Готові списки джерел за темами / Neural cultures

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Neural cultures"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Neural cultures"

Smith-Thomas, L. C., and J. W. Fawcett. "Expression of Schwann cell markers by mammalian neural crest cells in vitro." Development 105, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.105.2.251.

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During embryonic development, neural crest cells differentiate into a wide variety of cell types including Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system. In order to establish when neural crest cells first start to express a Schwann cell phenotype immunocytochemical techniques were used to examine rat premigratory neural crest cell cultures for the presence of Schwann cell markers. Cultures were fixed for immunocytochemistry after culture periods ranging from 1 to 24 days. Neural crest cells were identified by their morphology and any neural tube cells remaining in the cultures were identified by their epithelial morphology and immunocytochemically. As early as 1 to 2 days in culture, approximately one third of the neural crest cells stained with m217c, a monoclonal antibody that appears to recognize the same antigen as rat neural antigen-1 (RAN-1). A similar proportion of cells were immunoreactive in cultures stained with 192-IgG, a monoclonal antibody that recognizes the rat nerve growth factor receptor. The number of immunoreactive cells increased with time in culture. After 16 days in culture, nests of cells, many of which had a bipolar morphology, were present in the area previously occupied by neural crest cells. The cells in the nests were often associated with neurons and were immunoreactive for m217c, 192-IgG and antibody to S-100 protein and laminin, indicating that the cells were Schwann cells. At all culture periods examined, neural crest cells did not express glial fibrillary acidic protein. These results demonstrate that cultured premigratory neural crest cells express early Schwann cell markers and that some of these cells differentiate into Schwann cells. These observations suggest that some neural crest cells in vivo may be committed to forming Schwann cells and will do so provided that they then proceed to encounter the correct environmental cues during embryonic development.

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SEIL, FREDRICK J. "NEURAL PLASTICITY IN CEREBELLAR CULTURES." Progress in Neurobiology 50, no. 5-6 (December 1996): 533–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-0082(96)00044-5.

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Gähwiler, B. H. "Organotypic cultures of neural tissue." Trends in Neurosciences 11, no. 11 (January 1988): 484–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(88)90007-0.

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Ferrández, J. M., and E. Fernández. "Neural computation with cellular cultures." Natural Computing 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2012): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11047-011-9298-1.

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Mitani, S., and H. Okamoto. "Inductive differentiation of two neural lineages reconstituted in a microculture system from Xenopus early gastrula cells." Development 112, no. 1 (May 1, 1991): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.112.1.21.

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Neural induction of ectoderm cells has been reconstituted and examined in a microculture system derived from dissociated early gastrula cells of Xenopus laevis. We have used monoclonal antibodies as specific markers to monitor cellular differentiation from three distinct ectoderm lineages in culture (N1 for CNS neurons from neural tube, Me1 for melanophores from neural crest and E3 for skin epidermal cells from epidermal lineages). CNS neurons and melanophores differentiate when deep layer cells of the ventral ectoderm (VE, prospective epidermis region; 150 cells/culture) and an appropriate region of the marginal zone (MZ, prospective mesoderm region; 5–150 cells/culture) are co-cultured, but not in cultures of either cell type on their own; VE cells cultured alone yield epidermal cells as we have previously reported. The extent of inductive neural differentiation in the co-culture system strongly depends on the origin and number of MZ cells initially added to culture wells. The potency to induce CNS neurons is highest for dorsal MZ cells and sharply decreases as more ventrally located cells are used. The same dorsoventral distribution of potency is seen in the ability of MZ cells to inhibit epidermal differentiation. In contrast, the ability of MZ cells to induce melanophores shows the reverse polarity, ventral to dorsal. These data indicate that separate developmental mechanisms are used for the induction of neural tube and neural crest lineages. Co-differentiation of CNS neurons or melanophores with epidermal cells can be obtained in a single well of co-cultures of VE cells (150) and a wide range of numbers of MZ cells (5 to 100). Further, reproducible differentiation of both neural lineages requires intimate association between cells from the two gastrula regions; virtually no differentiation is obtained when cells from the VE and MZ are separated in a culture well. These results indicate that the inducing signals from MZ cells for both neural tube and neural crest lineages affect only nearby ectoderm cells.

