Готові списки джерел за темами / Needle electrodes

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Needle electrodes"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022
Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Needle electrodes"

1

Jaffe, Debra M., Nancy P. Solomon, Robert A. Robinson, Henry T. Hoffman, and Erich S. Luschei. "Comparison of Concentric Needle Versus Hooked-Wire Electrodes in the Canine Larynx." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 118, no. 5 (May 1998): 655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459989811800515.

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Анотація:
BACKGROUND: The use of a specific electrode type in laryngeal electromyography has not been standardized. Laryngeal electromyography is usually performed with hooked-wire electrodes or concentric needle electrodes. Hooked-wire electrodes have the advantage of allowing laryngeal movement with ease and comfort, whereas the concentric needle electrodes have benefits from a technical aspect and may be advanced, withdrawn, or redirected during attempts to appropriately place the electrode. OBJECTIVES: This study examines whether hooked-wire electrodes permit more stable recordings than standard concentric needle electrodes at rest and after large-scale movements of the larynx and surrounding structures. A histologic comparison of tissue injury resulting from placement and removal of the two electrode types is also made by evaluation of the vocal folds. METHODS: Electrodes were percutaneously placed into the thyroarytenoid muscles of 10 adult canines. Amplitude of electromyographic activity was measured and compared during vagal stimulation before and after large-scale laryngeal movements. Signal consistency over time was examined. Animals were killed and vocal fold injury was graded and compared histologically. RESULTS: Waveform morphology did not consistently differ between electrode types. The variability of electromyographic amplitude was greater for the hooked-wire electrode ( p < 0.05), whereas the mean amplitude measures before and after large-scale laryngeal movements did not differ ( p > 0.05). Inflammatory responses and hematoma formation were also similar. CONCLUSIONS: Waveform morphology of electromyographic signals registered from both electrode types show similar complex action potentials. There is no difference between the hooked-wire electrode and the concentric needle electrode in terms of electrode stability or vocal fold injury in the thyroarytenoid muscle after large-scale laryngeal movements. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;118:655–62.)
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2

Cen, Chao, and Xinhua Chen. "The Electrode Modality Development in Pulsed Electric Field Treatment Facilitates Biocellular Mechanism Study and Improves Cancer Ablation Efficacy." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3624613.

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Анотація:
Pulsed electric field treatment is now widely used in diverse biological and medical applications: gene delivery, electrochemotherapy, and cancer therapy. This minimally invasive technique has several advantages over traditional ablation techniques, such as nonthermal elimination and blood vessel spare effect. Different electrodes are subsequently developed for a specific treatment purpose. Here, we provide a systematic review of electrode modality development in pulsed electric field treatment. For electrodes invented for experiment in vitro, sheet electrode and electrode cuvette, electrodes with high-speed fluorescence imaging system, electrodes with patch-clamp, and electrodes with confocal laser scanning microscopy are introduced. For electrodes invented for experiment in vivo, monopolar electrodes, five-needle array electrodes, single-needle bipolar electrode, parallel plate electrodes, and suction electrode are introduced. The pulsed electric field provides a promising treatment for cancer.
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3

Wang, An Ling, and Fu Ping Liu. "Application Boundary Element Method to Compute the Potential of the Eight-Needle Electrodes." Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (December 2012): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.147.

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Анотація:
According to the electric potential on the eight -needle electrodes in vacuum, the discrete equations based on the indeterminate linear charge density (LCD) are established by the boundary element integral equations. The non-uniform distributions of LCD on the needle electrodes are calculated through solving a set of linear equations. With the help of the LCD, the potential generated by the multi-needle electrodes at any point in vacuum have been obtained. In this paper we have realized the numerical calculation of the static field distributions for multi-needle electrode system by the boundary element approach.
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4

Skubis, Jerzy, and Michał Kozioł. "Analysis of the Possibility of Using Drill-Type Electrodes for Air Ionization." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (June 11, 2020): 4030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10114030.

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Анотація:
In this article, the authors present the results of the analysis of the ionization efficiency of drill-type needle electrodes in air. The analysis was carried out on the basis of experimental laboratory measurements, examined at alternating voltages. Drill-type electrode systems of different diameters were adopted for the tests. The ionization efficiency for this type of electrode has been characterized by values of characteristic voltages, such as the initial voltage of the corona voltage and the sparking voltage. The obtained results were compared with the results of classical conical needle electrodes. The ionization efficiency of drill-type electrodes has been shown to be higher than that of classical conical needle electrodes.
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5

Liu, Fu Ping, and An Ling Wang. "Boundary Element Numerical Method for Electric Potential Generated by Eleven-Needle Electrodes in Vacuum." Applied Mechanics and Materials 415 (September 2013): 647–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.415.647.

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Анотація:
Abstract. According to the electric potential on the eleven -needle electrodes in vacuum, the discrete equations based on the indeterminate linear charge density (LCD) are established by the boundary element integral equations. The non-uniform distributions of LCD on the needle electrodes are calculated through solving a set of linear equations. With the help of the LCD, the potential generated by the multi-needle electrodes at any point in vacuum have been obtained. In this paper we have realized the numerical calculation of the static field distributions for multi-needle electrode system by the boundary element approach.
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6

Fandino, Jonatan, Jaime Orejas, Jorge Pisonero, Philippe Guillot, Nerea Bordel, and Alfredo Sanz-Medel. "Plasma regime transition in a needle-FAPA desorption/ionization source." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 31, no. 11 (2016): 2213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ja00257a.

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Анотація:
The needle-Flowing Atmospheric Pressure Afterglow (n-FAPA) is a miniaturized plasma device with Ambient Desorption/Ionization capabilities. It is generated in flowing He using two concentric electrodes: a stainless steel capillary tube (outer electrode), and a hypodermic needle with a bevel-cut edge (inner electrode).
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7

Gamaleev, Vladislav, Mineo Hiramatsu, Masafumi Ito, Hiroshi Furuta, and Akimitsu Hatta. "Analysis of the Preheating Phase of Micro-Arc Discharge in Seawater, Operated Using a Needle-to-Plane Electrode with Variation in the Tip Shape." Plasma 2, no. 3 (July 8, 2019): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plasma2030022.

