Готові списки джерел за темами / Non-proportionality

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Non-proportionality"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 18 січня 2024
Оновлено: 19 січня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Non-proportionality"

1

Vasil'ev, Andrey N. "From Luminescence Non-Linearity to Scintillation Non-Proportionality." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 55, no. 3 (June 2008): 1054–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2007.914367.

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2

Gill, Peter N. G. "Non‐linear proportionality in science problems." International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology 24, no. 3 (May 1993): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0020739930240305.

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3

Beretta, M., S. Capelli, L. Gironi, E. Previtali, and M. Sisti. "Non proportionality dependence on shaping time." Journal of Instrumentation 12, no. 04 (April 10, 2017): P04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/12/04/p04007.

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4

Moses, W. W., G. A. Bizarri, R. T. Williams, S. A. Payne, A. N. Vasil'ev, J. Singh, Q. Li, J. Q. Grim, and W. Choong. "The Origins of Scintillator Non-Proportionality." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 59, no. 5 (October 2012): 2038–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2012.2186463.

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5

Kapusta, M., P. Szupryczynski, C. L. Melcher, M. Moszynski, M. Balcerzyk, A. A. Carey, W. Czarnacki, M. A. Spurrier, and A. Syntfeld. "Non-proportionality and thermoluminescence of LSO:Ce." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 52, no. 4 (August 2005): 1098–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2005.852731.

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6

Nassalski, A., M. Moszynski, A. Syntfeld-Kazuch, L. Swiderski, and T. Szczeniak. "Non-Proportionality of Organic Scintillators and BGO." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 55, no. 3 (June 2008): 1069–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2007.913478.

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7

MORENO-TERNERO, JUAN D. "PROPORTIONALITY AND NON-MANIPULABILITY IN BANKRUPTCY PROBLEMS." International Game Theory Review 08, no. 01 (March 2006): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198906000825.

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We explore the relationship between proportionality and manipulation (via merging or splitting agents' claims) in bankruptcy problems. We provide an alternative proof to the well-known result that, in an unrestricted domain, immunity to manipulation is equivalent to requiring proportional division. We show that this result also holds for restricted (but sufficiently rich) domains, such as the domain of simple problems and the domain of zero-normalized problems. Finally, we characterize two adjustments of the proportional rule by combining non-manipulabilty on these domains and the usual axioms of independence of claims truncation and composition from minimal rights.
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8

TRIGUEIROS, DUARTE. "NON-PROPORTIONALITY IN RATIOS: AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH." British Accounting Review 29, no. 3 (September 1997): 213–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bare.1996.0042.

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9

Ruoff, Dieter. "Once More: Proportionality in the Non-Euclidean Plane." Mathematics Magazine 72, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2691231.

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10

Klamra, W., M. Balcerzyk, W. Czarnacki, V. Kozlov, M. Moszyński, A. Syntfeld-Każuch, and T. Szcześniak. "Light yield non-proportionality of undoped YAP scintillator." Journal of Instrumentation 4, no. 05 (May 15, 2009): P05006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/4/05/p05006.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Non-proportionality"

1

Davey, Samantha M. "The proportionality of non-consensual adoption in England and Wales under s52(1)(b) of the Adoption and Children Act 2002." Thesis, University of Essex, 2016. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/17072/.

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This thesis conducts a conceptual analysis of the proportionality of non-consensual adoptions in England and Wales. It does so by examining the English legislation and case law on adoption and the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). This thesis considers and applies rights from the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) to determine when non-consensual adoption may be regarded as a necessary and proportionate interference with children’s and parents’ rights. The proportionality principle requires the domestic courts and the ECtHR to strike a balance between the various rights and interests of children and parents while taking into account children’s welfare. The final strand of the proportionality principle identifies whether the State measure is the least restrictive measure available to satisfy the State’s objective. This strand is not applied in all non-consensual adoption cases heard by the domestic courts or the ECtHR. However, this thesis argues it is essential to identify whether less restrictive alternatives exist as these measures may prove equally effective in protecting children’s welfare when compared with adoption, and may also protect children’s and parents’ rights. This thesis makes a conceptual contribution to the academic scholarship on non-consensual adoption law by identifying how the UNCRC, the ECHR, the best interests principle and ECtHR jurisprudence can be applied so as to provide optimal protection for children’s and parents’ rights in adoption cases. This thesis concludes that judicial reasoning in the courts should routinely consider UNCRC rights and the effectiveness of less restrictive alternatives. Furthermore, it argues that there is a positive obligation under ECHR Article 8 to provide State assistance in circumstances where children can safely be raised by their parents, which is not yet recognised in English case law.
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2

Menezes, Antonia. "Developing states' long walk to freedom: an examination of the principle of non-discrimination, substantive equality and proportionality in investor-state disputes." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40845.

