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Статті в журналах з теми "Natural history literature"
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Dunkerley, H. "Natural History." Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 133–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isle/6.1.133.
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Gates, Barbara. "NATURAL HISTORY ILLUSTRATION." Victorian Literature and Culture 33, no. 1 (March 2005): 314–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150305220867.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
INTEREST IN VICTORIAN natural history illustration has burgeoned in recent years. Along with handsome, informative shows at the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York (“Picturing Natural History”), at the American Philosophical Society (“Natural History in North America, 1730–1860”), and at the Royal Botanical Gardens in Melbourne (“Nature's Art Revealed”), the year 2003 saw an entire conference devoted to the subject in Florence, Italy. In 2004, the eastern United States was treated to two more fauna- and flora-inspired shows, both dealing specifically with nineteenth-century British science and illustration.
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Bewell, Alan. "Romanticism and Colonial Natural History." Studies in Romanticism 43, no. 1 (2004): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25601657.
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Austen Leah Rosenfeld. "THE NATURAL HISTORY OF SECRETS." Antioch Review 70, no. 1 (2012): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7723/antiochreview.70.1.0079.
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Coppay, Frank. "Natural History vs Natural Science in Paul Eluard's "Berceuse"." SubStance 16, no. 3 (1987): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3685194.
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Simon, Simon. "Natural History of Sin." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 56, no. 1 (April 2003): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aorient.56.2003.1.1.
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CAREY, DANIEL. "LOCKE, TRAVEL LITERATURE, AND THE NATURAL HISTORY OF MAN." Seventeenth Century 11, no. 2 (September 1996): 259–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0268117x.1996.10555417.
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Johnson, Kristin. "Natural history as stamp collecting: a brief history." Archives of Natural History 34, no. 2 (October 2007): 244–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2007.34.2.244.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The endeavour of natural history has often been ridiculed as “mere stamp collecting” by those unwilling to see anything scientific in naturalists' work. This paper traces some of the ways the term “stamp collecting” has been used in scientific literature. It discusses how the term can be seen as a reflection of the changing methodological context in which science has been done in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It also points to the importance of considering the relative status of certain sciences not as a problem of what type of science is better or more important but as a problem of scientific communities competing for both resources and prestige.
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Navlet, Miguel García, and Cristina Victoria Asenjo-Gismero. "Multidirectional Instability: Natural History and Evaluation." Open Orthopaedics Journal 11, no. 1 (August 31, 2017): 861–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874325001711010861.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: Multidirectional instability (MDI) represents a great challenge to the orthopedic surgeon. When treating these patients we must be aware that instability refers to a symptomatic situation, thus multidirectional instability is defined as symptomatic involuntary instability in two or more directions, and should be clearly differentiated from asymptomatic hyperlaxity. It may be associated with hyperlaxity, either congenital or acquired following repetitive stress, but also may be present without hyperlaxity, which is rare. Methods: We searched in the online data bases and reviewed the relevant published literature available. Results: Many differences can be seen in the current literature when identifying these patients, unclear definitions and criteria to be included in this patient group are common. Conclusion: Understanding the complex shoulder biomechanics as well as being aware of the typical clinical features and the key examination signs, which we review in this article, is of paramount importance in order to identify and classify these patients, allowing the best treatment option to be offered to each patient.
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Gates, Barbara T. "INTRODUCTION: WHY VICTORIAN NATURAL HISTORY?" Victorian Literature and Culture 35, no. 2 (June 29, 2007): 539–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150307051625.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
VICTORIANS WERE IN LOVE WITHnatural history. David Allen describes their passion as a series of crazes – over geology, over shells, and over ferns, as in pteridomania (mania over ferns) – to cite just a very few examples. Lynn Merrill, on the other hand, delineates a more comprehensive, cultural romance, one extending over many years. Whatever we choose to call this love, we are still in the process of discovering just how deep and lasting it was. Like many love affairs, it was marked at first by a blush enthusiasm and fascination with otherness. This was followed by curiosity and a rage to risk self in the quest to know more about the other – and sometimes, as a result, by ridiculous missteps. Think of George Eliot and George Henry Lewes sloshing around at the seashore, ill-equipped but determined to find out enough to write about what they were trying to capture and study. Or recall Mary Kingsley out in Africa in a canoe propelled by several Congolese, tumbling out of the boat but saving her trusted copy of Albert Günther's 1880Introduction to the Study of Fishes, tenacious in her desire to bring back labeled specimens to the British Museum of Natural history. Earlier, in a similarly resolute quest to record birdlife, John and Elizabeth Gould globe-trotted to the extent that they put Elizabeth's life and their growing family at risk. And people like explorer/naturalist Thomas Bowdich died of fever for their fervor over natural history, in Bowdich's case as he worked to detail facts about specimens in Porto Santo, off the coast of West Africa. Bowdich left a wife to fend for herself and their family via her own study of natural history, and one result was Sara Bowdich Lee's beautifully illustratedFresh-Water Fishes of Great Britain(1828). The romance with nature certainly cut across class and gender barriers. Stonecutter Hugh Miller could lose himself as easily in geological pursuits as could Charles Darwin or Sir Charles Lyell and Marianne North's passion for plants may well have matched or exceeded that of Kew's famous botanist, Sir Joseph Hooker.
Дисертації з теми "Natural history literature"
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Kealy, Thomas Patrick. "Refiguring divinity : literature and natural history in the scientific revolution /." view abstract or download file of text, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p9987235.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2000.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 251-271). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Wright, David Alan. "A critical edition of book 37 of Pliny's 'Natural history' with introduction and notes." Thesis, University of London, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272161.
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Drayson, Nick English Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "Early developments in the literature of Australian natural history : together with a select bibliography of Australian natural history writing, printed in English, from 1697 to the present." Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of English, 1997. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38674.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Early nineteenth-century Eurocentric perceptions of natural history led to the flora and fauna of Australia being thought of as deficient and inferior compared with those of other lands. By the 1820s, Australia had become known as ???the land of contrarieties???. This, and Eurocentric attitudes to nature in general, influenced the expectations and perceptions of immigrants throughout the century. Yet at the same time there was developing an aesthetic appreciation of the natural history of Australia. This thesis examines the tension between these two perceptions in the popular natural history writing of the nineteenth century, mainly through the writing of five authors ??? George Bennett (1804-1893), Louisa Anne Meredith (1812-1895), Samuel Hannaford (1937-1874), Horace Wheelwright (1815-1865) and Donald Macdonald (1859?-1932). George Bennett was a scientist, who saw Australian plants and animals more as scientific specimens than objects of beauty. Louisa Meredith perceived them in the familiar language of English romantic poetry. Samuel Hannaford used another language, that of popular British natural history writers of the mid-nineteenth century. To Horace Wheelwright, Australian animals were equally valuable to the sportsman???s gun as to the naturalist???s pen. Donald Macdonald was the only one of these major writers to have been born in Australia. Although proud of his British heritage, he rejoiced in the beauty of his native land. His writing demonstrates his joy, and his novel attitude to Australian natural history continued and developed in the present century.
