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1539.

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This study examines the influence of various Western mystical traditions on Leonard Cohen’s second novel, Beautiful Losers. It begins with a discussion of Cohen’s public remarks concerning religion and mysticism followed by an assessment of twentieth century Canadian criticism on Beautiful Losers. Three thematic chapters comprise the majority of the study, each concerning a different mystical tradition—Kabbalism, Gnosticism, and Christian mysticism, respectively. The author considers Beautiful Losers in relation to these systems, concluding that the novel effectively depicts the pursuit of God, or knowledge, through mystic practice and doctrine. This study will interest scholars seeking a careful exploration of Cohen’s use of religious themes in his work.
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9

Mould, Richard. "Structure and kinematics of late Cenozoic deformation along the western margin of the Culverden Basin, North Canterbury, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6694.

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Along the western margin of the Culverden Basin, North Canterbury, on the SE edge of the New Zealand plate boundary zone, deformation in Late Cretaceous and younger cover rocks has produced synchronous faulting and folding about orthogonal NNE-NE and WNW-NW orientations that are younger than early Pleistocene. The folds in the cover sequence are asymmetric, steeply inclined, gently plunging structures that are parallel to the major faults. Non-classical irregular basin and dome interference patterns are defined by prominent marker horizons, and triangular, corrugated hose and irregular T-shaped fold surface geometries (defined by structure contours) are common. The main folds, which vary in shape along their hinge line, have secondary folds developed at various angles to their axial trace. The major NNE-NE trending folds are characterised by composite conical geometries and are defined by several distinct cone segments. Folding in the cover rocks has developed in response to both fault propagation and displacement in the basement, and to shortening within the fault bounded blocks. The axial surfaces of the folds that parallel the faults are truncated by the propagating faults. Fault-related folds have half wavelengths of 1.5-5km and amplitudes of 0.5-2.4km whilst folding within the fault bounded blocks have dimensions of 0.5-1.5km and 0.2-0.6km respectively. Meso scale faults, joints, calcite veins, fractures and pressure solution seams indicate two phases of post Late Cretaceous deformation: 1) a weak late Oligocene event related to the beginning of plate boundary inception, and 2) a post Pliocene phase related to widening of the plate boundary deformation during the last 2-3ma. Analysis of fault and slickenside striation data suggests faulting is dominated by oblique-reverse faults and thrusts, which verge NW, SE and SW. Locally the stress and strain directions are variable but generally imply a predominant NW-SE compression comparable to local geodetic shortening and focal mechanism compression directions. Principal incremental shortening axes and stress tensors suggest the shortening and compression directions plunge gently to horizontally NW-SE but can switch with the intermediate stress to NE-SW. Movement planes tend to be less conclusive, often showing girdle distributions of M-plane intersections. Interspersed with the regional contractional faulting are local areas of oblique-normal NNE and normal faults indicating strain partitioning. Late Holocene terraces incised into older Pleistocene aggradation gravels are dated by weathering rinds and document deformation. Two seismically triggered landslides and a ground rupture event of the Balmoral Fault appear to have occurred during the same seismic event, approximately 1700 years B.P. A magnitude 6.5+ event necessary to produce ground rupture and the landslides would cause both local, and possibly regional, destruction. The main contractional deformation along the western margin of the Culverden Basin, commonly associated with thrusting to the southeast is atypical of North Canterbury structure, is distinct from the right-lateral tectonics of Marlborough and marks a transition between the inner and outer plate boundary zones and subduction related tectonics.
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10

Parsons, Kristene Teal. "Age, Growth and Reproduction of Western North Atlantic Butterfly Rays (Myliobatiformes: Gymnuridae), with the Description of Two New Species." W&M ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1516639565.