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Анотація:
In this work, micro-arc discharge is investigated using a needle-to-plane electrode system placed with a micro-gap in highly conductive artificial seawater. A major problem with microarc discharge is the erosion of electrodes caused by the high current of the arc; however, it was found that erosion of the needle electrode did not have any effect on the discharge process in the case of precise control of the discharge gap. A simple mathematical model was developed for a more detailed study of the preheating phase of the discharge. The modeling showed good agreement with the experimental results and confirmed that the needle electrode could be reused to generate reproducible micro-arc discharges even after the erosion caused by the arc. Moreover, it was found that, in certain conditions, the preheating phase could be simulated using a simple inductor-capacitor-resistor (LCR) oscillator model with a resistor instead of electrodes immersed in the liquid. It was confirmed that the shape of the needle electrode’s tip did not affect the measurement of optical emission spectra in the case of precise focusing, which could be used in the development of compact analytical tools for on-site analysis of deep-sea water using atomic emission spectroscopy.
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8

Tschopp, Kurt P., and Christine Gottardo. "Comparison of Various Methods of Electromyographic Monitoring of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve in Thyroid Surgery." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 111, no. 9 (September 2002): 811–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940211100909.

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Анотація:
In the present study, 3 types of electrodes for recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) monitoring are compared: 1) intralaryngeal surface electrodes attached to a conventional endotracheal tube, 2) monopolar needle electrodes placed on the vocal cords by direct laryngoscopy, and 3) bipolar needle electrodes inserted intraoperatively through the cricothyroid ligament. Data were collected from stimulation of 21 RLNs in 16 patients undergoing thyroid surgery. The reliability in terms of distinct electromyographic (EMG) potentials following stimulation of the RLN was 100% with monopolar and bipolar needle electrodes and 76% with intralaryngeal surface electrodes. The mean (±SD) amplitudes of the EMG potentials were 1.61 ± 1.6 mV, 2.37 ± 1.8 mV, and 0.35 ± 0.4 mV for the monopolar endolaryngeal, bipolar transligament, and intralaryngeal surface electrodes, respectively. The advantages and disadvantages of each type of electrode are discussed.
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9

Musteata, Mihai, Denis Borcea, Raluca Ștefănescu, Gheorghe Solcan, and Radu Lăcătuș. "Influence of Stainless Needle Electrodes and Silver Disk Electrodes over the Interhemispheric Cerebral Coherence Value in Vigil Dogs." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 16, 2018): 3990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113990.

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Анотація:
Electroencephalography (EEG) is an objective diagnostic tool in the evaluation of cerebral functionality, both in human and veterinary medicine. For EEG acquisition, different types of electrodes are used, as long as they have no impact on the recorded background activity. However, to date, the influence of electrode type on quantitative EEG and cerebral coherence has not been investigated. Twenty EEG traces (ten with needle electrodes and ten with disk electrodes) were recorded from ten mesocephalic vigil dogs in a monopolar montage. Values for interhemispheric coherence for each frequency band were compared between stainless needle and silver disk electrodes traces. Our results show that the values of interhemispheric coherence in vigil dogs are depending of the type of electrodes used in EEG recordings. In the frontal (FP) channel, for delta and theta frequency bands, the registered coherence is significantly higher when stainless needle electrodes are used. Our results might have important consequences in the field of canine neurology and applied neuroscience, as the frontal channel analysis is preferred in aging and behavior studies.
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10

Radhakrishnan, J. K., V. C. Padaki, and U. K. Singh. "Mechanical Failure Analysis of Needles, for Micro-needle Array Dry-electrodes." Defence Life Science Journal 2, no. 4 (November 10, 2017): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.2.12282.

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Анотація:
<p class="p1"><span class="s1"> </span>Dry electrodes, which have an array of vertically aligned conducting micro-needles over a conducting substrate/base are most suitable for long-term continuous monitoring of EEG-signal, and overcomesthe disadvantages of conventional wet electrodes. A crucial design requirement for thesemicro-needlearrays, is the choice of the needle material with suitable mechanical strength to penetrate the skin without mechanical failure. This paper gives, the results of mechanical failure analysis of different needle materials that have been typically used/proposed for invasive use. A conical needle with 150μ width at the base and 10μ width at the tip, and length in the range 10μ - 200μ was taken up for calculation. The Critical load for failure, falls in the following descending order for the selected materials: viz., Carbon Nanofibre (CNF), Titanium-alloy (Ti 6-4), Single Crystal Silicon, Nickel, Tungsten, Platinum-Iridium (Pt90 percent-Ir10 percent), Stainless Steel (SS304),Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA), Polyimide, Polycarbonate, Gold, Silver, Photoresist-SU8, Polyurethane and Poly DiMethylSiloxane (PDMS).Taking the most accepted value of 0.1N as the penetration force required for needle penetration into skin, it is seen that for a needle length of 100μ, the following materials, Carbon Nanofibre (CNF), Titanium-alloy (Ti 6-4), Single Crystal Silicon, Nickel, Tungsten, Platinum -Iridium (Pt90 percent-Ir10 percent) andStainless Steel (SS304), can penetrate the skin without mechanical failure.</p>
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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Needle electrodes"

1

Schönleber, Monika M. "Studies of polymeric membranes modifed for amperometric H2O2 and pO2 sensing with needle-type electrodes." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2010. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/594.