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Wang, Wei, Elena Di Nisio, Valerio Licursi, Emanuele Cacci, Giuseppe Lupo, Zaal Kokaia, Sergio Galanti, et al. "Simulated Microgravity Modulates Focal Adhesion Gene Expression in Human Neural Stem Progenitor Cells." Life 12, no. 11 (November 9, 2022): 1827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12111827.

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We analyzed the morphology and the transcriptomic changes of human neural stem progenitor cells (hNSPCs) grown on laminin in adherent culture conditions and subjected to simulated microgravity for different times in a random positioning machine apparatus. Low-cell-density cultures exposed to simulated microgravity for 24 h showed cell aggregate formation and significant modulation of several genes involved in focal adhesion, cytoskeleton regulation, and cell cycle control. These effects were much more limited in hNSPCs cultured at high density in the same conditions. We also found that some of the genes modulated upon exposure to simulated microgravity showed similar changes in hNSPCs grown without laminin in non-adherent culture conditions under normal gravity. These results suggest that reduced gravity counteracts the interactions of cells with the extracellular matrix, inducing morphological and transcriptional changes that can be observed in low-density cultures.

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Duprat, Anne-Marie, Paulette Kan, Françoise Foulquier, and Michel Weber. "In vitro differentiation of neuronal precursor cells from amphibian late gastrulae: morphological, immunocytochemical studies, biosynthesis, accumulation and uptake of neurotransmitters." Development 86, no. 1 (April 1, 1985): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.86.1.71.

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Neuronal differentiation has been studied in dissociated cell cultures from early neurulae of Pleurodeles waltl and Ambystoma mexicanum. Cocultures were prepared from the neural primordium and underlying chordamesoderm. NP and NF cultures were prepared from isolated neural plate and neural folds, respectively. Neuronal precursors in NP and NF cultures had distinctive aggregation properties already evident after 1–2 days in culture. After 10–15 days, mature neurones and synapses were observed by electron microscopy in the three culture types. The expression of neurofilament polypeptides and tetanus-toxin-binding sites was also present in these cultures. A small percentage of neurones contained cytochemically detectable catecholamine. Many neurones took up tritiated dopamine with a high affinity. Quantitative measurement of [3H]acetylcholine synthesis and storage from [3H]choline were negative at the early neurula stage and in 5 to 15-day-old NF cultures, and remained low in 5 to 15-day-old NP cultures. Acetylcholine production in cocultures increased linearly with time and was always much higher than in NP cultures. These results suggest that, at the early neurula stage, some neuronal precursors have acquired the capacity to express a high degree of morphological and biochemical differentiation even in the absence of further chordamesoderm influence. However, the chordamesodermal cells in the cultures increased acetylcholine synthesis.

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LYMAN, W. D., Y. KRESS, F. C. CHIU, C. S. RAINE, M. B. BBORNSTEIN, and A. RUVINSTEIN. "Human Fetal Neural Tissue Organotypic Cultures." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 546, no. 1 Molecular Bas (December 1988): 225–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb21647.x.

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Gähwiler, B. H. "Organotypic slice cultures of neural tissue." Neuroscience Research Supplements 16 (January 1991): XIV. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-8696(91)90634-y.

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Ko, Kristin Robin, Rishima Agarwal, and John Frampton. "High-Throughput 3D Neural Cell Culture Analysis Facilitated by Aqueous Two-Phase Systems." MRS Advances 2, no. 45 (2017): 2435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.336.

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ABSTRACTThe three-dimensional (3D) culture of neural cells in extracellular matrix (ECM) gels holds promise for modeling neurodegenerative diseases and pre-clinical evaluation of novel therapeutics. However, most current strategies for fabricating 3D neural cell cultures are not well suited to automated production and analysis. Here, we present a facile, replicable, 3D cell culture system that is compatible with standard laboratory equipment and high-throughput workflows. This system uses aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) to confine small volumes (5 and 10 μl) of a commonly used ECM hydrogel (Matrigel) into thin, discrete layers, enabling highly-uniform production of 3D neural cell cultures in a 96-well plate format. These 3D neural cell cultures can be readily analyzed by epifluorescence microscopy and microplate reader. Our preliminary results show that many common polymers used in ATPSs interfere with Matrigel gelation and instead form fibrous precipitates. However, 0.5% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and 2.5% dextran 10 kDa (D10) were observed to retain Matrigel integrity and had minimal impact on cell viability. This novel system offers a promising yet accessible platform for high-throughput fabrication of 3D neural tissues using readily available and cost-effective materials.