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Nickerson, Erika Lawren. "The Measure of All Things: Natural Hierarchy in Roman Republican Thought." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467310.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This work explores how writers of the late Roman Republic use the concept of nature rhetorically, in order to talk about and either reinforce or challenge social inequality. Comparisons between humans and animals receive special attention, since writers of that time often equate social status with natural status by assimilating certain classes of person to certain classes of animal. It is the aim of this study to clarify the ideology which supported the conflation of natural and social hierarchy, by explicating the role that nature was thought to play in creating and maintaining the inequality both between man and man, and between man and animal. In investigating this issue, this study also addresses the question of whether the Romans took a teleological view of human society, as they did of nature, and ultimately concludes that they did not. It proposes, rather, that the conceptual mechanism which naturalized social inequality, and which drove the assimilation of human to animal, was the belief that there is one, natural measure of worth and status for all creatures: utility to the human community.
Chapter 1 identifies some pertinent beliefs, commonly found in Republican texts, about nature, animals, humans, and the relationship of all three to each other. Chapter 2 considers whether these beliefs have a philosophical provenance, by discussing Aristotle’s theory of natural slavery and Stoic views on the institution of slavery, and their possible relation to the ideas expressed in Roman sources. Chapter 3 returns to Republican texts, including popular oratory, and examines comparisons between domestic animals and humans in the treatment of slavery and wage-earning. Chapter 4 examines comparisons between wild animals and humans in discussions about violence and primitive peoples, and in political invective.Classics
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Wang, Laura Li Ching. "Natural Law and the Law of Nature in Early British Beast Literature." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11234.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the tumultuous political environment of late fifteenth- and early sixteenth-century Britain, animal literature saw rapid development and innovation. Beast fable and epic, which already had a long tradition in Latin and French, gained new vigor and popularity in English and Scots renditions. Simultaneously, a new strain of political theory appeared in the vernacular. This dissertation makes a tripartite argument about the relationship between these two discourses. First, writers of literature and political theory alike struggled to reconcile an optimistic view of human society, inherent in the prevailing philosophical tradition of natural law, with the widespread corruption they witnessed in ecclesiastical and royal courts. The fruits of this struggle were darkly humorous works of beast epic and fable in the former case, and pragmatic political theory in the latter. Second, because of its literary character, beast literature actually proved more adventurous than political theory in demonstrating how one might use dissimulation to dominate the predatory world of politics, and in showing the moral and linguistic exhaustion that could result from such manipulation of others. Third, as political writers adapted their theories to reflect politics as it was actually practiced, they explicitly turned to beast literature for images and exempla, so that the animal characters of Aesopian fable and Reynardian epic stealthily crept into works of serious political inquiry.
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Bogard, Paul W. "Blessings from a small house /." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2007. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3280747.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2007."August, 2007." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 268-270). Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2008]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm. Online version available on the World Wide Web.
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West, Alan George H. "The natural history of the future: The related importance of history and nature to the work of Richard Jefferies, William Morris, H. G. Wells, and Aldous Huxley." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6083.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Utopias and dystopias are forms of social criticism in which the author draws on an existing society to create a perfected (utopian) or exaggerated (dystopian) projection which is set in a different time and/or space from the original. As reactions to problematic, or potentially problematic, situations and developments, utopias and dystopias are always connected to change---they explicitly or implicitly present an argument for change, and/or they embody a response to it. This thesis focuses on four English authors who wrote utopias and/or dystopias between the latter part of the Nineteenth Century and the middle part of the Twentieth: Richard Jefferies, William Morris, H. G. Wells, and Aldous Huxley. In each case they not only responded to recent, endemic, or continuing change, but also implicitly or explicitly sought it. The narratives they wrote are founded in change and emerged during a time of flux. Jefferies responded to a declining rural culture, Morris to an expanding industrial culture, Wells to the material uncertainties evoked by evolution theory, and Huxley to the post-Darwin, post-War metaphysical incertitude which appeared to him to have decentred the culture. Each author also sought appropriate change to remedy the particular circumstances of which he was critical. This thesis looks at these authors, not simply in terms of their response to change, but in terms of their attitudes to the relatively enduring structures of nature and history. Nature, in its various manifestations, had different connotations for different authors. To Jefferies, nature---as local landscape and cosmic immensity, as ears of corn and universal life force---offered, amongst other things, an essential continuity that modern life was eroding. For Morris, nature offered inspiration and the possibility of a harmonious interrelationship with humanity once the restless era of capitalism had been succeeded by a restful future in communism. To Wells, both external and internal nature offered a dangerous unpredictability which must be controlled, while Huxley believed that humanity's struggle with the environment and consequent negative impact on it could be dissolved in the possibility of epiphanic fusion with the cosmos. Central to all their various conceptions of, and attitudes toward, nature, however, is the question of what are the shaping characteristics of humanity's relationship with nature. The unfolding of history, in the simple sense of time passing, was not synonymous with progress for these writers, and the perception that the temporal current was actually carrying society, or elements of it, toward regression and/or fragmentation inspired their remedial dystopian and utopian texts. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Buffington, Nancy Jane. "From freedom to slavery: Robert Montgomery Bird and the natural law tradition." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282827.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This dissertation explicates the rhetoric of liberty and slavery in the novels of Robert Montgomery Bird (1805-54). Bird, now largely forgotten and ignored, was prolific, popular, and at the center of Philadelphia culture and national politics from the 1830s until his death. His work represents a particularly clear intersection of political ideology and fiction at a time of cultural growth and conflict. Like many of his contemporaries, Bird saw his fiction as fulfilling a patriotic mission as he attempted to define and defend the nation's history, emergent identity, and contemporary political agenda. It is this mission, evident in his countless meditations on rights and rebellion, freedom and slavery, captivity and bondage, that I explore. Despite repeated scenes of unjust captivity, Bird's eloquent celebrations of liberty, ultimately work to deny the freedoms they evoke, rationalizing instead the conquest of indigenous populations, slavery, and national expansion. This analysis of Bird's rhetoric of freedom is grounded in an exploration of the natural law tradition. I trace the evolution of this philosophy from 17th-century England to its conservative manifestations in antebellum America. Within this context, Bird's conservative reworking of terms such as "freedom," "slavery" and "rights" is neither new nor unusual, but constitutes merely one episode in the ongoing adaptation of such terms in natural law. Natural law emerges as an exceedingly pliable theory, capable of serving both radical and conservative agendas, rebellion and the maintenance of the status quo, the defense and the denial of rights. In addition to natural law, my discussion of Bird's eight novels explores literary traditions from the historical romance to the captivity narrative to the satire, and historical contexts from the Spanish conquest of Mexico to 18th-century American frontier struggles to Southern slavery. I also place Bird's fiction into the context of contemporary political discourses, including proslavery and abolitionist ideologies, the discussion of Indian removals, and debates over national expansion. Finally, I substantiate my conclusions with original research from the University of Pennsylvania's archives of Bird's manuscripts, notebooks, letters, and political journalism.