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Анотація:
Materials used for medical devices are far from ideal for the body, so polymers are applied at the outermost region to counteract the body's natural defences. Component-based failures such as delamination and biocompatibility-based failures such as membrane fouling and degradation still remain a signifi cant challenge. This study focuses on the surface properties and modi cation of polyurethane and silicone rubber as coating material for amperometric sensing devices. E ffective synthesis of polyurethane, as well as surface modifi cation techniques performed on polymers already attached to sensing devices, are proposed. Phase inversion resulted in increased soft segment content on the surface (confi rmed by FTIR with a decreased C=O/C=C ratio). It is proposed that such an optimised polymer surface enhances the yield of further surface modi cation, such as hydroxylation (using potassium peroxodisulphate) and sulphonation (employing sodium hydride, triisobutylaluminium and 1,3 propane sultone). A novel method to generate an SO3-derivatised PU surface was proposed. Additionally, successful synthesis of silicone rubber for induced permeability of H2O2 was demonstrated. The physical and chemical properties of these modifi ed polymers were examined and evaluated via FTIR, SEM, TGA and contact angle measurements. The biocompatibility of modifi ed polymers was confi rmed with retarded protein adsorption; cytotoxicity testing showed that polymers were non-toxic to cells. Steady state amperometry on polymer modifi ed needle-type electrodes showed enhanced performance with surface modifi ed polymers to oxygen and H2O2, both of which are potential biological assay targets. Synthesised Prussian Blue (redox mediator) on platinum surfaces showed that the electrochemical response to H2O2 was increased threefold; and in combination with sulphonated polyurethane, interfering current responses could be successfully eliminated.
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2

Прокопчук, Артем Миколайович. "Сенсор біомедичних сигналів для цифрової електронної лабораторії". Master's thesis, Київ, 2018. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/22972.

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Анотація:
Магістерська робота містить основну частину на 110 аркушах, 22 ілюстрацій, 22 таблиці кількість джерел за переліком посилань 53 джерела. Об’єктом дослідження є процес зняття електрокардіограми людини. Предметом дослідження є електроди для моніторингу біомедичних сигналів. Метою роботи є огляд роботи електродів в комплексі із датчиком ЕКГ для цифрової електронної лабораторії і запропонування оптимального варіанту електродів для подальшого застосування. Методом дослідження є теоретичний огляд існуючих різновидів біомедичних електродів та можливості їх технічного вдосконалення, а також практична перевірка роботи електродів у цифровій електронній лабораторії. Результатом роботи є отримані зображення ЕКГ при різних дослідженнях з використанням існуючих електродів та визначення оптимального варіанту електродів для застосування. Новизна результатів роботи полягає у застосуванні їх до цифрової електронної лабораторії, де будуть проводитися подальші дослідження та у визначенні вектору подальших досліджень у напрямку сухих ємнісних голчастих електродів. Результати даної роботи можуть бути використанні для подальшого їх застосування у лабораторних роботах та для проектування комбінованого типу електродів. Можливі напрямки продовження досліджень: проектування комбінованого типу сухих ємнісних голчастих електродів. Галузь застосування: навчальна цифрова електронна лабораторія, медицина.
Master's work contains the main part of 110 sheets, 22 illustrations, 22 tables and a number of sources by the list of references 53 source. The object of research is the process of taking human's electrocardiogram. The subject of the study is electrodes for monitoring biomedical signals. The aim of the work is to review the work of electrodes in conjunction with an ECG sensor for a digital electronic laboratory and to offer an optimal variant of electrodes for further application. The research method is a theoretical review of existing varieties of biomedical electrodes and the possibilities for their technical improvement, as well as practical verification of the work of electrodes in a digital electronic laboratory. The result of the work is the obtained ECG images in various studies using existing electrodes and the determination of the optimal variant of electrodes for use. The novelty of the results of the work is to apply them to a digital electronic laboratory, where further research will be carried out and in determining the vector of further research in the direction of dry capacitive needle electrodes. The results of this work can be used for their further application in laboratory work and for the design of a combined type of electrodes. Possible directions for the continuation of research: design of a combined type of dry capacitive needle electrodes. Field of application: educational Digital Electronic Laboratory, Medicine.
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3

Travia, Anderson Dingfelder Michael. "Interaction cross sections needed for simulation of secondary electron emission spectra from thin metal foils after fast proton impact." [Greenville, N.C.] : East Carolina University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10342/1906.

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Анотація:
Thesis (M.S.)--East Carolina University, 2009.
Presented to the faculty of the Department of Physics. Advisor: Michael Dingfelder. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Apr. 23, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.
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4

Li, Hsing-Yung, and 李幸勇. "EHD Enhanced Heat Transfer with Needle-Arrayed Electrodes." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51206192524682613206.

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Анотація:
碩士
國立清華大學
動力機械工程學系
94
Heat transfer enhanced by electrohydrodynamics (EHD) is experimentally investigated in this work. The system of heat sinks with EHD can effectively increase the rate of heat transfer under natural convection due to the corona wind generated by EHD. The design of electrodes in the system of heat sinks with EHD is studied according to the required voltage and power consumption. The maximum heat transfer coefficient with EHD is greater than that without EHD by four and half times within the operating voltage range of 0 ~ 18kV. The results reveal that both the heat transfer rate and threshold voltage for negative corona are better than those for positive one. For a fixed voltage, the optimal density of electrodes depends on the height of electrode position. The area of heat removal for EHD will be limited by a small density of electrodes or the configuration of heat sinks. However, form the viewpoint of power consumption, the great density of electrodes will result in the flow recirculation and the local flow perturbation; thereby reduce the heat transfer rate. Both the voltage and power consumption must be considered in the design of EHD system.
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5

陳柏華. "Heat Transfer Enhanced Technology by EHD with Multiple Needle Electrodes." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75561931261579014959.