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Batoid fishes are among the most threatened and least understood chondrichthyan species worldwide due to their large body size, conservative life-history characteristics, and predominantly coastal distributions where fishing and habitat degradation threaten the stability of populations. A lack of empirical life history data is widespread across batoid taxa — nearly half of all species are considered data deficient, thus hindering species assessments and the development of effective management strategies. Furthermore, many batoid taxa are in need of taxonomic re-examination. Increasing our understanding of life history traits that determine population productivity, such as age and size at maturity, growth rate, and fecundity is prerequisite to examining the potential for populations to increase or stabilize in response to fishing mortality. The Butterfly Rays (Myliobatiformes: Gymnuridae) are comprised of 10 globally distributed species that inhabit shallow coastal regions and are commonly caught in benthic fishing gears targeting commercially valuable species. Two species are recognized in the western Atlantic: the Spiny Butterfly ray, Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus 1758), and the Smooth Butterfly Ray, G. micrura (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Previous life history studies on U.S. Butterfly Rays were often spatially and temporally limited, which may bias conclusions due to underrepresentation of some life stages, and lead to inaccurate biological characterizations. Furthermore, sexual dimorphism and ontogenetic variability in body shape, and inter- and intraspecific inconsistencies in taxonomic characters (e.g., disk coloration, tail banding patterns) have contributed to substantial taxonomic confusion in the Gymnuridae. To address knowledge gaps in the life history and taxonomy of western Atlantic Butterfly Rays, this dissertation describes the age and growth of G. altavela, the reproductive biology of G. altavela and G. micrura, and the taxonomic status of G. micrura. The largest male and female G. altavela were estimated to be 11 and 18 yrs old, respectively. Disk width at maturity was 1278 mm and 946 mm for male and female G. altavela, respectively, and was significantly greater in Atlantic G. micrura (male: 390 mm; female: 551 mm) than Gulf of Mexico G. micrura (male: 298 mm; female: 448 mm). Maximum fecundity was seven in G. altavela, and ranged from six to 12 in G. micrura from the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, respectively. Based on geographical variation in life history parameters, morphology, and genetics, a re-description and proposed neotype for G. micrura is presented, and two new species and holotypes are described from the Atlantic (Gymnura n. sp. A) and Gulf of Mexico (Gymnura n. sp. B). In U.S. waters, Gymnura n. sp. A may be more vulnerable than Gymnura n. sp. B to indirect fishing mortality due to its larger size, potential later age at sexual maturity, and lower fecundity, since the probability of an individual encountering fishing gear before successfully reproducing is likely greater. This disseratation provides empirical support for the conservation and sustainable management of Atlantic Butterfly Rays. Careful consideration of species-specific taxonomy and biology is required to accurately assess the vulnerability of contemporary populations to extinction risk, and to document and maintain the true biodiversity of this taxon.
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Книги з теми "North western NSW"

1

Sasse, Scott. Chicago & North Western Railroad history at New London, Wisconsin. New London, Wis: New London Heritage Historical Society, 2003.

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2

International Institute for Strategic Studies. and Conference of the IISS (26th : 1984 : Avignon, France), eds. New technology and western security policy. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1985.

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3

R, Thurston William. Processes of change in the languages of north-western New Britain. Canberra, A.C.T., Australia: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1987.

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4

R, Thurston William. Processes of change in the languages of North-Western New Britain. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1987.

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5

New Indians. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse, 2015.

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6

Banda, M. A feasibility study into the establishment of youth business ventures in North-Western Province. Lusaka, Zambia: Institute for African Studies, University of Zambia, 1987.

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7

Barry, Charles L. A new trans-Atlantic relationship?: The United States, NATO and the European Union. [Washington, D.C.]: National Defense University, Institute for National Strategic Studies, 1994.

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Barry, Charles L. A new trans-Atlantic relationship?: The United States, NATO and the European Union. [Washington, D.C.]: National Defense University, Institute for National Strategic Studies, 1994.

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9

Understanding Tolowa histories: Western hegemonies and Native American responses. New York: Routledge, 1998.

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10

Lumholtz, Carl. New trails in Mexico: An account of one year's exploration in north-western Sonora, Mexico, and south-western Arizona, 1909-1910. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1990.

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Частини книг з теми "North western NSW"

1

Daggers, Louisa. "Assessing Holocene Coastal Environmental Dynamics in North-western Guyana." In Mapping a New Museum, 81–85. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003162704-7.

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2

Vintges, Karen. "Women and Islam in the Western Media." In New Horizons of Muslim Diaspora in North America and Europe, 153–61. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137554963_10.

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Brokamp, Grischa. "Trade in Palm Products in North-Western South America." In Relevance and Sustainability of Wild Plant Collection in NW South America, 39–67. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-08696-1_3.