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Hart, Hilary 1969. "Sentimental spectacles : the sentimental novel, natural language, and early film performance." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/297.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Advisor: Mary E. Wood.
xii, 181 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm. Print copy also available for check out and consultation in the University of Oregon's library under the call number: PS374.S714 H37 2004.The nineteenth-century American sentimental novel has only in the last twenty years received consideration from the academy as a legitimate literary tradition. During that time feminist scholars have argued that sentimental novels performed important cultural work and represent an important literary tradition. This dissertation contributes to the scholarship by placing the sentimental novel within a larger context of intellectual history as a tradition that draws upon theoretical sources and is a source itself for later cultural developments. In examining a variety of sentimental novels, I establish the moral sense philosophy as the theoretical basis of the sentimental novel's pathetic appeals and its theories of sociability and justice. The dissertation also addresses the aesthetic features of the sentimental novel and demonstrates again the tradition's connection to moral sense philosophy but within the context of the American elocution revolution. I look at natural language theory to render more legible the moments of emotional spectacle that are the signature of sentimental aesthetics. The second half of the dissertation demonstrates a connection between the sentimental novel and silent film. Both mediums rely on a common aesthetic storehouse for signifying emotions. The last two chapters of the dissertation compare silent film performance with emotional displays in the sentimental novel and in elocution and acting manuals. I also demonstrate that the films of D. W. Griffith, especially The Birth of a Nation, draw upon on the larger conventions of the sentimental novel.
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Tredinnick, Mark, University of Western Sydney, of Arts Education and Social Sciences College, and School of Social Ecology and Lifelong Learning. "Writing the wild : place, prose and the ecological imagination." THESIS_CAESS_SELL_Tredinnick_M.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/668.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In Australia, we have not yet composed a literature of place in which the Australian geographies sing, so in this dissertation, the author goes travelling with some North American writers in their native landscapes, exploring the practice of landscape witness, of ecological imagination. They carry on there,looking for the ways in which the wild music of the land be discerned and expressed in words. He talks with them about the business of writing the life of places. He takes heed of the natural histories in which their works have arisen, looking for correlations between those physical terrains - the actual earth, the solid ground of their work - and the terrain of these writers' prose, wondering how the prose (and sometimes the poetry) may be said to be an expression of the place. This work, in a sense, is a natural history of six nature writers; it is an ecological imagining of their lives and works and places. Writing the Wild is a journey through the light, the wind, the rock, the water, sometimes the fire that makes the land that houses the writers who compose these lyrics of place. Most of what it learns about those writers, it learns from the places themselves. This dissertation takes landscapes seriously. It reads the works of these writers as though the landscapes of which and in which they write might be worthy of regard in understanding the terrain of their texts. It lets places show light on works of words composed within them.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Книги з теми "Natural history literature"
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Raúl, Martin, ed. Dinosaurs: A natural history. London: Simon & Schuster, 2002.
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Shuker, Karl. Dragons: A natural history. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.
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ill, Young Ellan, ed. Red pandas: A natural history. New York: Scribner's, 1988.
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MacQuitty, Miranda. Natural History Museum: Kids only. London: Natural History Museum, 2008.
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Sotheby's (Firm). Travel, atlases, maps & natural history. London: Sotheby's, 2012.
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Stewart, Frank. A natural history of nature writing. Washington, D.C: Island Press, 1995.
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Frank, Stewart. A natural history of nature writing. Washington, D.C: Island Press [for] Shearwater Books, 1995.
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1950-, Trimble Stephen, ed. Words from the land: Encounters with natural history writing. Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1995.
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Nicola, Davies. Poo: A natural history of the unmentionable. London: Walker, 2006.
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Guignard, James. Literature, writing, and the natural world. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, 2009.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Natural history literature"
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Carver, Ben. "Lost Worlds and the (Un)Natural History of Gender." In Alternate Histories and Nineteenth-Century Literature, 151–205. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57334-6_5.
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Connolly, Patrick J. "Locke, Pyrard, and Coconuts: Travel Literature, Evidence, and Natural History." In International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées, 103–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91869-3_5.
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O’Key, Dominic. "Herring Fisheries, Fish-Eating and Natural History in W. G. Sebald’s The Rings of Saturn." In Literature and Meat Since 1900, 125–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26917-3_8.
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Rodgers, Diane M. "Modern Science, Moral Lessons and Honey Bees in Nineteenth-Century Natural History." In Bees, Science, and Sex in the Literature of the Long Nineteenth Century, 21–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39570-3_2.
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Champion, Tori. "Pazienza e diligenza: Early Modern Women Artists in the Genre of Natural History." In Women in Arts, Architecture and Literature: Heritage, Legacy and Digital Perspectives, 287–301. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.wia-eb.5.134657.
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Verger, Yoann. "Sraffa and the Revenue of the Owner of Non-Renewable Natural Resources: A Note on the Literature." In Palgrave Studies in the History of Economic Thought, 537–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47206-1_17.
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Tucker, William H. "Politics and Intelligence: Running Against the Cognitive Elite." In Palgrave Studies in the Theory and History of Psychology, 81–99. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41614-9_3.
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AbstractWhile Herrnsteinand Murray believed firmly in genetic inequality, which, they argued, both explained and justified social and economic inequality, they also vigorously supported political equality; indeed, they suggested that humans could not be equal “in any other sense.” Citing the beliefs of the founding fathers as support, they asserted that “the best government was one that most efficiently brought the natural aristocracy to high positions.” And they expressed confidence that the “common people” had the good sense to choose what Madison called “men of virtue and wisdom” to govern—that is, those members of the cognitive elite prepared for such a role by their natural ability and their broad education in “history, literature, arts, ethics, and the sciences.” The great majority of citizens—that 95 percent not as intelligent as the cognitive elite—might not possess the right characteristics for the governing class, but, according to The Bell Curve, they could be counted on to recognize those who did.
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"Literature Cited." In A Zapotec Natural History, 239–52. University of Arizona Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1mgmckc.14.
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"Literature Cited." In A Natural History of Amphibians, 253–300. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1nxcv5j.25.
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"APPENDIX I. The Literature of Natural History." In The Nature of Natural History, 285–98. Princeton University Press, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400861545.285.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Natural history literature"
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Syverson, V. J. P., and Shanan E. Peters. "THE QUANTITATIVE FOOTPRINT OF NATURAL HISTORY COLLECTIONS AND SPECIMENS IN THE SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-304344.
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Koštialová, Katarína. "Lesné prostredie a náučné chodníky ako potenciál vidieckeho turizmu." In XXIV. mezinárodního kolokvia o regionálních vědách. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9896-2021-36.
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The natural and cultural wealth of a particular place or locality plays an important role in rural tourism. The choice of the final destination is determined by several criteria, which merge with each other, such as landscape culture, natural potential, culture, history, opportunities for spending free time in an active way, genius loci of the locality, etc. In recent times, visiting the educational public footpaths is one of the popular free time activities. The object of the study, based on ethnological point of view, is to present existing initial information on the topic of educational public footpaths, analyze them as a specific form of tourism presenting natural and cultural wealth. The object of the study is educational public footpaths in the village of Oravská Lesná. With regards to methodology, the basic ethnographic methods, the study of literature, materials and documents were used. The educational public footpaths demonstrate not only natural and cultural values, but undoubtedly also reflect the identity of local society and they are strongly representative of the local area. The visitors to the educational public footpaths have the opportunity to perceive a relationship between the natural, landscape, cultural and historical phenomena in a more complex way directly in authentic environment. The study highlights the natural and cultural potential of the village and forest environment, serving as an initial determinant for domestic tourism in the village. The specific example of two educational public footpaths highlighted the sense of harmony between the local community and nature, with the specific type of cultural landscape reflecting history and spiritual values of local society.