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Анотація:
碩士
國立清華大學
動力機械工程學系
98
In this study, the heat transfer performance of heat sink is enhanced by electrohydrodynamic (EHD) technique imposed on the side edge. The aim of EHD is to increase the heat transfer rate of heat sink under the natural convection. The multiple needle electrodes are installed at the side of heat sink with a high voltage electric field applied between the heat sink and electrodes. During the voltage discharge process, the air in the electric field is ionized and then the heat dissipation will be enhanced by these moving ionized molecules which is called ionic winds. The heat transfer performance can be affected by the numbers of electrodes within the operating voltage range of 0-18 kV. For 10mm of the distance between the electrodes and the sink and negative voltage, 6 needle electrodes achieve the best heat transfer performance. The performance is 1.78 times than that for the sink only under the natural convection. Moreover, the mechanism of corona discharge can be changed due to the difference of voltage polarity. The cases for a negative voltage are better than those for a positive one. The effect of height of electrodes on heat dissipation is also taken into account in this study. When the needle electrodes are placed at the middle of height of heat sinks, the performance is enhanced 1.74 times. With an increase in humidity, the occurrence of ionic wind is retarded by these additional water molecules and thereby the heat dissipation of heat sink is decreased. Finally, the various systematic parameters such as the corona current across the EHD device, the power consumption of EHD and the junction temperature are discussed for the problem of interest.
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6

Chang, Chao-Chiu, and 張兆秋. "EHD Enhanced Heat Transfer by Inserting Needle Electrodes into Heat Sink." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23921224269779826592.

Повний текст джерела
Анотація:
碩士
國立清華大學
動力機械工程學系
95
It is not suitable for the rate of heat transfer under natural convection in some situations which can not utilize active cooling technology, so heat transfer enhanced by electrohydrodynamics (EHD) is experimentally investigated in this work. The system of inserting needle electrodes into heat sink can effectively increase the rate of heat transfer due to the corona wind generated by EHD. The polarity of electric field, distance of electrode to pin-fin, height of pin-fin, configuration of pin-fin, spread of pin-fin and position of electrode will be taken into account. The results reveal that both the spark voltage and heat transfer rate for negative corona are better than those for positive one. In pin-fin design, EHD technology belongs to force convection for reducing thermal resistance of convection with increasing area of cooling. When height of pin-fin is one centimeter, EHD can distort flow field reduced thermal resistance of convection. The maximum heat transfer coefficient with EHD is greater than that without EHD by three and half times. The minimum thermal resistance of convection with EHD is lower than that without EHD by half times. In addition to, inserting needle electrodes into heat sink is not only reduced power consumption but also improved efficiency.
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7

Oliveira, José Tiago Ribeiro de. "Development of processes for the manufacturing of double sided electrodes on silicon micro needles." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/49278.

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Анотація:
Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Eletrónica Industrial e Computadores (área de especialização em Micro Tecnologias)
Processes are optimized to construct Multi Electrode Arrays (MEAs) made up of micro needles with electrodes on the top and bottom of the structure. These tests are all conducted separately from one another and are mcant only for research on how to construct the desired structures on a future projecto These MEAs will be used to study the electrical signal patterns of the many layers of cells in the retina simultaneously, hence the vertical alignment of its electrodes. A parameter study is conducted to optimize glass dry etching rates using a standard Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) machine by varying the chamber pressure and gas flow. Glass thinning steps are conducted, both physical grinding and reactive ion etching, to achieve the desired needle thickness. Eutectic bonding of glass wafers is tested for its bond strength, sacrificial layer and influences to the structural integrity of the glass wafers. Along with it, polyimide endurance tests under eutectic bonding conditions are carried out to ascertain its resistance to the high temperatures and pressures. The resistance of thermally conductive aluminium tape to mechanical grinding and polyimide baking steps is also tested. Gold electroplating oflarge vias is studied (15011m*15011m*2011m) with full trench coating. However, a final glass structurc is not constructed as handling glass at such small thicknesses proves difficult. Also, no final or dummy structure is built due to time constraints. Instead, the results here found will serve as the ground work for a future project to fully construct the desired structures. The established processes can also be used in other projects at the institute.
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8

Chou, Jing-mei, and 邱瀞美. "Effect of Tool Electrode Position on the shapes of Micro tungsten needle using electrochemical machining." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00930693764284061821.

Повний текст джерела
Анотація:
碩士
國立中山大學
機械與機電工程學系研究所
98
In the study, a self-developed electrolytic micro-machining tester is employed to investigate the effects of the supply voltage and the highest position of the workpiece relative to the tool on the geometry of the tungsten rod. The peripheral surface of the iron needle (tool) is insulated by an insulator and its tip with a diameter of 50μm is exposed to the electrolyte as a cathode. The tungsten rod (workpiece) with 200μm in diameter reciprocates as an anode. Both the cathode and the anode are dipped into an aqueous electrolyte of 2wt % sodium hydroxide to proceed electrochemical machining. Experimental results show that since the length and the diameter of the workpiece are varied during the machining process, it is necessary to manually adjust the highest position and the gap between the workpiece and the tool in each reciprocating motion to achieve a uniform tungsten rod. Moreover, because of the higher removal rate of the workpiece at the higher supply voltage, it is hard to control the geometry of the workpiece. On the contrary, the geometry of the workpiece can be controlled at the lower supply voltage. Finally, the workpiece is first machined at the higher supply voltage, and then the supply voltage is switched to the lower one to achieve a uniform tungsten rod with 2μm in diameter and 200μm in length, or 100 in aspect ratio.
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9

Chou, Jung-Feng, and 周榮峯. "Effect of the Design of Needle Electrode and Process Parameters on the Electric Field Intensity of Polypropylene Electret Nonwoven Fabric." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/vk4j9k.