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The principle of non-discrimination is widely subscribed to in both Bilateral Investment Treaties and Investor-State arbitration awards. However, when this principle is deconstructed, it appears to be less evident what it entails and accordingly, how it should be applied in practice. This thesis examines how discriminatory treatment is defined under international investment law and seeks to articulate a more coherent test based upon the substantive standard of equality and the proportionality principle. By examining a current Investor-State dispute against the Government of South Africa, it illustrates why it is important to understand the notion of equality, and that investment arbitrations are increasingly raising questions of the conflict between domestic public policy and investment protection for arbitrators to resolve. Underlying this issue are wider questions relating to the fundamental power balances between the parties to Bilateral Investment Treaties. In order to encourage international investment as a whole, these questions should not be ignored but rather addressed by arbitral tribunals.
Le principe de non-discrimination est très présent tant dans les traités bilatéraux d’investissement que dans les sentences arbitrales. Pourtant, l’analyse approfondie de ce principe révèle que sa signification réelle et, par voie de conséquence, son application pratique sont moins évidentes qu’il n’y paraît. Cette thèse étudie la manière selon laquelle le traitement discriminatoire est défini en droit des investissements internationaux et cherche à élaborer un test plus cohérent fondé sur les principes d’égalité substantive et de proportionnalité. En examinant un litige opposant actuellement un investisseur à un Etat, en l’occurrence le gouvernement d’Afrique du Sud, cette thèse souligne l’importance de la notion d’égalité. En outre, elle démontre que les arbitrages en matière d’investissement présentent un risque accru de conflits entre les politiques publiques des Etats et la protection des investisseurs, conflits qu’il revient aux arbitres de trancher. Cette question est peut-être révélatrice de problématique plus large concernant l’équilibre des pouvoirs entre les parties à un traité d’investissement bilatéral.
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3

Kombila, Ibouanga Hilème. "L'interaction des principes de proportionnalité et de non-discrimination dans le système juridique de l'Union européenne." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST0052.

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4

Kjerrman, Asta Marie. "Civilians as a direct target of violence : How modern warfare challenges International Humanitarian Law." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-44106.