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Calei, Grongel, and Lisiane Ilha Librelotto. "Vernacular architecture in Angola: culture, history, natural materials and the possibilities for more sustainable construction." In SDS 2023 - IX SIMPÓSIO DE DESIGN SUSTENTÁVEL. Grupo de Pesquisa Virtuhab/UFSC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29183/978-65-00-87779-3.sds2023.p313-327.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article focuses on Angolan vernacular architecture and is part of a master's thesis. As a cultural heritage, understanding vernacular architecture also helps us search for more sustainable construction alternatives. To this end, this article search to characterize Angolan vernacular architecture by carrying out a theoretical literature review and a case study in the province of Huíla (Mupalala), Angola, for the cubatas from Nyaneka-Humbi ethnic group. For the case study, it was necessary to interview local residents in order to understand the cultural aspects of construction, building techniques and materials used. In the end, it was possible to characterize this type of construction and understand possible contributions to proposing more sustainable construction.
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Цетлин, Ю. Б. "HISTORY OF STUDYING METHODS OF FIRING CLAY VESSELS." In Вестник "История керамики". Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2022.978-5-94375-369-5.52-83.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
В статье анализируется история развития знаний о приемах обжига древней глиняной посуды по археологическим данным в рамках эмоционально-описательного, формально-классификационного и историко-культурного подходов к изучению древнего гончарства. На основании анализа отечественной и зарубежной литературы делается вывод о том, что на современном этапе наиболее широкое распространение, особенно в зарубежной науке, получили естественно-научные методы изучения приемов термической обработки глиняной посуды. При этом основное внимание исследователями уделяется определению температуры и качества обжига сосудов. В отечественной науке в силу объективных причин применение естественно-научных методов получило более ограниченное развитие. Российские исследователи главным образом продолжают развивать историко-культурный подход к изучению обжига глиняной посуды, направленный на реконструкцию культурных традиций гончаров в этой области керамической технологии. The article analyzes the history of the development of knowledge about the methods of firing ancient pottery according to archaeological data within the framework of Emotional-and-Descriptive, Formal-and-Classication and Historical-and-Cultural approaches to the study of ancient pottery. Based on the analysis of domestic and foreign literature, it is concluded that natural sciences methods of studying the practices of heat treatment of pottery have becomethe most widespread at the present stage, especially in foreign science. At the same time, the researchers focus on analyzing the temperature and quality of firing vessels. The methods of natural sciences are not widely used in the science of our country due to objective reasons. Russian researchers mainly continue to develop a historical and cultural approach to the study of firing pottery, aimed at reconstructing the cultural traditions of potters in this field of ceramic technology.
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Townsend, Aaron K., and Michael E. Webber. "Technical and Economic Analysis of a Waste-to-Energy Plant for Austin, Texas Under a Range of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Prices." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90146.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Technical and economic metrics of electricity generation from a Waste to Energy (WTE) plant are compared to coal, natural gas combined cycle, biomass, and landfill gas generation alternatives for Austin, Texas under a range of greenhouse gas emissions prices. The WTE technology and history is described, as well as details relevant to a WTE plant in Austin. Technical and economic values for WTE from the literature are discussed. The upper limit of electricity generation from Austin’s MSW stream is 5% of Austin’s 2007 annual electricity consumption. Selection of appropriate values for capital, operating, and fuel costs indicates that WTE is more expensive than all of the alternative generation technologies considered (coal, natural gas combined cycle, landfill gas, and biomass). If greenhouse gas emissions are priced and offsets from fugitive landfill gas emissions are allowed, WTE becomes more cost-competitive by taking credit for offset landfill gas emissions. Under this scenario WTE becomes cost-competitive with biomass at $33 per ton CO2 equivalent, coal at $92 per ton CO2 equivalent, and natural gas at $115 per ton CO2 equivalent.
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Liu, Chongxi. "“POETRY CARVED IN STONE”: DOCUMENTARY, LITERARY AND CULTURAL CONNOTATION IN BAI JUYI’S POETRY INSCRIPTION." In 10th International Conference "Issues of Far Eastern Literatures (IFEL 2022)". St. Petersburg State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288063770.04.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The poetry inscription, with Bai Juyi in the Middle Tang Era as its representative, began to express purely personal emotions in terms of content, which reflects the poet’s creative individuality. Bai takes stone as his friend, loves it, chants it, and inscribes poems on it, endowing it natural and personal qualities. Bai was the first poet to consciously combine “poetry” and “stone” with nearly 20 kinds of poetry inscriptions. Compared with book documents, Bai’s poetry inscriptions not only have the philological value of text criticism, but also have multiple functions, i. e., reproducing the historical context of poetry creation and transmitting as a “linguistic landscape”. Such humanistic connotation determines the significance of Bai’s poetry inscription in the history of Chinese literature and culture.
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Xiao, Cong, Shicheng Zhang, Xinfang Ma, and Tong Zhou. "Deep-Learning-Based Direct Forecast Approach for Fractured Shale Gas Reservoir Under Geological and Hydraulic Fracture Parameter Uncertainty." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210143-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Summary Accurate ultimate recovery prediction and uncertainty quantification are of significance during the process of unconventional shale resources development field development plan formulation. The uncertainties related to characterization of geological parameters and especially hydraulic/natural fracture system are not readily quantified through conventional model-based history matching procedure in practical applications. Data-space inversion (DSI) is a recently proposed data-space analysis and rapid forecast approach that easily samples the posterior predictions based on an ensemble of prior predictions and historical measurements. This paper presents a novel methodology based on a hybridization of DSI and a vector-to-vector residual neural network, referred to as DSI-DL, for well production forecast in unconventional shale reservoirs. A data-augmentation strategy that has been exploited in the literature is employed to generate a large number of training samples from a relatively small ensemble of shale reservoir model simulations. The DSI-DL method treats the shale gas production in our expected future time as target variables, which are directly predicted from pre-trained deep-learning model given historical data. This method enables us completely avoid the time-consuming history matching process where the characterization and inversion of hydraulic/natural fracture topology are highly complicated. We demonstrate the performances of this new approach on a synthetic vertically fractured well and a multi-well production scheme in naturally fractured shale formation. Some comparison with conventional DSI procedure and model-based history matching have shown that DSI-DL method achieves relatively robust results in estimating P10-P50-P90 values of shale gas time-series production against to data noise and prior ensemble size. DSI-DL algorithm will greatly contribute to the real-time prediction and optimization of shale gas well production rapidly given the streaming online observation data and have a wide range of practical application prospects, while a high computational efficiency remains. The proposed DSI-DL approach definitely will be useful for petroleum engineers to assess the value of information and manage the uncertainty of unconventional resources development.
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Molinet, Benjamin, Santiago Marro, Elena Cabrio, Serena Villata, and Tobias Mayer. "ACTA 2.0: A Modular Architecture for Multi-Layer Argumentative Analysis of Clinical Trials." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/859.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Evidence-based medicine aims at making decisions about the care of individual patients based on the explicit use of the best available evidence in the patient clinical history and the medical literature results. Argumentation represents a natural way of addressing this task by (i) identifying evidence and claims in text, and (ii) reasoning upon the extracted arguments and their relations to make a decision. ACTA 2.0 is an automated tool which relies on Argument Mining methods to analyse the abstracts of clinical trials to extract argument components and relations to support evidence-based clinical decision making. ACTA 2.0 allows also for the identification of PICO (Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) elements, and the analysis of the effects of an intervention on the outcomes of the study. A REST API is also provided to exploit the tool’s functionalities.