Повний текст джерела
Анотація:
碩士
逢甲大學
紡織工程所
90
The most convenient and plentiful life which human being never had before is equipped with by the improvement of the science and technology. Unformatually, the pollution problem follows the progress of the science also and our environmental is destroyed gradually. The scientists around the world are doing their best to bring higher quality air back to the earth for us to breath. The main topic in this research is studying the influence of surface electric field intensity from the processing parameters for we to made the electret air filter and the efficiency of the filter after treated with the discharge process. The parameters in this research are voltage for discharge, the height of the electrodes, processing time in the electric field, temperature for pre-heating treatment, heating temperature in the electric field, cooling temperature and the type of the electrodes we use. In order to increase the stability of the surface electric field intensity of the electric filter, the equipment for elimination of the electrostatic is installed at the feeding area of the charging machine. Another way we use at the same time to increase the intensity of the surface electric field is to install a 165 W UV lamp at the position after the part of elimination of electrostatic in the machine. We wish the outer layer of the electron in the materials can be stimulated to get the stronger intensity of the surface electric field bring by the effect of opto-electret. By the result of this research, the better electric field intensity can be inquired by the fine needle type of the electrode and the charge intensity can be reached to 857.14 kV/m. The electret material can capture more charge if the pre-heating temperature can set as 60~65 0C and the intensity of the electric field is stronger also. The decrease about the intensity of the electric field intesity will become slower if the cooling temperature of the electret became 10 0C.
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Книги з теми "Needle electrodes"

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Pitt, Matthew. Techniques used to test the neuromuscular junction in children. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754596.003.0009.

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The tests used to measure the neuromuscular junction function in children are repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) and single-fibre electromyography (SFEMG). The physiological changes which explain abnormalities in RNS are covered in this chapter as are those affecting jitter measurement when measured by SFEMG. Practical considerations of how to perform RNS in children are discussed, along with the reasons for using SFEMG in preference to RNS and the need to use stimulation techniques. Controversies concerning so-called stimulated SFEMG including needle selection, filter settings, and the origin of the potentials that are being sampled are all discussed. The term stimulated potential analysis using concentric needle electrodes (SPACE) is introduced to divert most if not all of these criticisms. Derivation of normative data from previous studies is described as well as the use of e-norm methodology on laboratory data. The chapter concludes with practical measures of how to analyse the data collected and reference is made to the cross-correlation technique for determining abnormalities.
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2

Seeck, Margitta, and Donald L. Schomer. Intracranial EEG Monitoring. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0029.

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Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) is used to localize the focus of seizures and determine vital adjacent cortex before epilepsy surgery. The two most commonly used electrode types are subdural and depth electrodes. Foramen ovale electrodes are less often used. Combinations of electrode types are possible. The choice depends on the presumed focus site. Careful planning is needed before implantation, taking into account the results of noninvasive studies. While subdural recordings allow better mapping of functional cortex, depth electrodes can reach deep structures. There are no guidelines on how to read ictal intracranial EEG recordings, but a focal onset (<5 contacts) and a high-frequency onset herald a good prognosis. High-frequency oscillations have been described as a potential biomarker of the seizure onset zone. Intracranial recordings provide a focal but magnified view of the brain, which is also exemplified by the use of microelectrodes, which allow the recording of single-unit or multi-unit activity.
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3

Pitt, Matthew. Results of the clinical application of SPACE in suspected disorders of the neuromuscular junction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754596.003.0011.

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Findings in a large cohort of children with disorders of the neuromuscular junction are presented along with those in non-primary neuromuscular junction abnormalities. From these results it is possible to derive test parameters for stimulated potential analysis using concentric needle electrodes (SPACE) including sensitivity and specificity, along with positive and negative predictive values. The differences between performing stimulation techniques to determine jitter in children and adults are highlighted as are technical aspects and the effects of the differential diagnosis on interpretation of results. An investigative strategy is outlined to be used with SPACE. The chapter concludes with discussion of the occurrence of normal jitter measurements with SPACE in proven cases of myasthenia as well as the phenomenon of delayed diagnosis of myasthenia and its relationship to the availability of neurophysiological testing.
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4

Stålberg, Erik. Electromyography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0007.

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Electromyography (EMG) has been used since the 1940s in the diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders. It has particularly developed with the advent of computers and recording equipment with integrated software. This has made methods of analysis fast, robust, and precise, helping to deal with increasing numbers of patients. Indications have changed dynamically over the years, with the development of new EMG methods themselves and complementary methods used in this field for diagnosis such as histochemistry, genetics, and imaging techniques. This chapter focuses mainly on the routine methods based on recordings with concentric or monopolar needle electrodes, but will also briefly review some of the other EMG methods. There is an increasing understanding of the relationship between the generators (muscle fibres) and the recorded signal that helps interpretation of the recordings. The parameters used for quantitation of the EMG signal are discussed. The findings in pathological conditions are discussed and some practical hints on EMG studies given.
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5

Valenzuela, S. O., and T. Kimura. Experimental observation of the spin Hall effect using electronic nonlocal detection. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0014.

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This chapter shows how the spin Hall effect (SHE) has been described as a source of spin-polarized electrons for electronic applications without the need for ferromagnets or optical injection. Because spin accumulation does not produce an obvious measurable electrical signal, electronic detection of the SHE proved to be elusive and was preceded by optical demonstrations. Several experimental schemes for the electronic detection of the SHE had been originally proposed, including the use of ferromagnetic electrodes to determine the spin accumulation at the edges of the sample. However, the difficulty of sample fabrication and the presence of spin-related phenomena such as anisotropic magnetoresistance or the anomalous Hall effect in the ferromagnetic electrodes could mask or even mimic the SHE signal in the sample layouts.
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Glazov, M. M. Spin Systems in Semiconductor Nanostructures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807308.003.0002.