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Дисертації з теми "Neural cultures"

De, La Garza Richard. "Determination of neuronal morphology in spinal monolayer cultures." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc798395/.

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The objective of the completed research was to characterize the morphology of individual neurons within monolayer networks of fetal mouse spinal tissue via intraperikaryal injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Thirty labelled neurons were reconstructed via camera lucida drawings and morphometrically analyzed.

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Amaral, Ana Isabel Porém. "Metabolic flux analysis of neural cell metabolism in primary cultures." Doctoral thesis, Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/6849.

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Dissertation presented to obtain the Ph.D degree in Biochemistry, Neuroscience
Brain energy metabolism results from a complex group of pathways and trafficking mechanisms between all cellular components in the brain, and importantly provides the energy for sustaining most brain functions. In recent decades, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and metabolic modelling tools allowed quantifying the main cerebral metabolic fluxes in vitro and in vivo. These investigations contributed significantly to elucidate neuro-glial metabolic interactions, cerebral metabolic compartmentation and the individual contribution of neurons and astrocytes to brain energetics. However, many issues in this field remain unclear and/or under debate.
To the financial support provided by Fundação para a Ciência a Tecnologia (SFRH/BD/29666/2006; PTDC/BIO/69407/2006) and to the Clinigene – NoE (LSHBCT2006- 010933). I further acknowledge the Norwegian Research Council for a fellowship that allowed me to perform part of my PhD work at NTNU, Norway.

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Cullen, Daniel Kacy. "Traumatically-Induced Degeneration and Reactive Astrogliosis in 3-D Neural Co-Cultures: Factors Influencing Neural Stem Cell Survival and Integration." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7584.

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results from a physical insult to the head and often results in temporary or permanent brain dysfunction. However, the cellular pathology remains poorly understood and there are currently no clinically effective treatments. The overall goal of this work was to develop and characterize a novel three-dimensional (3-D) in vitro paradigm of neural trauma integrating a robust 3-D neural co-culture system and a well-defined biomechanical input representative of clinical TBI. Specifically, a novel 3-D neuronal-astrocytic co-culture system was characterized, establishing parameters resulting in the growth and vitality of mature 3-D networks, potentially providing enhanced physiological relevance and providing an experimental platform for the mechanistic study of neurobiological phenomena. Furthermore, an electromechanical device was developed that is capable of subjecting 3-D cell-containing matrices to a defined mechanical insult, with a predicted strain manifestation at the cellular level. Following independent development and validation, these novel 3-D neural cell and mechanical trauma paradigms were used in combination to develop a mechanically-induced model of neural degeneration and reactive astrogliosis. This in vitro surrogate model of neural degeneration and reactive astrogliosis was then exploited to assess factors influencing neural stem cell (NSC) survival and integration upon delivery to this environment, revealing that specific factors in an injured environment were detrimental to NSC survival. This work has developed enabling technologies for the in vitro study of neurobiological phenomena and responses to injury, and may aid in elucidating the complex biochemical cascades that occur after a traumatic insult. Furthermore, the novel paradigm developed here may provide a powerful experimental framework for improving treatment strategies following neural trauma, and therefore serve as a valid pre-animal test-bed.

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Cullen, Daniel Kacy. "Traumatically-induced degeneration and reactive astrogliosis in three-dimensional neural co-cultures." Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005, 2005. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-11282005-210117/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006.
Robert McKeon, Committee Member ; Robert Lee, Committee Member ; Robert Guldberg, Committee Member ; Ravi Bellamkonda, Committee Member ; Michelle LaPlaca, Committee Chair. Vita.

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Liu, Ning. "Expansion and Neural Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells in Three-Dimensional Cultures." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1262281522.

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Rioult-Pedotti, Marc Guy. "Optical multisite recording of neural activity patterns in organotypic spinal cord tissue cultures /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1991. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=9393.

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Olivero, Daniel. "Traumatic brain injury biomarker discovery using mass spectrometry imaging of 3D neural cultures." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41102.