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Neagu, Laurentiumarian, Mihai Dascalu, Stefan Trausanmatu, Eugen Simion, and Lucian Chisu. "AUTOMATED MODELING OF ROMANIAN LITERARY TRENDS IN HISTORY USING TOPICS OVER TIME AND CO-OCCURENCES." In eLSE 2020. University Publishing House, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-20-019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Chronology of Romanian Literary Life (also referred to as CVLR) is an ambitious effort conducted by the "G. C?linescu" Institute of Literary History and Theory to present the most important literature-related events from Romania, covering a period of 50 years, starting with World War II up until the beginning of the 3rd century. Our work aims to capture the evolution of trends in the Romanian literary space using a custom LDA topic model, focused also on the changes in the structure of topics across time, as well as the relations between the topics. In the Trends Over Time approach, the discovery of topics is related not only to the co-occurrences of words, but also to the timestamps associated to events (temporal information). Our results depicting the dynamics of trends over time are interesting both from an e-learning perspective, but also from literary and historical perspectives. Patterns of co-occurrences are discovered and visualizations of the topics' evolution in time are introduced to provide valuable insights from CVLR. Moreover, topic entropy is used to assess the diversity of ideas covered by a topic. The obtained results are promising, reflecting the most important historical periods and the evolution of trends in a coherent manner in relation to the historical events. By showing trends dynamics over time is interesting both from an eLearning perspective and from Literary and Historical perspective. Our study represents a solid foundation for further analyses on Romanian literary events by relying on automated models grounded in advanced Natural Language Processing techniques.
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Zhang, Limeng, and Andong Lu. "A study on the history of urban morphology in China based on discourse analysis." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5981.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A study on the history of urban morphology in China based on discourse analysis Limeng Zhang¹, Andong Lu¹ ¹School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University. Nanjing University Hankou Road 22#, Gulou District, Nanjing, China E-mail: 554361151@qq.com, andonglu@gmail.com Key words: urban morphology, terminology, discourse analysis Conference topics and scale: Literature review (Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant No.: 51478215) Urban morphology is a method widely used in China in the field of urban design and urban conservation. Since its first introduction to the Chinese context about 20 years ago, the key ideas and concepts of urban morphology underwent a significant phenomenon of ‘lost in translation’. Different origins of morphological thoughts, different versions of translation, as well as different disciplinary context, have all together led to a chaotic discourse. This paper reviews the key Chinese articles in the field of urban morphology since 1982 and draws out a group of persistent keywords, such as evolution, axis, urban fringe belt, plan unit and plot, that characterize the morphological approach to urban issues. By reviewing the transformation of the definition of these keywords, this paper aims to generate an evolutionary map of landmark ideas and concepts, based on which, four stages in the development of urban morphology in China can be identified: emergence, growth, maturity, practice. The mapping methodology could be extrapolated to other words, and the obtained evolutionary map could be a basic tool for further study. References Conzen M. R. G., Alnwick, Northumberland: A Study in Town-plan Analysis [M] 1960. ( London, George Philip). J. W. R. Whitehand, and Kai Gu. ‘Urban conservation in China: Historical development, current practice and morphological approach’ [J], Town Planning Review, 2007 (5), 615-642. Duan Jin, and Qiu Guochao. 'The Emergence and Development of Overseas Urban Morphology Study' [J], Urban Planning Forum, 2008(5):34-42. M. P. Conzen, Kai Gu, J. W. R. Whitehand. Comparing traditional urban form in China and Europe: a fringe belt approach [D]. Urban Geography, 2011.
Звіти організацій з теми "Natural history literature"
1
Enscore, Susan, Dawn Morrison, Adam Smith, and Sunny Adams. Fort Huachuca ranges : a history and analysis. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42720.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fort Huachuca Environmental and Natural Resources Division (ENRD) sent funds to ERDC-CERL to develop a historic context that assists Fort Huachuca personnel in identifying the likely history and provenance of numerous historic range features located across Fort Huachuca's training lands. The historic context will be used by cultural resources personnel to evaluate and manage the resources appropriately. Various historic training range features (e.g., structures, fragments, and items left over from previous activities) are located across the ranges of Fort Huachuca, representing its long and storied history. To help identify and catalog these features, ERDC-CERL conducted a field survey of the training ranges in 2016 in or-der to photograph the historic range features. Forty-one historic range features were identified. Researchers conducted archival research, literature reviews, and image analysis of historic and current maps and photographs to identify the 41 historic range features and place them within a chronological context of Fort Huachuca's training ranges. The report concludes with guidance on how to identify and associate sites and features within the overall historic training range chronology and evaluate them appropriately for significance and National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) eligibility.
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Zhou, Ruhua, Jingjing Xu, Jiaochen Luan, Weiyun Wang, Xinzhi Tang, Yanling Huang, Ziwen Su, Lei Yang, and Zejuan Gu. The Predictive Role of C-Reactive Protein on Sudden Death: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.11.0074.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study was a diagnostic research, so the content was decomposed according to PIRO : P: Patients diagnosed with sudden death; I: C-reactive protein; R: There is no gold standard for sudden death, and the definition of sudden death varies from literature to literature. The World Health Organization defines sudden death: "Patients who are normally healthy or seemingly healthy die suddenly due to natural diseases in an unexpectedly short period of time." In our study, sudden death is determined by the history, symptoms, physical examination and electrocardiogram results assesed by doctor. If death events were collected from the patients’ medical records, deaths coded using the International Classification of Diseases-9th Revision, codes 410 to 414 for non-SCD and 798.1 for SCD; or the International Classification of Diseases-10th Revision, codes I20 to I25 for non-SCD and I46 for SCD. All deaths registered as sudden deaths were confirmed in interviews with the patient’s physician or family members again. O: sudden death.
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Avis, William. Refugee and Mixed Migration Displacement from Afghanistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This rapid literature review summarises evidence and key lessons that exist regarding previous refugee and mixed migration displacement from Afghanistan to surrounding countries. The review identified a diverse literature that explored past refugee and mixed migration, with a range of quantitative and qualitative studies identified. A complex and fluid picture is presented with waves of mixed migration (both outflow and inflow) associated with key events including the: Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989); Afghan Civil War (1992–96); Taliban Rule (1996–2001); War in Afghanistan (2001–2021). A contextual picture emerges of Afghans having a long history of using mobility as a survival strategy or as social, economic and political insurance for improving livelihoods or to escape conflict and natural disasters. Whilst violence has been a principal driver of population movements among Afghans, it is not the only cause. Migration has also been associated with natural disasters (primarily drought) which is considered a particular issue across much of the country – this is associated primarily with internal displacement. Further to this, COVID-19 is impacting upon and prompting migration to and from Afghanistan. Data on refugee and mixed migration movement is diverse and at times contradictory given the fluidity and the blurring of boundaries between types of movements. Various estimates exist for numbers of Afghanistan refugees globally. It is also important to note that migratory flows are often fluid involving settlement in neighbouring countries, return to Afghanistan. In many countries, Afghani migrants and refugees face uncertain political situations and have, in recent years, been ‘coerced’ into returning to Afghanistan with much discussion of a ‘return bias’ being evident in official policies. The literature identified in this report (a mix of academic, humanitarian agency and NGO) is predominantly focused on Pakistan and Iran with a less established evidence base on the scale of Afghan refugee and migrant communities in other countries in the region. . Whilst conflict has been a primary driver of displacement, it has intersected with drought conditions and poor adherence to COVID-19 mitigation protocols. Past efforts to address displacement internationally have affirmed return as the primary objective in relation to durable solutions; practically, efforts promoted improved programming interventions towards creating conditions for sustainable return and achieving improved reintegration prospects for those already returned to Afghanistan.