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Анотація:
This study aims to examine how the emergence of modern warfare are challenging International Humanitarian Law when it comes to the protection of civilians in armed conflict. Thereby gaining a better understanding of how modern warfare is putting civilians at risk and how International Humanitarian Law is being challenged by the development of warfare. This study is a multidisciplinary study of Peace and Conflict Studies and International Law, which gives a rare perspective on civilian’s position in modern warfare. Thereby this study is not only showing the legal challenges in armed conflict but also bringing in the perspective of civilian’s position in modern warfare. This study will make use of three case studies: urban warfare, non-state actors and the use of drones in armed conflict. This study concludes that the challenges which International Humanitarian Law meets in modern warfare, is related to the need of clarifications but also a need for a greater enforcement and respect of the law by all parties of the conflict, both state and non-state actors. Lastly, there is a need for strengthening the inclusion of non-state actors in international law and strengthen International Humanitarian Law to meet the challenges of modern warfare to protect the civilians.
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Oliveira, Neto Celio Pereira. "Cláusula de não concorrência no contrato de emprego: efeitos do princípio da proporcionalidade." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6146.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 celio Pereira Oliveira Neto.pdf: 1507882 bytes, checksum: 7103e8b0600844203d81f93da63c2f69 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-14
Although there isn‟t a specific rule in the native law, the application of the non concurrence clause profits from the constitutional protection, which is based on the free initiative, private property, free concurrence, property law, consumer defense and general freedom law. Due to constitutional propagation, it enjoys equally of protection in the general clauses of the objective good faith and social function, besides the lawfulness presumption of the contract. On the other hand, there are some directives that can‟t be disregarded when having to limit the freedom right of the work. Indeed, the economical order must be based on the importance of the human work, as well as the reduction of the social inequalities and in the search of the perfect job. Moreover, the private property is established on the basis of the free exercise of any work, occupation or profession, that is to say, it must be observed the social right of the worker in choosing the developed activity, this means that any act that disrespect the importance of the work can be understood as unconstitutional. There is a clear confront between the non concurrence clause and the freedom work both under the constitutional protection in the articles 5° and 170 of the CF. The solution of this conflict is coped with the principles of proportionality, which it justifies and limits the application of the non concurrence clause. However, to reach such point, it‟s necessary the constitutional passage about the traditional methods of constitutional interpretation getting to the pos-positivist moment, taking care of the constitutional‟s principles of interpretation reading as a leading of the whole arrangement, differing from the rules relating them with the principle of proportionality use and its sub-principles of adequacy, necessity and proportionality in the strict way
Although there isn‟t a specific rule in the native law, the application of the non concurrence clause profits from the constitutional protection, which is based on the free initiative, private property, free concurrence, property law, consumer defense and general freedom law. Due to constitutional propagation, it enjoys equally of protection in the general clauses of the objective good faith and social function, besides the lawfulness presumption of the contract. On the other hand, there are some directives that can‟t be disregarded when having to limit the freedom right of the work. Indeed, the economical order must be based on the importance of the human work, as well as the reduction of the social inequalities and in the search of the perfect job. Moreover, the private property is established on the basis of the free exercise of any work, occupation or profession, that is to say, it must be observed the social right of the worker in choosing the developed activity, this means that any act that disrespect the importance of the work can be understood as unconstitutional. There is a clear confront between the non concurrence clause and the freedom work both under the constitutional protection in the articles 5° and 170 of the CF. The solution of this conflict is coped with the principles of proportionality, which it justifies and limits the application of the non concurrence clause. However, to reach such point, it‟s necessary the constitutional passage about the traditional methods of constitutional interpretation getting to the pos-positivist moment, taking care of the constitutional‟s principles of interpretation reading as a leading of the whole arrangement, differing from the rules relating them with the principle of proportionality use and its sub-principles of adequacy, necessity and proportionality in the strict way
Embora inexista regra específica no direito pátrio, a aplicação da cláusula de não concorrência goza de amparo constitucional, fundado na livre iniciativa, propriedade privada, livre concorrência, direito de propriedade, defesa do consumidor e direito geral de liberdade. Por irradiação constitucional, usufrui igualmente de amparo nas cláusulas gerais da boa-fé objetiva e função social do contrato, além da presunção de licitude do contrato. Por outro lado, há diretrizes que não podem ser desconsideradas quando se trata de limitar o direito de liberdade ao trabalho. Com efeito, a ordem econômica deve ser fundada na valorização do trabalho humano, bem como na redução das desigualdades sociais, e na busca do pleno emprego. Ademais, a propriedade privada é estabelecida com base no livre exercício de qualquer trabalho, ofício ou profissão ou seja, deve ser observado o direito social do trabalhador de escolher a atividade desenvolvida, o que significa que qualquer ato que desrespeite a valorização do trabalho poderá ser entendida como inconstitucional. Há nítido confronto, pois, entre a cláusula de não concorrência e a liberdade ao trabalho ambas com amparo constitucional nos arts. 5º e 170 da CF. A resolução desse conflito é enfrentada à luz do princípio da proporcionalidade, que justifica e limita a aplicação da cláusula de não concorrência. Porém, para se chegar a tal ponto, antes se faz necessária passagem constitucional, acerca dos tradicionais métodos de interpretação constitucional chegando ao momento pós-positivista, cuidando-se da leitura dos princípios de interpretação constitucional como vetores de todo o ordenamento, diferenciando-os das regras, e relacionando-os com o uso do princípio da proporcionalidade e seus subprincípios da adequação, necessidade e proporcionalidade em sentido estrito. Daí se observa que a Constituição Federal preserva ambos os bens, e a interpretação constitucional deve ser levada a efeito de modo a harmonizar o conflito, de sorte que um direito ceda ao outro no caso concreto, sem que isso represente a completa exclusão do direito preterido, conservando-se a unidade do sistema e promovendo-se a concordância prática através da ponderação de bens. O princípio da proporcionalidade passa a ser conceituado e aferido em todas as suas nuances, demonstrando-se os prós e contras de seu uso como critério para resolução de conflitos na sociedade contemporânea. Passa-se à análise do direito contratual contemporâneo, em que a autonomia da vontade é mitigada frente à defesa dos direitos sociais, e a responsabilidade pós-contratual é inserida com fulcro nas cláusulas gerais. Com o uso de todos os fundamentos apontados, torna-se ao debate original, justificando e limitando a cláusula de não concorrência, apresentando as possibilidades de uso da cláusula de não concorrência pós pactum finitum em uma relação de desigualdade como é o caso da relação de emprego, valendo-se do princípio da proporcionalidade e seus subprincípios, indicando-se as posições da doutrina e jurisprudência, sem olvidar do direito estrangeiro
Embora inexista regra específica no direito pátrio, a aplicação da cláusula de não concorrência goza de amparo constitucional, fundado na livre iniciativa, propriedade privada, livre concorrência, direito de propriedade, defesa do consumidor e direito geral de liberdade. Por irradiação constitucional, usufrui igualmente de amparo nas cláusulas gerais da boa-fé objetiva e função social do contrato, além da presunção de licitude do contrato. Por outro lado, há diretrizes que não podem ser desconsideradas quando se trata de limitar o direito de liberdade ao trabalho. Com efeito, a ordem econômica deve ser fundada na valorização do trabalho humano, bem como na redução das desigualdades sociais, e na busca do pleno emprego. Ademais, a propriedade privada é estabelecida com base no livre exercício de qualquer trabalho, ofício ou profissão ou seja, deve ser observado o direito social do trabalhador de escolher a atividade desenvolvida, o que significa que qualquer ato que desrespeite a valorização do trabalho poderá ser entendida como inconstitucional. Há nítido confronto, pois, entre a cláusula de não concorrência e a liberdade ao trabalho ambas com amparo constitucional nos arts. 5º e 170 da CF. A resolução desse conflito é enfrentada à luz do princípio da proporcionalidade, que justifica e limita a aplicação da cláusula de não concorrência. Porém, para se chegar a tal ponto, antes se faz necessária passagem constitucional, acerca dos tradicionais métodos de interpretação constitucional chegando ao momento pós-positivista, cuidando-se da leitura dos princípios de interpretação constitucional como vetores de todo o ordenamento, diferenciando-os das regras, e relacionando-os com o uso do princípio da proporcionalidade e seus subprincípios da adequação, necessidade e proporcionalidade em sentido estrito. Daí se observa que a Constituição Federal preserva ambos os bens, e a interpretação constitucional deve ser levada a efeito de modo a harmonizar o conflito, de sorte que um direito ceda ao outro no caso concreto, sem que isso represente a completa exclusão do direito preterido, conservando-se a unidade do sistema e promovendo-se a concordância prática através da ponderação de bens. O princípio da proporcionalidade passa a ser conceituado e aferido em todas as suas nuances, demonstrando-se os prós e contras de seu uso como critério para resolução de conflitos na sociedade contemporânea. Passa-se à análise do direito contratual contemporâneo, em que a autonomia da vontade é mitigada frente à defesa dos direitos sociais, e a responsabilidade pós-contratual é inserida com fulcro nas cláusulas gerais. Com o uso de todos os fundamentos apontados, torna-se ao debate original, justificando e limitando a cláusula de não concorrência, apresentando as possibilidades de uso da cláusula de não concorrência pós pactum finitum em uma relação de desigualdade como é o caso da relação de emprego, valendo-se do princípio da proporcionalidade e seus subprincípios, indicando-se as posições da doutrina e jurisprudência, sem olvidar do direito estrangeiro
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6

Dufour, Maxime. "Clauses contractuelles et non-concurrence : approche de droit des affaires." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0316.