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Biomarker research is of great interest in the field of traumatic brain injury (TBI), since there are numerous potential markers that may indicate central nervous system damage, yet the brain is normally well isolated and discovery is at its infancy. Traditional methods for biomarker discovery include time consuming multi step chromatographic mass spectrometery (MS) techniques or pre-defined serial probing using traditional assays, making the identification of biomarker panels limiting and expensive. These shortfalls have motivated the development of a MS based probe that can be embedded into 3D neural cultures and obtain temporal and spatial information about the release of biomarkers. Using the high sensitivity MS ionization method of nano-electrospray ionization (nano-ESI) with an in-line microdialysis (MD) unit allows us to use MS to analyze low concentrations of TBI biomarkers from within cell cultures with no need for off-line sample manipulation. This thesis goes through the development of the probe by studying the theoretical principles, simulations and experimental results of the probe's capability to sample small local concentrations of a marker within cell culture matrix, the MD unit's sample manipulation capabilities, and the ability to detect markers using in-line MD-nano-ESI MS.

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Bakkum, Douglas James. "Dynamics of embodied dissociated cortical cultures for the control of hybrid biological robots." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22596.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.
Committee Chair: Steve M. Potter; Committee Member: Eric Schumacher; Committee Member: Robert J. Butera; Committee Member: Stephan P. DeWeerth; Committee Member: Thomas D. DeMarse.

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Madhavan, Radhika. "Role of spontaneous bursts in functional plasticity and spatiotemporal dynamics of dissociated cortical cultures." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24756.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.
Committee Chair: Potter, Steve; Committee Member: Butera, Robert; Committee Member: DeWeerth, Stephen; Committee Member: Schumacher, Eric; Committee Member: Wenner, Pete.

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McLoughlin, Justin. "A novel in vitro shear device for inducing high strain rate deformation on neural cell cultures." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16011.

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Книги з теми "Neural cultures"

Sergey, Fedoroff, and Richardson Arleen, eds. Protocols for neural cell culture. 3rd ed. Totowa, N.J: Humana Press, 2001.

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Protocols for neural cell culture. 4th ed. New York: Humana Press, 2010.

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Fedoroff, Sergey, and Arleen Richardson. Protocols for Neural Cell Culture. New Jersey: Humana Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1592592074.

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Doering, Laurie C., ed. Protocols for Neural Cell Culture. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-292-6.

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Fedoroff, Sergey, and Arleen Richardson, eds. Protocols for Neural Cell Culture. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2586-5.

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Amini, Shohreh, and Martyn K. White, eds. Neuronal Cell Culture. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1437-2.

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Amini, Shohreh, and Martyn K. White, eds. Neuronal Cell Culture. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-640-5.

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W, Haynes L., ed. The neuron in tissue culture. Chichester: Wiley, 1999.

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Amini, Shohreh, and Martyn K. White. Neuronal cell culture: Methods and protocols. New York: Humana Press, 2013.

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Han, Shihui, and Ernst Pöppel, eds. Culture and Neural Frames of Cognition and Communication. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15423-2.

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Частини книг з теми "Neural cultures"

Fedoroff, Sergey, and Arleen Richardson. "Colony Cultures." In Protocols for Neural Cell Culture, 173–83. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2586-5_12.

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Kaur, Navjot. "Primary Rat Neural Cultures." In Neural Stem Cell Assays, 55–59. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118308295.ch5.

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Honegger, Paul, and Florianne Monnet-Tschudi. "Aggregating Neural Cell Cultures." In Protocols for Neural Cell Culture, 25–49. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2586-5_3.

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Seil, Fredrick J. "Neuronal Rescue in Cerebellar Cultures." In Neural Development and Regeneration, 429–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73148-8_37.

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Söderbäck, M., E. Hansson, O. Tottmar, and L. Rönnbäck. "Neuronal Primary Cultures - A Characterization." In Neural Development and Regeneration, 681–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73148-8_72.

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Cole, Ruth, and Jean de Vellis. "Astrocyte and Oligodendrocyte Cultures." In Protocols for Neural Cell Culture, 117–30. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2586-5_8.

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Rogister, Bernard, and Gustave Moonen. "Microexplant Cultures of the Cerebellum." In Protocols for Neural Cell Culture, 13–23. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2586-5_2.

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Gritti, Angela, Rossella Galli, and Angelo L. Vescovi. "Clonal Analyses and Cryopreservation of Neural Stem Cell Cultures." In Neural Stem Cells, 173–84. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-133-8_14.

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Castellani, Valérie, and Jürgen Bolz. "Outgrowth Assays and Cortical Slice Cultures." In Protocols for Neural Cell Culture, 1–12. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2586-5_1.