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Stone, Robert P., Stephen D. Cairns, Dennis M. Opresko, Gary C. Williams, and Michele M. Masuda. A guide to the corals of Alaska. US Department of Commerce, NOAA, NMFS Scientific Publications Office, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.7755/pp.23.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act of 2006 mandat¬ed the research and management of the nation’s deep-sea coral resources through establishment of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra¬tion’s Deep Sea Coral Research and Technology Program. The challenge for Alaska was daunting, where expansive, world-class fisheries often coincided with extraordinarily rich coral habitats for a high-latitude region. The first chal¬lenge was to inventory known locations of deep-sea corals. Many coral records and some museum collections existed from Alaska, but the taxonomy of cor¬als was little studied and field iden¬tification of corals was problematic. Formal bycatch programs and research activities in recent decades provided many more specimens for taxonomic study, but guides to species were largely incomplete, inaccurate, and outdated given the fast pace of species discovery in Alaska. We provide a comprehen¬sive, up-to-date guide, detailing 161 coral taxa identified from museum collections, primary literature, and video records. Each profile includes a description, images for each taxon, taxonomic history, biology, ecology, geographical distribution, and habitat, including depth distribution. Corals are found in the six regions of Alaska but the coral fauna of the Aleutian Islands is by far the most species rich. The state of taxonomy for some coral groups is ex¬cellent, while others require additional collections and more taxonomic work. Construction of this guide resulted in descriptions of several antipatharian species, published separately from this guide (Alternatipathes mirabilis, Bathypathes alaskensis, B. ptiloides, B. tiburonae, and Parantipathes pluma) and the scleractinian Flabellum (Flabel¬lum) oclairi Cairns, sp. nov. described herein. The guide provides informa¬tion for targeting new collections and identifying areas of high abundance and indicator species of vulnerable marine ecosystems. Stakeholders can now more adequately assess Alaska’s coral resources and risks from natural and anthropogenic stressors.
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Shaffer, Austin, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Colorado National Monument: Paleontological resource inventory (sensitive version). National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2303444.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Colorado National Monument (COLM) in western Colorado was established on May 24, 1911 with the purpose of preserving, understanding, and enjoying the natural and cultural resources of the landscape, focusing on the history, erosional processes, and geology present. Although not explicitly mentioned in the monument?s purpose statement, the paleontological resources of COLM are nevertheless important. Significant fossils have been known from the area since the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and from COLM specifically within a few decades of the monument?s founding. The direct urban interface of COLM with Colorado?s Grand Valley provides unique management concerns for fossils and other resources of the monument. While COLM preserves a long geologic history (roughly 1.7 billion years ago to the present), the fossils preserved at the monument mostly come from sedimentary rocks of the Mesozoic Era. The paleontological resources of COLM include both body fossils and trace fossils of a wide variety of organisms (e.g., freshwater mussels, dinosaurs, plants) representing diverse paleoenvironments. In order to assess the paleontological resources of COLM, a field inventory was conducted from April to November 2023, visiting all previously reported fossil sites and documenting new localities. A total of 226 paleontological localities were verified during this fieldwork, of which nearly two-thirds (146 sites) were newly documented. Two more were discovered in March 2024. These 228 localities are distributed throughout much of the monument and many of the geologic units, with higher concentrations present in certain units (e.g., the Morrison Formation). Fieldwork was supplemented by the review of published and gray literature and assessment of COLM paleontological collections. A number of significant paleontological discoveries were made during this inventory, including the first documented fossils (dinosaur tracks, plant fossils, and dinosaur skin) from the Naturita Formation within COLM and multiple novel fossil occurrences (e.g., likely the oldest-known fish otoliths in North America and possibly one of the only Jurassic ankylosaur tracks known globally). When considered alongside previously identified significant fossil finds from COLM (e.g., one of only three known turtle tracksites in the Morrison Formation and potentially one of the only known lizard trackways in the same unit), the paleontological resources of the monument are of high scientific importance. Future research on the paleontological resources of COLM has a high potential for identifying important fossil specimens and/or describing new species. This report provides foundational data on the scope, significance, and distribution of paleontological resources at COLM and provides recommendations to support the management, interpretation, and research of these resources.
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Shaffer, Austin, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Colorado National Monument: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2303613.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Colorado National Monument (COLM) in western Colorado was established on May 24, 1911 with the purpose of preserving, understanding, and enjoying the natural and cultural resources of the landscape, focusing on the history, erosional processes, and geology present. Although not explicitly mentioned in the monument?s purpose statement, the paleontological resources of COLM are nevertheless important. Significant fossils have been known from the area since the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and from COLM specifically within a few decades of the monument?s founding. The direct urban interface of COLM with Colorado?s Grand Valley provides unique management concerns for fossils and other resources of the monument. While COLM preserves a long geologic history (roughly 1.7 billion years ago to the present), the fossils preserved at the monument mostly come from sedimentary rocks of the Mesozoic Era. The paleontological resources of COLM include both body fossils and trace fossils of a wide variety of organisms (e.g., freshwater mussels, dinosaurs, plants) representing diverse paleoenvironments. In order to assess the paleontological resources of COLM, a field inventory was conducted from April to November 2023, visiting all previously reported fossil sites and documenting new localities. A total of 226 paleontological localities were verified during this fieldwork, of which nearly two-thirds (146 sites) were newly documented. Two more were discovered in March 2024. These 228 localities are distributed throughout much of the monument and many of the geologic units, with higher concentrations present in certain units (e.g., the Morrison Formation). Fieldwork was supplemented by the review of published and gray literature and assessment of COLM paleontological collections. A number of significant paleontological discoveries were made during this inventory, including the first documented fossils (dinosaur tracks, plant fossils, and dinosaur skin) from the Naturita Formation within COLM and multiple novel fossil occurrences (e.g., likely the oldest-known fish otoliths in North America and possibly one of the only Jurassic ankylosaur tracks known globally). When considered alongside previously identified significant fossil finds from COLM (e.g., one of only three known turtle tracksites in the Morrison Formation and potentially one of the only known lizard trackways in the same unit), the paleontological resources of the monument are of high scientific importance. Future research on the paleontological resources of COLM has a high potential for identifying important fossil specimens and/or describing new species. This report provides foundational data on the scope, significance, and distribution of paleontological resources at COLM and provides recommendations to support the management, interpretation, and research of these resources.