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Анотація:
Dans notre monde actuel, les entreprises utilisent, pour se prémunir de toute atteinte et protéger au maximum leurs intérêts économiques, des techniques contractuelles élaborées par la pratique telles que les clauses de non-concurrence, les clauses de confidentialité, les clauses de non-réaffiliation et les clauses de non sollicitation.Ces clauses occupent de multiples champs de l’activité contractuelle en mêlant le droit des contrats, le droit des affaires et le droit du travail. Elles visent à interdire au cocontractant, d’exercer une activité professionnelle, de divulguer des informations secrètes, ou encore d’embaucher certains collaborateurs. Ainsi, elles viennent limiter une liberté fondamentale, plus spécialement la liberté du commerce et de l’industrie. Dès lors, il semble nécessaire d’élaborer un régime juridique commun à toutes ces clauses afin de préserver d’un coté la protection de l’activité économique des entreprises et de l’autre la sauvegarde de la liberté économique des contractants soumis à de telles clauses. L’intérêt d’un régime commun est d’anticiper les conditions de validité et de mise en œuvre des ce type de clauses. De cette façon, la prévisibilité ne ferait plus défaut aux contractants. L’élaboration de ce droit commun passe par deux étapes. La première est relative à l’identification des clauses limitatives de concurrence. Il s’agit de saisir leur autonomie par rapport aux contrats dans lesquels elles peuvent être insérées et d’en tirer les conséquences au niveau leur validité. La seconde est relative à la mise en œuvre de ces clauses. Leur application est délicate car dépendante pour une grande partie de la précision de leur contenu. En cas de non-respect, un vaste choix de remèdes est offert au contractant déçu pour venir sanctionner le manquement contractuel constaté
In the modern world, to guard themselves from damage and to protect at best their economical interests, companies use contractual techniques developed by usage such as non-compete clauses,confidentiality clauses, non-reaffiliation clauses and non-solicitation clauses. These clauses cover many fields of contractual legality, mixing contract law, labor law and business law. Their aim is to prohibit the co-contractor to practice a professional activity, to disclose secret information, or even to employ specific colleagues, or contributors. Thus, they are brought to restrict a fundamental freedom, specifically the freedom of trade and of industry. As a result, it appears necessary to formulate a common legal system for all these clauses so as to preserve on one side the protection of the economic activity of the companies et on the other side the safeguard of the economic freedom of the co-contractors subject to these clauses. The benefit of a common legal system is the anticipation of the conditions of validity and implementation of this type of clause. In this way, the cocontractants will not lack in foresight. The development of this common right is in two steps. This includes confirming their autonomy relative to the contracts in which they may be inserted and draw the necessary conclusions regarding their validity. The second step is relative to the implementation of these clauses. Their application is sensitive because it depends for the most part on the precision of their content. In case of a breach of contract, a large array of legal remedies is available to the aggrieved contractor to penalize the breach of contract
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7

Torres, Zuñiga Natalia. "Justiciability of regressive measures of social rights. Some reflections about their judicial protection in Latin America." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115938.

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Анотація:
This  article  has  as  aim  to  reflect  about  the  protection  of economic, social and cultural rights before the regressive measures adopted by governments in Latin America, as well as of the different levels of jurisdictional tutelage that those receive. The document develops the concept of a regressive measure and the scope of the non-regression principle, furthermore, it shows the experience of the Constitutional Courts from Peru and Colombia and the organs of the Interamerican System of Human Rights regarding the protection of social rights.
El presente artículo tiene por propósito plantear una reflexión sobre la protección jurisdiccional que reciben los derechos sociales frente a la adopción de medidas regresivas en Latinoamérica por parte de los Estados, así como de los diversos grados de tutela jurisdiccional que aquellos reciben. El artículo desarrolla la noción de regresividad y los alcances del principio de prohibición de regresividad, así como la experiencia  de las Cortes Constitucionales de Perú y Colombia y de los órganos el Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos en torno a la protección de los derechos sociales.
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8

Bittencourt, Bruno Ramon Chaves. "Princípios da liberdade econômica e da igualdade face à tributação : limites constitucionais às discriminações tributárias." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/127988.