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Schumacher, Kim Philip, and Karl Martin Born. "New rural–urban relationships of small towns in north-western Germany." In The Routledge Handbook of Small Towns, 232–43. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003094203-20.

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Theuws, Frans, and Arnoud-Jan Bijsterveld. "Early Town Formation in the Northern Low Countries: Roman Heritage, Carolingian Impulses, and a New Take-Off in the Twelfth Century." In Town and Country in Medieval North Western Europe, 87–118. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.tmc-eb.5.107295.

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6

Koteff, Carl, and Frederick D. Larsen. "Postglacial Uplift in Western New England: Geologic Evidence for Delayed Rebound." In Earthquakes at North-Atlantic Passive Margins: Neotectonics and Postglacial Rebound, 105–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2311-9_8.

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7

Serif, Ina. "Urban Chronicles - Urban Consciousness? On the Chronicle of Jacob Twinger von Königshofen in New Codicological Contexts." In Urban History Writing in North-Western Europe (15th–16th centuries), 47–61. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.seuh-eb.5.117867.

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8

Klerman, G. L. "Evidence for Increase in Rates of Depression in North America and Western Europe in Recent Decades." In New Results in Depression Research, 7–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70702-5_2.

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9

Muñoz Navarro, Daniel. "The virus of fashion. Democratization of luxury and new commercial strategies in early modern Valencia." In La moda come motore economico: innovazione di processo e prodotto, nuove strategie commerciali, comportamento dei consumatori / Fashion as an economic engine: process and product innovation, commercial strategies, consumer behavior, 201–19. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-565-3.13.

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This work intends to analyze how the influence of fashion in eighteenth-century Spain transformed the commercial structure, being the petty bourgeoisie the main protagonists and the shop ("botiga") the priority scenario of these changes. To do this, we will focus on eighteenth-century Valencia as a case study, a dynamic city that experienced a remarkable economic development during this century. Undoubtedly, fashion stimulated economic growth not only in the more developed regions of north-western Europe, but this process was also present in the Mediterranean context, developing an important sector of petty bourgeoisie mercantile and a change in the consumption patterns of most of its population.
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Kouketsu, Shinya, Hiroyuki Tomita, Eitarou Oka, Shigeki Hosoda, Taiyo Kobayashi, and Kanako Sato. "The role of meso-scale eddies in mixed layer deepening and mode water formation in the western North Pacific." In New Developments in Mode-Water Research, 59–73. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54162-2_5.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "North western NSW"

1

West, Christopher C., and Tom Krzewinski. "A new approach to heavy oil extraction on the North Slope of Alaska." In SPE Western Regional Meeting. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/174004-ms.

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2

Bammidi, Vidya Sagar, Robert Scott Balch, and Thomas W. Engler. "Ranking the Resource Potential of the Woodford shale in New Mexico." In SPE Western North American Region Meeting. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/144576-ms.

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3

Fawcett, Peter J., Jake Armour, Peter Castiglia, and Grant Meyer. "HOLOCENE MILLENNIAL-SCALE CLIMATE VARIABILITY IN WESTERN NORTH AMERICA." In 2004 New Mexico Geological Society Annual Spring Meeting. Socorro, NM: New Mexico Geological Society, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.56577/sm-2004.676.

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4

McGuire, P. L., J. R. Chatham, F. K. Paskvan, D. M. Sommer, and F. H. Carini. "Low Salinity Oil Recovery: An Exciting New EOR Opportunity for Alaska's North Slope." In SPE Western Regional Meeting. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/93903-ms.

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5

Tavallali, Mohammad, Brij B. Maini, and Thomas Grant Harding. "Numerical Optimization of Clearwater Formation's Response to SAGD under New Well Configurations." In SPE Western North American Region Meeting. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/144543-ms.

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6

Ahmadloo, Farid, Koorosh Asghari, Amr Henni, and Norman P. Freitag. "New Experimental Model Design for Systematic Investigation of Capillarity and Drainage Height Roles in Vapor Extraction Process." In SPE Western North American Region Meeting. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/144541-ms.

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7

McLelland, W. G. "Results of Using Formaldehyde in a Large North Slope Water Treatment System." In SPE Western Regional Meeting. SPE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/35675-ms.