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Hertel, Thomas, David Hummels, Maros Ivanic, and Roman Keeney. How Confident Can We Be in CGE-Based Assessments of Free Trade Agreements? GTAP Working Paper, June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp26.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the proliferation of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) over the past decade, demand for quantitative analysis of their likely impacts has surged. The main quantitative tool for performing such analysis is Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) modeling. Yet these models have been widely criticized for performing poorly (Kehoe, 2002) and having weak econometric foundations (McKitrick, 1998; Jorgenson, 1984). FTA results have been shown to be particularly sensitive to the trade elasticities, with small trade elasticities generating large terms of trade effects and relatively modest efficiency gains, whereas large trade elasticities lead to the opposite result. Critics are understandably wary of results being determined largely by the authors’ choice of trade elasticities. Where do these trade elasticities come from? CGE modelers typically draw these elasticities from econometric work that uses time series price variation to identify an elasticity of substitution between domestic goods and composite imports (Alaouze, 1977; Alaouze, et al., 1977; Stern et al., 1976; Gallaway, McDaniel and Rivera, 2003). This approach has three problems: the use of point estimates as “truth”, the magnitude of the point estimates, and estimating the relevant elasticity. First, modelers take point estimates drawn from the econometric literature, while ignoring the precision of these estimates. As we will make clear below, the confidence one has in various CGE conclusions depends critically on the size of the confidence interval around parameter estimates. Standard “robustness checks” such as systematically raising or lowering the substitution parameters does not properly address this problem because it ignores information about which parameters we know with some precision and which we do not. A second problem with most existing studies derives from the use of import price series to identify home vs. foreign substitution, for example, tends to systematically understate the true elasticity. This is because these estimates take price variation as exogenous when estimating the import demand functions, and ignore quality variation. When quality is high, import demand and prices will be jointly high. This biases estimated elasticities toward zero. A related point is that the fixed-weight import price series used by most authors are theoretically inappropriate for estimating the elasticities of interest. CGE modelers generally examine a nested utility structure, with domestic production substitution for a CES composite import bundle. The appropriate price series is then the corresponding CES price index among foreign varieties. Constructing such an index requires knowledge of the elasticity of substitution among foreign varieties (see below). By using a fixed-weight import price series, previous estimates place too much weight on high foreign prices, and too small a weight on low foreign prices. In other words, they overstate the degree of price variation that exists, relative to a CES price index. Reconciling small trade volume movements with large import price series movements requires a small elasticity of substitution. This problem, and that of unmeasured quality variation, helps explain why typical estimated elasticities are very small. The third problem with the existing literature is that estimates taken from other researchers’ studies typically employ different levels of aggregation, and exploit different sources of price variation, from what policy modelers have in mind. Employment of elasticities in experiments ill-matched to their original estimation can be problematic. For example, estimates may be calculated at a higher or lower level of aggregation than the level of analysis than the modeler wants to examine. Estimating substitutability across sources for paddy rice gives one a quite different answer than estimates that look at agriculture as a whole. When analyzing Free Trade Agreements, the principle policy experiment is a change in relative prices among foreign suppliers caused by lowering tariffs within the FTA. Understanding the substitution this will induce across those suppliers is critical to gauging the FTA’s real effects. Using home v. foreign elasticities rather than elasticities of substitution among imports supplied from different countries may be quite misleading. Moreover, these “sourcing” elasticities are critical for constructing composite import price series to appropriate estimate home v. foreign substitutability. In summary, the history of estimating the substitution elasticities governing trade flows in CGE models has been checkered at best. Clearly there is a need for improved econometric estimation of these trade elasticities that is well-integrated into the CGE modeling framework. This paper provides such estimation and integration, and has several significant merits. First, we choose our experiment carefully. Our CGE analysis focuses on the prospective Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA) currently under negotiation. This is one of the most important FTAs currently “in play” in international negotiations. It also fits nicely with the source data used to estimate the trade elasticities, which is largely based on imports into North and South America. Our assessment is done in a perfectly competitive, comparative static setting in order to emphasize the role of the trade elasticities in determining the conventional gains/losses from such an FTA. This type of model is still widely used by government agencies for the evaluation of such agreements. Extensions to incorporate imperfect competition are straightforward, but involve the introduction of additional parameters (markups, extent of unexploited scale economies) as well as structural assumptions (entry/no-entry, nature of inter-firm rivalry) that introduce further uncertainty. Since our focus is on the effects of a PTA we estimate elasticities of substitution across multiple foreign supply sources. We do not use cross-exporter variation in prices or tariffs alone. Exporter price series exhibit a high degree of multicolinearity, and in any case, would be subject to unmeasured quality variation as described previously. Similarly, tariff variation by itself is typically unhelpful because by their very nature, Most Favored Nation (MFN) tariffs are non-discriminatory in nature, affecting all suppliers in the same way. Tariff preferences, where they exist, are often difficult to measure – sometimes being confounded by quantitative barriers, restrictive rules of origin, and other restrictions. Instead we employ a unique methodology and data set drawing on not only tariffs, but also bilateral transportation costs for goods traded internationally (Hummels, 1999). Transportation costs vary much more widely than do tariffs, allowing much more precise estimation of the trade elasticities that are central to CGE analysis of FTAs. We have highly disaggregated commodity trade flow data, and are therefore able to provide estimates that precisely match the commodity aggregation scheme employed in the subsequent CGE model. We follow the GTAP Version 5.0 aggregation scheme which includes 42 merchandise trade commodities covering food products, natural resources and manufactured goods. With the exception of two primary commodities that are not traded, we are able to estimate trade elasticities for all merchandise commodities that are significantly different form zero at the 95% confidence level. Rather than producing point estimates of the resulting welfare, export and employment effects, we report confidence intervals instead. These are based on repeated solution of the model, drawing from a distribution of trade elasticity estimates constructed based on the econometrically estimated standard errors. There is now a long history of CGE studies based on SSA: Systematic Sensitivity Analysis (Harrison and Vinod, 1992; Wigle, 1991; Pagon and Shannon, 1987) Ho
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Henderson, Tim, Vincent Santucci, Tim Connors, and Justin Tweet. National Park Service geologic type section inventory: Mojave Desert Inventory & Monitoring Network. National Park Service, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2289952.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A fundamental responsibility of the National Park Service (NPS) is to ensure that park resources are preserved, protected, and managed in consideration of the resources themselves and for the benefit and enjoyment by the public. Through the inventory, monitoring, and study of park resources, we gain a greater understanding of the scope, significance, distribution, and management issues associated with these resources and their use. This baseline of natural resource information is available to inform park managers, scientists, stakeholders, and the public about the conditions of these resources and the factors or activities that may threaten or influence their stability and preservation. There are several different categories of geologic or stratigraphic units (supergroup, group, formation, member, bed) that represent a hierarchical system of classification. The mapping of stratigraphic units involves the evaluation of lithologies, bedding properties, thickness, geographic distribution, and other factors. Mappable geologic units may be described and named through a rigorously defined process that is standardized and codified by the professional geologic community (North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature 2005). In most instances when a new geologic unit such as a formation is described and named in the scientific literature, a specific and well-exposed section or exposure area of the unit is designated as the type section or other category of stratotype (see “Definitions” below). The type section is an important reference exposure for a named geologic unit which presents a relatively complete and representative example for this unit. Geologic stratotypes are important both historically and scientifically, and should be available for other researchers to evaluate in the future.. The inventory of all geologic stratotypes throughout the 423 units of the NPS is an important effort in documenting these locations in order that NPS staff recognize and protect these areas for future studies. The focus adopted for completing the baseline inventories throughout the NPS was centered on the 32 inventory and monitoring networks (I&M) established during the late 1990s. The I&M networks are clusters of parks within a defined geographic area based on the ecoregions of North America (Fenneman 1946; Bailey 1976; Omernik 1987). These networks share similar physical resources (e.g., geology, hydrology, climate), biological resources (e.g., flora, fauna), and ecological characteristics. Specialists familiar with the resources and ecological parameters of the network, and associated parks, work with park staff to support network-level activities such as inventory, monitoring, research, and data management. Adopting a network-based approach to inventories worked well when the NPS undertook paleontological resource inventories for the 32 I&M networks. The planning team from the NPS Geologic Resources Division who proposed and designed this inventory selected the Greater Yellowstone Inventory & Monitoring Network (GRYN) as the pilot network for initiating this project. Through the research undertaken to identify the geologic stratotypes within the parks of the GRYN methodologies for data mining and reporting on these resources were established. Methodologies and reporting adopted for the GRYN have been used in the development of this report for the Mojave Desert Inventory & Monitoring Network (MOJN). The goal of this project is to consolidate information pertaining to geologic type sections that occur within NPS-administered areas, in order that this information is available throughout the NPS to inform park managers and to promote the preservation and protection of these important geologic landmarks and geologic heritage resources. The review of stratotype occurrences for the MOJN shows there are currently no designated stratotypes for Joshua Tree National Park (JOTR) or Manzanar National Historic Site (MANZ); Death Valley...