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O presente estudo tem como escopo examinar os limites constitucionais da influência da tributação nas atividades econômicas dos Contribuintes, à luz dos princípios e postulados da livre iniciativa, da livre concorrência, da igualdade, da proporcionalidade e da proibição do excesso. A indagação geral que impulsionará a pesquisa é a seguinte: pode a tributação, de forma indistinta, determinar como os Contribuintes devem agir ao plasmar suas atividades econômicas, ou há algum limite a partir do qual a influência da tributação sobre as livres escolhas dos Contribuintes não pode mais avançar? Quais as normas resultantes das interações entre direito tributário e direito econômico? Quais limites a igualdade impõe ao uso de medidas extrafiscais? De quais ferramentas dispõe o aplicador para realizar a liberdade econômica e a igualdade? Como a tese do legislador negativo representa um entrave para a realização dos princípios e postulados em questão? Quais paradigmas estão por trás de tal tese? Mais especificamente, examinaremos alguns casos concretos que ilustrem os problemas em questão e permitam um aprofundamento dos pontos discutidos na pesquisa. O primeiro caso será o das empresas excluídas do SIMPLES cuja exclusão esteja motivada pelo simples exercício de determinada atividade econômica, buscando elucidar se tal discriminação encontra suporte no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, considerando o seguinte: existindo um critério objetivo para definir quais empresas podem gozar dos benefícios do SIMPLES, qual seja, a receita bruta anual da empresa, pode o Poder Legislativo adotar critério distintivo diverso (a atividade econômica desenvolvida pela empresa) para fins de enquadramento no referido regime tributário? Tal discriminação em função da atividade econômica do Contribuinte encontra respaldo na Constituição Federal? Se a liberdade econômica é um limite à tal discriminação, quais são seus elementos e eficácia jurídica? O segundo caso, que impõe questionamentos semelhantes, é o da exclusão da possibilidade de creditamento da mão-de-obra de pessoas físicas utilizada como insumo por Contribuintes do PIS e da COFINS não-cumulativos.
This paper aims to verify which are the constitutional limitations to the influence of taxation over taxpayers’ economic activities, in the light of the principles and postulates of freedom of enterprise, free competition, equality, proportionality and the prohibition of excessive influence. The general enquiry that will guide this research is the following: can taxation, indistinctly, determine how taxpayers shall act when choosing and directing their economic activities, or are there some limitations that compel the government to not influence taxpayers' economic choices? What are the norms resulting from interactions between tax law and economic law? What limits does equality imposes to the use of behavior influent taxation? Which are the tools available to the judges to promote economic freedom and equality? How does the thesis of negative legislative power represents an obstacle to the achievement of such principles and postulates by the courts? What are the paradigms behind such thesis? More specifically, we are going to examine some cases that illustrate the problems abovementioned and allow us to go deeper in points discussed in this research. The first case is the exclusion of companies from tax benefit program called SIMPLES (for small business), whose exclusion is determined by the simple fact of exercise of a specific economic activity. We are going to exam it in order to elucidate if Brazilian law sustains such discrimination, considering the following: if the law choses one criteria to grant the tax benefits of SIMPLES (company's economic size measured by gross income), can the legislator choose another criteria (company's economic activity) to exclude it from the tax benefit program? Is it grounded in Brazilian Constitution the discrimination based upon the simple adoption of an economic activity? If freedom of enterprise is a limitation to such discrimination, which are its elements and legal effectiveness? The second case, which implies similar questions, is the exclusion of the possibility of crediting the labor of natural persons used as an input for taxpayers of non-cumulative PIS and COFINS (social contributions over gross income - VAT).
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Martinez, Neto Aldo Augusto. "Cláusula de não concorrência no contrato de trabalho: licitude e direitos fundamentais." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5932.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aldo Augusto Martinez Neto.pdf: 757911 bytes, checksum: 1c69678c8e3179bcd8642b3584bfe737 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-18
The overcoming of legal positivism, as well as recognition of the normative force of the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, led the incidence of human rights in private relations, among them labor relations with emphasis on employment agreement. As employees and employers are both holders of human rights, there are situations in which it checks for collision between the opposing fundamental rights. In order to solve the contradiction of human rights it is necessary to apply the principle of proportionality (adequacy, necessity and proportionality in the strict sense). We applied the principle of proportionality to reexamine the assumptions of non-compete clause to be effective after employment agreement termination in view of the collision between employees‟ human rights of freedom of work and employer's human rights of property. Applying the principle of proportionality it is possible to conclude that non-competition clause is in compliance with Brazilian labor legislation if the agreement observes the following assumptions: (i) justification for the restriction cause, (ii) temporal and geographical limitations, (iii) description of the activities and constraint of the object and (iv) financial compensation
A superação do positivismo jurídico, bem como o reconhecimento da força normativa da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil (CRFB), propiciaram a incidência dos direitos fundamentais nas relações privadas, dentre elas as relações trabalhistas, com ênfase no contrato individual do trabalho. Como empregados e empregadores são ambos titulares de direitos fundamentais, há situações em que se verifica a existência de colisão entre os direitos fundamentais opostos. Para solucionar esta antinomia de direitos fundamentais recorre-se ao princípio da proporcionalidade (adequação, necessidade e proporcionalidade em sentido estrito). Aplicou-se o princípio da proporcionalidade para examinar os pressupostos de licitude da cláusula de não concorrência com vigência após o encerramento do contrato individual do trabalho em vistas à colisão entre os direitos fundamentais de liberdade de trabalho do empregado e de propriedade do empregador. Através do princípio da proporcionalidade chega-se à conclusão da licitude da cláusula de não concorrência desde que observados os seguintes pressupostos: (i) motivação da restrição, (ii) limitação temporal e geográfica, (iii) descrição das atividades objeto da restrição e (iv) compensação financeira
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Leivas, Paulo Gilberto Cogo. "A correção e a fundamentação de decisões jurídicas, em bases pragmático-universais, na aplicação do direito de igualdade geral." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/143354.