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This chapter is an introduction to a rich variety of effects taking place in the interacting system of electrons and nuclei in semiconductors. It includes also the basics of electronic properties of nanostructures and of spin physics, an overview of fundamental interactions in the electron and nuclear spin systems, the selection rules at optical transitions in semiconductors, spin resonance effect, as well as optical orientation, and dynamical nuclear polarization. In this chapter an analysis of particular features of spin dynamics arising in the structures with localized electrons such as quantum dots, which are studied further in the book, are addressed. The aim of this chapter is to provide basic minimum of information needed to read the remaining chapters.
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Hirohata, A., and J. Y. Kim. Optically Induced and Detected Spin Current. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0006.

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This chapter presents an alternative method of injecting spin-polarized electrons into a nonmagnetic semiconductor through photoexcitation. This method uses circularly-polarized light, whose energy needs to be the same as, or slightly larger than, the semiconductor band-gap, to excite spin-polarized electrons. This process will introduce a spin-polarized electron-hole pair, which can be detected as electrical signals. Such an optically induced spin-polarized current can only be generated in a direct band-gap semiconductor due to the selection rule described in the following sections. This introduction of circularly polarized light can also be used for spin-polarized scanning tunnelling microscopy.
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8

Milev, Roumen. The role of electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748625.003.0027.

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This chapter examines the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for treatment of patients with bipolar disorders. It briefly reviews the basics of ECT, stimulus parameters, placement of electrodes, and seizure threshold. The data for efficacy and tolerability of ECT for bipolar disorder, including mania, depression, mixed states, and across the lifespan is reviewed. Although there is a paucity of good-quality randomized studies, all available data, including case reports and naturalistic observations, support the use of ECT in this population, and reinforce the widespread use of ECT in everyday clinical practice. Good-quality randomized control trials are urgently needed to address numerous unanswered questions, in order to improve efficacy and reduce side-effect burden of one of the best treatments for bipolar disorder.
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9

Fowler, Clare J., and Jalesh N. Panicker. Urinary retention in women. Edited by Christopher R. Chapple. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0044.

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If a young woman in complete urinary retention is investigated and all urological and neurological investigations are found to be normal, the commonest diagnosis then made is Fowler’s syndrome (FS). Described by Fowler et al. in 1987, the original syndrome comprised of complete urinary retention with the finding of a particular pattern of electromyographic (EMG) activity recorded with a concentric needle electrode from the striated urethral sphincter, in a young woman with clinical features of polycystic ovaries. Prior to that, description medical opinion was that urinary retention in young women was due to ‘hysteria’; more had been written about ‘psychogenic urinary retention in women’ than any other possible causes. Twenty-five years on, the situation now seems to be that if neither the urologist or urologist can discover an underlying abnormality, the woman may be told she has FS without any positive identification of that condition.
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10

Jamison, David, Indy Wilkinson, and Steven P. Cohen. Facet Joint Interventions: Fluoroscopy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0019.

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This chapter reviews the diagnosis and treatment of facet joint pain. Fluoroscopic guidance is commonly used to optimize treatment outcomes. The only reliable way to identify a painful facet joint is with image-guided blockade of either the medial branch innervating the joint or the joint itself. Although computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound have been shown to provide reliable landmarks for accurate needle placement, these modalities have limitations. The risks of CT include increased radiation exposure, cost, and an inability to perform real-time contrast injection. While ultrasound provides a convenient and inexpensive way to anesthetize the facet joints or medial branch nerves innervating them, it is unreliable in obese patients, is not as sensitive for detecting intravascular uptake as digital substraction or real-time contrast injection under fluoroscopy, and cannot be reliably used to place an electrode parallel to the course of the nerve, which has been shown to enhance lesion size.
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Частини книг з теми "Needle electrodes"

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Kalvøy, H., B. Nordbotten, C. Tronstad, Ø. G. Martinsen, and S. Grimnes. "Impedance properties of stainless steel needle electrodes." In IFMBE Proceedings, 380–83. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03885-3_106.

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2

da Silva, Jéssica R., Raul Guedert, Guilherme B. Pintarelli, and Daniela O. H. Suzuki. "Computational Study of Parameters of Needle Electrodes for Electrochemotherapy." In IFMBE Proceedings, 193–200. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3498-6_29.

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3

Baumgärtl, H., W. Zimelka, and D. W. Lübbers. "Simultaneous Measurements of Mechanical Pressure and Oxygen Pressure During Puncturing of Semisolid Polymeric Networks by Polarographic Needle Electrodes." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 613–22. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4717-4_71.

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4

Galvez-Jimenez, Nestor, John A. Morren, and Alexandra Soriano. "Atlas of Needle Electrode Examination (NEE)." In Electrodiagnostic Medicine, 43–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74997-2_3.

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5

Imoto, Shigeru. "RFA with a LeVeen Needle Electrode in Early Breast Cancer." In Non-surgical Ablation Therapy for Early-stage Breast Cancer, 133–41. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54463-0_13.

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6

Berkenbrock, J. A., M. M. M. Rangel, and D. O. H. Suzuki. "Numerical Study for Needle Electrode in Treatment of Cutaneous Tumor Model." In 1st World Congress on Electroporation and Pulsed Electric Fields in Biology, Medicine and Food & Environmental Technologies, 433–36. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-817-5_94.

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7

Kudashov, Ivan A., S. I. Shchukin, and M. B. Al-harosh. "The Study of Needle Electrode Characteristics for Venipuncture Electrical impedance Controlling System." In EMBEC & NBC 2017, 350–53. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5122-7_88.

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8

Oka, Takeshi. "Help!!! Theory for H 3 + Recombination Badly Needed." In Dissociative Recombination of Molecular Ions with Electrons, 209–20. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0083-4_21.

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9

Baumgärtl, H. "Systematic Investigations of Needle Electrode Properties in Polarographic Measurements of Local Tissue PO2." In Clinical Oxygen Pressure Measurement, 17–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71226-5_2.