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Campenot, Robert B. "Construction and Use of Compartmented Cultures." In Protocols for Neural Cell Culture, 107–16. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2586-5_7.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Neural cultures"

Gurel, Tayfun, Ulrich Egert, Steffen Kandler, Luc De Raedt, and Stefan Rotter. "Predicting Spike Activity in Neuronal Cultures." In International Joint Conference on Neural Networks. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2007.4371428.

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Lama, Nikesh, Alan Hargreaves, Bob Stevens, and TM McGinnity. "Spike Train Synchrony Analysis of Neuronal Cultures." In 2018 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2018.8489728.

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Perlovsky, Leonid I. "Neural Modeling Fields, Evolution of Consciousness and Cultures." In 2007 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2007.4371000.

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Stoyanova, Irina I., Remy F. Wiertz, and Wim L. C. Rutten. "Ghrelin expression in dissociated cultures of the rat neocortex." In 2009 4th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ner.2009.5109259.

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Hasan, Md Fayad, and Yevgeny Berdichevsky. "Designing and manipulating interconnectivity between cortical and striatal 3D cultures." In 2019 9th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ner.2019.8716904.

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Lagani, Gabriele, Raffaele Mazziotti, Fabrizio Falchi, Claudio Gennaro, Guido Marco Cicchini, Tommaso Pizzorusso, Federico Cremisi, and Giuseppe Amato. "Assessing Pattern Recognition Performance of Neuronal Cultures through Accurate Simulation." In 2021 10th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ner49283.2021.9441166.

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Berdichevsky, Yevgeny, and Kevin J. Staley. "Multiple-compartment chip for parallel recordings of epileptic activity from organotypic cultures." In 5th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ner.2011.5910613.

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Ferrandez, J. M., V. Lorente, G. Diaz, F. dela Paz, and E. Fernandez. "An open-source real-time system for remote robotic control using Neuroblastoma cultures." In 2010 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2010.5596696.

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Lama, Nikesh, Alan Hargreaves, Bob Stevens, and T. M. McGinnity. "Transfer Entropy Based Connectivity Estimation of Spontaneously Firing Hippocampal Cultures on Multi Electrode Arrays." In 2019 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2019.8851864.

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Gritsun, T., J. Stegenga, J. le Feber, and W. L. C. Rutten. "Network bursts in cortical neuronal cultures ‘Noise- versus pacemaker’- driven neural network simulations." In 2009 4th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ner.2009.5109374.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Neural cultures"

Jones, Erin Boote. Effects of Substrate and Co-Culture on Neural Progenitor Cell Differentiation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/939376.

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Irudayaraj, Joseph, Ze'ev Schmilovitch, Amos Mizrach, Giora Kritzman, and Chitrita DebRoy. Rapid detection of food borne pathogens and non-pathogens in fresh produce using FT-IRS and raman spectroscopy. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7587221.bard.

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Rapid detection of pathogens and hazardous elements in fresh fruits and vegetables after harvest requires the use of advanced sensor technology at each step in the farm-to-consumer or farm-to-processing sequence. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and the complementary Raman spectroscopy, an advanced optical technique based on light scattering will be investigated for rapid and on-site assessment of produce safety. Paving the way toward the development of this innovative methodology, specific original objectives were to (1) identify and distinguish different serotypes of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Bacillus cereus by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, (2) develop spectroscopic fingerprint patterns and detection methodology for fungi such as Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Fusarium, and Penicillium (3) to validate a universal spectroscopic procedure to detect foodborne pathogens and non-pathogens in food systems. The original objectives proposed were very ambitious hence modifications were necessary to fit with the funding. Elaborate experiments were conducted for sensitivity, additionally, testing a wide range of pathogens (more than selected list proposed) was also necessary to demonstrate the robustness of the instruments, most crucially, algorithms for differentiating a specific organism of interest in mixed cultures was conceptualized and validated, and finally neural network and chemometric models were tested on a variety of applications. Food systems tested were apple juice and buffer systems. Pathogens tested include Enterococcus faecium, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, Yersinia enterocolitis, Shigella boydii, Staphylococus aureus, Serratiamarcescens, Pseudomonas vulgaris, Vibrio cholerae, Hafniaalvei, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. coli (O103, O55, O121, O30 and O26), Aspergillus niger (NRRL 326) and Fusarium verticilliodes (NRRL 13586), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 24859), Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 11443), Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora and Clavibacter michiganense. Sensitivity of the FTIR detection was 103CFU/ml and a clear differentiation was obtained between the different organisms both at the species as well as at the strain level for the tested pathogens. A very crucial step in the direction of analyzing mixed cultures was taken. The vector based algorithm was able to identify a target pathogen of interest in a mixture of up to three organisms. Efforts will be made to extend this to 10-12 key pathogens. The experience gained was very helpful in laying the foundations for extracting the true fingerprint of a specific pathogen irrespective of the background substrate. This is very crucial especially when experimenting with solid samples as well as complex food matrices. Spectroscopic techniques, especially FTIR and Raman methods are being pursued by agencies such as DARPA and Department of Defense to combat homeland security. Through the BARD US-3296-02 feasibility grant, the foundations for detection, sample handling, and the needed algorithms and models were developed. Successive efforts will be made in transferring the methodology to fruit surfaces and to other complex food matrices which can be accomplished with creative sampling methods and experimentation. Even a marginal success in this direction will result in a very significant breakthrough because FTIR and Raman methods, in spite of their limitations are still one of most rapid and nondestructive methods available. Continued interest and efforts in improving the components as well as the refinement of the procedures is bound to result in a significant breakthrough in sensor technology for food safety and biosecurity.