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Henderson, Tim, Vincet Santucci, Tim Connors, and Justin Tweet. National Park Service geologic type section inventory: North Coast and Cascades Inventory & Monitoring Network. National Park Service, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A fundamental responsibility of the National Park Service (NPS) is to ensure that park resources are preserved, protected, and managed in consideration of the resources themselves and for the benefit and enjoyment by the public. Through the inventory, monitoring, and study of park resources, we gain a greater understanding of the scope, significance, distribution, and management issues associated with these resources and their use. This baseline of natural resource information is available to inform park managers, scientists, stakeholders, and the public about the conditions of these resources and the factors or activities which may threaten or influence their stability and preservation. There are several different categories of geologic or stratigraphic units (supergroup, group, formation, member, bed) that form a hierarchical system of classification. The mapping of stratigraphic units involves the evaluation of lithologies (rock types), bedding properties, thickness, geographic distribution, and other factors. Mappable geologic units may be described and named through a rigorously defined process that is standardized and codified by the professional geologic community (North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature 2021). In most instances, when a new geologic unit (such as a formation) is described and named in the scientific literature, a specific and well-exposed section or exposure area of the unit is designated as the stratotype (see “Definitions” below). The type section is an important reference exposure for a named geologic unit that presents a relatively complete and representative example for this unit. Geologic stratotypes are important both historically and scientifically, and should be available for other researchers to evaluate in the future. The inventory of all geologic stratotypes throughout the 423 units of the NPS is an important effort in documenting these locations in order that NPS staff recognize and protect these areas for future studies. The focus adopted for completing the baseline inventories throughout the NPS was centered on the 32 inventory and monitoring (I&M) networks established during the late 1990s. The I&M networks are clusters of parks within a defined geographic area based on the ecoregions of North America (Fenneman 1946; Bailey 1976; Omernik 1987). These networks share similar physical resources (geology, hydrology, climate), biological resources (flora, fauna), and ecological characteristics. Specialists familiar with the resources and ecological parameters of the network, and associated parks, work with park staff to support network-level activities (inventory, monitoring, research, and data management). Adopting a network-based approach to inventories worked well when the NPS undertook paleontological resource inventories for the 32 I&M networks. The planning team from the NPS Geologic Resources Division who proposed and designed this inventory selected the Greater Yellowstone Inventory and Monitoring Network (GRYN) as the pilot network for initiating this project. Through the research undertaken to identify the geologic stratotypes within the parks of the GRYN methodologies for data mining and reporting on these resources were established. Methodologies and reporting adopted for the GRYN have been used in the development of this report for the North Coast and Cascades Inventory & Monitoring Network (NCCN). The goal of this project is to consolidate information pertaining to geologic type sections that occur within NPS-administered areas, in order that this information is available throughout the NPS to inform park managers and to promote the preservation and protection of these important geologic landmarks and geologic heritage resources. The review of stratotype occurrences for the NCCN shows there are currently no designated stratotypes for Fort Vancouver National Historic Site (FOVA), Lewis and Clark National Historical Park (LEWI), or San Juan...
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Henderson, Tim, Vincent Santucciq, Tim Connors, and Justin Tweet. National Park Service geologic type section inventory: San Francisco Bay Area Inventory & Monitoring Network. National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293533.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A fundamental responsibility of the National Park Service (NPS) is to ensure that the resources of the National Park System are preserved, protected, and managed in consideration of the resources themselves and for the benefit and enjoyment by the public. Through the inventory, monitoring, and study of park resources, we gain a greater understanding of the scope, significance, distribution, and management issues associated with these resources and their use. This baseline of natural resource information is available to inform park managers, scientists, stakeholders, and the public about the conditions of these resources and the factors or activities that may threaten or influence their stability and preservation. There are several different categories of geologic or stratigraphic units (supergroup, group, formation, member, bed) that form a hierarchical system of classification. The mapping of stratigraphic units involves the evaluation of lithologies (rock types), bedding properties, thickness, geographic distribution, and other factors. Mappable geologic units may be described and named through a rigorously defined process that is standardized and codified by the professional geologic community (North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature 2021). In most instances when a new geologic unit such as a formation is described and named in the scientific literature, a specific and well-exposed section or exposure area of the unit is designated as the stratotype (see “Definitions” below). The type section is an important reference exposure for a named geologic unit that presents a relatively complete and representative example for this unit. Geologic stratotypes are important both historically and scientifically, and should be available for other researchers to evaluate in the future. The inventory of all geologic stratotypes throughout the 423 units of the NPS is an important effort in documenting these locations in order that NPS staff recognize and protect these areas for future studies. The focus adopted for completing the baseline inventories throughout the NPS is centered on the 32 inventory and monitoring networks (I&M) established during the late 1990s. The I&M networks are clusters of parks within a defined geographic area based on the ecoregions of North America (Fenneman 1946; Bailey 1976; Omernik 1987). These networks share similar physical resources (geology, hydrology, climate), biological resources (flora, fauna), and ecological characteristics. Specialists familiar with the resources and ecological parameters of the network, and associated parks, work with park staff to support network-level activities (inventory, monitoring, research, data management). Adopting a network-based approach to inventories worked well when the NPS undertook paleontological resource inventories for the 32 I&M networks. The planning team from the NPS Geologic Resources Division who proposed and designed this inventory selected the Greater Yellowstone Inventory & Monitoring Network (GRYN) as the pilot network for initiating this project (Henderson et al. 2020). Through the research undertaken to identify the geologic stratotypes within the parks of the GRYN methodologies for data mining and reporting on these resources were established. Methodologies and reporting adopted for the GRYN have been used in the development of this report for the San Francisco Bay Area Inventory & Monitoring Network (SFAN). The goal of this project is to consolidate information pertaining to geologic type sections that occur within NPS-administered areas, in order that this information is available throughout the NPS to inform park managers and to promote the preservation and protection of these important geologic landmarks and geologic heritage resources. The review of stratotype occurrences for the SFAN shows there are currently no designated stratotypes for Fort Point National Historic Site (FOPO) and Muir Woods National Monument (MUWO)...