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Abstract In an effort to alleviate severe injection well plugging at Prudhoe Bay, formaldehyde treatment of the Flow Station 2 produced water was initiated in early 1991 and continued through mid 1995 when the program was terminated. Formaldehyde was selected because of its biocidal properties and cost. The results of these treatments are discussed in terms of the overall effect of formaldehyde on the system. Other events that impacted produced water quality at the facility, and subsequently the results of the formaldehyde program, are also discussed. Introduction The Prudhoe Bay Field is jointly operated by Arco Alaska, Inc. and British Petroleum Exploration on behalf of the Prudhoe Bay co-owners. ARCO is operator of the EOA (eastern operating area) which consists of three oil, water, and gas separation facilities termed Flow Stations. The Flow Station 2 facility handles fluids and gas produced from the eastern most area of the field and production is waterflood dominated. The source water for the Prudhoe Bay waterflood was initially seawater. However, as breakthrough occurred, produced water was re injected as part of the flood with a corresponding decrease in seawater. In 1990, additional produced water handling equipment was added at Flow Station 2 in order to treat the expected 700 KBWD peak water production anticipated before the end of flood life. The new treating equipment is set up to allow the separated produced water from the slug catchers and chem-electric treaters to gravity feed into an 18 Kbbl cone bottom tank (81 tank) with sand jet capabilities. The produced water stream exiting this tank is then split and the fluid enters two 12 Kbbl tanks (82 & 83 tanks) designed for free oil removal by gravity segregation. From these tanks, the fluid stream is recombined and fed into a header. The header feeds the produced water stream into four rotor type dispersed gas flotation cells (GFCs). The water from the flotation cells is directed through a series of pumps and ultimately to the produced water distribution piping for re-injection into the formation as part of the waterflood. Concurrent with the startup of the new treating facilities, there appeared a sharp increase in the volume and severity of a black amorphous solid material in the produced water system and reports of "black water" caused by iron sulfide. This material collected in the facility and in the injection wellbores creating numerous problems with severe oil carryover, level controllers, pump strainers and seals, and routine well work. The buildup in the wellbores became so severe that it was virtually impossible to run any type of tool into an injection well without first cleaning out the wellbore.
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8

Mitchell, Sarah Brianne, Norman Bruce Moore, James David Franks, Gefei Liu, and Yanghua Lily Xiang. "Comparing the Results of a Full-Scale Buckling Test Program to Actual Well Data: A New Semi-Emprical Buckling Model and Methods of Reducing Buckling Effects." In SPE Western North American Region Meeting. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/144535-ms.

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9

Cheng, Yaoze, Yin Zhang, and Abhijit Dandekar. "Experimental Investigation of Hybrid Techniques for Enhancing Alaska North Slope Viscous Oil Recovery." In SPE Western Regional Meeting. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200843-ms.

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Abstract Alaska North Slope (ANS) contains vast viscous oil resources that have not been developed effectively due to the lack of efficient Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques. This study investigates the EOR performance of three new hybrid EOR techniques: HSW-LSW-LSP flooding, solvent-alternating-LSW flooding, and solvent-alternating-LSP flooding. Additionally, pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) tests have been conducted to investigate the oil swelling and viscosity reduction effects of the proposed solvent. It has been found that the oil recovery of HSW flooding was 43.42%, while the tested HSW-LSW-LSP flooding, solvent-alternating-LSW flooding, and solvent-alternating-LSP flooding could improve the oil recovery to 74.17%, 79.73%, and 85.87%, respectively. All three proposed hybrid EOR techniques can significantly enhance the viscous oil recovery since they were all designed to both improve the microscopic and macroscopic sweep efficiencies. In particular, the PVT test results confirmed that the proposed solvent in this study could effectively swell the viscous oil over 30% and significantly reduce the viscous oil viscosity by about 97%. However, the initially designed solvent-alternating-LSP flooding displacement experiment had to be terminated after the first slug of polymer injection due to the extremely high differential pressure, which was over the measurement range of the pressure gauge. Thus, the actually tested displacement process in this study was solvent-LSP flooding. The extremely high differential pressure was found to result from the polymer deposit and blockage at the outlet. Although the proposed solvent-alternating-LSP flooding may produce the highest oil recovery, it cannot be applied in the field until the issue of polymer precipitation is understood and solved. The study has practical guidance to the selection of proper EOR techniques to enhance viscous oil recovery on ANS.
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10

Stewart, David R. "Brackish Water as a Water New Resource for Energy Development." In SPE Western North American and Rocky Mountain Joint Meeting. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/169486-ms.