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10

Buscarini, L., F. Fornari, and S. Rossi. "Interstitial Radiofrequency Hyperthermia in the Treatment of Small Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Percutaneous US-Guidance of Electrode Needle." In Ultraschalldiagnostik ’91, 218–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-47607-5_40.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Needle electrodes"

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Li, H. Y., R. T. Huang, W. J. Sheu, and C. C. Wang. "EHD Enhanced Heat Transfer with Needle-Arrayed Electrodes." In Twenty-Third Annual IEEE Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/stherm.2007.352415.

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2

Bakiya, A., and K. Kamalanand. "Information analysis on electromyograms acquired using monopolar needle, concentric needle and surface electrodes." In 2018 International Conference on Recent Trends in Electrical, Control and Communication (RTECC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rtecc.2018.8625631.

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3

Ardiansyah, Neris Peri, and Umar Khayam. "Discharge Characteristics of Acrylic Surface Around the Needle Tip of Needle-Plane Electrodes." In 2018 Electrical Power, Electronics, Communications, Controls and Informatics Seminar (EECCIS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eeccis.2018.8692812.

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4

"A Single Electrical Acupuncture Needle with Bipolar Electrodes for Biotissue Discrimination." In International Conference on Biomedical Electronics and Devices. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0004237700470050.

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5

Zarrouk, Siwar, Ammar Al-Hamry, Mounir Ben Ali, and Olfa Kanoun. "Detection of Dimethoate Pesticide using rGO/PDAC modified silver Needle Electrodes." In 2020 17th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices (SSD). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ssd49366.2020.9364152.

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6

Sen, Mustafa. "Fabrication and characterization of needle-type carbon fiber electrodes for biosensing applications." In 2016 20th National Biomedical Engineering Meeting (BIYOMUT). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/biyomut.2016.7849414.

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7

Pirouzpanah, Sahand, and Gerald L. Morrison. "Temporal Gas Volume Fraction and Bubble Velocity Measurement Using an Impedance Needle Probe." In ASME 2013 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2013-16111.

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Impedance probes are used by the oil and gas industry to investigate multiphase flow behavior. In this study, an impedance needle probe has been developed to measure the local and temporal gas volume fraction in conductive and non-conductive process fluid. Measuring both resistance and capacitance enables this probe to be functional in both types of fluids and facilitates the measurement of local bubble velocity. Two 1/32″ insulated brass (alloy 260) rods with bare tips protrude into the flow. The gap between the electrodes is designed to be 0.085″. The probe can measure directional bubble velocity by measuring duration of signal gradient from liquid to gas transition. For a known distance between electrodes and by the measured time, directional bubble velocity in the direction of the connecting line between electrodes can be measured. The ratio between the time interval when signal is non-zero to the total time represents the temporal gas volume fraction.
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8

Wang, Hai-bo, Joon-wan Kim, Shinichi Yokota, and Kazuya Edamura. "Performance Evaluation of a Triangular-Prism-Slit Electrode Pair as an Electro-Conjugate Fluid Jet Generator." In ASME 2011 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference and Bath/ASME Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2011-6077.

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Electro-conjugate fluid (ECF) is a dielectric and functional fluid, which generates a powerful jet when electrodes inserted into it are subjected to a constant voltage of less than one thousand volts. As one essential research field on ECF, researchers have been conducting the study on electrodes. Several structures, e.g. planar parallel rod-like electrode array, ring-needle electrode pair and triangular-prism-slit (TPS) electrode pair, were proposed. Among them, the TPS electrode structure is often thought as the most promising candidate for future ECF applications thanks to its great merits of combining easy fabrication and relatively high performance. In this paper, in order to evaluate performance of the TPS electrode pair, a novel modular ECF-jet generator capable of independently adjusting alignment and gap of each electrode is designed. By utilizing it, the relationship between output pressure and parameters of the TPS electrode pair, including thickness, slit width, tip angle, electrode gap and alignment, are obtained.
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9

Ren, Chengyan, Jue Wang, Ping Yan, Rong Xu, and Tao Wang. "Polarity effect on corona discharge of needle-plane electrodes and audible noise under DC voltage." In 2015 IEEE 11th International Conference on the Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials (ICPADM). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpadm.2015.7295389.

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10

Yun, Joho, Hyeon Woo Kim, Yangkyu Park, Ji-Young Park, Hyoung-ihl Kim, and Jong-Hyun Lee. "In-vivo biotissue discrimination using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy on a hypodermic needle with fine interdigitated electrodes." In 2016 IEEE 29th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memsys.2016.7421643.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Needle electrodes"

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Jones, Scott B., Shmuel P. Friedman, and Gregory Communar. Novel streaming potential and thermal sensor techniques for monitoring water and nutrient fluxes in the vadose zone. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7597910.bard.

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The “Novel streaming potential (SP) and thermal sensor techniques for monitoring water and nutrient fluxes in the vadose zone” project ended Oct. 30, 2015, after an extension to complete travel and intellectual exchange of ideas and sensors. A significant component of this project was the development and testing of the Penta-needle Heat Pulse Probe (PHPP) in addition to testing of the streaming potential concept, both aimed at soil water flux determination. The PHPP was successfully completed and shown to provide soil water flux estimates down to 1 cm day⁻¹ with altered heat input and timing as well as use of larger heater needles. The PHPP was developed by Scott B. Jones at Utah State University with a plan to share sensors with Shmulik P. Friedman, the ARO collaborator. Delays in completion of the PHPP resulted in limited testing at USU and a late delivery of sensors (Sept. 2015) to Dr. Friedman. Two key aspects of the subsurface water flux sensor development that delayed the availability of the PHPP sensors were the addition of integrated electrical conductivity measurements (available in February 2015) and resolution of bugs in the microcontroller firmware (problems resolved in April 2015). Furthermore, testing of the streaming potential method with a wide variety of non-polarizable electrodes at both institutions was not successful as a practical measurement tool for water flux due to numerous sources of interference and the M.S. student in Israel terminated his program prematurely for personal reasons. In spite of these challenges, the project funded several undergraduate students building sensors and several master’s students and postdocs participating in theory and sensor development and testing. Four peer-reviewed journal articles have been published or submitted to date and six oral/poster presentations were also delivered by various authors associated with this project. We intend to continue testing the "new generation" PHPP probes at both USU and at the ARO resulting in several additional publications coming from this follow-on research. Furthermore, Jones is presently awaiting word on an internal grant application for commercialization of the PHPP at USU.
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2