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Lam, D., H. Enright, and N. Fischer. Probing function in 3D neuronal cultures: a survey of 3D multielectrode array advances. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1812566.

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Elmann, Anat, Orly Lazarov, Joel Kashman, and Rivka Ofir. therapeutic potential of a desert plant and its active compounds for Alzheimer's Disease. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7597913.bard.

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We chose to focus our investigations on the effect of the active forms, TTF and AcA, rather than the whole (crude) extract. 1. To establish cultivation program designed to develop lead cultivar/s (which will be selected from the different Af accessions) with the highest yield of the active compounds TTF and/or achillolide A (AcA). These cultivar/s will be the source for the purification of large amounts of the active compounds when needed in the future for functional foods/drug development. This task was completed. 2. To determine the effect of the Af extract, TTF and AcA on neuronal vulnerability to oxidative stress in cultured neurons expressing FAD-linked mutants.Compounds were tested in N2a neuroblastoma cell line. In addition, we have tested the effects of TTF and AcA on signaling events promoted by H₂O₂ in astrocytes and by β-amyloid in neuronal N2a cells. 3. To determine the effect of the Af extract, TTF and AcA on neuropathology (amyloidosis and tau phosphorylation) in cultured neurons expressing FAD-linked mutants. 4. To determine the effect of A¦ extract, AcA and TTF on FAD-linked neuropathology (amyloidosis, tau phosphorylation and inflammation) in transgenic mice. 5. To examine whether A¦ extract, TTF and AcA can reverse behavioral deficits in APPswe/PS1DE9 mice, and affect learning and memory and cognitive performance in these FAD-linked transgenic mice. Background to the topic.Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, glutamate toxicity and amyloid beta (Ab) toxicity are involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's diseases. We have previously purified from Achilleafragrantissimatwo active compounds: a protective flavonoid named 3,5,4’-trihydroxy-6,7,3’-trimethoxyflavone (TTF, Fl-72/2) and an anti-inflammatory sesquiterpenelactone named achillolide A (AcA). Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. In this study we could show that TTF and AcA protected cultured astrocytes from H₂O₂ –induced cell death via interference with cell signaling events. TTF inhibited SAPK/JNK, ERK1/2, MEK1 and CREBphosphorylation, while AcA inhibited only ERK1/2 and MEK1 phosphorylation. In addition to its protective activities, TTF had also anti-inflammatory activities, and inhibited the LPS-elicited secretion of the proinflammatorycytokinesInterleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-1b from cultured microglial cells. Moreover, TTF and AcA protected neuronal cells from glutamate and Abcytotoxicity by reducing the glutamate and amyloid beta induced levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and via interference with cell signaling events induced by Ab. These compounds also reduced amyloid precursor protein net processing in vitro and in vivo in a mouse model for Alzheimer’s disease and improvedperformance in the novel object recognition learning and memory task. Conclusion: TTF and AcA are potential candidates to be developed as drugs or food additives to prevent, postpone or ameliorate Alzheimer’s disease. Implications, both scientific and agricultural.The synthesis ofAcA and TTF is very complicated. Thus, the plant itself will be the source for the isolation of these compounds or their precursors for synthesis. Therefore, Achilleafragrantissima could be developed into a new crop with industrial potential for the Arava-Negev area in Israel, and will generate more working places in this region.

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