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Звіти організацій з теми "North western NSW"

1

Sartenaer, P. A New Late Eifelian Rhynchonellid Genus From western North America. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/120782.

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2

Wilson, R. Volcanology of Subaqueous Felsic Volcanic Rocks, Mount Carleton area, North - western New Brunswick. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/130889.

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3

Dedeken, Chiara, and Kevin Osborne. Repatriating FTFs from Syria: Learning from the Western Balkans. RESOLVE Network, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/pn2021.23.wb.

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Four countries in the Western Balkan region (Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, and Montenegro) are in the top ten countries with the most foreign terrorist fighters (FTFs) per capita. The political will to repatriate FTFs remains strong, at least in the Western Balkans, despite delays in 2020 due to COVID-19. In other parts of the world, especially high-income countries, political will to repatriate is considerably lower. COVID-19 has further constrained nations in their efforts to repatriate law-abiding citizens, which is less controversial than FTF families. Based on discussions with government officials and security officers in the Western Balkans as well as international experts and donors, this policy note provides operational recommendations to move forward with repatriation, rehabilitation, and reintegration of returnees building on lessons from repatriations in Albania, Kosovo, and North Macedonia. It urges governments globally to double down on repatriation efforts and to call on experience from governments in the Balkans to bring back their FTFs now. The recommendations in this policy note are relevant to any country where political will to repatriate FTFs can be generated.
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4

Yaro, Joseph, Joseph K. Teye, and Steve Wiggins. Land and Labour Relations on Cocoa Farms in Sefwi, Ghana: Continuity and Change. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.033.

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When in the 1880s farmers in southern Ghana began to plant cocoa, their main concerns were finding land to plant and mobilising labour to do so. The issue of finding land remained paramount until at least the 1990s, when the land frontier of forest to clear for cocoa finally closed. The last forests to be planted were in the old Western Region and particularly in Sefwi, now the Western North Region. This paper examines how farmers in Sefwi obtained land and mobilised labour in the late 2010s, and how that has changed since the 1960s.
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5

Arifi, Besa. Education in Preventing & Countering Violent Extremism: Considerations for the Western Balkans. RESOLVE Network, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/pn2022.1.wb.

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Violent extremism in the Western Balkans takes many forms, from Western Balkans foreign fighters recruited to participate in conflicts abroad, including in the Middle East and Ukraine; to ethno-nationalist organizations that spread inter-ethnic hatred, some emanating from and glorifying legacies of conflict spanning back to the breakup of the former Yugoslavia and regional conflicts in the 1990s; to chauvinism and anti-EU and anti-NATO ideas that emerge to become even more serious and with greater consequences for the region and socio-political cohesion and dynamics. As violent extremism continues to evolve and adapt in the Western Balkan countries, efforts to address it must also adjust to new threats from both internal and external sources. Recent research on violent extremism in the Western Balkans, and North Macedonia specifically, suggests that education may be an important tool in addressing violent extremism in the region. Some have suggested educational initiatives may assist in addressing online and offline disinformation and extremist narratives. Furthermore, addressing ongoing issues within ethnically divided educational systems may play an important role in working to address some of the ethnic-based divisions that can contribute to ”othering” dynamics. Others have further suggested that education and other support services can play a role in aiding the transition of those imprisoned on charges related to violent extremism and returning families back into society. As countries throughout the Western Balkans continue to update and revise their national action plans and policies to address violent extremism, greater consideration of the role of education and how it might be integrated into these policies is needed. This publication, based on findings from a large-scale literature review mapping the state of research on education in P/CVE in the Western Balkans and beyond,offers a series of considerations for policymakers and practitioners looking to incorporate education in future efforts to address drivers, both real and potential, of violent extremism in Western Balkan states. While findings from this paper are contextualized within the broader experiences of the Western Balkans, specific examples based on experiences in individual countries, North Macedonia most notably, are detailed to provide an in-depth example of considerations for policymakers interested in further incorporating education into P/CVE plans moving forward.
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6

Iselin, Columbus O'Donnell. Summary of bathythermograph observations from the western North Atlantic : October 1940 - December 1941. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/29563.