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A fundamentação e a correção de decisões jurídicas na aplicação do direito de igualdade geral exigem o cumprimento das regras e formas do discurso jurídico fundado em bases pragmático-universais. As viradas lingüística e pragmática, por obra de Frege, Wittgenstein e Peirce, fundaram os alicerces de uma teoria dos atos de fala, de Austin e Searle, de uma teoria da argumentação, de Toulmin, e de uma teoria comunicativa e discursiva da verdade e correção, em Habermas. A ética procedimentalista e cognitivista habermasiana reconstrói o princípio da universabilidade em trajes discursivos. Alexy enuncia um conceito não-positivista e inclusivo da moral fundamentado na pretensão de correção jurídica e argúi a tese do discurso jurídico como caso especial do discurso prático geral. Uma decisão jurídica correta deve ser justificada com base nas regras e formas da justificação interna e externa do discurso. A fundamentação das decisões por meio de argumentos de princípios coloca a exigência da aplicação do preceito da proporcionalidade. As dogmáticas e jurisprudências alemã e brasileira, na aplicação do direito de igualdade geral, utilizam inicialmente uma fórmula da proibição da arbitrariedade ou correlação lógica, da qual resulta uma vinculação fraca do legislador, e passam a adotar uma fórmula baseada na proporcionalidade, com uma vinculação severa do legislador, especialmente quando há tratamento desigual de indivíduos com características especiais elencadas na Constituição. A racionalidade de uma decisão que se utiliza da estrutura da proporcionalidade depende da justificação externa de cada uma das premissas usadas na justificação interna. Há uma relação necessária entre discurso jurídico, proporcionalidade e dogmáticas dos direitos fundamentais.
The justification and correction of legal decisions in the application of general equality principle demands the fullfilment of rules and forms of legal discourse founded on a universal-pragmatic basis. The linguistic and pragmatic turn, by Frege, Wittgenstein, and Peirce, established the foundations of a theory of speech acts, by Austin and Searle, of a theory of reasoning, by Toulmin, and a communicative and discoursive theory on truth and correctness in Habermas. The habermasian proceduralism and cognitivism ethics reconstructs the principle of universability in discoursive ways. Alexy states a non-positivistic and moral inclusive concept of law grounded in the claim to legal correction and argues that the legal discourse must be understood as a special case of general practical discourse. A correct legal decision must be justified on the rules and forms of internal and external justification of discourse. The justification for the decisions by means of arguments of principle sets the demand of applying the partial requirements of proportionality. German and Brazilian legal theory and jurisprudence, in applying the right to general equality, apply initially a formula of prohibition of arbitrary and correlational logic, where there is a weak attachment of the legislature, and start adopting a formula based on proportionality, where there is severe attachment of the legislature, especially in the case of discrimination against individuals with special features listed in the Constitution. The rationality of a decision which uses the structure of proportionality depends on the external justification of each of the premises used in the internal justification. There is a necessary link between proportionality, legal discourse and fundamental rights legal theory.
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Книги з теми "Non-proportionality"

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Tesón, Fernando R. Proportionality in Humanitarian Intervention. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190202903.003.0005.

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The chapter examines the traditional requirement that a humanitarian war must be proportionate to be justified. It distinguishes proportionality from necessity and, further, narrow from wide proportionality. The chapter discusses the concept of culpable threat, which is particularly important in humanitarian intervention, as there is no such thing as a non-culpable tyrant. It then introduces a distinction between collateral proportionality and supervening proportionality. The first one is the harm done to bystanders in the battle. The second one is the more remote harm done to bystanders after the war has ended. The distinction determines different degrees of blameworthiness for commanders who start a war that ends badly. Finally, the chapter analyzes the relationship between knowledge and permissibility of action.
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Cohen, Amichai, and David Zlotogorski. Proportionality in International Humanitarian Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197556726.001.0001.

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The principle of proportionality is one of the cornerstones of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Almost all states involved in armed conflicts recognize that it is prohibited to launch an attack that is expected to cause incidental harm to civilians that exceeds the direct military advantage anticipated from the attack. This prohibition is included in military manuals, taught in professional courses, and accepted as almost axiomatic. And yet, the exact meaning of this principle is vague. Almost every issue is in dispute—from the most elementary question of how to compare civilian harm and military advantage, to the possible obligation to employ accurate but expensive weapons. Controversy is especially rife regarding asymmetrical conflicts, in which many modern democracies are involved. How exactly should proportionality be implemented when the enemy is not an army, but a non-state actor embedded within a civilian population? What does it mean to use precautions in attack, when almost every attack is directed at objects that are used for both military and civilian purposes?
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Sime, Stuart. 46. Costs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198823100.003.5605.

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This chapter focuses on legal costs. It discusses the two main principles for deciding which party should pay the costs of an application or of the whole proceedings; the rule that costs follow the event; range of possible costs orders; interim costs orders; indemnity principle; basis of quantification; proportionality; summary and detailed assessments; fast track fixed costs; fixed and scale costs; costs and track allocation; publicly funded litigants; pro bono costs orders; costs against non-parties; and wasted costs orders.
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Sime, Stuart. 46. Costs. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198747673.003.5605.

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This chapter focuses on legal costs. It discusses the two main principles for deciding which party should pay the costs of an application or of the whole proceedings; the rule that costs follow the event; range of possible costs orders; interim costs orders; indemnity principle; basis of quantification; proportionality; summary and detailed assessments; fast track fixed costs; fixed and scale costs; costs and track allocation; publicly funded litigants; pro bono costs orders; costs against non-parties; and wasted costs orders.
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Sime, Stuart. 46. Costs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198787570.003.5605.