Sellgren, Katelyn, Christopher Gregory, Michael Hunt, Ashkay Raut, Brian Hawkins, Charles Parker, Ethan Klem, Jeffrey Piascik, and Brian Stoner. Development of an Electrochemical Process for Blackwater Disinfection in a Freestanding, Additive-Free Toilet. RTI Press, April 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2017.rr.0031.1704.

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Electrochemical disinfection has gained interest as an alternative to conventional wastewater treatment because of its high effectiveness and environmental compatibility. Two and a half billion people currently live without improved sanitation facilities. Our research efforts are focused on developing and implementing a freestanding, additive-free toilet system that treats and recycles blackwater on site. In this study, we sought to apply electrochemical disinfection to blackwater. We compared commercially available boron-doped diamond (BDD) and mixed metal oxide (MMO) electrodes for disinfection efficiency in E. coli–inoculated model wastewater. The MMO electrodes were found to be more efficient and thus selected for further study with blackwater. The energy required for disinfection by the MMO electrodes increased with the conductivity of the medium, decreased with increased temperature, and was independent of the applied voltage. Fecal contamination considerably increased the energy required for blackwater disinfection compared to model wastewater, demonstrating the need for testing in effluents representing the conditions of the final application.
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3

Raychev, Nikolay. Can human thoughts be encoded, decoded and manipulated to achieve symbiosis of the brain and the machine. Web of Open Science, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37686/nsrl.v1i2.76.

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This article discusses the current state of neurointerface technologies, not limited to deep electrode approaches. There are new heuristic ideas for creating a fast and broadband channel from the brain to artificial intelligence. One of the ideas is not to decipher the natural codes of nerve cells, but to create conditions for the development of a new language for communication between the human brain and artificial intelligence tools. Theoretically, this is possible if the brain "feels" that by changing the activity of nerve cells that communicate with the computer, it is possible to "achieve" the necessary actions for the body in the external environment, for example, to take a cup of coffee or turn on your favorite music. At the same time, an artificial neural network that analyzes the flow of nerve impulses must also be directed at the brain, trying to guess the body's needs at the moment with a minimum number of movements. The most important obstacle to further progress is the problem of biocompatibility, which has not yet been resolved. This is even more important than the number of electrodes and the power of the processors on the chip. When you insert a foreign object into your brain, it tries to isolate itself from it. This is a multidisciplinary topic not only for doctors and psychophysiologists, but also for engineers, programmers, mathematicians. Of course, the problem is complex and it will be possible to overcome it only with joint efforts.
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4

Bendikov, Michael, and Thomas C. Harmon. Development of Agricultural Sensors Based on Conductive Polymers. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7591738.bard.

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Анотація:
In this 1-year feasibility study, we tried polymerization of several different monomers, commercial as well as novel, specially designed and synthesized for this project in the presence of the nitrate ion to produce imprinted conductive polymers. Polymers 1 and 2 (shown below) produced a response to nitrate, but one inferior to that produced by a polypyrrole (Ppy)-based sensor (which we demonstrated prior to this study). Thus, we elected to proceed with improving the stability of the Ppy-based sensor. In order to improve stability of the Ppy-based sensor, we created a two-layer design which includes nitrate-doped Ppy as an inner layer, and nitrate-doped PEDOT as the outer layer. PEDOT is known for its high environmental stability and conductivity. This design has demonstrated promise, but is still undergoing optimization and stability testing. Previously we had failed to create nitrate-doped PEDOT in the absence of a Ppy layer. Nitrate-doped PEDOT should be very promising for sensor applications due to its high stability and exceptional sensing properties as we showed previously for sensing of perchlorate ions (by perchlorate-doped PEDOT). During this year, we have succeeded in preparing nitrate-doped PEDOT (4 below) by designing a new starting monomer (compound 3 below) for polymerization. We are currently testing this design for nitrate sensing. In parallel with the fabrication design studies, we fabricated and tested nitrate-doped Ppy sensors in a series of flow studies under laboratory and field conditions. Nitrate-doped Ppy sensors are less stable than is desirable but provide excellent nitrate sensing characteristics for the short-term experiments focusing on packaging and deployment strategies. The fabricated sensors were successfully interfaced with a commercial battery-powered self-logging (Onset Computer Hobo Datalogger) and a wireless data acquisition and transmission system (Crossbow Technologies MDA300 sensor interface and Mica2 wireless mote). In a series of flow-through experiments with water, the nitrate-doped Ppy sensors were exposed to pulses of dissolved nitrate and compared favorably with an expensive commercial sensor. In 24-hour field tests in both Merced and in Palmdale, CA agricultural soils, the sensors responded to introduced nitrate pulses, but with different dynamics relative to the larger commercial sensors. These experiments are on-going but suggest a form factor (size, shape) effect of the sensor when deployed in a porous medium such as soil. To fill the need for a miniature reference electrode, we identified and tested one commercial version (Cypress Systems, ESA Mini-reference electrode) which works well but is expensive ($190). To create an inexpensive miniature reference electrode, we are exploring the use of AgCl-coated silver wire. This electrode is not a “true” reference electrode; however, it can calibrated once versus a commercial reference electrode at the time of deployment in soil. Thus, only one commercial reference electrode would suffice to support a multiple sensor deployment.
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