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The range of submarine detection is frequently limited by the refraction produced by vertical temperature gradients in the superficial layers of the ocean. In order to measure these temperature gradients and thus to permit predictions of the range, the bathythermograph was developed and is now being used on a considerable number of anti-submarine vessels, while a somewhat modified version of the instrument is being tried out on submarines. Some 6675 bathythermograph observations from the western North Atlantic have been examined in order to determine how frequently such observations should be made so that within practical limits and anti-submarine vessel may at all times know the assured range of its sound gear. The occurrence of the four basic types of refraction patterns is shown by a series of six charts. For all but one of these patterns the range can be rather quickly and easily estimated from simple tables; but when the so-called afternoon effect is encountered, which is on the average about 20% of the time, a more complete analysis is necessary. It is found that under the most unfavorable circumstances, that is, in mid-summer and near the edges of a strong current system, there is about one chance in three that the refraction pattern will chance significantly in a distance of four miles. At other times of year and in areas where horizontal variations in temperature are less pronounced a single bathythermograph observation can be considered representative of a much larger area. It is also shown that in the western North Atlantic about 92% of the time in summer and about 34% of the time in winter the assured range of submarine detection is limited by refraction to less than 2500 yards.
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7

Dafoe, L. T., K. Dickie, and G. L. Williams. Stratigraphy of western Baffin Bay: a review of existing knowledge and some new insights. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/321846.

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Sedimentary basins within the Labrador-Baffin Seaway are the product of rifting between Greenland and the paleo-North American Plate. Rifting started in the Early Cretaceous, with seafloor spreading initiated in the Paleocene and ending near the Eocene-Oligocene boundary. A change in the spreading direction in the latest Paleocene resulted in transform offsets in the Davis Strait and along fracture zones in Baffin Bay, with deformation in northern Baffin Bay during the Eurekan Orogeny. Since the stratigraphy of western Baffin Bay is poorly constrained, analogues are used from the well studied Labrador and West Greenland margins and exposures on nearby Bylot Island. The generally northwest-trending basement structures are infilled with Cretaceous strata, which are overlain by a seaward-thickening wedge of post-rift Paleocene to Middle Miocene sedimentary rocks. Finally, a thick Middle Miocene and younger interval blankets the deep water and oceanic crust, with clinoforms locally developed on the shelf.
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8

Hayward, N., and S. Paradis. Geophysical reassessment of the role of ancient lineaments on the development of the western margin of Laurentia and its sediment-hosted Zn-Pb deposits, Yukon and Northwest Territories. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330038.

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The role of crustal lineaments in the development of the western margin of Laurentia, Selwyn basin and associated sediment-hosted Zn-Pb deposits (clastic-dominated, Mississippi-Valley-type) in Yukon and NWT, are reassessed through a new 3-D inversion strategy applied to new compilations of gravity and magnetic data. Regionally continuous, broadly NE-trending crustal lineaments including the Liard line, Fort Norman structure, and Leith Ridge fault, were interpreted as having had long-standing influence on craton, margin, and sedimentary basin development. However, multiple tectonic overprints including terrane accretion, thrust faulting, and plutonism obscure the region's history. The Liard line, related to a transfer fault that bounds the Macdonald Platform promontory, is refined from the integration of the new geophysical models with published geological data. The geophysical models support the continuity of the Fort Norman structure below the Selwyn basin, but the presence of Leith Ridge fault is not supported in this area. The ENE-trending Mackenzie River lineament, traced from the Misty Creek Embayment to Great Bear Lake, is interpreted to mark the southern edge of a cratonic promontory. The North American craton is bounded by a NW-trending lineament interpreted as a crustal manifestation of lithospheric thinning of the Laurentian margin, as echoed by a change in the depth of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. The structure is straddled by Mississippi Valley-type Zn-Pb occurrences, following their palinspastic restoration, and also defines the eastern limit of mid-Late Cretaceous granitic intrusions. Another NW-trending lineament, interpreted to be associated with a shallowing of lower crustal rocks, is coincident with clastic-dominated Zn-Pb occurrences.
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9

Salcido, Charles, Patrick Wilson, Justin Tweet, Blake McCan, Clint Boyd, and Vincent Santucci. Theodore Roosevelt National Park: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293509.