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This chapter focuses on legal costs. It discusses the two main principles for deciding which party should pay the costs of an application or of the whole proceedings; the rule that costs follow the event; range of possible costs orders; interim costs orders; indemnity principle; basis of quantification; proportionality; summary and detailed assessments; fast track fixed costs; fixed and scale costs; costs and track allocation; publicly funded litigants; pro bono costs orders; costs against non-parties; and wasted costs orders.
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Wright, A. G. Linear performance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0009.

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This chapter is concerned with a single consideration: the degree of proportionality between a light signal and its resulting electrical output. This is formally referred to as linearity, which depends on the suitability of the chosen PMT and the mode of operation (pulsed or analogue). Applications fall into two groups: analogue operation (DC) and transient applications. Linearity in a pulsed mode of operation concerns both pulse height (charge) and the rate of events. Generally, in the DC mode, only the mean anode current is relevant. Methods for determining both forms of non-linearity are presented, based on actual measurements. Test methods using multiple light sources, bootstrapping, single step (piggyback), and shot noise are investigated. A method for uncovering non-linearity in high-Z scintillators by using coincident gamma emissions (60Co) is demonstrated. An analytical means for correcting results at the 1 % level is provided.
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Jeffery, Commission, and Moloo Rahim. 3 Provisional Measures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198729037.003.0003.

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This chapter discusses the provisional measures used to preserve the integrity of an investment arbitration. It first reviews the applicable rules and standards utilized by arbitral tribunals to determine whether to grant a request for provisional measures, including before tribunals applying the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), ICSID Additional Facility, and UNCITRAL rules. In particular, it outlines five criteria that must generally be met to grant a request for provisional measures: prima facie jurisdiction, prima facie establishment of the case, urgency, imminent danger of serious prejudice (necessity), and proportionality. The chapter proceeds by considering case examples of the types of provisional measures requested by parties, namely: security for costs, specific performance, stop parallel domestic proceedings, preservation of documents, preservation of status quo, and non-aggravation of the dispute.
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Michael, Wood. 2 The Caroline Incident—1837. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784357.003.0002.

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This contribution summarizes the facts of the celebrated incident from 1837, in which British militia from Upper Canada crossed to the US shore of the Niagara River and set adrift a small rebel-operated vessel, The Caroline (which drifted over the Falls). The chapter cites the lengthy correspondence between US Secretary of State, Daniel Webster, and British Government’s representatives in Washington (Mr Fox and Lord Ashburton), in which Webster repeatedly used the celebrated Caroline formula (“a necessity of self-defence, instant, overwhelming, leaving no choice of means, and no moment for deliberation”). The case is referred to, even today, in discussions of anticipatory self-defence, the requirements of necessity and proportionality, and the use of force against non-State actors. The chapter concludes by examining differing views on the current relevance of the Caroline incident and formula.
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Tretkoff, Paula. Complex Surfaces and Coverings. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691144771.003.0004.

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This chapter deals with complex surfaces and their finite coverings branched along divisors, that is, subvarieties of codimension 1. In particular, it considers coverings branched over transversally intersecting divisors. Applying this to linear arrangements in the complex projective plane, the chapter first blows up the projective plane at non-transverse intersection points, that is, at those points of the arrangement where more than two lines intersect. These points are called singular points of the arrangement. This gives rise to a complex surface and transversely intersecting divisors that contain the proper transforms of the original lines. The chapter also introduces the divisor class group, their intersection numbers, and the canonical divisor class. Finally, it describes the Chern numbers of a complex surface in order to define the proportionality deviation of a complex surface and to study its behavior with respect to finite covers.
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Stirn, Bernard. European and Domestic Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198789505.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 turns to the domestic law of the countries of Europe, arguing that the combination within European public law of EU law, the law of the ECHR, and of domestic law cannot be conceived of along the lines of a pyramidal hierarchy. The chapter examines the ways in which the different European domestic legal systems conceive of the relationship between international law and domestic law. The chapter then looks at the relationship between international law and domestic law through a constitutional lens, an approach which more and more domestic courts in Europe seem to be adopting. The chapter then turns to the integrated legal order of the European Union, a legal order distinct both from domestic and general international law. Finally, the chapter teases out and analyses four shared guiding principles of European public law: equality and non-discrimination; proportionality; subsidiarity; and legal certainty.
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Частини книг з теми "Non-proportionality"

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Lecoq, Paul, Alexander Gektin, and Mikhail Korzhik. "Energy Resolution and Non-proportionality of Scintillators." In Inorganic Scintillators for Detector Systems, 175–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45522-8_5.

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Skibicki, Dariusz. "Load Non-Proportionality in the Computational Models." In SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology, 59–123. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01565-1_4.

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Skibicki, Dariusz. "The Phenomena of Non-Proportionality in Loading Fatigue." In SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology, 9–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01565-1_2.

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Skibicki, Dariusz. "The Sensitivity of Materials to Load Non-Proportionality." In SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology, 49–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01565-1_3.

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Muñoz, Alvaro, Alison G. Abraham, Matthew Matheson, and Nikolas Wada. "Non-proportionality of Hazards in the Competing Risks Framework." In Risk Assessment and Evaluation of Predictions, 3–22. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8981-8_1.

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Smith, Eric E. "Proportionality (ad Bellum)." In Just War Theory and Non-State Actors, 57–69. New York : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Justice, international law and global security: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315590837-6.

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Smith, Eric E. "Proportionality (in Bello)." In Just War Theory and Non-State Actors, 85–91. New York : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Justice, international law and global security: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315590837-9.

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Di Chiara, Giuseppe. "The Protection of the Right of Freedom on the European Union Level: The European Arrest Warrant and Non-custodial Pre Trial Measures. The Guideline of the Principle of Proportionality: An Interpretive Perspective." In Transnational Inquiries and the Protection of Fundamental Rights in Criminal Proceedings, 241–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32012-5_17.

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Ignovska, Elena. "Mandatory Vaccination Against COVID-19 in Europe: Public Health Versus ‘Saved by the Bell’ Individual Autonomy." In European Union and its Neighbours in a Globalized World, 283–303. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40801-4_18.

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AbstractThe text aims to reconcile the bioethical principles (autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice) (Beauchamp TL, Childress JF in Principles of biomedical ethics, 6th edn. Oxford University Press, 2009) with the principles used by legal institutions (primarily, the European Court of Human Rights) to evaluate possible human rights infringements due to mandatory vaccination against Covid-19 (legality, necessity, proportionality and legitimate aim) (This is the so-called ‘structural approach’ that the ECtHR follows when considering interferences of the qualified right and is also stipulated in article 26 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine: Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine (Oviedo Convention).) by National Public Health policies of the Member States of the Council of Europe. (Even more, the idea is to bring closer the methodology of teaching/learning and researching via the HELP platform of the Council of Europe in the course on Bioethics to the law students.) The trigger is to test these principles using deductive reasoning in the pioneering Austrian case of mandatory vaccination, while inductive methodology is used to evaluate how recent similar cases (such as Vavřička and Others v. Czech Republic) contributed to support the theory that next to human rights, there are also duties. Since circumstances with the pandemic are rather turbulent and constantly changing (even as this article is being written), the time factor significantly influences the conclusions drawn. Namely, the author holds the opinion that with a carefully chosen methodology and model, any severe disease that significantly threatens the individual and public health at particular time, period or might constantly be a reason to restrict individual autonomy with scientifically proven, safe and efficient vaccines. Nevertheless, regarding Covid-19, at the current time, even if the means of coercion do not include applying direct physical force (As in the case of Vavřička or in the pioneering but suspended legislation for mandatory vaccination in Austria.), they are not proportionate to the possible infringement on one’s private life and individual consent for the sake of public health, or at least not anymore.
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"Proportionality and Non-discrimination." In Compulsory Mental Health Interventions and the CRPD. Hart Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781509931606.ch-004.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Non-proportionality"

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Syntfeld-Kazuch, Agnieszka, Lukasz Swiderski, Marek Moszynski, and Alexander V. Gektin. "Non-proportionality components in doped CsI." In 2014 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2014.7431220.

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Syntfeld-Kazuch, Agnieszka, Lukasz Swiderski, Wieslaw Czarnacki, Michal Gierlik, Wlodzimierz Klamra, Marek Moszynski, and Paul Schotanus. "Non-proportionality and Energy Resolution of CsI(Tl)." In 2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2006.356047.

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Yan, Bing. "Non-Proportionality Analysis on Chinas Regional Economic Growth Efficiency." In 2012 Fifth International Joint Conference on Computational Sciences and Optimization (CSO). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cso.2012.45.

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Moszynski, M., M. Balcerzyk, W. Czarnacki, M. Kapusta, W. Klamra, A. Syntfeld, and M. Szawlowski. "Intrinsic energy resolution and light yield non-proportionality of BGO." In 2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515). IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2003.1352005.

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Skibicki, Dariusz. "Analysis of the Tanaka non-proportionality parameter under fatigue loadings." In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SESSION ON APPLIED MECHANICS XI: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Applied Mechanics. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0165361.

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Li, Qi, Xinfu Lu, and R. T. Williams. "Toward a user's toolkit for modeling scintillator non-proportionality and light yield." In SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Arnold Burger, Larry Franks, Ralph B. James, and Michael Fiederle. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2063468.

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Brylew, Kamil, Pawel Sibczynski, Marek Moszynski, Winicjusz Drozdowski, and Jaroslaw Kisielewski. "Non-proportionality and Energy Resolution of LuXY1-XAG:Pr and LuAG:Pr,Mo Crystals." In 2017 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2017.8532901.

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Morris, L. G., J. D. Collard, Z. H. Sharpe, and M. P. Taggart. "Modular Compton Coincidence NaI Array for Scintillator Light Yield Non-Proportionality Characterisation." In 2023 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, Medical Imaging Conference and International Symposium on Room-Temperature Semiconductor Detectors (NSS MIC RTSD). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmicrtsd49126.2023.10338563.

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"Non-proportionality and energy resolution of Xe gas scintillator in gamma-rays spectrometry." In 2013 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (2013 NSS/MIC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2013.6829470.

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Swiderski, L., R. Marcinkowski, M. Szawlowski, M. Moszynski, W. Czarnacki, A. Syntfeld-Kazuch, T. Szczesniak, G. Pausch, C. Plettner, and K. Roemer. "Non-proportionality of electron response and energy resolution of Compton electrons in scintillators." In 2010 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (2010 NSS/MIC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2010.5873766.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Non-proportionality"

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Aberg, Daniel, Babak Sadigh, and Fei Zhou. FInal Report: First Principles Modeling of Mechanisms Underlying Scintillator Non-Proportionality. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1252609.

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