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Theodore Roosevelt National Park (THRO) in western North Dakota was established for its historical connections with President Theodore Roosevelt. It contains not only historical and cultural resources, but abundant natural resources as well. Among these is one of the best geological and paleontological records of the Paleocene Epoch (66 to 56 million years ago) of any park in the National Park System. The Paleocene Epoch is of great scientific interest due to the great mass extinction that occurred at its opening (the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event), and the unusual climatic event that began at the end of the epoch (the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, an anomalous global temperature spike). It is during the Paleocene that mammals began to diversify and move into the large-bodied niches vacated by dinosaurs. The rocks exposed at THRO preserve the latter part of the Paleocene, when mammals were proliferating and crocodiles were the largest predators. Western North Dakota was warmer and wetter with swampy forests; today these are preserved as the “petrified forests” that are one of THRO’s notable features. Despite abundant fossil resources, THRO has not historically been a scene of significant paleontological exploration. For example, the fossil forests have only had one published scientific description, and that report focused on the associated paleosols (“fossil soils”). The widespread petrified wood of the area has been known since at least the 19th century and was considered significant enough to be a tourist draw in the decades leading up to the establishment of THRO in 1947. Paleontologists occasionally collected and described fossil specimens from the park over the next few decades, but the true extent of paleontological resources was not realized until a joint North Dakota Geological Survey–NPS investigation under John Hoganson and Johnathan Campbell between 1994–1996. This survey uncovered 400 paleontological localities within the park representing a variety of plant, invertebrate, vertebrate, and trace fossils. Limited investigation and occasional collection of noteworthy specimens took place over the next two decades. In 2020, a new two-year initiative to further document the park’s paleontological resources began. This inventory, which was the basis for this report, identified another 158 fossil localities, some yielding taxa not recorded by the previous survey. Additional specimens were collected from the surface, among them a partial skeleton of a choristodere (an extinct aquatic reptile), dental material of two mammal taxa not previously recorded at THRO, and the first bird track found at the park. The inventory also provided an assessment of an area scheduled for ground-disturbing maintenance. This inventory is intended to inform future paleontological resource research, management, protection, and interpretation at THRO. THRO’s bedrock geology is dominated by two Paleocene rock formations: the Bullion Creek Formation and the overlying Sentinel Butte Formation of the Fort Union Group. Weathering of these formations has produced the distinctive banded badlands seen in THRO today. These two formations were deposited under very different conditions than the current conditions of western North Dakota. In the Paleocene, the region was warm and wet, with a landscape dominated by swamps, lakes, and rivers. Great forests now represented by petrified wood grew throughout the area. Freshwater mollusks, fish, amphibians (including giant salamanders), turtles, choristoderes, and crocodilians abounded in the ancient wetlands, while a variety of mammals representing either extinct lineages or the early forebearers of modern groups inhabited the land. There is little representation of the next 56 million years at THRO. The only evidence we have of events in the park for most of these millions of years is isolated Neogene lag deposits and terrace gravel. Quaternary surficial deposits have yielded a few fossils...
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10

Amanor, Kojo, Joseph Yaro, and Joseph Teye. Long-Term Change, Commercialisation of Cocoa Farming, and Agroecosystems and Forest Rehabilitation in Ghana. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2022.002.

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Анотація:
Cocoa production has a long history in Ghana, originating in the late nineteenth century. Since then, cocoa production has seen significant changes. Originally, cocoa was cultivated in newly cleared forests in which many forest trees were preserved as shade trees. Cocoa is ideally suited to these conditions and produces high yields with minimum investment in labour and inputs. However, over time, as the forest conditions change, the cost of cultivating cocoa has increased and yields have declined. As long as new forest frontiers exist, farmers have continued to move into these areas, which have displaced older areas of cultivation, since the costs of production are significantly lower in the new frontiers. In recent years, however, new forest frontiers have declined and most cocoa farmers have been forced to rehabilitate and replant cocoa in open land. This study examines the rational of frontier development; changes in land relations, labour relations and use of technology; and the impact of these factors on different categories of farmers, including women and youth. This is developed through two comparative case studies drawn from the older cocoa frontier of the Eastern Region, and the more recent frontier of Western North Region.
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